View source for Nepenthes macrophylla

{{short description|Species of pitcher plant from Borneo}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = N.macrophylla.jpg
|image_caption = An upper pitcher of ''N. macrophylla''
|status = CR
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Clarke, C. |author2=Cantley, R. |author3=Nerz, J. |author4=Rischer, H. |author5=Witsuba, A. |date=2000 |title=''Nepenthes macrophylla'' |volume=2000 |page=e.T39671A10255115 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39671A10255115.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Nepenthes
|species = macrophylla
|authority = ([[Johannes Marabini|Marabini]]) [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] (1997)<ref name=J&C>Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. [[A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)|A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae)]]. ''Blumea'' '''42'''(1): 1–106.</ref>
|synonyms = *''Nepenthes edwardsiana'' subsp. ''macrophylla''<br><small>[[Johannes Marabini|Marabini]] (1987)<ref name=Marabini1987>Marabini, J. 1987. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15683425 Eine neue Unterart von ''Nepenthes edwardsiana'' Hook.fil. sowie Anmerkungen zur Taxonomie der Gattung ''Nepenthes'' L.]. ''Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München'' '''23''': 423–429.</ref></small>
|}}

'''''Nepenthes macrophylla''''' {{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|θ|iː|z|_|ˌ|m|æ|k|r|oʊ-|ˈ|f|ɪ|l|ə}}, the '''large-leaved pitcher-plant''',<ref name=P&L>Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''[[Pitcher-Plants of Borneo]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> is a tropical [[pitcher plant]] known only from a very restrictive elevation on [[Mount Trusmadi]] in [[Sabah]], [[Malaysian Borneo]].

''Nepenthes macrophylla'' was once thought to be a [[subspecies]] of ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes edwardsiana|N. edwardsiana]]}}'', but differs from that species in several aspects of pitcher and leaf [[Plant morphology|morphology]].<ref name=Clarke>Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''[[Nepenthes of Borneo]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref>

==Botanical history==
''Nepenthes macrophylla'' was known to grow on [[Mount Trusmadi]] for a long time prior to its description, although it was not initially considered a distinct species. Shortly after its discovery, it was lumped with ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes villosa|N. villosa]]}}'', a similar species from [[Kinabalu National Park]]. In his 1976 guide, ''[[Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu]]'', botanist [[Shigeo Kurata]] wrote:<ref name=Kurata>Kurata, S. 1976. ''[[Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu]]''. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.</ref>

<blockquote>Mt. Trus Madi, located in the south of Mt. Kinabalu, become known{{sic}} as a locality for this species [''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes villosa|N. villosa]]}}'']. Though this information is not confirmed yet, its existence is expected because this mountain falls within the vertical distribution of this species.</blockquote>

Later, ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' was treated as a form of ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes edwardsiana|N. edwardsiana]]}}'', another closely related species.<ref name=Marabini1984>Marabini, J. 1984. {{cite web|url= http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv13n2p38_40.pdf |title=A Field Trip to Gunong Trusmadi. }}&nbsp;{{small|(442&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''13'''(2): 38–40.
</ref><ref name=P&L2008>Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. ''[[Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> An early collection of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' was made by Johannes Marabini in March 1983 and the [[herbarium]] material, designated as ''Marabini 2167'',<ref name=Schlauer>Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+macrophylla ''Nepenthes macrophylla'']. Carnivorous Plant Database.</ref> deposited at the [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]] in [[Germany]].<ref name=Marabini1984 /> Four years later, Marabini [[Species description|formally described]] the [[taxon]] as a [[subspecies]] of ''N.&nbsp;edwardsiana''.<ref name=Marabini1987 />

In their 1996 monograph, ''[[Pitcher-Plants of Borneo]]'', [[Anthea Phillipps]] and [[Anthony Lamb (botanist)|Anthony Lamb]] treated ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' as a species in the process of being described, referring to it as "''Nepenthes macrophylla'' (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek ined.".<ref name=P&L /> Botanists [[Matthew Jebb]] and [[Martin Cheek]] had intended to elevate ''N. macrophylla'' to species status since at least 1994<ref>Jebb, M. 1994. [http://www.omnisterra.com/botany/cp/list/cp94alld/2353.htm NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana]. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.</ref> and did so upon the publication of their 1997 monograph "[[A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)|A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae)]]" in the botanical journal ''[[Blumea (journal)|Blumea]]''.<ref name=J&C />  This interpretation was supported by [[Charles Clarke (botanist)|Charles Clarke]], who noted that ''N. edwardsiana'' and ''N. villosa'' "have more in common with each other than do ''N. edwardsiana'' and ''N. macrophylla''".<ref name=Clarke />

==Description==
''Nepenthes macrophylla'' is a climbing plant. The [[Plant stem|stem]] reaches a length of more than 10 m<ref name=P&L2008 /> and is up to 10&nbsp;mm in diameter. [[plant stem|Internode]]s are up to 35&nbsp;cm long and circular in cross section.<ref name=Clarke />

[[Image:N.macrophylla b.jpg|thumb|left|An intermediate pitcher]]

Leaves are [[wikt:coriaceous|coriaceous]] and [[wikt:petiolate|petiolate]]. The [[Leaf#Anatomy|lamina]] or leaf blade is oblong in shape and reaches exceptionally large dimensions of up to 60&nbsp;cm by 20&nbsp;cm. The apex of the lamina is [[wikt:acuminate|acuminate]]-obtuse, while the base is abruptly contracted where the [[petiole (botany)|petiole]] begins. The petiole itself is up to 15&nbsp;cm long. It is [[wikt:canaliculate|canaliculate]] (grooved lengthwise) and typically bears wings that form a partially [[wikt:amplexicaul|amplexicaul]] sheath around the stem. One to three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the [[midrib]], but [[wikt:pinnate|pinnate]] veins are indistinct. [[Tendril]]s measure up to 35&nbsp;cm in length.<ref name=Clarke />

The pitchers of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' are robust and almost woody in texture.{{Ref_label|A|note a|none}} Rosette and lower pitchers are shortly cylindrical in shape, becoming narrower around the midpoint.<ref name=J&C /> They can be very large: up to 35&nbsp;cm high by 15&nbsp;cm wide.<ref name=P&L2008 /> A pair of fringed wings (≤10&nbsp;mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher. Terrestrial pitchers usually have a hip in their lower half. The pitcher mouth is [[wikt:ovate|ovate]] and has an oblique insertion. The [[peristome]] is cylindrical and expanded, measuring up to 15&nbsp;mm wide. It bears a series of highly developed ribs, which terminate in prominent downward-pointing teeth. The pitcher lid or [[Operculum (botany)|operculum]] is ovate, very broad, and has a [[wikt:cordate|cordate]] base. An unbranched [[spur (biology)|spur]] (≤9&nbsp;mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts in most respects. They differ in having a more cylindrical shape, reduced wings, and the hip always being located in the upper half.<ref name=Clarke /> Traps may have a range of colours, although the yellow-pitchered form is more common than the red-pitchered form.<ref name=P&L2008 />

''Nepenthes macrophylla'' has a [[raceme|racemose]] [[inflorescence]], with both male and female ones having a similar structure. The [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] is up to 23&nbsp;cm long and 5&nbsp;mm wide, while the [[rachis]] is up to 55&nbsp;cm long. [[pedicel (botany)|Pedicels]] are one-flowered, [[bract]]eate, and measure up to 16&nbsp;mm in length. [[Sepal]]s are elliptic in shape and up to 6&nbsp;mm long.<ref name=Clarke />

Most parts of the plants bear an [[indumentum]] of very short hairs, although much of this covering is [[wikt:caducous|caducous]].<ref name=Clarke />

==Ecology==
[[Image:N.macrophylla a.jpg|thumb|A robust upper pitcher growing in mossy montane forest]]
''Nepenthes macrophylla'' is known with certainty only from the summit area of [[Mount Trusmadi]] in [[Sabah]], [[Borneo]], despite the presence of a number of nearby peaks (such as [[Mount Pinesowitan]]) that fall within its altitudinal range.<ref name=Clarke /> However, there are unconfirmed reports that it also grows "on the summit of a neighbouring peak".<ref name=McPherson /> Older sources list a number of different values for the altitudinal distribution of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'', with some giving a narrow range of 2,200–2,400&nbsp;m<ref name=Clarke /> and others a much wider span of 2,000–2,600&nbsp;m.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=J&C /> It is now known that this species occurs between 2,200&nbsp;m and the summit at 2,642&nbsp;m.<ref name=McPherson>McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''[[Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref><ref>Bourke, G. 2007. Exploring the upper reaches of Gunung Trus Madi. ''[[Carniflora Australis]]'' (9): 9–16.</ref>

The typical habitat of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is [[mossy forest|mossy]] [[montane forest]] along ridge tops, where the vegetation is dominated by ''[[Leptospermum]]'' and ''[[Rhododendron]]''.<ref name=Steiner>Steiner, H. 2002. ''[[Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants]]''. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu.</ref> Like most highland ''Nepenthes'' species, ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' experiences marked temperature fluctuations between day and night, from a noon maximum of around 30&nbsp;°C to a nighttime minimum of 5&nbsp;°C.<ref name=Marabini1984 /> [[Relative humidity]] is always high and in the late evening the summit of Mount Trusmadi is often shrouded in mist and clouds.<ref name=Marabini1984 />

''Nepenthes macrophylla'' occurs both terrestrially and as an [[epiphyte]].<ref name=Clarke /> The species is sympatric with ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes lowii|N. lowii]]}}'' and ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes tentaculata|N. tentaculata]]}}''.<ref name=Marabini1984 /> A [[Hybrid (biology)|natural hybrid]] between ''N.&nbsp;lowii'' and ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'', described as ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes × trusmadiensis|N. × trusmadiensis]]}}'', has been recorded.<ref name=P&L />

Due to its restricted [[Range (biology)|natural range]] and the fact that Mount Trusmadi does not receive the same high level of protection as [[Mount Kinabalu]], ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is classified as [[Critically Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List|2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> This differs slightly from an informal assessment made by botanist [[Charles Clarke (botanist)|Charles Clarke]] in 1997, who classified the species as [[Endangered species|Endangered]] based on the [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]] criteria.<ref name=Clarke /> Clarke wrote that the species "requires the highest level of protection if it is to persist in the wild into the next century".<ref name=Clarke /> ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is threatened by over-collection and damage caused to its habitat by visitors. These activities have already depleted populations of this species on the mountain and it is thought to be the most endangered highland ''Nepenthes'' of Borneo.<ref name=Clarke />

==Carnivory==
''Nepenthes macrophylla'' has formed a [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic relationship]] with the [[mountain treeshrew]] (''Tupaia montana'').<ref name=mutualism /> The pitchers of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' exude a sugary reward on the reflexed pitcher lid and provide a perch for the visitor. The treeshrews eat this exudate and defecate into the pitchers, supplying the plant with valuable [[nitrogen]].<ref name=mutualism />

A 2010 study showed that the shape and size of the pitcher orifice of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' exactly match the dimensions of a typical ''Tupaia montana''.<ref name=CMC2010>Chin, L., J.A.  Moran & C. Clarke 2010. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. ''New Phytologist'' '''186''' (2): 461–470. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03166.x}}</ref><ref name=Walker>Walker, M. 2010. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8552000/8552157.stm Giant meat-eating plants prefer to eat tree shrew poo]. ''BBC Earth News'', March 10, 2010.</ref> A similar adaptation was found in ''[[Nepenthes lowii|N.&nbsp;lowii]]'' and ''[[Nepenthes rajah|N.&nbsp;rajah]]'', and is also likely to be present in ''[[Nepenthes ephippiata|N.&nbsp;ephippiata]]''.<ref name=mutualism>Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & L. Chin 2010. Mutualism between tree shrews and pitcher plants: perspectives and avenues for future research. ''Plant Signaling & Behavior'' '''5'''(10): 1187–1189. {{doi|10.4161/psb.5.10.12807}}</ref><ref name=Walker /><ref name=Rattus>Greenwood, M., C. Clarke, C.C. Lee, A. Gunsalam & R.H. Clarke 2011. A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, ''Nepenthes rajah'', and members of a small mammal community. ''PLoS ONE'' '''6'''(6): e21114. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0021114|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Wells, K., M.B. Lakim, S. Schulz & M. Ayasse 2011. Pitchers of ''Nepenthes rajah'' collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour. ''Journal of Tropical Ecology'' '''27'''(4): 347–353. {{doi|10.1017/S0266467411000162}}</ref><ref>Clarke, C. & J.A. Moran 2011. Incorporating ecological context: a revised protocol for the preservation of ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant specimens (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' '''56'''(3): 225–228. {{doi|10.3767/000651911X605781}}</ref> In all three of these species (''N.&nbsp;ephippiata'' has not been investigated), the colour of the lower lid surface corresponds to ''T.&nbsp;montana'' visual sensitivity maxima in the [[visual spectrum|green and blue wavebands]], making it stand out against adjacent parts of the pitcher.<ref>Moran, J.A., C. Clarke, M. Greenwood & L. Chin 2012. Tuning of color contrast signals to visual sensitivity maxima of tree shrews by three Bornean highland ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Plant Signaling & Behavior'' '''7'''(10): 1267–1270. {{doi|10.4161/psb.21661}}</ref>

==Related species==
{{multiple image
| align=left
| footer = An upper pitcher of ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes edwardsiana|N. edwardsiana]]}}'' (left) and ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes villosa|N. villosa]]}}'' (right)
| image1 = Nepenthes edwardsiana entire ASR 052007 tambu.jpg
| width1 = 160
| image2 = Nepenthes villosa.jpg
| width2 = 180
}}

''Nepenthes macrophylla'' is most closely related to ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes edwardsiana|N. edwardsiana]]}}'' and ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes villosa|N. villosa]]}}''.<ref name=Clarke /> In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist [[Jan Schlauer]] treats ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' as a possible synonym of ''N.&nbsp;villosa''.<ref name=Schlauer />

''Nepenthes macrophylla'' differs from both of these species in the structure of its peristome. Although highly developed, the peristome ribs and teeth of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' are considerably shorter and more widely spaced than those of either ''N.&nbsp;edwardsiana'' or ''N.&nbsp;villosa''.<ref name=P&L2008 /> The pitcher mouth of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is distinctive in that it rises gradually towards the lid, while at the same time not forming a pronounced neck. In addition, the mouth of this species has a much more oblique insertion than its relatives. ''Nepenthes macrophylla'' is also distinguished by its broad, [[wikt:ovate|ovate]] lid. The lower pitchers of ''N.&nbsp;edwardsiana'' and ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' are quite similar in shape, although in the latter species the hip is always positioned in the upper portion of the pitcher cup. The upper pitchers of these species are more distinct, with those of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' being more ovoid and less elongated.<ref name=Clarke /> As its name suggests, ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' produces very large leaves and these may be twice as long as those of either ''N.&nbsp;edwardsiana'' or ''N.&nbsp;villosa''.<ref name=P&L />

Whereas ''N.&nbsp;edwardsiana'' and ''N.&nbsp;villosa'' are restricted to generally [[ultramafic]] soils in the [[Mount Kinabalu|Kinabalu]] area, ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is only found near the summit of [[Mount Trusmadi]], which is mostly composed of [[sandstone]].<ref name=Clarke /><ref name=P&L2008 />

Botanists [[Matthew Jebb]] and [[Martin Cheek]] suggest that ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is related to ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes mira|N. mira]]}}'', a species [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Palawan]] in the [[Philippines]].<ref name=Schlauer2>Schlauer, J. 2000. {{cite web|url= http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv29n2p50_53.pdf |title=Literature Reviews. }} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''29'''(2): 53.</ref><ref>Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. ''Kew Bulletin'' '''54'''(4): 887–895. {{doi|10.2307/4111166}}</ref>

==Natural hybrids==
{{main|Nepenthes × trusmadiensis}}
[[Image:N.macrophylla x lowii.jpg|thumb|An upper pitcher of {{nowrap|''N. × trusmadiensis''}}]]

In the wild, ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' is only known to [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridise]] with ''{{nowrap|[[Nepenthes lowii|N. lowii]]}}''.<ref name=Clarke /><ref name=P&L2008 /> ''N. lowii'' × ''N. macrophylla'' was discovered on [[Mount Trusmadi]] by Johannes Marabini and John Briggs in 1983. Later that year, it was described as {{nowrap|''N. × trusmadiensis''}} by Marabini.<ref>Marabini, J. 1983. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27801315 Eine neue ''Nepenthes''-Hybride aus Borneo]. ''Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München'' '''19''': 449–452.</ref> Briggs returned to Mount Trusmadi in 1984, but found only one small group of plants.<ref name=P&L />

{{nowrap|''Nepenthes × trusmadiensis''}} has [[wikt:petiolate|petiolate]] leaves measuring up to 50&nbsp;cm in length. The pitchers of this hybrid are some of the largest of any Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species,<ref>Briggs, J.G.R. 1984. The discovery of ''Nepenthes × trusmadiensis''—an impressive new pitcher-plant. ''Malaysian Naturalist'' '''38'''(2): 13–15, 18–19.</ref><ref>Briggs, J.G.R. 1988. ''Mountains of Malaysia: A Practical Guide and Manual''. Longman Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.</ref> reaching 35&nbsp;cm in height. They are roughly intermediate in form between those of its parent species. The lid is held away from the mouth as in ''N.&nbsp;lowii'' and bears short bristles on its lower surface.<ref name=Clarke /> The peristome has prominent ribs and teeth, but is not as developed as that of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla''.<ref name=Sabah>Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''[[A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> The [[inflorescence]] of {{nowrap|''N. × trusmadiensis''}} may be up to 50&nbsp;cm long and has two-flowered [[pedicel (botany)|pedicels]].<ref name=P&L /> Despite the size of the pitchers, this hybrid is not large in stature.<ref name=Clarke />

{{nowrap|''Nepenthes × trusmadiensis''}} is restricted to the summit ridge of Mount Trusmadi and has been recorded from elevations of 2,500 to 2,600 m above sea level.<ref name=P&L />

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
:a.{{Note_label|A|a|none}}The pitchers of ''N.&nbsp;macrophylla'' have been described as having "the consistency of cardboard" and because of this they find use as bottles among farmers from [[Tambunan]] in [[Sabah]], [[Borneo]].<ref name=Steiner />
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' '''25'''(1): 90–102. {{doi|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x}}
* Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' taxa. ''Arthropod-Plant Interactions'' '''6'''(1): 147–158. {{doi|10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2}}
* Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' '''191'''(2): 545–554. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x}}
* Clarke, C. 2013. [http://flashstream1.jcu.edu.au/html/tess-13-seminar-sep25.html What Can Tree Shrews Tell Us about the Effects of Climate Change on Pitcher Plants?] [video] TESS seminars, 25 September 2013.
* Damit, A. 2014. A trip to Mount Trus Madi – the ''Nepenthes'' wonderland. ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''43'''(1): 19–22.
* Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant ''Nepenthes''. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. ''[[Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal]]'' '''109''': 6–15.
* Mann, P. 1995. ''Nepenthes edwardsiana'' subsp ''macrophylla'' HOOK. f. (1859). ''[[Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc.]]'' '''14'''(1): 7–9.
* Mansell, G. 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213607/http://www.exoticaplants.com.au/welcome.aspx?page=73&mid=3&newsid=34 Borneo Trip Part II - Mt.Trusmadi and Mesilau (Mt.Kinabalu)]. Exotica Plants. <!--https://www.webcitation.org/6K2w24eLc-->
* McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
* Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' '''3'''(2): 164–175. {{doi|10.1055/s-2001-12897}}
* {{in lang|de}} Meimberg, H. 2002. {{cite web|url= http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1078/1/Meimberg_Harald.pdf |title=Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. }} Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
* Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' '''8'''(6): 831–840. {{doi|10.1055/s-2006-924676}}
* Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''39'''(2): 478–490. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023}}
* Thorogood, C. 2010. ''[[The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives]]''. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
<!--http://ips.2-d.jp/news/2006oct/news-2006-oct.htm-->
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Nepenthes macrophylla}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516181114/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Nepenthes_macrophylla/ Nepenthes macrophylla]'' at [[ARKive]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baZdg3xTB_8 Video of tree shrew visiting pitchers of ''N. macrophylla'']

{{Nepenthes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146125}}

[[Category:Carnivorous plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Coprophagous plants]]
[[Category:Nepenthes|macrophylla]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Borneo]]
[[Category:Flora of Sabah]]
[[Category:Critically endangered plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1997]]
[[Category:Flora of the Borneo montane rain forests]]