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{{Short description|Type of chant in medieval Christian churches}}
{{Byzantine culture}}

'''Phthora nenano''' ([[Medieval Greek]]: {{lang|grc|φθορὰ νενανῶ}}, also {{lang|grc|νενανὼ}}) is the name of one of the two "extra" modes in the [[Byzantine music|Byzantine]] [[Hagiopolitan Octoechos|Octoechos]]—an eight-mode system, which was proclaimed by a synod of {{start date and age|792|p=y}}. The phthorai nenano and [[Nana (echos)|nana]] were favoured by composers at the [[Mar Saba|Monastery Agios Sabas]], near Jerusalem, while hymnographers at the [[Monastery of Stoudios|Stoudiou-Monastery]] obviously preferred the diatonic mele.<!-- {{citation needed|date=December 2018}} There should be never a note in the leadings section. Despite, the article is full of references... -->

== The ''phthora nenano'' as part of the Hagiopolitan ''octoechos'' ==
Today the system of eight diatonic modes and two ''{{lang|grc-Latn|[[phthora (music)|phthorai]]}}'' ("destroyers") is regarded as the modal system of [[Byzantine music|Byzantine chant]], and during the eighth century it became also model for the Latin ''[[Tonary|tonaries]]''—introductions into a proper diatonic eight mode system and its psalmody, created by Frankish cantores during the Carolinigian reform.<ref>Peter Jeffery ([[#Jef01|2001]]) compared the Greek and the Latin octoechos and found, that a modal classification of Gregorian chant according to the octoechos was analytically deduced a posteriori.</ref> While {{lang|grc|φθορά νενανῶ}} was often called "chromatic", the second ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}}'' was named "[[nana (echos)|nana]]" (gr. {{lang|grc|φθορά νανὰ}}) and called "enharmonic", the names were simply taken from the syllables used for the intonation ([[enechema]]).  The two ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}}'' were regarded as two proper modes, but also used as [[transposition (music)|transposition]] or [[alteration (music)|alteration]] signs. Within the diatonic modes of the [[octoechos]] they cause a change into another ([[Tetrachord|''chromatic'' or ''enharmonic'']]) genus (''[[metabole|metavoli]] kata genos'').<ref>See Barbera's entry "[[#Bar11|Metabolē]]".</ref>

The earliest description of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} and of the eight mode system ([[octoechos]]) can be found in the {{lang|grc-Latn|Hagiopolites}} treatise which is known in a complete form through a fourteenth-century manuscript.<ref>Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds grec, ms. 360.</ref> The treatise itself can be dated back to the ninth century, when it introduced the book of {{lang|grc-Latn|tropologion}}, a collection of [[Troparion|troparic]] and [[Heirmologion|heirmologic]] hymns which was ordered according to the eight-week cycle of the [[Octoechos (liturgy)|octoechos]].<ref>Peter Jeffery ([[#Jef01|2001]]), Christian Hannick & Gerda Wolfram ([[#Ero97|1997]]).</ref> The first paragraph of the treatise maintains, that it was written by [[John of Damascus]].<ref>[[John of Damascus]] and [[Cosmas of Maiuma|Cosmas]] entered the [[Mar Saba|Lavra Agios Sabas]] about 700, after the reform was already established by a synodal decree in 692, and certain passages paraphrases polemics against the 16 echoi of the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite ([[#Ras83|Raasted 1983]], 16—§8, [[#Jef01|Jeffery 2001]], 186f).</ref> The hymns of the ''{{lang|grc-Latn|tropologion}}'' provided the melodic models of one mode called ''[[echos]]'' (gr. {{lang|grc|ἦχος}}), and models for the ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}'' appeared in some mele of certain ''{{lang|grc-Latn|echoi}}'' like ''{{lang|grc-Latn|protos}}'' and ''{{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}}''.

{{anchor|Hagiopolites}}{{Text and translation
|{{lang|grc|Ἤχους δὲ [λέγουσιν] ἐν τούτῳ ὀκτὼ ψάλλεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο ἀπ[οβλητέον καὶ] ψευδές· ὁ γὰρ πλάγιος δευτέρου ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστο[ν μέσος] δεύτερος ψάλλεται, ὡς τὸ «Νίκην ἔχων Χριστὲ» [καὶ ὡς τὸ «Σ]ὲ τὸν ἐπὶ ὑδάτων» καὶ ἄλλα ὅσα πα[ρὰ τοῦ κυροῦ Κοσμᾶ] καὶ τοῦ κυροῦ Ἰωάννου τοῦ Δαμασκ[ηνοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς μουσικῆς] ἐξ[ε]τέθησαν – ὅσα δὲ [ἐποιήθυσαν ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρ]οῦ [Ἰ]ωσὴφ [καὶ] ἄλλ[ων] τ[ινῶν, ε]ἰ δο[κιμάσεις αὐτὰ μετὰ τῆς μουσικῆς ψάλλειν, οὐκ ἰσάζουσι διὰ τὸ μὴ ἐκτεθῆναι ὑπ’ αὐτῆς – ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὁ πλάγιος τετάρτου ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον μέσος τέταρτος ψάλλεται, ὡς] ἐπὶ τὸ «Σταυρὸν χαράξας Μωσῆς» καὶ ἕτερα οὐκ ὀλίγα. ἔστιν οὖκ ἐκ τούτων γνῶναι, ὅτι οὐκ ὀκτὼ μόνοι ψάλλονται ἀλλὰ δέκα}}.
|For the songs in this book eight Echoi are said to be necessary. But this is not true and should be rejected. In fact the Plagios of Deuteros is mostly sung as Mesos Deuteros—e.g. «{{lang|grc|Νίκην ἔχων Χριστὲ}}», the «{{lang|grc|Σὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ὑδάτων}}» and other pieces written by Master Cosmas and Master John of Damascus "from the Mousike". (If, however, you try to sing the compositions of Master Joseph and others "with the Mousike", they will not fit, having not been composed "according to the Mousike"). Similarly the Plagios of {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}} is mostly sung as Mesos {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}} like over «{{lang|grc|Σταυρὸν χαράξας Μωσῆς}}» and many others. For these cases we can see that ten Echoi are used (for the repertory of this book) and not eight, only.
|{{lang|grc-Latn|Hagiopolites}} (§2)<ref>Hagiopolites ([[#Ras83|Raasted 1983]], pp. 10-11).</ref>}}

[[File:Phthora Nenano.png|thumb|center|400px|alt=Phthora Nenano (φθορά νενανὼ) within the modal intonation of the {{lang|grc-Latn|Plagal Devteros Echos}} (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου)|Phthora Nenano (φθορά νενανὼ) within the [[enechema]] of the {{lang|grc-Latn|plagal devteros echos}} (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου) makes a {{lang|grc-Latn|mesos devteros}} — transcription according to the [[#Ero97|dialogue treatise]] (Mount Athos, [[Dionysiou monastery]], Ms. 570, f. 21v).]]

The author of the treatise wrote obviously during or after the time of [[Joseph the Confessor|Joseph]] and his brother [[Theodore the Studite]], when the use the mesos forms, phthorai nenano and [[Nana (echos)|nana]] were no longer popular. The word "mousike" ({{lang|grc|μουσική}}) referred an autochthonous theory during the 8th century used by the generation of John of Damascus and [[Cosmas of Maiuma]] at [[Mar Saba]], because it was independent from ancient Greek music.<ref>In the same way it was used by authors of Arabic treatises who referred to composers who avoided and others who liked the use of certain exotic tunes, while ancient Greek theorists  did refer to older methods of composition.</ref> But it seems that it was regarded as inappropriate to use these {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}} for the hymn melodies composed by Joseph and other hymns composed since the ninth century, since they must have preferred the diatonic octoechos based on the {{lang|grc-Latn|kyrios}} and the {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios}} instead of the {{lang|grc-Latn|mesoi}}.

The concept of ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}}'' in the Hagiopolites was less concerned that the Nenano and [[Nana (echos)|Nana]] were somehow bridges between the modes. As an introduction of the tropologion it had to integrate the mele composed in these {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}} within the octoechos order and its weekly cycles. Since they had their own mele and compositions like the other echoi, they were subordinated to the eight diatonic {{lang|grc-Latn|echoi}} according to the pitches or degrees of the mode ({{lang|grc-Latn|phthongoi}}) of their cadences.

{{Text and translation{{lang|grc|φθοραὶ δὲ ὠνομασθήσαν, ὅτι ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἤχων  πᾶρχονται, τελειοῦνται δὲ εἰς ἑτέρων ἤχων φθογγὰς αἱ θέσεις αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ  ποτελέσματα}}.
|They were called Phthorai (i.e. destroyers), because they begin from their own Echoi, but the thesis of their cadences and formulas are on notes ({{lang|grc-Latn|phthongoi}}) from other Echoi.<ref>Quoted according to Jørgen Raasted ([[#Ras83|1983]], pp. 42f) with a slightly modified translation.</ref>
|{{lang|grc-Latn|Hagiopolites}} (§34)}}

They had to be classified according to a certain echos of the eight-week cycle by adding the intonation "nenano" to the intonation of the main diatonic echos (usually abbreviated by a modal signature). For example, the intonation formula of {{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}} (E) could be followed by the intonation of {{lang|grc-Latn|nenano}} which leads to the {{lang|grc-Latn|echos protos}} (a), as a kind of "{{lang|grc-Latn|mesos devteros}}", which lies in between the finalis of the kyrios (b natural) and the one of its {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios}} (E). Usually the diatonic {{lang|grc-Latn|kyrios protos}} (a) could end on its {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios}} (D) in the diatonic genus, but the chromatic {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} makes it end in the {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} (E).

== The use of phthora nenano in the psaltic art ==

In the period of the [[Papadic Octoechos|psaltic art]] (gr. ψαλτικὴ τέχνη, "the art of chant", 1261–1750) the Late Byzantine Notation used four additional phthorai for each mode, including the eight diatonic ''{{lang|grc-Latn|echoi}}'', in order to indicate the precise moment of a transposition (''metavoli kata tonon'').<ref>See Barbera's entry "[[#Bar11|Metabolē]]" (New Grove Dictionary).</ref> The former system of sixteen echoi (4 {{lang|grc-Latn|kyrioi}}, 4 {{lang|grc-Latn|plagioi}}, 4 {{lang|grc-Latn|mesoi}}, and 4 {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}}) which was still used in the old books of the cathedral rite ([[asmatikon]], [[kontakarion]], etc.), was replaced by the Hagiopolitan octoechos and its two {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}}. The new book ''{{lang|grc-Latn|akolouthiai}}'' which replaced the former book and established a mixed rite in Constantinople, introduced into eight diatonic echoi and two phthorai. In rather soloistic chant genres, the ''{{lang|grc-Latn|devteros echoi}}'' were turned into the chromatic genus by an abundant use of the ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}''.<ref>Eustathios Makris ([[#Mak05|2005]]).</ref> Hence, it became necessary to distinguish between the proper echos and its phthora, nenano and nana as "extra modes", and their use for temporary changes within the melos of a certain diatonic echos.

=== The use of six phthorai for all of the ten Hagiopolitan echoi ===

In his theoretical treatise about ''psaltic art'' and in response to the "wrong ideas" that some singers already had some years after the conquest of [[Constantinople]] (1458), the famous Maïstoros [[Manuel Chrysaphes]] introduced not only into the two {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai nenano}} and nana, but also into four {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}} which bind the {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} to the diatonic echoi of {{lang|grc-Latn|protos, devteros, tritos}}, and {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}}.

[[File:Phthorai.jpg|thumb|center|400px|List of 7 {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}} used for transposition in a 17th-century Papadike ([[British Library|GB-Lbl]] Ms. [[#Harley5544|Harley 5544]], f. 5v).]]

All six {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}}, two of them belonged to the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} (the phthora of {{lang|grc-Latn|nenano}} and the one of {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}}), could dissolve the former melos and bind it to the {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} of the following echos defined by the next medial signature. The diatonic {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}} was no longer the destruction of the diatonic modes and its genus, {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}}, and its tonal system, it could change each mode and its {{lang|grc-Latn|finalis}} into another echos by a simple transposition. Hence, the list of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}} mentioned in each Papadikai, was simply a catalogue of transposition signs, which were written over that {{lang|grc-Latn|neume}} where the transposition has to be done.

=== Phthora nenano and the plagal second echos ===

In that respect {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}, as well as {{lang|grc-Latn|nana}}, stuck out, because within their own {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} they were both directed to certain other {{lang|grc-Latn|echoi}}:

{{Text and translation
|{{lang|grc|ὅταν δὲ τεθῇ καὶ εἰς ἄλλου ἤχου μέλος, ποιεῖ μέλος ἴδιον παρ’ ὅ ποιοῦσιν αἱ ἄλλαι φθοραὶ καὶ ἡ κατάληξις ταύτης οὐ γίνεται εἰς ἄλλον ἦχον ποτέ, εἰ μὴ εἰς τὸν πλάγιον δευτέρου. εἰ δὲ θήσει τις ταύτην τὴν φθορὰν καὶ οὐ καταλήξει εἰς πλάγιον δευτέρου, ἄλλ’ εἰς ἕτερον ἦχον, τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστιν ἔντεχνον· προείπομεν γάρ, ὅτι ἔστιν ἀπὸ παραλλαγῶν ἡ αὐτὴ πρῶτος ἦχος·}}<ref>Dimitri Conomos ([[#Con85|1985]], p. 64).</ref>
|Whenever it stands in the melody [{{lang|grc|μέλος}}] of another echos, it creates its own melody [{{lang|grc|μέλος}}] and cadence [{{lang|grc|κατάληξις}}] which the other phthorai cannot do, and its resolution never closes into another mode apart from the {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}}. If one uses this phthora and it does not resolve [{{lang|grc|θήσει}}] into the echos {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} but into another mode, this is not artistic [{{lang|grc|ἔντεχνον}}]; for we said before that this is the {{lang|grc-Latn|echos protos}} by parallage [{{lang|grc|παραλλαγή}}].
|Manuel Chrysaphes, Lampadarios at the Byzantine court ''On the theory of psaltic art''}}

It was the psaltic art itself which moved the ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthongos}}'' of {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} to the one of {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios protos}}. It is possible, that the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}} of {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} was needed to change again into diatonic genus. According to the New Method (since 1814) {{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}} was always chromatic and based on the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthongos}} of {{lang|grc-Latn|echos protos}}, memorised as {{lang|grc|πα}}. This was Chrysanthos' way to understand Manuel Chrysaphes—probably a contemporary way, since the 17th-century Papadike introduced a seventh {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}} for {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios protos}}.

{{anchor|parallage}}[[File:ChrysanthosPlagiosDevteros.png|thumb|center|500px|Chrysanthos' ''parallage'' of ''{{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}}'' as ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}'' in the parallage of ''{{lang|grc-Latn|echos protos}}'' and its pentachord ([[#Chr1832|1832]], 107, 109).]]

According to the rules of psaltic art {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} could connect the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthongoi devteros}} and {{lang|grc-Latn|protos}} as well as {{lang|grc-Latn|protos}} and {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}}, as can be seen from the solfège diagram called the "parallage of John Plousiadenos" (see the first X in the first row around the centre of the enechema of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}).

[[File:Parallage Ioannis Plousiadinos.jpg|center|thumb|500px|"{{lang|grc|ἡ σοφωτάτη παραλλαγὴ κυρίου Ἰωάννου Ἰερέως τοῦ Πλουσιαδηνοῦ}}" in an 18th-century manuscript (Athos, [[Docheiariou monastery]], Ms. 319, fol. 18v)]]

Despite this possibility Manuel Chrysaphes insisted, that {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} and its chromatic {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} has always to be resolved as {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}}, any other echos would be against the rules of psaltic art. The living tradition today still respects this rule, since {{lang|grc-Latn|phthongos}} of the {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} ({{lang|grc|πλβ᾽}}) has become the same like {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios protos}} ({{lang|grc|πλα᾽}}): {{lang|grc|πα}} (D).

=== The early Persian and Latin reception ===

Already in the thirteenth century, there were interval descriptions in Latin and Arabic treatises which proved that the use of the chromatic {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}} was common not only among Greek singers.

Quţb al-Dīn al-Shīrīz distinguished two ways of using the chromatic genus in {{lang|fa-latn|parde hiğāzī}}, named after a region of the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>Iannis Zannos ([[#Zan94|1994]], 105f).</ref> The exact proportions were used during changes to the diatonic genus. In both diatonic and chromatic divisions, the ring finger fret of the [[oud]] keyboard was used. It had the proportion 22:21—between middle and ring finger fret—and was called after the Baghdadi [[oud]] player Zalzal. These are the proportions, presented as a division of a tetrachord using the proportions of 22:21 and 7:6:

12:11 x 7:6 x 22:21 = 4:3 (approximate intervals in cents:  151, 267, 80 = 498)

This Persian treatise is the earliest source which tried to measure the exact proportions of a chromatic mode, which can be compared with historical descriptions of {{lang|grc-latn|phthora nenano}}.

In his voluminous music treatise [[Jerome of Moravia]] described that "Gallian cantores" used to mix the diatonic genus with chromatic and the enharmonic, despite the use of the two latter were excluded according to Latin theorists:<ref>Oliver Gerlach ([[#Ger10|2010]], 130) in his discussion of the earliest sources for the practice of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} pointed out, that Jerome who had an exceptional knowledge of Greek music theory, described the use of chromaticism among Parisian singers as a kind of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}.</ref>

{{Text and translation
|{{lang|la|Gaudent insuper, cum modum organicum notis ecclesiasticis admiscent, quod etiam non abjicit primus modus, necnon et de admixtione modorum duorum generum relictorum. Nam diesim enharmonicam et trihemitonium chromaticum generi diatonico associant. Semitonium loco toni et e converso commutant, in quo quidem a cunctis nationibus in cantu discordant.}}
|Especially when they mix the ecclesiastical chant with the organum mode, they like not only to abandon the first mode [simple plainchant in monophonic realization?], but the confusion of both [plainchant and ars organi] includes another [confusion of the diatonic] with the other two genera, because they associate the enharmonic diesis and the chromatic trihemitonium with the diatonic genus. They replace the semitonium by the tonus and vice versa, in doing so they differ from the other nations, as far as chant is concerned.
|Jerome of Moravia {{lang|la|Tractatus de musica}}<ref>Simon Cserba ([[#Cse35|1935]], ii:187).</ref>}} 

During the 1270s Jerome met the famous singers in Paris who were well skilled in the artistic performance of {{lang|la|[[Organum|ars organi]]}}, which is evident by the chant manuscripts of the [[Abbey Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]], of the Abbey Saint-Denis, and of the [[Notre Dame school]]. Despite the fact that no other Latin treatise ever mentioned that the singers were allowed to use enharmonic or chromatic intervals, and certainly not the transposition practice which was used sometimes by Greek singers, they obviously felt free enough to use both during the improvisation of {{lang|la|[[organum]]}}—and probably, they became so familiar with the described enharmonic chromaticism, that they even used it during the monophonic performance of plainchant. Jerome as an educated listener regarded it as a "confusion" between monophonic and polyphonic performance style. Whatever his opinion about the performance style of Parisian cantores, the detailed description fit well to the use of the {{lang|grc-latn|phthora nenano}} as an {{lang|grc-latn|echos kratema}}, as it was mentioned in the later Greek treatises after the [[Byzantine Empire#Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople|end of the Byzantine Empire]].

=== The phthora nenano as kyrios echos and echos kratema ===

According to a {{lang|grc-Latn|[[Papadic Octoechos|Papadikē]]}} treatise in a sixteenth-century manuscript (Athens, [[National Library of Greece|National Library]], Ms. 899 [EBE 899], fol.3f), the anonymous author even argues that {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai nenano}} and {{lang|grc-Latn|nana}} are rather independent modes than {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}}, because singers as well as composers can create whole {{lang|grc-latn|[[Kratematarion|kratemata]]}} out of them:

{{Text and translation
|{{lang|grc|Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ φθοραὶ δύο, αἵτινες ψάλλονται σὺν αὐτοῖς, τὸ νανὰ καὶ τὸ νενανὼ. Εἰσί δὲ καὶ ἄλλαι φθοραὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἤχων ἀλλοὐκ εἰσὶ τέλειαι ὡς αὗται. Εκεῖναι γὰρ δεικνύουσιν ἐναλλαγὴν μερικὴν ἀπὸ ἤχου εἰς ἕτερονἶ αὐταὶ δὲ τέλειαι οὖσαι ἔχουσι καὶ κρατήματα ποινθέντα παρὰ τῶν κατὰ καιροὺς ποιντῶν ὡς εἰς κυρίους ἤχους, καὶ εἰκότως ἄν [τις] καλέσειεν αὐτὰς τελείους ἤχους καὶ οὐ φθορὰς.}}
|There are two {{lang|grc-Latn|phthorai}} which can be sung as those [of the Octoechos]: {{lang|grc|νανὰ}} and {{lang|grc|νενανὼ}}. There are also the {{lang|grc-latn|phthorai}} of the other {{lang|grc-latn|[kyrioi] echoi}}, but those are not as perfect [they have no proper {{lang|grc-latn|melos}} like {{lang|grc-latn|nana}} and {{lang|grc-latn|nenano}}?], because they just cause a temporary transition [{{lang|grc|ἐναλλαγή μερική}}] from one to another {{lang|grc-latn|echos}}, while the former have been used by composers of various epochs to create {{lang|grc-latn|kratemata}} like they were [independent] {{lang|grc-latn|kyrioi echoi}}. Hence, it is justified to call them rather "perfect {{lang|grc-latn|echoi}}" than just "{{lang|grc-latn|phthorai}}".
|Anonymous comment in a {{lang|grc-latn|Papadikē}}<ref>Quotation according to Iannis Zannos ([[#Zan94|1994]], 110f).</ref>}}

{{lang|grc-latn|[[Kratematarion|Kratemata]]}} were longer sections sung with abstract syllables in a faster tempo. As a disgression used within other forms in papadic or [[Kalophonia|kalophonic]] chant genres—soloistic like [[Cherubikon|cherubim chant]] or a {{lang|grc-latn|[[sticheron]] kalophonikon}}. From a composer's point of view who composed within the {{lang|grc-latn|mele}} of the [[Papadic Octoechos|octoechos]], a {{lang|grc-Latn|kratema}} could not only recapitulate the modal structure of its model, but also create a change into another (chromatic or enharmonic) genus. If a composer or {{lang|grc-Latn|[[protopsaltes]]}} realised a traditional model of a {{lang|grc-Latn|[[cherubikon]]}} or {{lang|grc-Latn|[[koinonikon]]}} within the {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} of {{lang|grc-Latn|echos protos}}, the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} will always end the form of the {{lang|grc-latn|kratema}} in {{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}}, only then the singer could find a way back to the main {{lang|grc-Latn|echos}}. In the later case the {{lang|grc-Latn|kratema}} was composed so perfectly in the proper {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}, that it could be performed as a separate composition of its own, as they were already separated compositions in the simpler genres like the {{lang|grc-Latn|troparion}} and the heirmologic odes of the canon since the 9th century.<ref>Listen to Chourmouzios' transcription of [[John Koukouzeles]]' {{lang|grc-Latn|[[#kratema|kratema]]}}.</ref>

[[Gabriel Hieromonachus]] (mid fifteenth century) already mentioned that the "{{lang|grc-latn|nenano phone}}"—the characteristic step (interval) of {{lang|grc-latn|nenano}}—seemed to be in some way halved. On folio 5 verso of the quoted treatise (EBE 899), the author gave a similar description of the intervals used with the intonation formula {{lang|grc|νε–να–νὼ}}, and it fitted very well to the description that Jerome gave 300 years ago while he was listening to Parisian singers:

{{Text and translation
|{{lang|grc|Ἄκουσον γὰρ τὴν φθορὰν, ὅπως λέγεται: Τότε λέγεται φθορὰ, ὅταν τῆς φωνῆς τὸ ἥμιου εἴπης ἐν ταῖς κατιούσαις, (ἢ κατ’ ἀκριφολογίαν τὸ τρίτον, ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἀνιούσαις) μίαν καὶ ἥμισυ, ὥσπερ εἰς τὸ νενανώ. Ἄκουσον γὰρ:

νε [ἴσον]—να [δικεντήματα]—να [ὀλίγον]—νω [ὀλίγον με τῇ διπλῇ]

Αὕτη ἡ φθορὰ εἰς τὰς ἀνιούσας. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ εἶπε τοῦ νω τὴν φωνὴν τὴν ἥμισυ εἰς τὸ να.}}
|Please note, what is called "phthora": phthora is called, if you make a half phonic step in descending [direction], (or more precisely a third of it, while [the second interval] has an ascending) one and a half, as in nenano. Listen:

{{lang|grc|νε}} [ison]—{{lang|grc|να}} [dikentimata: small tone]—{{lang|grc|να}} [oligon: one and a half of the great tone]—{{lang|grc|νὼ}} [oligon with diple: diesis or quarter tone]

This is the intonation of phthora which is ascending. Concerning the final phonic step [which was a third of tonus in a descending melos], half of it is now part of the [second] να step [{{lang|grc|φωνή}}] and the rest [interval is sung] on {{lang|grc|νω}}!
| Gabriel Hieromonachos<ref>Citation according to Zannos ([[#Zan94|1994]], 112). The folio 5 verso of the manuscript was reproduced by Eustathios Makris in his article ([[#Mak05|2005]], 4—fig.1). Thus, he proved that the little addition about the descending intonation cannot be found as quoted by Ioannis Zannos (probably this was the eighteenth-century redaction in Cod. Athos, Xeropotamou 317), therefore it is written here in rectangular brackets. In fact the standard intonation given in EBE 899 is just ascending.</ref> }}

The upper small tone leading to the final note of the {{lang|grc-Latn|protos}}, has a slightly different intonation with respect to the melodic movement, at least according to the practice among educated singers of the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the eighteenth century. But Gabriel Hieromonachos described already in the fifteenth century, that the singers tend to stray away from their original intonation while they were singing the {{lang|grc-Latn|melos}} of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}:

{{Text and translation
|{{lang|grc|Ὁποπαν γὰρ ψάλλομεν νενανὼ μέλος, οὐκ εἰς ἣν ήρξάμεθα καὶ τελευτῶμεν φωνήν, ἀλλὰ σκοπῶν εὑρήσεις ἐπὶ τὸ κάτω μάλλον ἐρχομένους ἡμᾶς. Αἴτιον δὲ ἡ τοῦ νενανὼ φονή· αὕτη γὰρ ἡμίσεια δοκεῖ πως εἶναι, εἰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἀγνοεῖται· ἄλλως θ' ὅτι ἀσθενεῖς ἐκφέρομεν τὰς τοῦ νενανὼ ἀνιούσας φωνάς, ἵνα ἡ τοῦ νενανὼ ἰδέα χρωματισθῇ τὰς δὲ κατιούσας σῴας, καὶ ἐκ τούτου συμβαίνει τὸ μέλος ὑποχαλᾶν.<ref>Christian Hannick & Gerda Wolfram ([[#Gab85|1985]], 98—lines 680-86).</ref>}}
|Because when we sing a nenano melody, we don't end on the tone, from which we started, but if you look at it closer, you will find that we come down to a somewhat lower pitch. The reason for this is the nenano interval; for it seems to be in some way halved, even if we are not aware of it; in other words, we perform the nenano intervals weakly in upward direction, in order to give the characteristic colour of nenano, but in downward direction [we perform them] correctly, and this causes the melody to get out of tune.<ref>English translation by Eustathios Makris ([[#Mak05|2005]], 3f).</ref>
|Gabriel Hieromonachos }}

== Actual usage and meaning ==

Later use of the {{lang|grc-Latn|[[enechema]]}} (initial intonation formula) of {{lang|grc-latn|nenano}} as well as the {{lang|grc-latn|phthora}} (alteration and transposition sign) of {{lang|grc-latn|nenano}} in manuscripts makes it clear that it is associated with the main form of the second plagal mode as it survives in the current practice of Byzantine ([[Greek Orthodox]]) chant. Furthermore, the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora}} sign of {{lang|grc-Latn|nenano}} has survived in the nineteenth-century neo-Byzantine notation system which is still used to switch between a diatonic and chromatic intonation of the tetrachord one fourth below.

=== Chrysanthos' exegesis of the phthora nenano ===
In the chapter "About apechemata" (gr. {{lang|grc|τὸ ἀπήχημα}} was simply an alternative term to {{lang|grc-Latn|enechema}}, {{lang|grc|τὸ ἐνήχημα}}), Chrysanthos quoted the medieval {{lang|grc-Latn|apechema}} of the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} as a chromatic tetrachord between the pitch ({{lang|grc-Latn|phthongos}}) of {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} and {{lang|grc-Latn|protos}}:

[[File:Nenano.jpg|thumb|center|200px|The medieval {{lang|grc|φθορά νενανὼ}}]]

This intonation formulas avoids the enharmonic step ([[diesis]]) which is expected between {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}} (δ') and {{lang|grc-Latn|protos}} (α').

His exegesis of this short {{lang|grc-Latn|apechema}} sets the chromatic or enharmonic tetrachord between {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios protos}} (πλ α') and {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}} (δ'), so that the diesis lies between tritos (γ') and {{lang|grc-Latn|tetartos}} (δ'):

[[File:NenanoExegesis.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Chrysanthos' exegesis of the medieval apechema of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} ([[#Chr1832|Chrysanthos 1832]], 142—§317)]]

The common modern enechema places the tetrachord likewise:

[[File:Nenanomodern.jpg|thumb|center|150px|The current intonation of {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}}]]

=== Chrysanthos' exegeseis of the devteros echoi ===

==== The hard chromatic plagios devteros ====
[[File:PlagiosDevteros.jpg|thumb|center|300px|The medieval enechema of the diatonic {{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}} ([[#Chr1832|Chrysanthos 1832]], 139)]]

Chrysanthos of Madytos offered following exegesis of the traditional [[enechema|echema]] {{lang|grc|νεανες}} which was originally diatonic, but it is currently sung with the chromatic nenano intonation (see {{lang|grc|νεχὲ ανὲς}} in [[#parallage|Chrysanthos' parallage]]):

[[File:ChrysanthosNenano.png|thumb|550px|center|Exegesis of the traditional intonation of the diatonic {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios echos}} of {{lang|grc-Latn|devteros}} (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου) in the melos of the phthora nenano ([[#Chr1832|Chrysanthos 1832]], 139—§314)]]

[[File:PlagiosDevterosmodern.jpg|thumb|center|300px|The current enechema of the chromatic {{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}} ([[#Chr1832|Chrysanthos 1832]], 140—§314)]]

Chrysanthos' exegesis employed the concluding cadence formula of the chromatic {{lang|grc-Latn|plagios devteros}} which was obviously an exegesis based on psaltic rules, as Manuel Chrysaphes had once mentioned them.

He described the correct intonation as follows:

{{Text and translation
|§. 245. {{lang|grc|Ἡ χρωματικὴ κλίμαξ, πα [βου ὕφεσις] [γα δίεσις] δι κε [ζω ὕφεσις] [νη δίεσις] Πα, σύγκειται ἀπὸ δύο τετράχορδα· ἐν ἑκατέρῳ δὲ τετραχόρδῳ κεῖνται τὰ ἡμίτονα οὕτως, ὥστε τὸ διάστημα πα βου εἶναι ἴσον μὲ τὸ κε ζω· τὸ δὲ βου γα εἶναι ἴσον μὲ τὸ ζω νη· καὶ τὸ γα δι εἶναι ἴσον μὲ τὸ νη Πα· καὶ ὅλον τὸ πα δι τετράχορδον εἶναι ἴσον μὲ τὸ κε Πα τετράχορδον. Εἶναι δὲ τὸ μὲν πα βου διάστημα ἴσον ἐλαχιστῳ τόνῳ· τὸ δὲ βου γα, τριημιτόνιον· καὶ τὸ γα δι, ἡμιτόνιον· ἤγουν ἴσον 3:12.}}
|The chromatic scale: D πα—<nowiki>[high E flat]</nowiki>—<nowiki>[high F sharp]</nowiki>—G δι—a κε—[high b flat]—[high c sharp]—d πα', consists of two tetrachords. In each tetrachords the {{lang|grc-Latn|hemitona}} are placed in a way, that the interval D πα—E βου <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki> is the same as a κε—b ζω' <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki>, Ε βου <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki>—F sharp γα <nowiki>[δίεσις]</nowiki> is the same as b ζω' <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki>—c sharp νη' <nowiki>[δίεσις]</nowiki>, and F sharp γα <nowiki>[δίεσις]</nowiki>—G δι is the same as c sharp νη' <nowiki>[δίεσις]</nowiki>—d πα', so that both tetrachords, D πα—G δ and a κε—d πα', are unisono. This means that the interval D πα—E βου <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki> is unisono with the small tone (ἐλάχιστος τόνος), Ε βου [ὕφεσις]—F sharp γα [δίεσις] with the {{lang|grc-Latn|trihemitonion}}, and F sharp γα <nowiki>[δίεσις]</nowiki>—G δι with the {{lang|grc-Latn|hemitonion}}: 3:12—a quarter of the great tone (μείζων τόνος) <nowiki>[7+18+3=28]</nowiki>.
|Chrysanthos of Madytos {{lang|grc-Latn|Theoretikon mega}} (§245)<ref>Chrysanthos ([[#Chr1832|1832]], 106).</ref>}}

Despite this tradition, modern music teachers tried to translate this sophisticated intonation on a modern piano keyboard as "a kind of gipsy-minor."<ref>According to this simplification a phthora of nenano is placed on δι, which in Western terms corresponds to the tone "G" (sol), then it indicates a chromatic tetrachord, approximated by the notes: '''D-high E flat-high F sharp-G'''. This is similar to the upper part of a G minor harmonic scale, or of the "Zigeunermoll" (gipsy-minor) scale. In other words, nenano is the prototype of the scale structure that includes an [[augmented second]]—which Hieronymus and Chrysanthos call more precise "trihemitone"—between two [[minor second]]s and that is nowadays one of the most well known clichés commonly associated with near eastern or middle eastern "oriental" musical color.</ref>

==== The soft chromatic kyrios devteros ====
In a very similar way—like the classical {{lang|grc-Latn|phthora nenano}} intonation—also the soft chromatic intonation of the {{lang|grc-Latn|echos devteros}} is represented as a kind of {{lang|grc-Latn|mesos devteros}}. Here according to Chrysanthos of Madytos the exegesis of the traditional {{lang|grc-Latn|devteros}} intonation can be sung like this:

[[File:ChrysanthosExegesisDevteros.png|thumb|centre|750px|Exegesis of the traditional {{lang|grc-Latn|mesos devteros}} intonation as chromatic mesos ([[#Chr1832|Chrysanthos 1832]], 137-138—§310)]]

He explained that the intonation of the modern {{lang|grc-Latn|echos devteros}} was not based on tetraphonia, but on trichords or diphonia:
{{Text and translation
|{{lang|grc|§. 244. Ἡ χρωματικὴ κλίμαξ νη [πα ὕφεσις] βου γα δι [κε ὕφεσις] ζω Νη σχηματίζει ὄχι τετράχορδα, ἀλλὰ τρίχορδα πάντῃ ὅμοια καὶ συνημμένα τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον·

νη [πα ὕφεσις] βου, βου γα δι, δι [κε ὕφεσις] ζω, ζω νη Πα.

Αὕτη ἡ κλίμαξ ἀρχομένη ἀπὸ τοῦ δι, εἰμὲν πρόεισιν ἐπὶ τὸ βαρὺ, θέλει τὸ μὲν δι γα διάστημα τόνον μείζονα· τὸ δὲ γα βου τόνον ἐλάχιστον· τὸ δὲ βου πα, τόνον μείζονα· καὶ τὸ πα νη, τόνον ἐλάχιστον. Εἰδὲ πρόεισιν ἐπὶ τὸ ὀξὺ, θέλει τὸ μὲν δι κε διάστημα τόνον ἐλάχιστον· τὸ δὲ κε ζω, τόνον μείζονα· τὸ δὲ ζω νη, τόνον ἐλάχιστον· καὶ τὸ νη Πα, τόνον μείζονα. Ὥστε ταύτης τῆς χρωματικῆς κλίμακος μόνον οἱ βου γα δι φθόγγοι ταὐτίζονται μὲ τοὺς βου γα δι φθόγγους τῆς διατονικῆς κλίμακος· οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ κινοῦνται. Διότι τὸ βου νη διάστημα κατὰ ταύτην μὲν τὴν κλίμακα περιέχει τόνους μείζονα καὶ ἐλάχιστον· κατὰ δὲ τὴν διατονικὴν κλίμακα περιέχει τόνους ἐλάσσονα καὶ μείζονα· ὁμοίως καὶ τὸ δι ζω διάστημα}}.
|The chromatic scale C νη—<nowiki>[D flat]</nowiki>—E βου—F γα—G δι—<nowiki>[a flat]</nowiki>—b ζω'—c νη' is not made of tetrachords, but of trichords which are absolutely equal and conjunct with each other—in this way:

C νη—<nowiki>[D flat]</nowiki>—E βου, E βου—F γα—G δι, G δι—<nowiki>[a flat]</nowiki>—b ζω', b ζω'—c νη'—d πα'

If the scale starts on G δι, and it moves towards the lower, the step G δι—F γα requests the interval of a great tone (μείζων τόνος) and the step F γα—E βου a small tone (ἐλάχιστος τόνος); likewise the step E βου—[D flat] πα <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki> an interval of μείζων τόνος, and the step πα <nowiki>[ὕφεσις] [D flat]</nowiki>—C νη one of ἐλάχιστος τόνος. When the direction is towards the higher, the step G δι—[a flat] κε [ὕφεσις] requests the interval of a small tone and <nowiki>[a flat]</nowiki> κε <nowiki>[ὕφεσις]</nowiki>—b ζω' that of a great tone; likewise the step b ζω'—c νη' an interval of ἐλάχιστος τόνος, and the step c νη'—Cd πα one of μείζων τόνος. Among the ''phthongoi'' of this chromatic scale only the ''phthongoi'' βου, γα, and δι can be identified with the same ''phthongoi'' of the diatonic scale, while the others are moveable degrees of the mode. While this scale extends between E βου and C νη over one great and one small tone <nowiki>[12+7=19]</nowiki>, the diatonic scale extends from the middle (ἐλάσσων τόνος) to the great tone (μείζων τόνος) <nowiki>[12+9=21]</nowiki>, for the interval between G δι and b ζω' it is the same.
|Chrysanthos {{lang|grc-Latn|Theoretikon mega}} (§244)<ref>Chrysanthos ([[#Chr1832|1832]], 105-106).</ref>}}

[[File:ChrysanthosMesosDevteros.png|thumb|center|500px|Chrysanthos' parallage of {{lang|grc-Latn|echos devteros}} in the ''soft chromatic genus'' ([[#Chr1832|1832, pp. 106-108]])]]

=== Phthora nenano as an "Ottoman corruption" ===
Because of its early status as one of the two mysterious extra modes in the system, nenano has been subject of much attention in Byzantine and post-Byzantine music theory. Papadikai like the manuscript EBE 899 and other late Byzantine manuscripts associate nenano and nana with the chromatic and the [[enharmonic genus]], one of the three [[genus (music)|genera]] of tuning during [[Classical antiquity]] that fell into early misuse because of its complexity. If the phthora nenano was already chromatic during the 9th century, including the use of one enharmonic [[diesis]], is still a controversial issue, but medieval Arabic, Persian and Latin authors like Jerome of Moravia rather hint to the possibility that it was.

Greek music theoreticians such as [[Simon Karas]] continue up to the end of the twentieth century to regard the intonation nenano as "exotic," although they do not always agree, whether the {{lang|grc-Latn|echos plagios devteros}} intonation is hard or soft chromatic.<ref>Among [[Phanariotes]] Simon Karas ([[#Kar81|1981]]) has another explanation as Chrysanthos' trichordal concept of {{lang|grc-Latn|echos devteros}} which tried to integrate psaltic tradition to base the phthora on the {{lang|grc-Latn|phthongos plagios devteros}} ({{lang|grc|πλ β'}}). These different approaches make a historical explanation very difficult ([[#Mak05|Makris 2005]]).</ref> Anonymous authors like the 16th-century Papadike (EBE 899) maintained, that one of the minor tones in the tetrachord of nenano should be either smaller or larger than a tempered semitone, approaching the smallest interval of a third or a quarter of a tone. The banishment of instrumental musical practice and its theory from the tradition of Byzantine chant has made it very difficult to substantiate any such claims experimentally, and traditional singers use different intonations depending on their school. The only possible conclusions can be drawn indirectly and tentatively through comparisons with the tradition of Ottoman instrumental court music, which important church theoreticians such as the [[Kyrillos Marmarinos]], [[Archbishop]] of [[Tinos]] considered a necessary complement to liturgical chant.<ref>Eugenia Popescu-Județ and Adriana Şırlı ([[#Pop00|2000]]).</ref> However, Ottoman court music and its theory are also complex and diverging versions of modes exist according to different schools, ethnic traditions or theorists. There, one encounters various versions of the "nenano" tetrachord, both with a narrow and with a wider minor second either at the top or at the bottom, depending on the interval structure of the scale beyond the two ends of the tetrachord.

Although the phthora nenano is already known as one of two additional phthorai used within the [[Hagiopolitan Octoechos|Hagiopolitan octoechos]], its chromaticism was often misunderstood as a late corruption of Byzantine chant during the Ottoman Empire, but recent comparisons with medieval Arabic treatises proved that this exchange can dated back to a much earlier period, when Arab music was created as a synthesis of Persian music and Byzantine chant of Damascus.<ref>Eckhard Neubauer ([[#Neu98|1998]]).</ref>

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

== References ==

=== Sources ===
*{{cite web
| title = Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds grec, Ms. 360, ff.216r-237v
| work = Βιβλίον ἁγιοπολίτης συγκροτημένον ἔκ τινων μουσικῶν μεθόδων [The book of the Holy Polis "Jerusalem" unifying different musical methods] in a compiled collection of basic grammar treatises and fragments with mathemataria and of a menologion (12th century)
| url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10723253d/f222.item
| ref = F-PnGr360
}}
*{{cite web
|last=Panagiotes the New Chrysaphes
|author-link=Panagiotes the New Chrysaphes
|title=London, British Library, Harley Ms. 5544, fol. 3r-8v
|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Harley_MS_5544
|work=Papadike and the Anastasimatarion of Chrysaphes the New, and an incomplete Anthology for the Divine Liturgies (17th century)
|publisher=British Library
|access-date=3 May 2012
|ref=Harley5544
}}

{{wikisource|el:Αγιοπολίτης|Αγιοπολίτης}}
{{wikisource|el:Περί των ενθεωρουμένων τη ψαλτική τέχνη και ων φρουνούσι κακώς τινες περί αυτών|Manuel Chrysaphes}}
{{wikisource|el:Θεωρητικόν μέγα της μουσικής|Chrysanthos of Madytos}}

=== Editions of Music Theory Treatises ===
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Paludan
| editor1-last = Raasted
| editor1-first = Jørgen
| title = The Hagiopolites: A Byzantine Treatise on Musical Theory
| location = Copenhagen
| series = Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin
| volume = 45
| year = 1983
| ref = Ras83
| url = http://cimagl.saxo.ku.dk/download/45/45Raasted1-99.pdf
}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
| isbn = 3-7001-2520-8
| editor1-last = Hannick
| editor1-first = Christian
| editor2-last = Wolfram
| editor2-first = Gerda
| title = Die Erotapokriseis des Pseudo-Johannes Damaskenos zum Kirchengesang
| location = Vienna
| series = Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae - Corpus Scriptorum de Re Musica
| volume = 5
| year = 1997
| ref = Ero97}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = F. Pustet
| editor1-last = Cserba
| editor1-first = Simon M.
| title = Hieronymus De Moravia O.P.: Tractatus De Musica
| location = Regensburg
| year = 1935
| url = http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/13th/IERTDM2_TEXT.html
| ref = Cse35}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
| isbn = 978-3-7001-0732-3
| editor1-last = Conomos
| editor1-first = Dimitri
| title = The Treatise of Manuel Chrysaphes, the Lampadarios: [Περὶ τῶν ἐνθεωρουμένων τῇ ψαλτικῇ τέχνῃ καὶ ὧν φρουνοῦσι κακῶς τινες περὶ αὐτῶν] On the Theory of the Art of Chanting and on Certain Erroneous Views that some hold about it (Mount Athos, Iviron Monastery MS 1120, July 1458)
| location = Vienna
| series = Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae - Corpus Scriptorum de Re Musica
| volume = 2
| year = 1985
| ref = Con85}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
| isbn = 3-7001-0729-3
| editor1-last = Hannick
| editor1-first = Christian
| editor2-last = Wolfram
| editor2-first = Gerda
| title = Gabriel Hieromonachus: [Περὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ ψαλτικῇ σημαδίων καὶ τῆς τούτων ἐτυμολογίας] Abhandlung über den Kirchengesang
| location = Vienna
| series = Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae - Corpus Scriptorum de Re Musica
| volume = 1
| year = 1985
| ref = Gab85}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Pan
| isbn = 975-8434-05-5
| editor2-last = Şırlı
| editor2-first = Adriana Arabi
| editor1-last = Popescu-Județ
| editor1-first = Eugenia
| title = Sources of 18th Century Music: Panayiotes Chalatzoglou and Kyrillos Marmarinos' Comparative Treatises on Secular Music
| location = Istanbul
| series = Pan Yayıncılık
| year = 2000
| ref = Pop00
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Michele Weis
| last = Chrysanthos of Madytos
| author-link = Chrysanthos of Madytos
| title = Θεωρητικόν μέγα της μουσικής συνταχθέν μεν παρά Χρυσάνθου αρχιεπισκόπου Διρραχίου του εκ Μαδύτων εκδοθέν δε υπό Παναγιώτου Γ. Πελοπίδου Πελοποννησίου διά φιλοτίμου συνδρομής των ομογενών
| location = Triest
| year = 1832
| url = https://archive.org/details/theoretikonmegat00chry
| access-date = 11 April 2012
| ref = Chr1832
|editor-last = Pelopides
|editor-first = Panagiotes G.
}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Association for the Dissemination of National Music
| last = Karas
| first = Simon
| author-link = Simon Karas
| title = Μέθοδoς τῆς Ἐλληνικῆς Μουσικῆς: Θεωρητικόν
| location = Athens
| year = 1981
| ref = Kar81}}

=== Studies ===
*{{Cite journal
| volume = 22-23
| last = Amargianakis
| first = George
| title = An Analysis of Stichera in the Deuteros Modes: The Stichera idiomela for the Month of September in the Modes Deuteros, Plagal Deuteros, and Nenano; transcribed from the Manuscript Sinai 1230 <A.D. 1365>
| journal = Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin
| date = 1977
| url = https://cimagl.saxo.ku.dk/download/22/22-23Amargianakis1-263.pdf
| pages = 1–269
| ref = Ama1977
}}
*{{cite web
|url         = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/18507
|title       = Metabolē
|first       = André
|last        = Barbera
|work        = Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online
|access-date  = 21 October 2011
|ref         = Bar11
}}
*{{citation
|publisher = Inst. for the History of Arab.-Islamic Science|last = Neubauer|first = Eckhard|contribution = Die acht "Wege" der arabischen Musiklehre und der Oktoechos – Ibn Misğah, al-Kindī und der syrisch-byzantinische oktōēchos|title = Arabische Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert: Studien, Übersetzungen und Texte in Faksimile|place = Frankfurt am Main|series = Publications of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science: The science of music in Islam|volume = 3|year = 1998|pages = 373–414|ref = Neu98}}.
*{{Cite thesis
| publisher = Ison
| isbn = 978-3-00-032306-5
| last = Gerlach
| first = Oliver
| chapter = Phthora und Tongeschlecht – φθορά καί γένος
| title = Im Labyrinth des Oktōīchos — Über die Rekonstruktion einer mittelalterlichen Improvisationspraxis in der Musik der Ost- & Westkirche
| location = Berlin
| degree = doctoral
| date = 2010
| pages = 125–134
| chapter-url = https://independent.academia.edu/OliverGerlach/Books/423111/
|accessdate  = 21 October 2011
| ref = Ger10}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Boydell Press
| isbn = 0-85115-800-5
| pages = 147–209
| last = Jeffery
| first = Peter
| title = The Study of Medieval Chant: Paths and Bridges, East and West; In Honor of Kenneth Levy
| chapter = The Earliest Oktōēchoi: The Role of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Beginnings of Modal Ordering
| location = Woodbridge, Suffolk
| year = 2001
| ref = Jef01}}
*{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1017/S0961137104000075
| issn = 0961-1371
| volume = 14
| pages = 1–10
| last = Makris
| first = Eustathios
| title = The Chromatic Scales of the Deuteros Modes in Theory and Practice
| journal = Plainsong and Medieval Music
| year = 2005
| s2cid = 162385479
| ref = Mak05}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Verlag für systematische Musikwissenschaft
| isbn = 978-3-922626-74-9
| last = Zannos
| first = Ioannis
| title = Ichos und Makam - Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Tonsystem der griechisch-orthodoxen Kirchenmusik und der türkischen Kunstmusik
| location = Bonn
| series = Orpheus-Schriftenreihe zu Grundfragen der Musik
| year = 1994
| ref = Zan94}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web
|last1=Koukouzeles|first1=John
|author-link=John Koukouzeles
|title=Kratema composed in phthora nenano
|date=23 November 2012
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-XiRzriXpI
 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/N-XiRzriXpI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Greek-Byzantine Choir
|ref=kratema
}}{{cbignore}}

{{Byzantine music}}

[[Category:Byzantine music theory]]
[[Category:Modes (music)]]