View source for Nixon invert

{{Short description|US stamp variant}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}

{{Infobox rare stamps 
| common_name            = Nixon invert
| image                  = [[File:Block Nixon invert.jpg|200px]]
| caption                = {{small|A block of four plus [[selvage]] shows how the inverted portrait falls in between the stamps.}}
| country_of_production  = [[United States]]
| location_of_production = 
| date_of_production     = 
| nature_of_rarity       = [[Printer's waste]]
| number_in_existence    = 
| face_value             = 32 cents
| estimated_value        = [[United States dollar|US $]]$8,000-$10,000
}}

The '''"Nixon invert"''' is a reputed [[invert error]] of the [[Richard Nixon]] memorial [[postage stamp]] issued by the [[United States Postal Service]] in 1995. 

Originally reported in January 1996, the invert drew considerable attention; however, in December of that year, Clarence Robert Robie, a printing plant employee, was arrested on charges of having stolen the misprinted stamps from the plant where he worked.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=United States of America, Appellee, v. Clarence Robert Robie, Defendant-appellant, 166 F.3d 444 (2d Cir. 1999) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/166/444/629851/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetilately: I is for Invert Error |url=https://alphabetilately.org/I.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=alphabetilately.org}}</ref> This meant that, rather than being a legitimate [[Errors, freaks, and oddities|error]] mistakenly sold by the Postal Service, the inverts were printer’s waste—material taken from a printing plant or wastepaper destruction facility and sold illegally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is printer's waste? |url=https://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/what-is-printer-s-waste |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Linns Stamp News |language=en}}</ref> While errors sold by the Postal Service are highly prized, printer’s waste is not and, as was the case with the Nixon invert, may be confiscated by authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stamp errors explained: The definitive guide to rare error stamps |url=https://www.warwickandwarwick.com/news/guides/rare-error-stamps |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.warwickandwarwick.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
The 32¢ Nixon commemorative stamp was issued on April 26, 1995, following Richard Nixon's death the previous year. The stamps were designed by Daniel Schwarz and printed in combination offset-intaglio process by the Banknote Corporation of America. It was issued in panes of fifty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=32c Nixon single |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_2002.2001.5 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Because of the [[Watergate scandal]] and [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon's subsequent resignation]], the stamps did not sell well, and some members of Congress even asked Postmaster General [[Marvin Travis Runyon|Marvin T. Runyon]] to not issue the stamps, but Runyon maintained that presidential memorial stamps were tradition and approved the stamp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four sheets of Nixon "inverts' found |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1996/01/27/four-sheets-of-nixon-inverts-found/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
The "Nixon invert" shows the portrait of Richard Nixon, "USA," and the 32¢ denomination inverted relative to the printed name "Richard Nixon." The portrait was additionally shifted so that it was split across the stamp's perforations. The stamps were in mint condition, never hinged.<ref name=":1">[https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-1061224 "THIRTY-TWO CENTS NIXON, CENTER INVERTED".] ''Christie's.'' Retrieved February 22, 2023.</ref> 

This inversion was made possible because the stamp was printed in two steps. First, the portrait and denomination combination was printed by [[Barton Press]] on a Heidelberg six-color sheet-fed [[offset press]], then the stamps were sent to the [[ABCorp|American Bank Note Company's]] plant in [[Suffern, New York]], where the intaglio inscription was applied using a [[Gualtiero Giori|Giori press]]. The Bank Note Company also [[perforation|perforated]] and finished the stamps.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== Sale ==
The stamp first came to public attention from an announcement from [[Christie's]] auction house in New York City.<ref name=":1" /> Christie's spokeswoman Laurie Dodge said that the stamp owner owned 160 of the misprinted stamps, but planned to auction a single stamp to gauge the market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inverted Nixon stamp sells for $16,675 - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/02/01/Inverted-Nixon-stamp-sells-for-16675/1950823150800/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Inverted stamps are extremely rare, and so the claim of 160 stamps and the lack of information surrounding the discovery generated both interest and skepticism.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} 

Christie's had initially estimated that the initial stamp sale would fetch between $8,000 and $10,000, but bidding reached $14,500. With the 15 percent auctioneer's commission, the stamp finished up at $16,675.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Content |first=Contributed |date=1996-02-02 |title=MISPRINTED NIXON STAMP NETS $16,675 AT AUCTION |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/02/02/misprinted-nixon-stamp-nets-16675-at-auction/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> 

Two days previously, dealer Dana Okey of San Diego had purchased 141 of the inverts from Christie's, and by April was selling them for $12,500, characterizing the response as "awesome." {{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The auction house did not supply the name of the consignor'''—'''a common practice.<ref>Mashberg, Tom (February 3, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/arts/design/battling-to-keep-auction-sellers-anonymous.html#:~:text=Most%20sellers%20in%20the%20New,are%20entitled%20to%20know%20it. "Lawyers Fight to Keep Auction Sellers Anonymous".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved February 22, 2024.</ref> 

==Theft and arrest==
Clarence Robert Robie, a former cutting machine operator at BCA's Suffern plant, was arrested on December 12, 1996, and charged with theft of property made under contract for the United States (the initial removal of the 160 stamps from the Suffern plant) and transporting stolen property in interstate commerce (Robie had transported the stamps from New York to New Jersey in order to sell them to two separate dealers). He was convicted on both counts after a four-day trial in May 1997. Neither dealer was charged, as they were apparently unaware of the theft. <ref name=":0" />

Robie first contacted William Langs, a prominent stamp dealer with a known interest in misprints, in March 1995 and told him he would be obtaining some "error stamps," though he did not specify what kind. In May, the pair met in New Jersey, and Robie told Langs that he would be acquiring inverted Nixon stamps from a woman who had purchased the stamps from a post office in Virginia (The official sale is crucial in designating a stamp error). They met again in June, and Langs received 120 inverts from Robie in exchange for $60,000 worth of rare US stamps. Later that month, after Robie complained about the stamps he had received, Langs gave him a check for $1,000 and additional rare stamps worth approximately $4,000-$5,000.<ref name=":0" /> 

In August 1995, Robie contacted Gary Posner, another stamp dealer, in hopes of selling the remaining 40 stamps. The pair met in New Jersey and Robie again said the stamps had come from a woman in Virginia. Posner acquired the 40 stamps in exchange for $7,000 in cash and a collection of stamps with a retail value of approximately $12,000-$15,000. Posner later traded the inverts to Langs for other rare stamps.<ref name=":0" /> In November, Langs sold 141 of the Nixon inverts to a single dealer for $800,000 through an auction sale at Christie's. <ref>Richardson, Lynda [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/13/nyregion/charge-is-sticky-fingers-in-nixon-stamps-caper.html "Charge Is Sticky Fingers In Nixon Stamps Caper".] ''The New York Times''. December 13, 1996. </ref>

Federal prosecutors identified the Nixon inverts as stolen material and the [[United States Postal Inspection Service]] recovered all but two of the inverts. Investigators said that one dealer reported that he had lost one of the stamps and another said that a stamp was lost in transit. Though these stamps may be in private collections, they are considered stolen government property and cannot be openly displayed or sold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Richard Nixon inverts recovered |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1997/06/21/most-richard-nixon-inverts-recovered/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Michael Baadke, "Nixon invert found near Washington, D.C.; Christie's will auction single stamp Feb. 1", ''[[Linn's Stamp News]]'', January 29, 1996
* Michael Baadke, "Printing plant employee stole Nixon inverts, U.S. attorney alleges; N.Y. resident arrested", ''[[Linn's Stamp News]]'', December 30, 1996
* Michael Baadke, "Robie trial answers some questions, not all", ''[[Linn's Stamp News]]'', June 16, 1997

{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:March 1995 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:1995 works]]
[[Category:Richard Nixon]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]