View source for New World monkey

{{Short description|Parvorder of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = New World monkeys
| fossil_range = [[Early Oligocene]]-[[Holocene]], {{Fossilrange|31|0}}
| image = BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg
| image_caption = [[Brown spider monkey]]
| taxon = Platyrrhini
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812<ref name=msw3/><ref name=SAP/>
| type_species = [[Colombian white-faced capuchin|''Cebus capucinus'']]
| type_species_authority =
[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
*[[Callitrichidae]]
*[[Cebidae]]
*[[Night monkey|Aotidae]]
*[[Pitheciidae]]
*[[Atelidae]]}}
'''Incertae sedis'''
*''{{extinct}}[[Parvimico]]''
*''{{extinct}}[[Homunculus (genus)|Homunculus]]''
| range_map = The range of new world monkeys.jpg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of New World monkeys}}

'''New World monkeys''' are the five families of [[primate]]s that are found in the tropical regions of [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]: [[Callitrichidae]], [[Cebidae]], [[night monkey|Aotidae]], [[Pitheciidae]], and [[Atelidae]]. The five families are ranked together as the '''Ceboidea''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|b|ɔɪ|d|i|.|ə}}), the only extant superfamily in the [[parvorder]] '''Platyrrhini''' ({{IPAc-en|p|l|æ|t|ᵻ|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|aɪ}}).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.chimpanzoo.org/ceboidea.html| title = Platyrrhini and Ceboidea| publisher = ChimpanZoo| year = 2005| access-date = 19 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515074123/http://www.chimpanzoo.org/ceboidea.html| archive-date = 2008-05-15}}</ref>

Platyrrhini is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the [[spider monkey]], are the only primates to have [[prehensile tail]]s. New World monkeys' closest relatives are the other [[simian]]s, the [[Catarrhini]] ("down-nosed"), comprising [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago.<ref name="Sellers">{{cite web | url = https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/BIOL121/ΕΠΙΛΕΓΜΕΝΑ%20ΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ/PrimateEvolution.pdf| title = Primate Evolution | access-date = 2008-10-23 | last = Sellers | first = Bill | date = 2000-10-20 | publisher = University of Edinburgh | pages = 13–17}}</ref>

== Evolutionary history ==

About 40 million years ago, the [[Simiiformes]] infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and [[Catarrhini]] (apes and [[Old World monkey]]s) somewhere on the African continent.<ref name=PQ>{{cite book | title = Primates in Question | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | year = 2003 | author1 = Robert W. Shumaker | author2 = Benjamin B. Beck | name-list-style = amp | isbn = 978-1-58834-176-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/primatesinquesti00shum}}</ref> Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have dispersed to [[South America]] on a [[Oceanic dispersal|raft of vegetation]] across the Atlantic Ocean during the [[Eocene]] epoch, possibly via several intermediate now submerged islands. Several other groups of animals made the same journey across the Atlantic, notably including [[caviomorph]] rodents.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Felipe Bandoni de |chapter=Paleogeography of the South Atlantic: a Route for Primates and Rodents into the New World? |title=South American Primates |pages=55–68 |location=New York |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-78704-6 |last2=Molina |first2=Eder Cassola |last3=Marroig |first3=Gabriel|year=2009 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-78705-3_3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Defler |first=Thomas |chapter=Platyrrhine Monkeys: The Fossil Evidence |date=2019 |title=History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America |series=Topics in Geobiology |volume=42 |pages=161–184 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_8 |isbn=978-3-319-98448-3 |s2cid=91938226}}</ref> At the time the New World monkeys dispersed to South America, the [[Isthmus of Panama]] had not yet formed, so [[ocean current]]s, unlike today, favoured westward dispersal, the climate was quite different, and the width of the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present {{convert|2800|km|mi|abbr=on}} width by about a third (possibly {{convert|1000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} less, based on the current estimate of the Atlantic [[mid-ocean ridge formation process]]es spreading rate of {{Convert|25|mm/year|in/year|0|abbr=}}).<ref name=":0" />

The non-platyrrhini ''[[Ucayalipithecus]]'' of Amazonian Peru who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the extinct [[Parapithecoidea]] from the [[Eocene]] of Afro-Arabia, suggesting that there were at least two separate dispersal events of primates to South America,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seiffert |first1=Erik R. |last2=Tejedor |first2=Marcelo F. |last3=Fleagle |first3=John G.|last4=Novo |first4=Nelson M. |last5=Cornejo |first5=Fanny M. |last6=Bond |first6=Mariano |last7=de Vries |first7=Dorien |last8=Campbell Jr. |first8=Kenneth E. |year=2020 |title=A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=368 |issue=6487 |pages=194–197 |doi=10.1126/science.aba1135 |pmid=32273470 |bibcode=2020Sci...368..194S |s2cid=215550773 }}</ref> ''[[Parvimico]]'' and ''[[Perupithecus]]'' from Peru appear to be at the base of the Platyrrhini,<ref>{{Cite bioRxiv |last1=Vries|first1=Dorien de|last2=Beck|first2=Robin M. D.|date=2021-10-22|title=Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences |language=en |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.10.21.465342}}</ref> as are ''[[Szalatavus]]'', ''[[Lagonimico]]'', and ''[[Canaanimico]]''.<ref name=Silvestro/>

Possible evidence for a third transatlantic dispersal event comes from a fossil molar belonging to ''[[Ashaninkacebus simpsoni]]'', which has strong affinities with stem [[Simian|anthropoid]] primates of South Asian origin, the [[Eosimiidae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marivaux |first1=Laurent |title=An eosimiid primate of South Asian affinities in the Paleogene of Western Amazonia and the origin of New World monkeys |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=July 3, 2023 |volume=120 |issue=28 |pages=e2301338120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2301338120 |pmid=37399374 |pmc=10334725 |bibcode=2023PNAS..12001338M }}</ref>

The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54.<ref name="deOliveira2012">de Oliveira EH, Neusser M, Müller S (2012). "Chromosome evolution in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)." ''Cytogenetic and Genome Research'' https://doi.org/10.1159/000339296</ref> In extant species, the 2n value varies from 16 in the [[titi monkey]] to 62 in the [[woolly monkey]].

A [[Bayesian inference in phylogeny|Bayesian]] estimate of the most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95% [[credible interval]] of {{Ma|27}}-{{Ma|31}}.<ref name=Perez2013>Perez SI, Tejedor MF, Novo NM, Aristide L (2013) "Divergence times and the evolutionary radiation of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An analysis of fossil and molecular Data". ''PLoS One'' 8(6):e68029.</ref>

== Classification ==
{{main|List of platyrrhines}}
The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families, as defined by Rylands & Mittermeier (2009),<ref name=SAP>{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, [[Karen B. Strier|Strier KB]] | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 | year = 2009 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225968860}}</ref> and their position in the Order Primates:<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=128–152|id=12100177|heading=Infraorder Simiiformes}}</ref>
* Order [[Primate]]s
** Suborder [[Strepsirrhini]]: [[lemur]]s, [[loris]]es, [[galago]]s, etc.
** Suborder [[Haplorrhini]]: [[tarsier]]s + [[monkey]]s, including apes
*** Infraorder [[Tarsiiformes]]: tarsiers
*** Infraorder [[Simian|Simiiformes]]
**** Parvorder [[Catarrhini]]: [[Old World monkey]]s, apes (including humans)
**** '''Parvorder Platyrrhini''': New World monkeys
***** '''Family [[Callitrichidae]]''': [[marmoset]]s and [[tamarin]]s
***** '''Family [[Cebidae]]''': [[capuchin monkey|capuchins]] and [[squirrel monkey]]s
***** '''Family [[Night monkey|Aotidae]]''': [[Night monkey|night]] or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
***** '''Family [[Pitheciidae]]''': [[titi]]s, [[saki (monkey)|saki]]s, and [[uakari]]s
***** '''Family [[Atelidae]]''': [[Howler monkey|howler]], [[Spider monkey|spider]], [[Woolly spider monkey|woolly spider]], and [[woolly monkey]]s

The arrangement of the New World monkey families, indeed the listing of which groups consist of families and which consist of lower taxonomic groupings, has changed over the years. McKenna & Bell (1997) used two families: Callitrichidae and Atelidae, with Atelidae divided into Cebinae, Pitheciinae, and Atelinae.<ref name=McKennaBell>{{cite book |editor-last1=McKenna |editor-first1=M. C. |editor-last2=Bell |editor-first2=S. K. |year=1997 |title=Classification of mammals – above the species level |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |pages=xii-631}}</ref>
Rosenberger (2002 following Horowitz 1999) demoted Callitrichidae to a subfamily, putting it under the newly raised Cebidae family.<ref name=Rosenberger>{{cite book |last1=Rosenberger |first1=A. L. |year=2002 |chapter=Platyrrhine paleontology and systematics: the paradigm shifts |pages=151–159 |editor-last1=Hartwig |editor-first1=W. C. |title=The Primate Fossil Record |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England|bibcode=2002prfr.book.....H }}</ref>
Groves (2005) used four families, but as a flat structure.<ref name=msw3/>

One possible arrangement of the five families and their subfamilies of Rylands & Mittermeier can be seen in Silvestro ''et al.'' (2017):<ref name=Silvestro>{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Silvestro |first1=Daniele |last2=Tejedor |first2=Marcelo F. |last3=Serrano Serrano |first3=Martha L. |last4=Loiseau |first4=Oriane |last5=Rossier |first5=Victor |last6=Rolland |first6=Jonathan |last7=Zizka |first7=Alexander |last8=Antonelli |first8=Alexandre |last9=Salamin |first9=Nicolas |year=2017 |title=Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data |biorxiv=10.1101/178111}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;
|label1=[[Platyrrhini]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Pitheciidae]]
   |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Callicebinae]]
      |1=titis
      |label2=[[Pitheciinae]]
      |2=sakis and uakaris
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Atelidae]]
      |1={{clade
         |label1=[[Alouattinae]]
         |1=howler monkeys
         |label2=[[Atelinae]]
         |2=spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=[[Cebidae]]
         |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Cebinae]]
            |1=capuchins
            |label2=[[Saimirinae]]
            |2=squirrel monkeys
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Callitrichidae]]
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[[Callitrichinae]]
               |1=marmosets and lion tamarins
               |2=tamarins and saddle-back tamarins
               }}
            |label2=[[Aotidae]]
            |2=night monkeys
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Puebla - Museo Amparo - Singe, classique, états théocratiques, influence du style Remojadas, Totonala.JPG|thumb|[[Remojadas]]-style ceramic sculpture of a monkey at the [[Amparo Museum]]]]

[[New World]] monkeys are small to mid-sized primates, ranging from the [[pygmy marmoset]] (the world's smallest monkey), at {{convert|14|to|16|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|120|to|190|g|oz|abbr=on}}, to the [[southern muriqui]], at {{convert|55|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|12|to|15|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. New World monkeys differ slightly from [[Old World monkey]]s in several aspects. The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The clade for New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed". The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of Old World monkeys, and have side-facing nostrils.

New World monkeys are the only monkeys with [[prehensile tail]]s—in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World. Prehensility has evolved at least two distinct times in platyrrhines, in the Atelidae family (spider monkeys, woolly spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and woolly monkeys), and in capuchin monkeys (''Cebus'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenberger|first=Alfred L.|date=1983|title=Tale of tails: Parallelism and prehensility|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330600114|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=60|issue=1|pages=103–107|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330600114| pmid=6869497 |issn=1096-8644}}</ref> Although prehensility is present in all of these primate species, skeletal and muscular-based morphological differences between these two groups indicate that the trait evolved separately through convergent evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Emily|last2=Gray|first2=Patricia M.|date=2017-07-28|title=Evolutionary GEM: The Evolution of the Primate Prehensile Tail|url=https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/wurjhns/article/view/5142|journal=Western Undergraduate Research Journal: Health and Natural Sciences|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.5206/wurjhns.2017-18.4|issn=1923-757X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lockwood|first1=Charles A.|last2=Fleagle|first2=John G.|date=1999|title=The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=110|issue=S29|pages=189–232|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1999)110:29+<189::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-3| pmid=10601987 |issn=1096-8644|doi-access=free}}</ref> The fully prehensile tails that have evolved in Atelidae allow the primates to suspend their entire body weight by only their tails, with arms and legs free for other foraging and locomotive activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sehner|first1=Sandro|last2=Fichtel|first2=Claudia|last3=Kappeler|first3=Peter M.|date=December 2018|title=Primate tails: Ancestral state reconstruction and determinants of interspecific variation in primate tail length|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23703|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=167|issue=4|pages=750–759|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23703| pmid=30341951 | s2cid=53008537 }}</ref> Semi-prehensile tails in ''Cebus'' can be used for balance by wrapping the tail around branches and supporting a large portion of their weight.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Emmons|first1=L. H.|last2=Gentry|first2=A. H.|date=1983|title=Tropical Forest Structure and the Distribution of Gliding and Prehensile-Tailed Vertebrates|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=121|issue=4|pages=513–524| doi=10.1086/284079 | jstor=2460978 | s2cid=85211169 |issn=0003-0147}}</ref>

New World monkeys (except for the [[howler monkey]]s of genus ''Alouatta'')<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jacobs |first=G. H. |author2=Neitz, M. |author3=Deegan, J. F. |author4= Neitz, J. |year=1996 |title=Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys |journal=Nature |volume=382 |issue= 6587|pages=156–158 |doi=10.1038/382156a0 |pmid=8700203|bibcode=1996Natur.382..156J |s2cid=4305822 }}</ref> also typically lack the [[trichromacy|trichromatic]] vision of Old World monkeys.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Making of the Fittest | publisher = W.W. Norton and Company | year = 2006 | author = Sean B. Carroll | isbn = 978-0-393-06163-5}}</ref> Colour vision in New World primates relies on a single gene on the [[X-chromosome]] to produce pigments that absorb medium and long wavelength light, which contrasts with short wavelength light. As a result, males rely on a single medium/long pigment gene and are [[Dichromacy|dichromatic]], as are [[homozygous]] females. [[Heterozygous]] females may possess two alleles with different sensitivities within this range, and so can display [[trichromatic]] vision.<ref>{{cite journal| title = Recent evolution of uniform trichromacy in a New World monkey| journal = Vision Research| doi = 10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00078-9| volume = 38| pmid = 9893843| issue = 21| pages = 3315–3320| date = December 1998| author = Pamela M Kainz |author2=Jay Neitz |author3=Maureen Neitz| s2cid = 11967994|author3-link= Maureen Neitz| doi-access = free}}</ref>

Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve [[premolar]]s instead of eight; having a [[dental formula]] of {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3}} or {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.2|lower=2.1.3.2}} (consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 or 3 molars). This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids, including [[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[bonobo]]s, [[siamang]]s, [[gibbon]]s, [[orangutan]]s, and most [[human]]s, which share a dental formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=2.1.2.3}}. Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]], so knowledge of them is less comprehensive than that of the more easily observed Old World monkeys. Unlike most Old World monkeys, many New World monkeys form [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] [[pair bond]]s, and show substantial [[paternal bond|paternal care]] of young.<ref>[http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/monkeys/monkey_newworld.html New World Monkeys at Animal Corner]</ref> They eat fruits, nuts, insects, flowers, bird eggs, spiders, and small mammals. Unlike humans and most Old World monkeys, their thumbs are not [[opposable thumb|opposable]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_5.htm | title=The Primates: New World Monkeys}}</ref> (except for some [[Cebidae|cebid]]s).

== See also ==
*[[List of platyrrhines]]
*[[List of primates by population]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading==
*{{cite journal | last = Schneider | first = H. | year = 2000 | title = The current status of the New World Monkey phylogeny | journal = Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências | volume = 72 | issue = 2| pages = 165–172 | doi = 10.1590/S0001-37652000000200005 | pmid = 10932115 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | last = Opazo | first = J. C. | year = 2006 | title = Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates) | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 274–280 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.015 | pmid = 16698289 |display-authors=etal}}

== External links ==
*{{cite news |title=Primate Hunting Reaches Crisis Point in Latin America |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,471471,00.html |work=[[Spiegel Online]] international |date=March 13, 2007 }}
*[http://marcvanroosmalen.org/images/Geographic_Distributions_of_Amazonian_Primates.pdf ''Geographic Distributions of Amazonian Primates''] – Tomas and [[Marc van Roosmalen]], Pdf 3,2 Mb

{{Primates}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q237157}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:New World monkeys| ]]
[[Category:Extant Rupelian first appearances]]