View source for Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky

{{short description|Soviet biologist (1900–1981)}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky
|image             = [[File:Мемориальная доска в честь Тимофеева-Ресовского в Обнинске.JPG|200px|center]]
|image_size        = 
|caption           = Memorial plaque in honour of Timofeev-Ressovsky in the house in [[Obninsk]], where he lived
|birth_date        = {{OldStyleDate|20 September|1900|7 September}}
|birth_place       = Moscow, Russian Empire
|death_date        = {{Death date and age|1981|3|28|1900|9|20|df=yes}}
|death_place       = Moscow, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] in Soviet Union
|residence         = 
|ethnicity         = 
|fields            = [[Biology]]
|workplaces        = 
|alma_mater        = 
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|academic_advisors = [[Nikolai Koltsov]]
|doctoral_students = 
|notable_students  = 
|known_for         = Research in [[radiation genetics]], experimental population genetics, and microevolution
| spouse = [[Helena Alexandrovna Timofeeff-Ressovsky|Elena Aleksandrovna Fidler]]
|author_abbrev_bot = 
|author_abbrev_zoo = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|awards            = 
|religion          = 
|signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes         = 
}}

'''Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeev-Ressovsky''' ({{langx|ru|Николай Владимирович Тимофеев-Ресовский|Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeyev-Resovskiy}}; {{OldStyleDate|20 September|1900|7 September}} &ndash; 28 March 1981) was a Soviet [[biologist]] who, in principle, was a senior scientist in Soviet programs of [[Soviet atomic bomb project|nuclear]] and, later in [[Soviet program of biological weapons|biological weapons]]. He conducted research in [[radiation genetics]], experimental [[population genetics]], and [[microevolution]]. His life was highlighted by scientific achievements in the face of severe personal hardship, including his imprisonment and working in [[Sharashka|secret scientific facilities]] of Soviet [[Gulag]]. 

Timofeev-Ressovsky was a descendant of the old Russian school of scientists, characterised by broad naturalistic views on the world, simultaneously combined with exact analysis of causes and consequences and establishment of elementary phenomena. He widely collaborated with physicists. Known for his influential personality, he was a talented story-teller and teacher.<ref>Vorontsov, N.N. Raznolikii Timofeev-Ressovsky. Priroda, 10: 90-105 (1995) [Diverse Timofeev-Ressovsky] (in Russian)</ref> He is the author of the term '[[genetic engineering]]'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yakimova |first1=A.O. |last2=Baranovskii |first2=D.S. |last3=Ivanov |first3=S.A. |last4=Shegay |first4=P.V. |last5=Kaprin |first5=A.D. |last6=Klabukov |first6=I.D. |date=2023 |title=The Physical View of the Origin of Genetic Engineering |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/genbio.2023.0037 |journal=GEN Biotechnology |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=473–475 |doi=10.1089/genbio.2023.0037 |issn=2768-1572|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Education==
Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovski,<ref>”Николай Владимирович Тимофеев-Ресовский” transliterated, from a one-to-one American English convention on the Cyrillic alphabet, becomes “Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovskij”.</ref> began his university education from 1916 to 1917 at the Moscow City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavskij.  From 1917 to 1922, he studied at the First [[Moscow State University]].<ref name="14 October 1977">Ivanov and Liapunova, 1990, not paginated; see also N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij ''Kratkaya Avtobiograficheskaya Zapiska'' (''Brief Autobiographical Note'') not paginated [https://archive.today/20120630032607/http://www.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/auto_r.html (14 October 1977)].</ref>

The [[First World War]] and the consequences of the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution of 1917]] interrupted his education for periods of time. At the outbreak of the [[Russian Civil War]], Timofeev-Resovskij was a follower of the [[Anarchism|anarchist]] [[Peter Kropotkin]]. In 1918, he volunteered to serve in a small anarchist [[cavalry]] unit, which was part of the [[Green armies|Green]] army, i.e., they were neither supporters of the [[Bolshevik]] Red army nor the [[White movement|White]] army of General [[Anton Ivanovich Denikin]].  Eventually, in 1919, the [[anarchists]] joined the Red army.  As a private in the 12th Red Army, Timofeev-Resovskij took part in the last battle of the Civil War in the [[Crimea]] on the Polish front.<ref>Medvedev, 1982, no pagination.</ref><ref name="Ratner, 2001">Ratner, 2001.</ref>

A paper trail of his education was swept away in the chaos of war.  Timofeev-Resovskij abandoned his education without a scientific degree; he left formal education with only a gold medal.  Even though he eventually became a recognized world-class scientist, he would later, as a requirement for employment, be required to complete his doctorate.  He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1963 in [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]], and he was awarded a Doctor of Science diploma in 1964.<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/>

==Career==

===In Russia===

During the period 1920 to 1925, Timofeev-Resovskij was an instructor and researcher in Moscow. It was in this period that he met and married [[Helena Alexandrovna Timofeeff-Ressovsky|Elena Aleksandrovana Fidler]] (1898 &ndash; 1973), who was a student of the cytologist and biologist [[Nikolai Koltsov|Nikolaj Konstantinovich Kol’tsov]] in Moscow; Elena became not only Timofeev-Resovskij's lifelong devoted companion but also his lifelong partner in research. Their eldest son, Dmitrij, was born on 11 September 1923.<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref>Vogt, 1998, 17.</ref>

From 1920 to 1925, Timofeev-Resovskij was a [[biology]] instructor in the pre-[[Cheka|Chekist]] district primary school in [[Moscow]].  From 1922 to 1925, he was a [[zoology]] instructor on the biotechnical faculty of the Moscow Practical (Applied) Institute. From 1921 to 1925, he did research at the Institute of Experimental Biology, of the ''Gosudarstvennyj Institut Narodnogo Zdravookhraneniya'' (GINZ, State Institute of Public Health), under the directorship of N. K. Kol’tsov. Some of his research at the Institute involved [[Drosophila]].  It was in a department headed by [[Sergei Chetverikov|Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov]], the founder of population genetics and a colleague of Kol’tsov, that Timofeev-Resovskij started his genetics experiments. From 1924 to 1925, he was a research assistant in Kol’tsov's department of zoology at the Medical Pedagogical Institute in Moscow.  In 1924, Timofeev-Resovskij began his publications in the field of phenogenetics.<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated">Medvedev, 1982, not paginated.</ref>

During the period 1923 to 1925, [[Oskar Vogt]], an eminent [[psychiatrist]] and [[Neurophysiology|neurophysiologist]], was a visiting scientist in Moscow; he was director of the ''[[Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft|Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft’s]]'' ''Institut für Hirnforschung'' (KWIH, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research)<ref>Today, the KWIH is known as the [[Max Planck Institute for Brain Research|Max-Planck Institut für Hirnforschung]], [http://www.mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de/global/menue/profil.htm MPIH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522073658/http://www.mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de/global/menue/profil.htm |date=2011-05-22 }}.  After [[World War II]], all of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes were named after the physicist [[Max Planck]].</ref> in [[Berlin]]. In part, he was looking to recruit researchers for the KWIH, especially in the relatively new field of genetics.  In 1924, the Soviet government made an exchange agreement with Germany. The KWIH was invited to establish a laboratory for brain research in Moscow, which it did: ''Институт Мозга'' (Institut Mozga, Institute of the Brain). To reciprocate, the Soviets promised to help set up an experimental laboratory for genetics at the KWIH. Vogt had good relations with [[Nikolai Semashko (medicine)|Nikolaj Aleksandrovich Semashko]], People's Commissioner (Minister) of Health.  It was Semashko and Kol’tsov who suggested Timofeev-Resovskij to Vogt.  Thus, in the summer of 1925, Timofeev-Resovskij, his wife Elena and his colleague Sergei Romanovich Tsarapkin (Zarapkin), left Russia for an unspecified period of time in Germany, which lasted 20 years.<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated"/><ref>Vogt, 2998, 18.</ref><ref>Solzhenitsyn, 1973 & 1974, 634.</ref>

===In Germany (1925-1945)===

Once at the ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnforschung'' (KWIH ''[[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research]]'' ), Vogt and Timofeev-Resovskij began implementing the other half of the scientific agreement with Russia. In 1929 Timofeev-Resovskij became director of the ''Abteilung für Experimentelle Genetik'' (Department of Experimental Genetics). In 1930, the KWIH moved to its new facility in Berlin-Buch, which was partly financed by a grant from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gPrtE4K0WC8C&dq=Nikolai+Timof%C3%A9eff,+grant&pg=PA117 "Biologists Under Hitler"], Ute Deichmann, Thomas Dunlap. Harvard University Press, 1999. p. 117-118. {{ISBN|0-674-07405-X}}, 9780674074057.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d0QExts2z0IC&dq=Nikolai+Timof%C3%A9eff-Ressovsky,+grant&pg=PA175 "Science, Technology, and National Socialism"], Monika Renneberg, Mark Walker. Cambridge University Press, 2003. p. 175-176.{{ISBN|0521528607}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-52860-3}}.</ref> The KWIH, with its departments of [[Neuroanatomy]] (Oskar and [[Cécile Vogt-Mugnier|Cécile]] Vogt), neurohistology (Alois Kronmüller), [[Neurochemistry]] (Marthe Vogt),<ref>For these times in the history of German culture, the KWIH had a considerable number of women scientists on its staff including [[Cécile Vogt]] (wife of Oskar Vogt), [[Marthe Vogt]] (daughter of Oskar and Cécile Vogt), [[Elena Aleksandrovana Timofeeva-Resovskaja]] (wife of [[Nikolaj Timofeev-Resovskij]]), Natasha (Natalie) Kromm, [[Imgard Lüx]], [[Stella Rose]], [[Rosa Schragenheim]], [[Gertrud Söken]], and [[Estera Tanenbaum]]. Also, under the Nazis, special considerations had to sometimes be made for a husband and wife being employed at the same facility, as they were concerned about double earnings (''Doppelverdienertum'').  See Vogt, 1998, 17-20.  Actually, the ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft'' and its institutes opened new avenues for women in the German culture of the 1920s and 1930s. See [[Ruth Lewin Sime]] ''From Exceptional Prominence to Prominent Exception: Lise Meitner at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry]]'' Volume 24 of the ''Forschungsprogramm „Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus“'' ([[Max-Planck-Gesellschaft]], 2005) and Ruth Lewin Sime ''[[Lise Meitner]]: A Life in Physics'' (University of California Press, 1996).</ref> and genetics (Nikolaij and Elena Timofeev-Resovskij), and its hospital, the KWIH was one of the largest and most modern research facilities of its kind in the entire world. The research conducted in the genetics department, along with the permanent seminar on genetics organized by Timofeev-Resovskij, drew many young postdoctoral researchers who would ultimately become prominent scientists and the department gained the status of an institute; while Timofeev-Resovskij remained a citizen of the [[Soviet Union]] for his entire stay in Germany, his status and that of his department were recognized by the fact that he was appointed, in 1938, to the position of scientific member of the ''[[Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft|Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft]]''. Timofeev-Resovskij's colleagues in his department included his wife Elena Aleksandrovana Timofeeva-Resovskaja, his Russian colleague Sergei Tsarapkin, the physician and radiation biologist [[Alexander Catsch]] (Katsch), the radiochemist [[Hans-Joachim Born]], and the physicist and radiation biologist [[Karl Zimmer]]; a technical assistant, Natasha (Natalie) Kromm, was from Russia. Timofeev-Resovskij also collaborated with other eminent scientists including the nuclear chemist [[Nikolaus Riehl]], who was the scientific director of the industrial corporation ''[[Auergesellschaft]]'' and the biophysicist [[Max Delbrück]], who had studied physics under [[Niels Bohr]] and [[Max Born]].  Others drawn to Timofeev-Resovskij's department who would go on to become prominent scientists included Hans Bauer and Andriano Buzzati-Traverso. Through 20 years of collaboration with these and many others, Timofeev-Resovskij authored or coauthored over 100 papers written in German, English, Russian, and French. In addition to those already mentioned, Timofeev-Resovskij's scientific circle included the physicists [[William Astbury]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Paul Dirac|P. A. M. Dirac]], [[Pascual Jordan]], and [[Erwin Schrödinger]], and the biologists [[Torbjörn Caspersson]], [[C. D. Darlington]], [[Theodosius Dobzhansky|Theodosij Dobzhans’skij]], [[Boris Ephrussi]], [[Åke Gustafsson]],  [[J. B. S. Haldane]], [[Hermann Joseph Muller]], [[Nikolai Vavilov]], and [[Vladimir Vernadsky]].<ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 25, 121-124.</ref><ref>H. J. Born, N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky and K. G. Zimmer ''Biologische Anwendungen des Zählrohres'', ''Naturwissenschaften'' Volume 30, Number 40, 600-603 (1942).  The authors were identified as being in the genetics department of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin-Buch.</ref><ref>Macrakis, 1993, 47.</ref><ref name="bibliothek.bbaw.de">''Oskar Vogt: Mediziner Hirnforscher'' (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, [http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/kataloge/literaturnachweise/vogt/literatur.pdf 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609201419/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/kataloge/literaturnachweise/vogt/literatur.pdf |date=2007-06-09 }}).</ref><ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij">[http://www.mdc-berlin.de/englisch/about_the_mdc/public_relations/press_releases_2006/images/ressovsky.pdf Timofeev-Resovskij]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – MDC for Molecular Medicine: ''Background Information Nikolai Wladimirovich Timoféeff-Ressovsky''.</ref><ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated"/><ref>Vogt, 1998, 17-20.</ref><ref>''Preprint 329: Pascual Jordan (1902–1980)'' from the ''Mainzer Symposium zum 100. Geburtstag'' (''Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte'', [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P329.PDF 2007)].</ref>

Timofeev-Resovskij's second son was born on 9 April 1927.<ref>Vogt, 1998, 19.</ref>

Together with the French geneticist of Russian origin, [[Boris Ephrussi]], and with the generous support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Timofeev-Resovskij organized an annual conference on biophysics, genetics, and radiation biology.  This even continued right up to the start of World War II in 1939.<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/>

In 1932, Timofeev-Resovskij attended the 6th International Congress of Genetics, which was held in [[Ithaca, New York]].  While there, he formed a friendly relationship with the plant geneticist [[Nikolai Vavilov|Nikolaj Vavilov]], who was President of the Soviet Adcademy of Agricultural Sciences.<ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated"/>

Timofeev-Resovskij stayed in Germany even after [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in 1933. That the [[Gestapo]] or the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) did not give him trouble as a citizen of the Soviet Union is all the more remarkable since Vogt was harassed by the [[Nazi Party|National Socialists]] for reasons which could have translated into trouble for Timofeev-Resovskij.  On the evening of 15–16 March 1933, members of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (Storm Troopers) raided Vogt's villa on the grounds of the KWIH. The action had been taken in response to a denunciation by M. H. Fischer, a physiologist at the Institute, who was seeking to rise in the ''[[Nazi Party|Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei]]'' (NSDAP, National Socialist Workers Party). The accusations against Vogt included making payments to the Communist Party, maintaining connections to Russia, tolerating Communist staff members, and dismissing National Socialist staff members. 

In 1935, Timofeev-Resovskij published the major work, ''Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur'', with [[Karl Zimmer]], and [[Max Delbrück]]; it was considered to be a major advance in understanding the nature of gene mutation and gene structure.<ref>Timofeeff-Ressovky, N. W.,  K. G. Zimmer, and M. Delbrück "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur" ([[Weidmannsche Buchhandlung]], 1935). [http://www.ini.uzh.ch/~tobi/fun/max/timofeeffZimmerDelbruck1935.pdf Nachrichten Göttingen] - "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur" (1935).</ref> The work was a keystone in the formation of molecular genetics. It was also an inspirational starting point for [[Erwin Schrödinger| Erwin Schrödinger's]] thinking, a course of lectures in 1943,  and the eventual writing of the book ''What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell''.<ref>Erwin Schrödinger ''What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell'' (Cambridge University Press, 1944).</ref>

In 1937, Timofeev-Resovskij and Tsarapkin were ordered back to Russia by the Soviet government. Going back to Russia was deemed impossible, as they would have to abandon their equipment and work in progress, as well as their students. Also, once back in Russia and under the political distortions of science and agriculture due to [[Lysenkoism]], they would, at best, have to disparage the work they had accomplished in the preceding 15 years. At the worst, they could be subject to the same fate as many geneticists under Lysenkoism who had been arrested, sent to the [[Gulag]] and eventually died or were executed. In 1929, for example, Timofeev-Resovskij's former teacher [[Sergei Chetverikov]] had been arrested and exiled. During the period 1936 to 1940, many prominent geneticists, including Vavilov, [[Georgii Karpechenko|Georgi Dmitrievich Karpechenko]], and Solomon G. Levit, were arrested.  Many who were arrested later died in the [[Gulag|GULAG]] or were executed. Timofeev-Resovskij’s younger brothers were arrested; the one in [[Leningrad]] was executed, but the one in [[Irkutsk]] survived. Many of Elena’s relatives were also arrested and perished. Others, such as [[Nikolai Koltsov]] and [[Boris Astaurov]], were dismissed from their positions. In this light, they decided not to return to the USSR.<ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated"/><ref>Solzhenitsyn, 1973 & 1974, 600.</ref>

Also in 1937, while Oskar Vogt had been director of the KWIH since 1919, he was dismissed from his position by the Nazis; he then became director of the ''Institut für Hirnforschung und allgemeine Biologie'' (Institute of Brain Research and General Biology) in Neustadt/Schwarzwald. That same year, the Rockefeller Foundation extended an invitation to Timofeev-Resovskij to become head of the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] of the [[Carnegie Institution for Science]]. Timofeev-Resovskij declined the offer, but he had used it to negotiate improved terms for himself and his department at the KWIH.<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="bibliothek.bbaw.de"/><ref name="Paul and Krimbas, 1992">Paul and Krimbas, 1992.</ref>

Timofeev-Resovskij's eldest son Dmitrij, a student at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], was arrested in the spring of 1943 for being a member of the Berlin Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and making contact with Russian prisoners of war during [[World War II]].  He was sent to the German concentration camp in [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp|Mauthausen]] and executed by the Gestapo on 1 May 1945.<ref>Macrakis, 1993, 65-66.</ref><ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121-124 and Reference #2 on p. 122.</ref><ref name="Babkov, 2000">Babkov, 2000.</ref>

Starting in 1944, in order to minimize the possibility of casualties due to Allied air raids and to also avoid falling into the hands of the Russians, all departments at the KWIH, except for Timofeev-Resovskij's were evacuated from Berlin-Buch to [[Dillenburg]], and later on to [[Giessen]] and [[Göttingen]].  Timofeev-Resovskij chose to remain in Berlin and await the Russians. He, as well as other German scientists, speculated that the Russian need for scientists would make collaboration with them better than with the Americans, who had far less of a need.<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/><ref name="Paul and Krimbas, 1992"/>

===In the USSR again===

The [[Battle of Berlin]] was one of the last major engagements of [[World War II]].  With a great majority of German scientific facilities in Berlin and its suburbs, this area was a major target of search teams (see [[Russian Alsos]]) sent into Germany by Russia to requisition equipment, materiel, and scientific personnel to aid the [[Soviet atomic bomb project]].  Haste was necessary, as the American military forces were rapidly approaching Berlin.  Soviet troops broke the Berlin defense ring on 25 April 1945, and the Soviet Union announced the fall of Berlin on 2 May.  The main search team, headed by Colonel General [[A. P. Zavenyagin]], arrived in Berlin on 3 May; it included Colonel General V. A. Makhnjov, and nuclear physicists [[Yulii Borisovich Khariton|Yulij Borisovich Khariton]], [[Isaak Kikoin|Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin]], and [[Lev Artsimovich|Lev Andreevich Artsimovich]]. [[Georgy Flyorov|Georgij Nikolaevich Flerov]] had arrived earlier, although Kikoin did not recall a vanguard group.  Even the scientists were attired in the uniforms of [[NKVD]] officers. Targets on the top of their list were the ''Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für'' Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics), the University of Berlin, and the ''Technische Hochschule Berlin''.<ref>Oleynikov, 2000, 4-6.</ref>

A search team soon rounded up Timofeev-Resovskij's colleague [[Nikolaus Riehl]]. In early July, Riehl was flown to Russia to head up a group at Plant No. 12 in [[Elektrostal|Ehlektrostal’]] (Электросталь<ref>”Электросталь” is sometimes transliterated as “Elektrostal”.  A one-to-one transliteration scheme transliterates the Cyrillic letter “Э” as “Eh”, which distinguishes it from that for the Cyrillic letter “Е” given as “E”. Transliterations often also drop the soft sign “ь”.</ref>) for the production of metallic uranium within the Soviet atomic bomb project. Other colleagues of Timofeev-Resovskij, namely Born, Catsch, and [[Karl Zimmer|Zimmer]], were also sent to Russia to work with Riehl.<ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72, 80, and 121.</ref>

After the fall of Berlin, Timofeev-Resovskij was arrested by the Russians.  However, Colonel General Zavenyagin recognized that Timofeev-Resovskij's experience in radiobiology and genetic effects of radiation would be useful to the Soviet atomic bomb project and ordered his release. Timofeev-Resovskij became director of the KWIH facility in Berlin-Buch and was visited by Zavenyagin, and also by [[Igor Kurchatov|Igor’ Vasil’evich Kurchatov]], chief scientist of the Soviet atomic bomb project. However, after being denounced by a visiting scientist in an Academy of Sciences delegation from Moscow, Timofeev-Resovskij was secretly re-arrested on 14 September by an element of the NKVD different from that under Zavenyagin.<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/><ref name="Babkov, 2000"/><ref name="Paul and Krimbas, 1992"/>

Timofeev-Resovskij and Tsarapkin were sent back to Russia; both were incarcerated in the gulag – Timofeev-Resovskij received a ten-year sentence. On his way to the prison camp in [[Karaganda]] in northern [[Kazakhstan]], one of the most terrible camps in the GULAG, Timofeev-Resovskij went through the [[Butyrka prison|Butyrskaya]] prison, the central transit prison in Moscow.  It was there that he met [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]. Even in prison, Solzhenitsyn noted, Timofeev-Resovskij organized a scientific seminar. He made a presentation on the biophysical analysis of mutations. Himself he was strongly impressed by the talk of unknown priest about "shameless death". The harsh conditions of his transportation and incarceration in the labor camp contributed to a significant decline in Timofeev-Resovskij's health, including the degradation of his vision brought on by malnutrition.<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated"/><ref>Solzhenitsyn, 1973 and 1974, 493, 597, 598, 599, 600, 603, 604.</ref><ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 25 and 121-124.</ref>

[[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry and a leader in the [[French Resistance]] during the war, visited Moscow and pleaded with [[Lavrentiy Beria|Lavrentij Beria]], the head of the NKVD, that Timofeev-Resovskij should be found and given meaningful work. The argument did not fall on deaf ears, as Beria was also in charge of the Soviet atomic bomb project, and this was a top priority for [[Joseph Stalin]]. Eventually, Timofeev-Resovskij was found, treated for his ill health brought on by his incarceration in the GULAG, and was sent, in 1947, to work at [[Laboratory B in Sungul’|Laboratory B]] in Sungul', which was a [[Sharashka|ShARAShKA]]. While he was still a prisoner, he headed up the biological division at the institute and was allowed to apply his prodigious scientific skills to the problems of the day. His wife Elena, after receipt of a letter in Timofeev-Resovskij's hand, left Berlin in 1948, with their son Andrew, to join him in Sungul'. The house occupied by the three Timofeev-Resovskijs was every bit as nice as that planned for the German scientists working at the Sungul' institute.<ref name="Babkov, 2000"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982">Medvedev, 1982.</ref><ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 124.</ref>

[[Nikolaus Riehl]] found out that Timofeev-Resovskij was in [[Laboratory B in Sungulʹ|Sungul']] and had vision problems brought on by the malnutrition he suffered in the GULAG.  Riehl studied the effects of vitamins on vision and determined a course of treatment. He acquired the necessary vitamins and had Zavenyagin send them on to Timofeev-Resovskij, but the actions were to no avail, as the condition was not reversible.<ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 122-123.</ref>

After the detonation of the Russian uranium bomb, uranium production was going smoothly and Riehl's oversight was no longer necessary at Plant No. 12. Riehl then went, in 1950, to head "Laboratory B", where he stayed until 1952. Laboratory B was responsible for the handling, treatment, and use of radioactive products generated in reactors, as well as radiation biology, dosimetry, and radiochemistry. Laboratory B, as a [[Sharashka]] and a facility in the Soviet atomic bomb project, was overseen by the 9th Chief Directorate of the [[NKVD]] ([[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)|MVD]] after 1946).

Laboratory B was known under another cover name<ref>The Russians used various types of cover names for facilities to obfuscate both the location and function of a facility; in fact, the same facility could have multiple and changing designations. The nuclear design bureau and assembly plant [[All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics|Arzamas-16]], for example, had more than one designation – see [[Yulii Borisovich Khariton|Yuli Khariton]] and Yuri Smirnov ''The Khariton Version'', ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', 20-31 (May 1993). Some facilities were known by post office box numbers, ''почтовом ящике'' (pochtovom yashike), abbreviated as ''п/я''. See Maddrell, 2006, 182-183. Also see Demidov, A. A. ''On the tracks of one “Anniversary”'' [In Russian] [http://www.sarov.info/index.php?ch=ngn&id=4871&view=article&prevview=arc&year=2005&month=8 11.08.2005], which relates the history changing post office box designations for Arzamas-16.</ref> as ''Объект 0211'' (Ob’ekt 0211, Object 0211), as well as Object B.<ref>[[N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij|Timofeev-Resovskij, N. V.]] ''Kratkaya Avtobiograficheskaya Zapiska'' (''Brief Autobiographical Note'') [https://archive.today/20120630032607/http://www.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/auto_r.html (14 October 1977)].</ref> (In 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, ''Scientific Research Institute-1011'' (NII-1011), today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, ''RFYaTs–VNIITF''.)

Timofeev-Resovskij headed the radiobiology department at Laboratory B, and another political prisoner from the Gulag, S. A. Voznesenskij, headed the radiochemistry department. In Timofeev-Resovskij's department, Born, Catsch, and Zimmer were able to conduct work similar to that which they had done in Germany, and all three became section heads in the department. Tsarapkin, Timofeev-Resovskij's long-time colleague was also at Laboratory B.<ref name="Seitz 1996">Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121-128, and 202.</ref><ref name="Oleynikov, 2000, 15-17">Oleynikov, 2000, 15-17.</ref><ref name="VNIITF">Penzina, V. V. ''Archive of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, named after E. I. Zababakhin. Resource No. 1 &ndash; Laboratory "B".'' [In Russian] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131111220524/http://chelarhiv.ru/vestnik/8/ayd.html VNIITF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111220524/http://chelarhiv.ru/vestnik/8/ayd.html |date=November 11, 2013 }}). Penzina is cited as head of the VNIITF Archive in Snezhinsk.</ref>

Before being rejoined in the Soviet Union, Zimmer, Timofeev-Resovskij, and Riehl had collaborated on the biological effects of ionizing radiation.<ref>N. Riehl, N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij, and K. G. Zimmer ''Mechanismus der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlen auf biologische Elementareinheiten'', ''[[Die Naturwissenschaften]]'' Volume 29, Numbers 42-43, 625-639 (1941).  Riehl was identified as being in Berlin, and the other two were identified as being in Berlin-Buch.</ref>  Also, Zimmer and Timofeev-Resovskij had put together a manuscript which was a comprehensive summary of their work and that of others on radiation-induced gene mutation and related areas; the book, ''Das Trefferprinzip in der Biologie'', was published in Germany while they were in the Soviet Union.<ref>Nikolaj V. Timofeev-Ressovskij and Karl Günter Zimmer ''Biophysik. Bd. 1. Das Trefferprinzip in der Biologie'' (Hirzel, 1947).</ref>  In 1948, due to [[Lysenkoism]], there were grave consequences for the institute in Sungul' in general and for Zimmer and Timofeev-Resovskij in particular.  The book was put on a forbidden list and the laboratory was not allowed to conduct research on its topics.<ref>Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 202.</ref>

In 1955, Laboratory B was merged into the newly created second<ref>The first nuclear weapons design facility was [[All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics|KB-11/Arzamas-16]].</ref> nuclear weapons design institute Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-1011 (NII-1011). During the merger, the radiopathology section of S. A. Voznesenskij's radiochemistry department was transferred to Combine No. 817 ([[Ozersk]]), and Timofeev-Resovskij and 16 members of his department were transferred to the Ural Branch of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|USSR Academy of Sciences]], in Sverdlovsk (now [[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]]). After discharge from the Sharashka, Timofeev-Resovskij visited [[Moscow]], [[Leningrad]], and [[Kiev]].  In these locations, he was able to visit physicists [[Pyotr Kapitsa|Peter Kapitsa]], [[Lev Landau]], and [[Igor Tamm|Igor’ Tamm]], the biologist [[Mikhail Volkenshtein|M. V. Volkenstein]], and the mathematician [[Alexey Lyapunov|A. A. Lapunov]]. In Sverdlovsk, Timofeev-Resovskij organized and became the head of the Department of Radiobiology of the Ural Branch of the Academy of Sciences.  In 1956, he also founded an experimental station and summer school at the nearby [[Lake Maloye Miassovo|Lake Miassovo]].  The experimental station conducted radiological research on radiation and population genetics. This summer school contributed to keeping classical genetics alive during the period of [[Lysenkoism]], which officially ended in 1964.<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982"/><ref name="VNIITF"/><ref>[http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml RFYaTS-VNIITF Creators] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209013555/http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml |date=2008-02-09 }} – See the entry for ''ТИМОФЕЕВ-РЕСОВСКИЙ Николай Владимирович'' (TIMOFEEV-RESOVSKIJ Nikolaj Vladimorovich) [In Russian].</ref><ref>Paul and Kimbas, 1992.</ref>

The Miassovo summer school became famous among Soviet scholars and students. Among the lecturers were mathematicians [[Aleksei Lyapunov]] and [[Ivan Poletaev]], biophysicists [[Lev Blumenfeldt]] and [[Mikhail Volkenstein]], biochemist [[Simon Shnol]], geneticist [[Raisa Berg]] and [[Vladimir Efroimson]]. The school produced numerous geneticists, ecosystem biologists, biophysicists and radiation biologists.<ref>Vorontsov, 1995, 92</ref>

In 1964, Timofeev-Resovskij organized and became the head of the Department of Radiobiology and Genetics, at the Institute of Medical Radiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in [[Obninsk]],<ref>Obninks advertises itself as Russia’s first “science city.” See: [https://web.archive.org/web/20031122115448/http://www.obninsk.ru/eng/ Obninsk].</ref> [[Kaluga Oblast|Kaluga District]]. In the department, Timofeev-Resovskij supervised and headed the Laboratory of Radiation Genetics and the Laboratory of Radiation Ecology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klabukov |first1=I. D. |last2=Yakimova |first2=A. O. |last3=Baranovskii |first3=D. S. |last4=Yatsenko |first4=E. M. |last5=Petrov |first5=V. A. |last6=Zhavoronkov |first6=L. P. |last7=Ivanov |first7=S. A. |last8=Shegay |first8=P. V. |last9=Kaprin |first9=A. D. |date=2023-12-01 |title=Foresight into the Future of Genetic Engineering and Radiobiology: 100 Years from the Beginning of N.V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky's Scientific Career |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023120129 |journal=Biology Bulletin |language=en |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=3407–3412 |doi=10.1134/S1062359023120129 |issn=1608-3059|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There were two other laboratories in the department, the Laboratory of Cellular Radiobiology, headed by V. I. Korogodin, and the Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, headed by [[Zhores Medvedev]].  The first group in the USSR to study ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' was established by Timofeev-Resovskij during his time in Obninsk. Two well known figures in genetics started their research and received their degrees at Obninsk under Timofeev-Resovskij. One was Nikolai Bochkov, director of the Institute of Medical Genetics, in Moscow; the other was Vladimir Ivanov, head of the Laboratory of Experimental Genetics at the same institute. While in Obninsk, Timofeev-Resovskij wrote two books (published in 1968 and 1969 – see the book list below) and more than 60 papers on population genetics, radiation biology, and evolution. His wife [[Helena Alexandrovna Timofeeff-Ressovsky|Helena]] assisted him by providing her eyes to compensate for his lost vision, taking dictation, and editing his papers.<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982"/>

In 1968, even though Lysenkoism was officially over, its supporters were able to block Timofeev-Resovskij's nomination to the Soviet Academy of Sciences.  In 1969, they used their influence to pressure him into retirement from Institute of Medical Radiaology, whereupon Timofeev-Resovskij became a consultant to the Institute of Medical-Biological Problems and of Developmental Biology, in Moscow.  As a consultant for the institute, he studied space medicine and continued his research on genetics. He also served as a consultant to the Institute of Developmental Problems, in Moscow, as well as [[Moscow State University]]. With several of his students, he also wrote his last book, ''Introduction to Molecular Radiobiology: Physico-Chemical Foundations'' [in Russian], which was published in 1981.<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref name="Paul and Krimbas, 1992"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982"/>

Timofeev-Resovskij was a non-rehabilitated ex-prisoner and was therefore not allowed to leave the Soviet Union. He was, however, able to meet foreign colleagues who came to Russia.  In 1969, a short time before receipt of his [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]], Max Delbrück traveled to the Soviet Union and unofficially met with Timofeev-Resovskij. In addition to once again seeing his colleague Timofeev-Resovskij, Delbrück hoped to appeal to the Soviet authorities to mitigate his colleague's harsh living conditions; however, he was not given an opportunity to bring his request to the attention of the authorities. Timofeev-Resovskij, also met with foreign colleagues attending conferences, such as at the Second Meeting of the Vavilov Society of Genetics and Selection (Moscow, 1972) and at the 14th International Congress of Genetics (Moscow, 1978).<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/><ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982"/>

Timofeev-Resovskij's lifelong companion and scientific research partner, Helena, died on 29 April 1973. At this time, their son, Andrew, was a physics professor at the University of Sverdlovsk (now [[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]]).<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/><ref>Vogt, 1998, 22.</ref>

Timofeev-Ressovsky died in Obninsk, in a hospital room of the Institute of Medical Radiology (IMR) on 28 March 1981.<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/> He was [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/119846064 buried at the Konchalovskoe cemetery] in Obninsk.

A [[minor planet]] [[3238 Timresovia]] discovered by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astronomer [[Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh]] in 1975 is named after him.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&q=3238+Timresovia Dictionary of Minor Planet Names - p.269]</ref>

{{quote|Timofeev was a person, who belonged to three generations and epochs.{{sfn|Vorontsov|1995|p=90 }}}}

===Postscript===

[[Daniil Granin|Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin's]]  novel ''Зубр'' (translated as ''The Bison: A Novel about the Scientist Who Defied Stalin'' [1990]) appeared in Russia in 1987, during the dawn of ''[[Glasnost| glasnost’]]'' and ''[[Perestroika|perestrojka]]''. The book depicted the life of Timofeev-Resovskij and the impact of [[Joseph Stalin]] on biology. The [[West Germany|West German]] edition, ''Der Genetiker'' (''The Geneticist''),<ref>Daniil Granin ''Der Genetiker. Das Leben des Nikolai Timofejew-Ressowski, genannt Ur.'' (Pahl-Rugenstein, 1988)</ref>  published in [[Cologne|Köln]], appeared in 1988. The [[East Germany|East German]] edition was published under the title<ref>Daniil A. Granin ''Sie nannten ihn Ur : Roman eines Lebens'' (Verl. Volk und Welt, 1988)</ref> ''Sie nannten ihn Ur'' (''They Called Him Ur'').<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/>

On 16 October 1991, the prosecutor general of the USSR stated that the charge of treason against Timofeev-Resovskij in 1946 had no legal basis. The next year, Timofeev-Resovskij was rehabilitated, 11 years after his death!<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/><ref name="Paul and Krimbas, 1992"/>

On the Campus Berlin-Buch, a modern science, health and biotechnology park focused on biomedicine, commemoration of Timofeev-Resovskij took several forms; a new medical [[Genomics]] building was named after him, a memorial plaque was dedicated in 1992 on the gatehouse where he lived, and a sculpture of him, created by Stevan Kaehne in 2006, stands in front of the Timofeev-Resovskij Research Building.<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/><ref>[http://www.campus-berlin-buch.de/e_index.html Campus Berlin-Buch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212193442/http://www.campus-berlin-buch.de/e_index.html |date=2007-12-12 }}. See also [http://www.campus-berlin-buch.de/e_geschichte.html Campus Berlin-Buch History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112191527/http://www.campus-berlin-buch.de/e_geschichte.html |date=2007-11-12 }}.</ref>

A centennial anniversary celebration was held in both [[Dubna]] and on the Berlin-Buch Campus in September 2000. Timofeev-Resovskij's son, Andrew, a physicist, took part in both centennial conferences.  In 2005, the 70th anniversary of the publishing of  the “green paper”, "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur", by Timofeev-Ressovkij, Zimmer, and Delbrück, was celebrated by a jointly sponsored symposium in [[Yerevan]]; the sponsors were the [[Yerevan Physics Institute]] and [[Armenia]]n, Russian, and U.S. genetics associations.<ref name="Timofeev-Resovskij"/>

==Scientific associations==

Timofeev-Resovskij was a member of the following organizations and societies:<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref>Vogt, 1998, 20.</ref>

*Academician (active member) in the ''Deutsche Akademie der Leopoldina'' ([[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]]) in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] from 1940
*Fellow of the ''Moskovskoe Obshchestvo Isp’itatelej Prirody (MOIP)'' ([[Moscow Society of Naturalists]])
*Fellow of the ''Vsesoyuznovo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva SSSR'' (All-union Geographical Society USSR)
*Fellow of the ''Vsesoyuznogo Botanicheskogo Obshchestva SSSR'' (All-union Botanical Society USSR)
*Founding member of the German Biophysical Society
*Honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], Boston, USA
*Honorary member of the Italian Society of Experimental Biology
*Honorary member of the Genetics Society, Leeds, Great Britain
*Honorary member of the Mendeleev Society in [[Lund]], Sweden
*Honorary member and founding member of the ''Vavilovskoe Obshchestvo Genetikov i Selektsionerov (VOGiS) imeni N. I. Vavilov'' (Vavilov Society of Genetics and Selection in the name of [[Nikolai Vavilov|N. I. Vavilov]]), USSR
*Scientific member of the ''[[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute|Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften]]'' (Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of the Sciences) from 1938. [After World War II, the Society was renamed the ''Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften''.]

==Honors==

Timofeev-Resovskij was not allowed to personally accept the honors bestowed upon him after 1945.  From 1945 he was a prisoner and from 1955 he was a non-rehabilitated ex-prisoner and was therefore not allowed to leave the Soviet Union.  The following honors were awarded to him:<ref name="14 October 1977"/><ref name="Medvedev, 1982, not paginated"/><ref>[http://www.mdc-berlin.de/englisch/about_the_mdc/public_relations/press_releases_2006/images/ressovsky.pdf Timofeev-Resovskij]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – MDC for Molecular Medicine: "Background Information Nikolai Wladimirovich Timoféeff-Ressovsky".</ref>

*Darwin Medal, ''Deutsche Akademie der Leopoldina'' ([[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]]) &ndash; 1959
*[[Gregor Mendel|Mendel]] Medal, Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences &ndash; 1965
*Kimber Genetics Award, U.S. National Academy of Sciences &ndash; 1966
*[[Gregor Mendel]] Medal, ''Deutsche Akademie der Leopoldina'' ([[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]]) &ndash; 1970
*[[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] Medal, Italy

==Bibliography==
;Articles
*N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky and O. Vogt ''Über idiosomatische Variationsgruppen und ihre Bedeutung für die Klassifikation der Krankheiten'', ''Die Naturwissenschaften'' Volume 14, Issue 50-51, 1188-1190 (1926).
*N. W. Timofeff-Ressovsky ''Studies on the phenotype manifestation of hereditary factors. I. On the phenotypic manifestation of the [[genovariation]] radius incompletus in Drosophila funebris.'', ''Genetics'' 128-198 [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/12/2/128 (1927)]. The author was identified as being at the Institute of Experimental Biology, Moscow, Russia. The article was received on 21 August 1926.
* H. A. Timoféeff-Ressovsky and N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky ''Genetische Analyse einer freilebenden Drosophila melanogaster-Population'', ''Development Genes and Evolution'' Volume 109, Number 1, 70-109 (1927). The authors were identified as being at the ''Genetischen Abteilung des Kaiser Wilhelm-Instituts für Hirnforschung'', Berlin, Germany. The article was submitted on 18 October 1926.
*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky ''The Effect of X-Rays in Producing Somatic Genovariations of a Definite Locus in Different Directions in Drosophila melanogaster'', The American Naturalist'', Volume 63, Number 685, 118-124 (1929)
*Timofeeff-Ressovky, N. W.,  [[Karl Zimmer|K. G. Zimmer]], and [[Max Delbrück|M. Delbrück]] ''Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur'', ''Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen: Mathematische-Physikalische Klasse, Fachgruppe VI, Biologie'' Bd. 1, Nr. 13, 189-245 [http://www.ini.uzh.ch/~tobi/fun/max/timofeeffZimmerDelbruck1935.pdf (1935)]. Timofeeff-Ressovsky was identified as being from the ''Genetische Abteilung des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Hirnforschung'' in Berlin-Buch. Zimmer was identified as being from the ''Strahlenabteilung des Cecilienhauses'' in Berlin-Charlottenburg. Delbrück was identified as being from the ''Physikalische-Radioaktive Abteilung des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Chemie'' in Berlin-Dahlem. This paper, from the color of the journal’s cover, has become known as the “Green Pamphlet”<ref name="Ratner, 2001"/> and sometimes as the ''Dreimännerarbeit'' (Three-Man Paper) of genetics,<ref>Daniel J. McKaughan ''The Influence of Niels Bohr on Max Delbrück: Revisiting the Hopes Inspired by “Light and Life”'', ''ISIS'' Volume 96, 507-529 [http://www.nd.edu/~hps/McKaughan.pdf (2005)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516024958/http://www.nd.edu/~hps/McKaughan.pdf |date=2008-05-16 }}.</ref> to distinguish it from the historical ''Dreimännerarbeit'' by [[Max Born]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], and [[Pascual Jordan]], which launched quantum [[Matrix mechanics]] in 1925.<ref>M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan, ''Zur Quantenmechanik II'', ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', '''35''', 557-615, 1925 (received November 16, 1925).  [English translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, ''Sources of Quantum Mechanics'' (Dover Publications, 1968) {{ISBN|0-486-61881-1}}].</ref>
*Timoféeff-Ressovsky, N. W. ''Genetik und Evolution (Bericht eines Zoologen)'', ''Journal Molecular and General Genetics'' Volume 76, Number 1, 158-219 (1939). The author was identified as being at the ''Genetische Abteilung des Kaiser Wilhelm-Instituts'', Berlin-Buch, Germany. The article is from an address given at the ''Versammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Vererbungswissenschaft'' in Würzburg on 25 September 1938.
*[[Nikolaus Riehl|N. Riehl]], N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij, and K. G. Zimmer ''Mechanismus der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlen auf biologische Elementareinheiten'', ''[[Die Naturwissenschaften]]'' Volume 29, Numbers 42-43, 625-639 (1941).  Riehl was identified as being in Berlin, and the other two were identified as being in Berlin-Buch.
*H. J. Born, N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky and K. G. Zimmer ''Biologische Anwendungen des Zählrohres'', ''Naturwissenschaften'' Volume 30, Number 40, 600-603 (1942).  The authors were identified as being in the genetics department of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin-Buch.
*N. Riehl, R. Rompe, N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky und K. G. Zimmer ''Über Energiewanderungsvorgänge und Ihre Bedeutung Für Einige Biologische Prozesse'', ''Protoplasma'' Volume 38, Number 1, 105-126 (1943).  The article was received on 19 April 1943.

;Books

*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, ''Experimentelle Mutationsforschung in der Vererbungslehre. Beeinflussung der erbanlagen durch strahlung und andere faktoren.'' (Theodor Steinkopff, 1937)
*Nikolaj V. Timofeev-Ressovskij and Karl Günter Zimmer ''Biophysik. Bd. 1. Das Trefferprinzip in der Biologie'' (Hirzel, 1947)
*N. V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, V. I. Ivanov, and V. I. Korogodin ''Application of the “Hit” Principle in Radiobiology'' [In Russian] (Atomisdat, 1968)
*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, N. N. Vorontsov, and A. V. Jablokov ''A Brief Review of the Theory of Evolution'' [In Russian] (Nauka, 1969)
*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, A. V. Jablokov, and N. V. Glotov ''A Review of the Theory of Populations'' [In Russian] (Nauka, 1973)
*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, N. N. Voroncov, and A. N. Jablokov ''Kurzer Grundriß der Evolutionstheorie'' (Fischer Verlag, 1975)
*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, A. N. Jablokov, and N. V. Glotov, ''Grundriß der Populationslehre'' (Fischer Verlag, 1977)
*N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, A. V. Savich, and M. I. Shal'nov ''Introduction to Molecular Radiobiology: Physico-Chemical Foundations'' [In Russian] (Medicina, 1981)
*N. V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky ''The Stories Told by Himself with Letters, Photos and Documents'' [In Russian] (Soglasie, 2000)

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Babkov, V. V. ''Nikolaj Vladimiorovich Timofeev-Resovskij'' [In Russian], ''Vestnik VOGiS'' Article 5, Number 15, 8-14 [http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/vogis/vestnik.php?f=2000&p=15_5 (2000)]
*Babkoff, Vassily. ''Timofeef-Ressovsky: A Short Account of His Life'' in the book ''Radiation Risk Estimates in Normal and Emergency Situations'' in the ''NATO Security through Science Series'' 3-14 (NATO, 2006). The author Babkoff, Vassily (Babkov, V.V.) is identified as being at the S.I. Vavilov Institute of the History of Science & Technology, Moscow.
*Berg, Raissa L. ''In Defense of Timofeeff-Ressovsky'', ''The Quarterly Review of Biology'' Volume 65, Number 4, 457-479 (December 1990)
*Ivanov, V. I. and N. A. Liapunova. ''Nikolay W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900-1981): An Essay on His Life and Scientific Achievements'' Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna [http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/liajp.html (1990)]. This article uses the following source material: N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij ''An autobiography in brief'' [http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/auto_e.html (14 October 1977)]
*Macrakis, Kristie. ''Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany'' (Oxford, 1993) {{ISBN|0-19-507010-0}}
*[[Zhores Medvedev|Medvedev, Zhores A.]] ''Nikolai Wladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900-1981)'', ''Genetics'' Volume 100, Number 1, 1-5 [http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/med.html (1982)]
*Oleynikov, Pavel V. ''German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project'', ''The Nonproliferation Review'' Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30  [http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/72pavel.pdf (2000)].  The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in [[Snezhinsk]] (Chelyabinsk-70).
*Paul, Diane B. and Costas B. Krimbas. ''Nikolai V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky'', ''Scientific American'' Volume 266, Number 2, 86-92 (1992)
*Penzina, V. V. ''Archive of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, named after E. I. Zababakhin. Resource No. 1 &ndash; Laboratory "B".'' [In Russian] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131111220524/http://chelarhiv.ru/vestnik/8/ayd.html VNIITF]). Penzina is cited as head of the VNIITF Archive in Snezhinsk.
*Ratner, V. A. ''Session in Memory of N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij in the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences'' [In Russian], ''Vestnik VOGiS'' Article 4, No. 15 [http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/vogis/vestnik.php?f=2000&p=15_4 (2000)]
*Ratner, Vadim A. ''Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900-1981): Twin of the Century of Genetics'', ''Genetics'' Volume 158, 933-939 [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/158/3/933 (July 2001)]
*[[Nikolaus Riehl|Riehl, Nikolaus]] and [[Frederick Seitz]]. ''Stalin’s Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb'' (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) {{ISBN|0-8412-3310-1}}
*Rokityanskij, Yakov G.  ''N V Timofeeff-Ressovsky in Germany (July, 1925–September, 1945)'', ''Journal of Biosciences'' Volume 30, Number 5, 573-580 (2005). The author was footnoted as: Observer of ''Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences''.
*[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I.]], translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney. ''The GULAG Archipelago 1918-1956, An Experiment in Literary Investigation, I-II'' 634 (Harper and Row, 1973, 1974)
*Timofeev-Resovskij, N. V. ''Kratkaya Avtobiograficheskaya Zapiska'' (''Brief Autobiographical Note'') [In Russian] [http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/auto_r.html (14 October 1977)]
*Vogt, Annette. ''Ein russisches Forscherehepaar in Berlin-Buch'', ''Edition Luisenstadt'' [http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstext/9808prod.htm (1998)]
*Vogt, Annette. ''The Timoféeff-Ressovsky's - a couple in science'' Preprint 157 (Max-Planck-Inst. für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 2000)
*Vorontsov, N.N. Raznolikii Timofeev-Ressovsky. Priroda, 10: 90-105 (1995) [Diverse Timofeev-Ressovsky] (in Russian).

== External links ==
*Daniil Granin ''[http://lib.ru/PROZA/GRANIN/zubr.txt Zubr]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023060307/http://www.mdc-berlin.de/ueber_das_mdc/00102c_.htm MDC] – Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin-Buch (In English: [https://web.archive.org/web/20010509224111/http://www.mdc-berlin.de/englisch/about_the_mdc/history.htm MDC, English])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110522073658/http://www.mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de/global/menue/profil.htm MPIH] – Max-Planck Institut für Hirnforschung (Formerly the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Hirnforschung)
*[http://www.ini.uzh.ch/~tobi/fun/max/timofeeffZimmerDelbruck1935.pdf Nachrichten Göttingen] - "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur" (1935)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080209013555/http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml RFYaTS-VNIITF Creators] – See the entry for ''ТИМОФЕЕВ-РЕСОВСКИЙ Николай Владимирович'' (TIMOFEEV-RESOVSKIJ Nikolaj Vladimorovich) [In Russian]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021001001829/http://www.jinr.ru/~drrr/Timofeeff/auto/biblio_e.html Timofeev-Resovskij] - Bibliography of N.W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky
*[https://archive.today/20130416221733/http://www.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/liajp.html Timofeev-Resovskij – An Essay] - Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna
*[https://archive.today/20130416225554/http://www.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/index_e.html Timofeev-Resovskij Memorial] – Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Radiation Biology
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200545/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/rathausaktuell/archiv/2006/06/30/43517/ Timofeev-Resovskij] – "Max-Delbrück-Zentrum: Wowereit bei Eröffnung des neuen Labors"
*[http://www.mdc-berlin.de/englisch/about_the_mdc/public_relations/press_releases_2006/images/ressovsky.pdf Timofeev-Resovskij]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – MDC for Molecular Medicine: "Background Information Nikolai Wladimirovich Timoféeff-Ressovsky"
*[https://archive.today/20130416223349/http://www.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/med.html Timofeev-Resovskij Obituary] - Zhores A. Medvedev, National Institute of Medical Research
*[http://www.onmeda.de/lexika/persoenlichkeiten/ressovsky.html Timoféeff-Ressovsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917075640/http://www.onmeda.de/lexika/persoenlichkeiten/ressovsky.html |date=2013-09-17 }} - Onmedia
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070515210635/http://www.jinr.ru/~drrr/Timofeeff/auto/bibl_e.html Timofeev-Resovskij] - Selected publications about N.W.Timofeeff-Ressovsky
*[http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/vogis/vestnik.php?f=2000&p=15_4 Timofeev-Resovskij] – ''Vestnik VOGiS'',  No. 15 (2000) [In Russian]
*''“Я ПРОЖИЛ СЧАСТЛИВУЮ ЖИЗНЬ” К 90-летию со дня рождения Н. В. Тимофеева-Ресовского (“I Lived a Happy Life” – In Honor of the 90th Anniversary of the Birth of Timofeev-Resovskij'', ''ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ. БИОЛОГИЯ (History of Science – Biology)'', 1990, No. 9, 68-104 [http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/priroda/1990/9/68-104.pdf (1990)]. This commemorative has many photographs of Timofeev-Resovskij.

{{Authority control}}
{{Soviet Atomic Bomb Project}}
{{U.S.S.R. biological weapons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timofeev-Ressovsky, Nikolay}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Modern synthesis (20th century)]]
[[Category:Scientists from Moscow]]
[[Category:Soviet geneticists]]
[[Category:Russian geneticists]]
[[Category:Sharashka inmates]]
[[Category:Gulag detainees]]
[[Category:Soviet expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Soviet biological weapons program]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union people]]
[[Category:Max Planck Institute directors]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]