View source for Neuroptera

{{Short description|Order of insects}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2016}}<!--ab ovo, it seems-->
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|299|0}}<small>[[Permian]] to recent</small>
| image = Crisopid July 2013-9a.jpg
| image_caption = [[Green lacewing]]
| taxon = Neuroptera
| authority = [[Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Clades
| subdivision = See [[#Taxonomy|taxonomy]]
}}

The [[insect]] [[order (biology)|order]] '''Neuroptera''', from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]] (''neûron''), meaning "nerve", and [[wikt:πτέρυξ|πτέρυξ]] (''ptérux''), meaning "wing", also known as '''net-winged insects''', includes the [[lacewing]]s, [[mantidflies]], [[antlion]]s, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 [[species]].<ref name="Grimaldi">{{Cite book |author=[[David Grimaldi (entomologist)|David Grimaldi]] & [[Michael S. Engel]] |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the Insects |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-82149-5}}</ref> Neuroptera is grouped together with the [[Megaloptera]] ([[alderflies]], [[fishflies]], and [[dobsonflies]]) and [[Raphidioptera]] (snakeflies) in the unranked taxon [[Neuropterida]] (once known as Planipennia).

Adult neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many [[wing vein|vein]]s. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete [[metamorphosis]].

Neuropterans first appeared during the [[Permian]] [[Period (geology)|period]], and continued to diversify through the [[Mesozoic era]].<ref name="Ponomarenko 2004">{{cite journal |author1=A. G. Ponomarenko |author2=D. E. Shcherbakov |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=New lacewings (Neuroptera) from the terminal Permian and basal Triassic of Siberia |journal=[[Paleontological Journal]] |volume=38 |issue=S2 |pages=S197–S203 |url=http://www.palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS197.pdf}}</ref> During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Kalligrammatidae]], often called "the [[butterflies]] of the [[Jurassic]]" for their large, patterned wings.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Michael S. Engel |year=2005 |title=A remarkable kalligrammatid lacewing from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan (Neuroptera: Kalligrammatidae) |journal=[[Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science]] |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.1660/0022-8443(2005)108[0059:ARKLFT]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86240200 }}</ref>

==Anatomy and biology==

Neuropterans are soft-bodied insects with relatively few specialized<!--British English--> features. They have large lateral [[compound eye]]s, and may or may not also have [[ocelli]]. Their mouthparts have strong [[mandible (arthropod)|mandibles]] suitable for chewing, and lack the various adaptations found in most other [[Holometabola|holometabolan]] insect groups.

They have four wings, usually similar in size and shape, and a generalised pattern of veins.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Breitkreuz | first1=L. C. V. | last2=Winterton | first2=S. L. | last3=Engel | first3=M. S. | year=2017 | title=Wing tracheation in Chrysopidae and other Neuropterida (Insecta): a resolution of the confusion about vein fusion | journal=American Museum Novitates | issue=3890| pages=1–44 | doi=10.1206/3890.1| s2cid=55878344| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/159000 }}</ref> Some neuropterans have specialised sense organs in their wings, or have bristles or other structures to link their wings together during flight.<ref name=IIBD>{{cite book |author=Hoell, H. V., Doyen, J. T. & Purcell, A. H. |year=1998 |title=Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=447–450 |isbn=0-19-510033-6}}</ref>

The larvae are specialised predators, with elongated mandibles adapted for piercing and sucking. The larval body form varies between different families, depending on the nature of their prey. In general, however, they have three pairs of thoracic legs, each ending in two claws. The [[abdomen]] often has adhesive discs on the last two segments.<ref name=IIBD/>

==Life cycle and ecology==
{|style="float:right;"
|-
|[[File:OsmylusLarva.jpg|thumb|125px|Larva of ''[[Osmylus fulvicephalus]]'', [[Osmylidae]]]]
|[[File:SisyridaeLarva.jpg|thumb|125px|Larva of ''[[Sisyra]]'' sp., [[Sisyridae]]]]
|}
The larvae of most families are [[predator]]s. Many [[Chrysopidae|chrysopids]], [[Hemerobiidae|hemerobiids]] and [[Coniopterygidae|coniopterygids]] eat aphids and other [[pest insects]], and some have been used for [[biological control]] (either from commercial distributors, but also abundant and widespread in nature).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Senior |first1=L. J. |title=The use of lacewings in biological control |date=June 2001 |work=Lacewings in the Crop Environment |pages=296–302 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511666117.014 |isbn=978-0511666117 |last2=McEwen |first2=P. K.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monserrat |first=Víctor J. |date=2015-12-30 |title=Los hemeróbidos de la Península Ibérica y Baleares (Insecta, Neuropterida, Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) |journal=Graellsia |language=es |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=026 |doi=10.3989/graellsia.2015.v71.129 |issn=1989-953X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Larvae in various families cover themselves in debris (including other insects, living and dead<ref>Powell, Erin. (2023). Defensive behaviors of the mealybug Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell, 1893) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the green lacewing Ceraeochrysa claveri (Navás, 1911) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with videos of dorsal packet loading and mealybug ostiole function. Insecta Mundi. 1–11. </ref>) as [[camouflage]], taken to an extreme in the [[ant lion]]s, which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from "pits" in the soil. Larvae of some [[Ithonidae]] are root feeders, and larvae of [[Sisyridae]] are aquatic, and feed on [[freshwater]] [[sponge]]s. A few [[mantispids]] are [[parasite]]s of [[spider]] egg sacs.

As in other [[holometabolism|holometabolic]] orders, the [[pupa]]l stage is enclosed in some form of [[Pupa#Cocoon|cocoon]] composed of silk and soil or other debris. The pupa eventually cuts its way out of the cocoon with its mandibles, and may even move about for a short while before undergoing the [[ecdysis|moult]] to the adult form.<ref name=IIBD/>

Adults of many groups are also predatory, but some do not feed, or consume only [[nectar]].

[[Beetle]]s, [[wasp]]s, and some [[lake flies]] [[parasitize]] neuropteran larvae.

[[File:LacewingsLyd.png|thumb|left|upright=2|Lifecycle of lacewings]]{{clear}}

==Evolution==

[[File:Yang 2014 Sophogramma lii.png|thumb|upright=1.35|One of the "butterflies of the [[Jurassic]]", ''Sophogramma lii'' ([[Kalligrammatidae]])]]

Neuropterans first appeared near the end of the [[Permian]] [[Period (geology)|period]], as shown by fossils of the [[Permithonidae]] from the [[Tunguska basin in Siberia]] and a similar fauna from Australia.<ref name="Ponomarenko 2004"/>

[[File:Palaeopsychops marringerae Holotype SR 97-08-05 v2.jpg|thumb|left|Patterned wing of [[Paleogene]] (49 [[Million years ago|mya]]) fossil ''[[Palaeopsychops marringerae]]'' ([[Ithonidae]])]]

The osmylids are of [[Jurassic]] or [[Early Cretaceous]] origin and may be the most ancient of the Neuropteran groups.<ref name=Yan/> The extinct osmylid ''[[Protosmylus]]'' is [[fossilized]] in [[middle Eocene]] [[Baltic amber]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Engel, Michael S. |author2=Grimaldi, David A. |date=2007 |title=The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3587 |pages=1–58 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5880/1/N3587.pdf}}</ref> The genus ''[[Burmaleon]]'' is described from two fossils of [[Cenomanian]] age [[Burmese amber]], implying [[crown group]] radiation in the [[Early Cretaceous]] or earlier.<ref name="Myskowiak2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Myskowiak |first1=J. |last2=Huang |first2=D. |last3=Azar |first3=D. |last4=Cai |first4=C. |last5=Garrouste |first5=R. |last6=Nel |first6=A. |year=2016 |title=New lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Osmylidae, Nymphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=59 |pages=214–227 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.029|bibcode=2016CrRes..59..214M }}</ref><ref name="Yang Wang Labandeira 2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Q. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |last3=Labandeira |first3=C.C. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |last5=Ren |first5=D. |year=2014 |title=Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=126 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-126 |pmid=24912379 |pmc=4113026 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..126Y }}</ref> The family [[Kalligrammatidae]] lived from the Jurassic to [[Aptian]] (Lower Cretaceous) periods.<ref name="Bechly2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Bechly |first1=G. |last2=Makarkin |first2=V. N. |year=2016 |title=A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=58 |pages= 135–140|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.014|bibcode=2016CrRes..58..135B }}</ref>

Ithonidae are from the [[Jurassic]] to Recent, and the extinct lineages of the family were widespread geographically.<ref name="Archibald2006">{{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=S.B. |author2=Makarkin V.N. |title=Tertiary giant lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystechotidae<!--now Ithonidae-->): Revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=119–155 |year=2006 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=438987 |access-date=January 27, 2010 |doi=10.1017/S1477201906001817|bibcode=2006JSPal...4..119A |s2cid=55970660|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Following the end of the Cretaceous period, the diversity of neuropterans appears to have declined.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Cihang |last2=Liu |first2=Hua |last3=Jarzembowski |first3=Edmund A. |date=June 2022  |title=High morphological disparity of neuropteran larvae during the Cretaceous revealed by a new large species |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0016756822000176/type/journal_article |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=954–962 |doi=10.1017/S0016756822000176 |bibcode=2022GeoM..159..954L |issn=0016-7568|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Phylogeny==

Molecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data places the Megaloptera as [[Sister group|sister]] to Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera as sister to this combined lineage, though these results were considered tentative.<ref name="YueSong2018">{{cite journal |last1=Yue |first1=Bi-Song |last2=Song |first2=Nan |last3=Lin |first3=Aili |last4=Zhao |first4=Xincheng |title=Insight into higher-level phylogeny of Neuropterida: Evidence from secondary structures of mitochondrial rRNA genes and mitogenomic data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2018 |pages=e0191826 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0191826|pmid=29381758 |pmc=5790268 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1391826S|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Yan>{{cite journal |author1=Yan, Y. |author2=Wang Y, Liu, X. |author3=Winterton, S. L. |author4=Yang, D. |title=The First Mitochondrial Genomes of Antlion (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and Split-footed Lacewing (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Phylogenetic Implications of Myrmeleontiformia |journal=Int J Biol Sci |date=2014 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=895–908 |doi=10.7150/ijbs.9454 |pmid=25170303 |pmc=4147223}}</ref> The [[fossil]] record has contributed to the understanding of the group's phylogeny.<ref name="Grimaldi"/><ref>Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pages xv-755</ref><ref>Engel, M. S. & Grimaldi, D. A., 2007: The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida: Megaloptera, Neuroptera). ''American Museum Novitates'': #3587, pages 1-58</ref><ref>Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2. McGrew-Hill Book Company</ref> Relationships within the [[Myrmeleontiformia]] are still in flux.<ref>Jones, J.R. (2019) Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification. ''Zoologica Scripta'': 06 October 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12382</ref>

<!--[[Sisyridae]] not shown-->
<!--[[Coniopterygidae]] not shown-->
<!--[[Dilaridae]] not shown-->
<!--[[Berothidae]] not shown-->
<!--[[Rhachiberothidae]] not shown-->
<!--[[Nevrorthidae]] not shown-->

A phylogenomic analysis published in 2023 confirmed the topology of the neuropterid orders and found the relationships between the families of Neuropterida as shown in the following phylogenetic tree.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Cai |first1=Chen-Yang |last2=Tihelka |first2=Erik |last3=Liu |first3=Xing-YUE |last4=Engel |first4=Michael S. |title=Improved modelling of compositional heterogeneity reconciles phylogenomic conflicts among lacewings |year=2023 |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=6 |s2cid=257245897 |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Neuropterida]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Raphidioptera]] (snakeflies) [[File:Snakefly R. confinis? (cropped).jpg|100px]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Megaloptera]] (alderflies and allies) [[File:Schlammfliege Sialis sp 5325.jpg|100px]]
      |2={{clade
         |label1='''Neuroptera'''
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[[Coniopterygoidea]]
               |1=[[Coniopterygidae]] (dustywings) 
               |label2=[[Euneuroptera]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |label1=[[Osmyloidea]]
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=[[Osmylidae]] (giant lacewings) [[File:Oedosmylus sp crop.jpg|125px]]
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=[[Nevrorthidae]]
                           |2=[[Sisyridae]] (spongillaflies)
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                        |label1=[[Dilaroidea]]
                        |1=[[Dilaridae]] (pleasing lacewings) 
                        }}
                     |label2=
                     |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |label1=[[Chrysopoidea]]
                           |1=[[Chrysopidae]] (green lacewings) [[File:Chrysoperla carnea Guldoeje.jpg|100px]]
                           |label2=[[Mantispoidea]]
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=[[Rhachiberothidae]] (thorny lacewings)
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Mantispidae]] (mantidflies) [[File:Mantispidae fg1.jpg|100px]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1=[[Symphrasinae]]
                                    |2=[[Berothidae]] (beaded lacewings)
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                           |label1=[[Neoneuroptera]]
                           |1={{clade
                              |label1=
                              |1=[[Hemerobiidae]] (brown lacewings) [[File:Micromus variegatus01.jpg|100px]]
                              |label2=[[Geoneuroptera]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |label1=[[Ithonoidea]]
                                 |1=[[Ithonidae]] (moth lacewings) [[File:Rapisma sp- India crop.jpg|75px]]
                                 |label2=[[Myrmeleontiformia]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |label1=[[Psychopsoidea]]
                                    |1=[[Psychopsidae]] (silky lacewings) |image1= [[File:Silky Lacewing (6769953805).jpg|75px]]
                                    |label2=[[Myrmeleontoidea]]
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1=[[Nymphidae]] (split-footed lacewings) |image1=[[File:Nymphes myrmeleonoides (3155078680) crop.jpg|75px]]
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=[[Nemopteridae]] (spoonwings) |image1=[[File:Nemoptera sp. MHNT.ZOO.2004.0.736.jpg|75px]]
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=[[Myrmeleontidae]] (antlions) |image1= [[File:Distoleon tetragrammicus01.jpg|75px]]
                                             |2=[[Ascalaphidae]] (owlflies) |image2=[[File:Libelloides coccajus 210505.jpg|75px]]
                                             }}
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}


===Taxonomy===
Review of the Neropterid group orders by Engel, Winterton, and Breitkreuz (2018) included grouping of the Neuropteran families in a nested set of clades, an abandonment of the paraphyletic suborder "[[Hemerobiiformia]]" and redefinition of Myrmeleontiformia as a clade.<ref name="Wings">{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M. S. |last2=Winterton |first2=S. L. |last3=Breitkreuz |first3=L. C. |date=2018 |title=Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us? |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=63 |pages=531–551 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043127|pmid=29324039 }}</ref>

'''Neuroptera'''
*'''Superfamily [[Coniopterygoidea]]'''
** family [[Coniopterygidae]] dustywings (Late Jurassic–Present)
* Clade '''Euneuroptera'''
**'''Superfamily [[Osmyloidea]]'''
*** Family [[Osmylidae]]: osmylids (Early Jurassic–Present)
*** Family [[Sisyridae]]: spongillaflies (Late Cretaceous–Present)
*** Family [[Nevrorthidae]] {{#tag:ref|"Neurorthidae" is a ''[[lapsus]]''.|group=Note}} (Late Cretaceous–Present)
*** Family †[[Archeosmylidae]] (Permian–Triassic)
*** Family †[[Saucrosmylidae]] (Middle Jurassic)
**'''Superfamily [[Dilaroidea]]'''
*** Family [[Dilaridae]]: pleasing lacewings (Late Cretaceous–Present)
** '''Superfamily [[Mantispoidea]]'''
*** Family [[Berothidae]]: beaded lacewings (Late Jurassic–Present)
*** Family [[Mantispidae]]: mantidflies (including †[[Dipteromantispidae]]) (Jurassic–Present)
*** Family †[[Mesoberothidae]] (including †[[Mesithonidae]]) (Triassic)
*** Family [[Rhachiberothidae]]: thorny lacewings (Early Cretaceous–Present)
** Clade '''Neoneuroptera'''
*** '''Superfamily [[Hemerobioidea]]''' (inc. [[Chrysopoidea]])
**** Family †[[Ascalochrysidae]] 
**** Family [[Chrysopidae]]: green lacewings (including †[[Mesochrysopidae]]) (Jurassic–Present)
**** Family [[Hemerobiidae]]: brown lacewings (Jurassic–Present)
**** Family †[[Osmylitidae]]  
**** Family †[[Solenoptilidae]]
*** Clade '''Geoneuroptera'''
**** '''Superfamily [[Ithonioidea]]'''
***** Family [[Ithonidae]]: moth lacewings (includes Rapismatidae and Polystoechotidae) (Early Jurassic–Present)
**** Clade '''[[Myrmeleontiformia]]'''
***** '''Superfamily [[Myrmeleontoidea]]''' (syn [[Nemopteroidea]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Engel, M. S. |author2=Grimaldi, D. A. |year=2008 |title=Diverse Neuropterida in Cretaceous amber, with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar (Insecta) |journal=Nova Supplementa Entomologica |volume=20 |pages=1–86}}</ref>)
****** Family [[Ascalaphidae]]: owlflies
****** Family †[[Babinskaiidae]]  (Cretaceous)
****** Family [[Myrmeleontidae]]: antlions (includes Palaeoleontidae) (Cretaceous–Present)
****** Family [[Nemopteridae]]: spoonwings etc (Cretaceous–Present)
****** Family [[Nymphidae]]: split-footed lacewings (includes Myiodactylidae) (Cretaceous–Present)
****** Family †[[Rafaelianidae]]
***** '''Superfamily [[Psychopsoidea]]'''
****** Family †[[Aetheogrammatidae]]
****** Family †[[Kalligrammatidae]]  (Jurassic–Late Cretaceous)
****** Family †[[Osmylopsychopidae]] ([[junior synonym|syn]] †Brongniartiellidae) 
****** Family †[[Panfiloviidae]] (syn †[[Grammosmylidae]])
****** Family †[[Prohemerobiidae]]
****** Family [[Psychopsidae]]: silky lacewings (Late Triassic–Present)

The fossil genus †''[[Mesohemerobius]]'' {{small|Ping, 1928}} from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of China has been treated as ''[[incertae sedis]]'' within Neuroptera, while the fossil families †[[Permoberothidae]] and †[[Permithonidae]] are treated as a sister group to clade Eidoneuroptera formed by Neuroptera + Megaloptera.<ref name="Wings"/>

==In human culture==

The use of Neuroptera in [[biological control]] of insect pests has been investigated, showing that it is difficult to establish and maintain populations in fields of crops.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=X. X. |title=Electrophysiological and Behavior Responses of Chrysopa phyllochroma (Neuroptera Chrysopidae) to Plant Volatiles |journal=Environmental Entomology |date=2014 |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1425–1433 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvv106 |pmid=26314008 |s2cid=46558266 |issn=0046-225X}}</ref>

Five species of Neuroptera are among 1681 insect species eaten by humans worldwide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramos-Elorduy |first=J. |year=2005 |title=Insects: a hopeful resource |editor=Maurizio G. Paoletti |work=Ecological Implications of Minilivestock |pages=263–291 |location=Enfield, New Hampshire |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=978-1578083398}}</ref>

The New Guinea Highland people claim to be able to maintain a muscular build and great stamina despite their low protein intake as a result of [[eating insects]] including Neuroptera.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Consuming the Inedible: Neglected Dimensions of Food Choice |last=MacClancy |first=Jeremy |publisher=Berghahn |year=2007 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Neuroptera}}
{{Wikispecies|Neuroptera}}
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Neuroptera}}
* Oswald, John D. (2023). [https://lacewing.tamu.edu/SpeciesCatalog/Main Neuropterida Species of the World. Lacewing Digital Library, Research Publication No. 1.] (an online catalog that includes data on the Neuroptera species of the world)
* Oswald, John D. (2023). [https://lacewing.tamu.edu/Biblio/Main Bibliography of the Neuropterida. Lacewing Digital Library, Research Publication No. 2.] (an online bibliography that includes data on the global scientific literature of the order Neuroptera)
* [https://lacewing.tamu.edu/Homepage/MainContent Lacewing Digital Library] (a web portal that provides access to a suite of online resources that contain data on the order Neuroptera)
* [https://www.africamuseum.be/en/research/collections_libraries/biology/collections/neuroptera Illustrated database of Neuroptera (insects)]
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/brown_lacewings.htm Brown lacewings of Florida] on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' 
* [http://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=2B1m2sz35fQpYa2NV7c&page=1&doc=4 Information on Neuroptera] {{subscription required}} at [[Web of Science]]

{{Orders of Insects}}
{{Neuroptera}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q156438}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neuroptera| ]]
[[Category:Insect orders]]
[[Category:Extant Permian first appearances]]
[[Category:Neuropterida]]