View source for Nordic Mobile Telephone

{{short description|Mobile telephone system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
[[File:Nokia 150 and nokia 1100.jpg|thumb|150px|The Mobira Cityman 150, Nokia's NMT-900 mobile phone from 1989 (left), compared to the dual-band GSM [[Nokia 1100]] phone from 2003.<ref name="Nokia 1100">{{cite press release|title=Nokia 1100 phone offers reliable and affordable mobile communications for new growth markets|publisher=Nokia Corporation|date=27 August 2003|url=http://press.nokia.com/PR/200308/915317_5.html|access-date=26 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206070531/http://press.nokia.com/PR/200308/915317_5.html|archive-date=6 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
'''NMT''' (''Nordic Mobile Telephony'') is an automatic cellular phone system specified by [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] telecommunications administrations ([[Postal Telephone and Telegraph|PTT]]s) and opened for service on 1 October 1981. NMT is based on [[analog signal|analogue]] technology (first generation or [[1G]]) and two variants exist: NMT-450 and NMT-900. The numbers indicate the frequency bands used. NMT-900 was introduced in 1986 and carries more channels than the older NMT-450 network.

The NMT specifications were free and open, allowing many companies to produce NMT hardware and pushing prices down. The success of NMT was important to [[Nokia]] (then [[Mobira]]) and [[Ericsson]]. The first Danish implementers were [[Storno]] (then owned by [[General Electric]], later taken over by [[Motorola]]) and AP (later taken over by [[Philips]]). Initial NMT phones were designed to mount in the trunk of a car, with a keyboard/display unit at the driver's seat. "Portable" versions existed, though they were still bulky, and with battery life a big problem. Later models, such as [[Benefon]]'s, were as small as {{convert|100|mm|abbr=in}} and weighed only about 100&nbsp;grams.

== History ==
NMT stands for ''Nordisk MobilTelefoni'' or ''Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen''.

[[File:NMT mobil1 high.jpg|thumb|An NMT phone from the early 1980s made by Norwegian-based Simonsen Radiofabrikk]]
The NMT network was opened in Sweden and Norway in 1981, and in Denmark and Finland in 1982. It was a response to the increasing congestion and heavy requirements of the manual mobile phone networks: [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]] (150&nbsp;M[[Hertz|Hz]]) in Finland, [[MTD (mobile network)|MTD]] (450&nbsp;MHz) in Sweden and Denmark, and [[Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni|OLT]] in Norway. Iceland joined in 1986. However, Ericsson introduced the first commercial service in Saudi Arabia on 1 September 1981 to 1,200 users, as a pilot test project, one month before they did the same in Sweden. By 1985 the network had grown to 110,000 subscribers in [[Scandinavia]] and Finland, 63,300 in Norway alone, which made it the world's largest mobile network at the time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsveen|first=Arve M|title=Mobiltelefonens historie i Norge|url=http://telemuseum.no/mambo/content/view/29/1/|publisher=Norsk Telemuseum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213045903/http://telemuseum.no/mambo/content/view/29/1/|archive-date=13 February 2007|language=no|date=28 November 2005}}</ref>

The NMT network has mainly been used in the Nordic countries, [[Baltic countries]], Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Turkey, Croatia, Bosnia, Russia, Ukraine and in Asia. The introduction of digital mobile networks such as [[GSM]] has reduced the popularity of NMT and the Nordic countries have suspended their NMT networks. In Estonia the NMT network was shut down in December 2000. In Finland [[TeliaSonera]]'s NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2002. Norway's last NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2004. Sweden's [[TeliaSonera]] NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2007. The NMT network (450&nbsp;MHz) however has one big advantage over GSM which is the range; this advantage is valuable in big but sparsely populated countries such as Iceland. In Iceland, the GSM network reaches 98% of the country's population but only a small proportion of its land area. The NMT system however reaches most of the country and a lot of the surrounding waters, thus the network was popular with fishermen and those traveling in the vast empty mainland. In Iceland the NMT service was stopped on 1 September 2010, when [[Síminn]] closed down its NMT network.

[[File:Ericsson Hotline NMT 900 "Olivia" 001-02.jpg|thumb|Ericsson Hotline NMT-900 phone from 1995]]
In Denmark, Norway and [[Sweden]] the NMT-450 frequencies have been auctioned off to Swedish [[Nordisk Mobiltelefon (Sweden)|Nordisk Mobiltelefon]] which later became '''Ice.net''' and renamed to [[Nordisk Mobiltelefon (Sweden)|Net 1]] that built a digital network using CDMA 450. During 2015, the network has been migrated to 4G.

France also developed an NMT network in 1988 (in parallel with [[Radiocom 2000]]) but with slight variations. As a result, it could not roam with other NMT networks around the world.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Forde, Timothy K. |author2=Macaluso, Irene |author3=Doyle, Linda E. |title=Exclusive Sharing & Virtualization of the Cellular Network |url=https://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/67286/928182127.pdf |publisher=[[University of Dublin, Trinity College]]}}</ref>

In Russia Uralwestcom shut down their NMT network on 1 September 2006 and Sibirtelecom on 10 January 2008. Skylink, subsidiary company of [[Tele2 Russia]] operates NMT-450 network as of 2016 in [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] and [[Perm Krai]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160206091401/http://skylink.ru/perm/main/plans/arhiv/oblastnoy-statsionarnyy__fl__nmt.html Областной-Стационарный (ФЛ)_NMT]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://skylink.ru/perm/main/plans/arhiv/oblastnoy-statsionarnyy__yul__nmt.html |title=Областной-Стационарный (ЮЛ)_NMT / Skylink |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206105941/http://skylink.ru/perm/main/plans/arhiv/oblastnoy-statsionarnyy__yul__nmt.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These networks are used in sparsely populated areas with long distance. Although license for the provision of services was valid until 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rkn.gov.ru/communication/register/license/?id=138347 |title=Роскомнадзор – Реестр лицензий в области связи<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082727/http://rkn.gov.ru/communication/register/license/?id=138347 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the last NMT-450 network in Russia ceased operation on 30 May 2017, when the last functioning base station located in Kotlas, Arkhangelsk region was switched off.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mtsforum.mybb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=183 |title=Сети стандарта NMT-450 прекращают свою работу |access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mtsforum.mybb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=183&p=2 |title=Сети стандарта NMT-450 прекращают свою работу, стр. 2 |access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cells.ru/forum/read.php?12,1744410,1754308#msg-1754308 |title=Сегодня был отключён Котлас. Всё, стандарта NMT-450 больше не существует |date=2017-05-30 |access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref>

=== Legacy and Influence ===
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) not only pioneered mobile communications across the Nordic region, but also laid the groundwork for modern mobile network technology worldwide. Its open standard allowed manufacturers to innovate rapidly, leading to a competitive market and accelerating mobile adoption across Europe and Asia. Critically, NMT’s success and design principles directly influenced the development of the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standard, which would soon become the world’s most widely used mobile technology. The European telecommunications community applied lessons from NMT—such as open interfaces and scalable coverage—to the development of GSM, which debuted commercially in 1991 and rapidly expanded to cover hundreds of countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our history |url=https://www.gsma.com/about-us/who-we-are/our-history/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=About Us |language=en-GB}}</ref> According to technology analysts, the far-reaching coverage of NMT’s 450 MHz band set benchmarks for mobile reach in remote and rural areas, influencing not only GSM but also the later rollout of LTE and 5G networks. Today, NMT’s legacy is evident in the seamless connectivity, international roaming, and user-focused features we expect from mobile networks—making it a true milestone in the evolution of wireless technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 1G to 5G: The Evolution of Mobile Communication Networks |url=https://thinkpalm.com/blogs/from-1g-to-5g-the-evolution-of-mobile-communication-networks-2/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=thinkpalm.com}}</ref>

== Technology ==
The cell sizes in an NMT network range from 2&nbsp;km to 30&nbsp;km. With smaller ranges the network can service more simultaneous callers; for example in a city the range can be kept short for better service. NMT used full duplex transmission, allowing for simultaneous receiving and transmission of voice. Car phone versions of NMT used transmission power of up to 15&nbsp;watt (NMT-450) and 6&nbsp;watt (NMT-900), handsets up to 1&nbsp;watt. NMT had automatic switching (dialing) and [[handover]] of the call built into the standard from the beginning, which was not the case with most preceding car phone services, such as the Finnish [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]]. Additionally, the NMT standard specified billing as well as national and international [[roaming]].

=== Signaling ===
NMT voice channel is transmitted with FM (Frequency Modulation)<ref name="googlebooks-tele-illustrated">{{cite book|title=The telecommunications illustrated dictionary|author=Petersen, Julie K.|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2mMzS0hCkAC&pg=PA679|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420040678}}</ref> and NMT signaling transfer speeds vary between 600 and 1,200&nbsp;bits per second, using FFSK (Fast [[Frequency Shift Keying]]) modulation. Signaling between the base station and the mobile station was implemented using the same RF channel that was used for audio, and using the 1,200&nbsp;bit/s FFSK modem. This caused the periodic short noise bursts, e.g. during handover, that were uniquely characteristic to NMT sound.

=== Security ===
In the original NMT specification the voice traffic was not [[Encryption|encrypted]]; it was possible to listen to calls using e.g. a [[scanner (radio)|scanner]] or a cable ready TV. As a result, some scanners have had the NMT bands blocked so they could not be accessed. Later versions of the NMT specifications defined optional analog [[scrambler|scrambling]] which was based on two-band audio frequency [[Voice inversion|inversion]]. If both the base station and the mobile station supported scrambling, they could agree upon using it when initiating a phone call. Also, if two users had mobile (phone) stations supporting scrambling, they could turn it on during conversation even if the base stations didn't support it. In this case, audio would be scrambled all the way between the 2 mobile stations. While the scrambling method was not at all as strong as encryption of current digital phones, such as [[GSM]] or [[CDMA]], it did prevent casual listening with scanners. Scrambling is defined in NMT Doc 450-1: System Description (1999-03-23) and NMT Doc 450-3 and 900-3: Technical Specification for the Mobile Station (1995-10-04)'s Annex 26 v.1.1: Mobile Station with Speech Scrambling – Split Inversion Method (Optional) (1998-01-27).

=== Data transfer ===
NMT also supported a simple but robust integrated data transfer mode called DMS (Data and Messaging Service) or NMT-Text, which used the network's signaling channel for data transfer. Using DMS, text messaging was also possible between two NMT handsets before SMS service started in GSM, but this feature was never commercially available except in Russian, Polish and Bulgarian NMT networks. Another data transfer method was called NMT Mobidigi with transfer speeds of 380&nbsp;bits per second. It required external equipment.

==Commercial deployments==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Country
!Operator(s)
![[Frequency|ƒ]] (MHz)
!Launch date
!End of service
!Notes
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|
|
|Sep 1981
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-09-05 |title=The launch of NMT |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/the-nordics-take-charge/the-launch-of-nmt |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.ericsson.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
| [[Televerket (Sweden)|Televerket]] / [[Telia Company|Telia]]
|
|{{dts|Oct 1981}}
|{{dts|2007|12|31}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-31 |title=NMT-nätet går i graven efter 25 år |url=https://www.dn.se/ekonomi/nmt-natet-gar-i-graven-efter-25-ar/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |language=sv |issn=1101-2447 |agency=[[TT News Agency|TT]]}}</ref>
|NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986 and ended on 31 December 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shi |first=Mingtao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZRo-lxUDwkC&pg=PA62 |title=Technology Base of Mobile Cellular Operators in Germany and China: A Comparative Study from the Perspective of the Resource Based View |date=2007 |publisher=Univerlagtuberlin |isbn=978-3-7983-2057-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lövgren |first=Stephan |date=2000-12-30 |title=Gammalt mobilnät går i graven |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
|
|
|Nov 1981
|Dec 2004
|NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|
|
|Jan 1982
|
|NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
| [[Sonera]]
|
|Mar 1982
|Dec 2002
|NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986 and ended on 31 December 2000.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1999-04-30 |title=NMT 900 slopas även i Finland |url=https://www.mobil.se/nyheter/nmt-900-slopas-aven-i-finland/140594 |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=[[Mobil (magazine)|Mobil]] |language=sv-SE}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|
|452.325-456.800<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=[[ITU]]|url=https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_1998-2002/SG2/Documents/2000/169E.doc|title=IMPLEMENTATION OF 3G CAPABILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - A STRAIGHTFORWARD PATH TO IMT-2000|date=2000-07-20}}</ref>
|Jun 1982
|
|Named TMA-450 (based on NMT-450).<ref>{{Cite book |last=MANUEL |first=HUIDOBRO MOYA, JOSÉ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m58VnOVcApsC&pg=PT194 |title=Redes y servicios de telecomunicaciones |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Editorial Paraninfo |isbn=978-84-283-2922-4 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|
|451.300-455.740<ref name=":4" />
|Nov 1984
|Aug 1997<ref>{{cite web |last=online |first=heise |title=30 Jahre Mobilfunk in Österreich |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/30-Jahre-Mobilfunk-in-oesterreich-98121.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=heise online |date=5 May 2004 |language=de}}</ref>
|Named C-Netz. NMT-900 service launched in Jul 1990.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[KPN]]
|
|Jan 1985
|1999<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ATF |url=https://www.cryptomuseum.com/phone/atf/index.htm |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.cryptomuseum.com}}</ref>
|Named ATF-2. NMT-900 (ATF-3) service launched in Jan 1989.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|
|
|Jun 1985
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|
|
|1985
|
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://media.crai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/05145230/Insights-The-Economics-of-5G-article-6-Open-or-Closed-System-May2021.pdf|title=CRA Insights: The Economics of 5G - To open or not to open a technological system: insights from the history of mobile phones and their application to 5G|publisher=Charles River Associates|date=May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311172116/https://media.crai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/05145230/Insights-The-Economics-of-5G-article-6-Open-or-Closed-System-May2021.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|
|
|1985
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|[[Telekom Malaysia]]
|452.000-456.475<ref name=":4" />
|1985
|
|Named ATUR 450.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Abdul Majid |title=Evolution of the Malaysian cellular sector |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/03/01/evolution-of-the--malaysian-cellular-sector |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|
|
|Jul 1986
|Sep 2010
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|
|415.500-419.975<ref name=":4" />
|1986
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|
|
|1986
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|
|479.000-483.480<ref name=":4" />
|1986
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|
|452.000-454.975<ref name=":4" />
|1986
|
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|
|
|Apr 1987
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|
|
|Sep 1987
|
|Launched with NMT-900 only.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|
|
|1988
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|[[SFR]]
|
|Apr 1989
|
|Named NMT-F (French version).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Faroe Islands}}
|
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
|
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2646.pdf|title=Global Competitiveness of U.S Advanced-Technology Industries: Cellular Communications|date=June 1993|publisher=U.S. International Trade Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318081539/https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2646.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
|
|
|1990
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Magyar Telekom|Westel]]
|452.230-454.370<ref name=":4" />
|Oct 1990<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-15 |title=The first mobile network was launched in Hungary thirty years ago |website=Tek Deeps |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Jun 2003<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magyar Telekom |url=https://www.telekom.hu/about_us/investor_relations/investor_news/2003/april_23 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Magyar Telekom |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|
|453.000-457.475<ref name=":4" />
|1991
|Dec 2000
|<ref>{{cite web |date=1999-11-30 |title=SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS STEP UP EFFORTS TO OFFER GSM |url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/19960603/archived-articles/some-eastern-european-nations-step-up-efforts-to-offer-gsm |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=RCR Wireless News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|
|
|Sep 1991
|2017
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=История сотовой связи в России: от трёхкилограммовой Nokia до LTE |work=ИА "РУСНОРД" |url=http://rusnord.ru/istorija-sotovoj-svjazi-v-rossii-ot-trehkilogrammovoj-nokia-do-lte.html |access-date=2022-06-21}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Orange Polska|Centertel / Orange]]
|
|Jun 1992<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7NYAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA6-PP1 |title=Eastern Europe Business Bulletin |date=1993 |publisher=Eastern Europe Business Information Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref>
|Jun 2012<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-10-03 |title=450MHz band has great potential, even for LTE - Telecoms.com |url=https://telecoms.com/50098/450mhz-band-has-great-potential-even-for-lte/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=telecoms.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-04-02 |title=[Jak to działało] Sieć NMT – telekomunikacja na początku lat 90 |url=https://android.com.pl/telekomunikacja/114705-jak-dzialala-siec-nmt-1g/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=android.com.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Uzdunrobita]]
|
|Oct 1992
|Nov 1995<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120349/https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/report/05001110/05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf|archive-date=7 Oct 2017|title=Cellular companies of Uzbekistan |url=https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/report/05001110/05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/cis_cellular_commercial_operation | title=Cis Cellular Commercial Operation | date=21 October 1992 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|Comliet
|
|1992
|Sep 2001<ref>{{Cite web
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020607155136/http://www.comliet.lt/inside.phtml?lst=texts&grid1=2&grid2=6&ln=lt
  |archive-date=7 June 2002
  |url=http://www.comliet.lt/inside.phtml?lst=texts&grid1=2&grid2=6&ln=lt
  |title=COMLIET - Veikla - NMT-450
  |access-date=25 June 2024
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref>
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|[[Vodafone Ukraine|UMC]]
|
|Jul 1993
|Oct 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=UMC shuts down NMT |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2006/10/10/umc-shuts-down-nmt/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=telegeography.com}}</ref>
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|[[Mobikom|MOBIKOM]]
|452.500-457.475<ref name=":4" />
|1993
|2008
|<ref>{{cite web |date=1999-11-30 |title=BULGARIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS MOVES PAST 1929 WIRED SYSTEM |url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/19941219/archived-articles/bulgarian-telecommunications-moves-past-1929-wired-system |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=RCR Wireless News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Czechia}}
|
|451.310-455.730<ref name=":4" />
|Sep 1991
|Jul 2006
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Berlage |first=Michael |date=1995 |title=Telecommunications Development in Central and Eastern Europe |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1601586 |journal=International Political Science Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=283–303 |doi=10.1177/019251219501600307 |jstor=1601586 |s2cid=154796034 |issn=0192-5121|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Eurotel provider
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|
|411.675-415.850<ref name=":4" />
|
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|[[Mobitel_(Slovenia)|Mobitel]]
|
|1991
|2005
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-01-10 |title=NMT praznuje 30 let |url=https://www.blog.uporabnastran.si/2011/10/01/nmt-praznuje-30-let-v-sloveniji-je-deloval-od-1991-do-2005-by-mobitel/ | access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.blog.uporabnastran.si |language=Slovenian}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Mobile telecommunications standards}}

[[Category:First generation mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1981]]
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1981]]
[[Category:Mobile radio telephone systems]]