View source for Nativity of John the Baptist

{{short description|Christian feast day celebrating the birth of John the Baptist}}
{{redirect|Birth of John the Baptist|the painting by Signorelli|Birth of John the Baptist (Signorelli)}}

{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = Nativity of John the Baptist
| image         = stjohn-nativity.jpg
| caption       = Russian [[icon]] of the Nativity of John the Baptist
| observedby    = [[Eastern Orthodox]]<br/>[[Oriental Orthodox]]<br/>[[Catholicism|Roman Catholics]]<br/>[[Eastern Catholic Churches]]<br/>[[Lutheranism|Lutherans]]<br/>[[Anglicanism|Anglicans]]
| date          = June 24
| celebrations  = Religious services
| type          = Christian
| significance  = Celebrates the birth of John the Baptist, Jesus' precursor and relative
| relatedto     = [[Christmas]]<br/>[[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphany]]<br/>the [[Visitation (Catholic)|Visitation]]<br/>[[Dehwa Daimana]]<br/>[[Midsummer]]
| duration      = 1 day
| frequency     = annual
}}

The '''Nativity of John the Baptist''' (or '''Birth of John the Baptist''', or '''Nativity of the Forerunner''', or colloquially '''Johnmas''' or '''St. John's Day''' (in German) '''Johannistag''') is a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[feast day]]. It is observed annually on 24 June. The Nativity of [[John the Baptist]] is a high-ranking [[calendar of saints|liturgical feast]], kept in the [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Anglicanism]], and [[Lutheranism]]. The sole biblical account of the birth of John the Baptist comes from the [[Gospel of Luke]].

==Significance==
[[File:Pontormo, natività del battista 01.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (Pontormo)|Nativity of Saint John the Baptist]]'', [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] writing, "His name is John". [[Pontormo]], on a [[desco da parto]], c. 1526.]]
Christians have long interpreted the life of John the Baptist as a preparation for the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|coming]] of [[Jesus Christ]], and the circumstances of his birth, as recorded in the [[New Testament]], are miraculous. John's pivotal place in the gospel is seen in the emphasis Luke gives to the announcement of his birth and the event itself, both set in parallel to the same occurrences in the life of Jesus.<ref name=americancatholic />

The sole biblical account of the birth of John the Baptist comes from the [[Gospel of Luke]]. John's parents, [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] or ''Zachary''—a [[Jewish]] [[kohen|priest]]—and [[Elizabeth (Biblical person)|Elizabeth]], were without children and both were beyond the age of child-bearing. During Zechariah's rotation to serve in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], he was chosen by lot to offer [[incense]] at the [[Golden Altar]] in the [[Holy of Holies]]. The Archangel [[Gabriel]] appeared to him and announced that he and his wife would give birth to a child, and that they should name him John, a name which was unfamiliar in Zechariah and Elizabeth's families.<ref>{{Bibleref2|Luke|1:61|NKJV}}</ref> {{Bibleref2|Acts|4:6|NKJV}} refers to a "John"  among the high priests who challenged the apostles' preaching after Pentecost, so the name was not unknown within the wider priestly family.<ref name=cambib /> However, because Zechariah did not believe the message of Gabriel, he was rendered [[Muteness|speechless]] until the time of John's birth.<ref name=oca /> At that time, his relatives wanted to name the child after his father, and Zechariah wrote, ''"His name is John"'', whereupon he recovered his ability to speak ({{Bibleverse||Luke|1:5–25|KJV}}; {{Bibleverse-nb||Luke|1:57–66|KJV}}). Following Zechariah's obedience to the command of God, he was given the gift of [[prophecy]] and foretold the future ministry of Jesus, this prophecy forming the text of the [[Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)|Benedictus]] [[canticle]].<ref>[https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/nativity-of-st-john-the-baptist-the/ "Nativity of St. John the Baptist, The", The Episcopal Church]</ref>

==Liturgical celebrations==
[[File:Domenico di bartolo, desco da nozze con nascita del battista, 1420-40 ca. (siena) 01.JPG|thumb|[[Desco da parto]] with the birth given a contemporary setting, [[Siena]], c. 1420–40]]
[[File:Cappella tornabuoni, 12, Nascita di san giovanni battista.jpg|thumb| [[Tornabuoni Chapel]] by [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] and workshop, 1485–1490]]

At the [[Annunciation]], when the angel [[Gabriel]] appeared to the [[Virgin Mary]] to inform her that she would [[Conception (biology)|conceive]] of the [[Holy Spirit|Holy Ghost]], he also informed her that Elizabeth, her cousin, was already six months pregnant ({{Bibleverse||Luke|1:36|KJV}}). Mary then journeyed to [[Visitation (Christianity)|visit]] Elizabeth.  Luke's Gospel recounts that the baby "leapt" in Elizabeth's womb at the greeting of Mary ({{Bibleverse||Luke|1:44|KJV}}).<ref name=Butler1798 />

The Nativity of John the Baptist on June 24 comes three months after the celebration on March 25 of the [[Annunciation]], when the angel [[Gabriel]] told [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] that her cousin Elizabeth was in her sixth month of pregnancy, and six months before the [[Christmas]] celebration of the birth of Jesus. The purpose of these festivals is not to celebrate the exact dates of these events, but simply to commemorate them in an interlinking way. The Nativity of John the Baptist anticipates the feast of Christmas.<ref name=nuns>{{Cite web |url=http://www.passionistnuns.org/Saints/StJohnBaptist/BirthJohnBaptist/index.htm |title=''Birth of John the Baptist'' from the Passionist Nuns |access-date=2012-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064902/http://www.passionistnuns.org/Saints/StJohnBaptist/BirthJohnBaptist/index.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Nativity of John the Baptist is one of the oldest festivals of the Christian church, being listed by the Council of [[Agde]] in 506 as one of that region's principal festivals, where it was a day of rest and, like Christmas, was celebrated with three Masses: a vigil, at dawn, and at midday.<ref name=datehistory| />

It is one of the patronal feasts of the [[Order of Malta]].<ref name=archbalt />

===In Western Christianity===
Ordinarily, the day of a saint's death is usually celebrated as his or her [[feast day]], because it marks his or her ''dies natalis'', or "birthday", into eternal life. To this rule there are two notable exceptions: the [[Nativity of Mary|birthday]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] and that of John the Baptist. According to Roman Catholic tradition and teaching, Mary was free from original sin from the first moment of her existence ([[Immaculate Conception|her conception]] itself is commemorated by a separate feast), while John was cleansed of original sin in the womb of his mother (which is not taught in other Western Christian traditions).<ref name=CE1913 />

The Nativity of John the Baptist, though not a widespread public holiday outside of [[Quebec]], [[Catalonia]], and [[Puerto Rico]], is a high-ranking [[calendar of saints|liturgical feast]], kept in the [[Roman Catholic]], [[Anglican]] and [[Lutheran]] churches. In the [[Roman Rite]], it has been celebrated since 1970 as a [[solemnity]]; in the [[Tridentine mass|1962 form of that Roman Rite]] it a first class feast and in still earlier forms as a Double of the First Class with common [[Octave (liturgy)|Octave]]. Due to its [[Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite|liturgical ranking]] it takes precedence over a Sunday in [[Ordinary time]] on which it happens to fall. However, it does not take precedence over the feasts of the Lord. In this case the feast of the Nativity of John the Baptist is transferred to June 23 in the Roman Rite; in the 1962 rite, the feast is transferred to June 25 instead. 

Like the ''[[Birth of the Virgin]]'', the subject is often shown in art, especially from [[Florence]], whose patron saint John is. It was often given a prosperous contemporary setting, and often only the presence of a halo or two distinguishes it on a [[desco da parto]] or birth tray from a secular depiction of a mother receiving visitors while [[lying-in]]. The scene in the [[fresco]] cycle of the life of John in the [[Tornabuoni Chapel]] in the church of [[Basilica di Santa Maria Novella|Santa Maria Novella]] in Florence is probably the most famous, created by [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] and his workshop between 1485 and 1490.

The reformer [[Martin Luther]] wrote a [[hymn]] about baptism, "{{lang|de|[[Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam]]}}", which became associated with the Baptist's day. The feast was celebrated in Lutheran Leipzig, [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] composed three church cantatas for the occasion, especially a [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] on Luther's hymn:
* {{lang|de|[[Ihr Menschen, rühmet Gottes Liebe, BWV 167]]}}, 24 June 1723
* {{lang|de|[[Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7]]}}, 24 June 1724
* {{lang|de|[[Freue dich, erlöste Schar, BWV 30]]}}, 24 June 1738 or a later year

===In Eastern Christianity===
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and other [[Eastern Christian Churches]], St John the Baptist is usually called St John the Forerunner, a title used also in the West ("Πρόδρομος" ''Pródromos'' in Greek, ''"Precursor"'' in Latin). This title indicates that the purpose of his ministry was to prepare the way for the coming of Jesus Christ. In the [[Byzantine Rite]], the Feast of his Nativity is celebrated on June 24. It is a major [[feast day]] and is celebrated with an [[All-Night Vigil]]. It has an [[Afterfeast]] of one day. The feast usually falls during the [[Apostles' Fast]] (in Orthodox Churches that follow the [[Julian calendar]], this feast always falls during the Apostles' Fast).

In addition to the birth of John the Baptist, the Byzantine Rite also has the following commemorations of the life of John the Baptist:
*January 7 – The [[Synaxis]] of St John the Forerunner (main feast day, immediately after [[Epiphany (feast)|Theophany]] (Epiphany) on January 6)
*February 24 – First and Second Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner
*May 25 – Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner
*August 29 – [[Beheading of St. John the Baptist|The Beheading of St. John the Forerunner]]
*September 23 – Conception of St John the Forerunner and the Commemoration of Sts. Zechariah and Elizabeth.
The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] commemorates the ''"Birth of John the Forerunner"'' on January 15, and June 7 is the ''"Commemoration Day of St John the Forerunner."'' September 1 is the Feast of ''"Saints John the Forerunner and Job the Righteous."''

*In Ukraine [[Ivan Kupala Day]] is celebrated on the 24th of June,<ref>[https://apostrophe.ua/ua/news/society/2023-06-08/novyiy-kalendar-ptsu-kogda-v-2023-godu-budem-otmechat-ivana-kupala-i-drugie-letnie-prazdniki/298591. Новий календар ПЦУ: коли в 2023 році відзначатимем Івана Купала та інші "літні" свята]</ref> in Belarus and Russia the holiday is observed on the 7th of July.

==Celebration==
[[File:Les feux de la Saint-Jean en Bretagne (Le Petit Journal 1-07-1893).jpg|thumb|Bonfire with dancing in front of a [[Calvary (sculpture)|calvary]] in [[Brittany]], 1893]]
{{See also|Fête St-Jean-Baptiste|Festa Junina|Festival of San Juan|Saint Jonas Day|St John's Day (Estonia)|Ivan Kupala Day}}
The question would naturally arise as to why the celebration falls on June 24 rather than June 25 if the date is to be precisely six months before [[Christmas]]. It has often been claimed that the Church authorities wanted to [[Christianize]] the pagan [[solstice]] celebrations and for this reason advanced Saint John's feast as a substitute. This explanation is questionable because in the Middle Ages the solstice took place around the middle of June due to the inaccuracy of the Julian calendar. It was only in 1582, through the [[Gregorian calendar]] [[calendar reform|reform]], that the solstice returned to June 21 as it had been in the fourth century.

Therefore, a more likely reason why the festival falls on June 24 lies in the Roman way of counting, which proceeded backward from the [[Kalends]] (first day) of the succeeding month. Christmas was ''"the eighth day before the Kalends of January"'' (''Octavo Kalendas Januarii''). Consequently, Saint John's Nativity was put on the "eighth day before the Kalends of July." However, since June has only thirty days, in our present (Germanic) way of counting, the feast falls on June 24.<ref name=datehistory|/>

Nevertheless, the fact of the feast falling around the time of the solstice is considered by many to be significant, recalling the words of John the Baptist with regard to Jesus: ''"He must increase, but I must decrease"''.<ref>{{bibleverse|John|3:30|KJV}}</ref>

===Customs===
{{see also|Saint John's Eve}}

All over Europe "Saint John's fires" are lit on mountains and hilltops on the eve of his feast. As the first day of summer, Saint John's Day is considered in ancient folklore one of the great "charmed" festivals of the year. Hidden treasures are said to lie open in lonely places, waiting for the lucky finder. Divining rods should be cut on this day. Herbs are given unusual powers of healing, which they retain if they are plucked during the night of the feast. In Germany they call these herbs Johanneskraut (St. John's herbs), and people bring them to church for a special blessing. In Scandinavia and in the Slavic countries it is an ancient superstition that on Saint John's Day witches and demons are allowed to roam the earth. As at Halloween, children go the rounds and demand "treats," straw figures are thrown into the flames, and much noise is made to drive the demons away.<ref name=datehistory|/>

El Dia de San Juan is celebrated in [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]], [[United States]]. According to tradition, this day marks the beginning of the [[North American Monsoon|monsoon]] season. There is a legend that the Spanish explorer [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] prayed for rain on June 24, 1540. Right after his prayers, it rained. John the Baptist ritually cleansed the faithful of their sins in the [[Jordan River]]. So people of [[Mexico]] and the [[American Southwest]] once followed morning mass on June 24 with a dip fully clothed in the nearest body of water. In the last part of the twentieth century, public celebrations of El Dia de San Juan faded in Tucson. Public fiestas on the nearby [[Tohono O'odham]] reservation also disappeared. In 1998, the City of Tucson in partnership with neighborhoods and private organizations revived the tradition of “El Dia de San Juan".<ref name=ADS />

In the seventh century, [[Saint Eligius]] warned against midsummer activities and encouraged new [[religious conversion|convert]]s to avoid them in favor of the celebration of St. John the Baptist's birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Saint Ouen of Rouen]] |title=Vita Sancti Eligii |publisher=Fordham University |year=1997 |translator-last=McNamara |translator-first=Jo Ann |orig-date={{circa|660}} |chapter=2:16 |quote=No Christian on the feast of Saint John or the solemnity of any other saint performs solestitia [solstice rites?] or dancing or leaping or diabolical chants.}}</ref>

==In Mandaeism==
{{main|Dehwa Daimana}}
In [[Mandaeism]], the birthday of John the Baptist is celebrated on ''[[Dehwa Daimana]]'' (written as ''Dihba ḏ-Yamana'', ''Dihba Daimana'', or ''Dihba Rba ḏ-Daima'' in [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]]). Children are [[masbuta|baptized]] for the first time during this festival.<ref name="Nasoraia 2021">{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}}</ref>{{rp|28}} It is celebrated on the first day of Hiṭia, which is the 11th month of the [[Mandaean calendar]].<ref name="Gelbert 2005">{{cite book|last=Gelbert|first=Carlos|title=The Mandaeans and the Jews|publisher=Living Water Books|publication-place=Edensor Park, NSW|year=2005|isbn=0-9580346-2-1|oclc=68208613}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)]]
*[[Ein Karem]]
*[[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/June 24|Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, patron saint archive]]
*[[Saint John's Eve]]
*[[St. John's Day (disambiguation)]]
*[[St. John's Day, Masonic feast]]
*[[:Category:Saint John's Day]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=CE1913>{{cite CE1913|last= Souvay|first= Charles|wstitle=John the Baptist|volume= 8}}</ref>

<ref name=oca>{{Cite web |title=Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, John |author= |work=oca.org |date= |access-date=24 June 2021 |url= https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2021/06/24/101800-nativity-of-the-holy-glorious-prophet-forerunner-and-baptist-joh |language= |quote=}}</ref>

<ref name=cambib>{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/luke/1.htm |work=Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges|title= Luke 1|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Butler1798>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GdwUAAAAYAAJ/page/n337/mode/2up|title=The lives of the primitive fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints : compiled from original monuments and other authentic records|author-link=Alban Butler|first=Alban|last=Butler|volume=VI of XII|location=Edinburgh |publisher=J.P. Coghlane|date=1798|pages=330–}}</ref>

<ref name=ADS>{{cite news|title=Feast of St. John the Baptist celebrates monsoon's onset|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|date= June 23, 2008|page= Page D1}}</ref>

<ref name=archbalt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-archbishop/homilies/nativity-of-st-john-the-baptist.cfm |title="Nativity of St. John the Baptist", Archdiocese of Baltimore |access-date=2014-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811021932/http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-archbishop/homilies/nativity-of-st-john-the-baptist.cfm |archive-date=2014-08-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=datehistory| >{{cite web|author=Fr. Weiser |title= Catholic Activity: Customs of the Vigil and Birth of St. John the Baptist
|work=  Liturgical Year |publisher=Catholic Culture |access-date=2008-10-02|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=1125}}</ref>

<ref name=americancatholic>{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1424|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728085837/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1424|archive-date=2016-07-28|last= Foley |first=Leonard, OFM|title=Solemnity of the Birth of John the Baptist|work=Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons and Feasts|publisher= Franciscan Media}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Chronology of Jesus|Life of Jesus]]|||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Genealogy of Jesus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[New Testament]]<br>Events}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Annunciation]]}}
{{end}}

{{Gospel of Luke}}

{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1st-century BC Christianity]]
[[Category:Saint John's Day]]