View source for Native Hawaiians

{{Short description|Indigenous Polynesian people of Hawaii}}
{{Redirect|Hawaiians|information on the population of Hawaii|Demographics of Hawaii}}{{Redirect|Kanaka Maoli||Kanaka (disambiguation)}}
{{Refimprove||date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Native Hawaiians
| image            = Hula Kahiko Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 02.jpg
| caption          = Native Hawaiians performing a [[hula]]
| flag             = Flag of Hawaii.svg
| flag_caption     = [[Flag_of_Hawaii|Ka Hae Hawaiʻi]] (Official Flag of the Kingdom of Hawai'i & State of Hawai'i)
| population       = 640,442 (2020 census)<ref name="brief2010">The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2012. https://www.censusoha.govorg/prodnews/cen2010/briefs/c2010brnew-census-12.pdf{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}<br/>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf |title=2010 Census Brief, The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010 (C2010BR-12) |last1=Hixson |first1=Linsday |last2=Hepler |first2=Bradford |last3=Ouk Kim |first3=Myoung |date=May 2012 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |page=15 |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230222201/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf |url-status=live }} "There were 156,000 people who reported Native Hawaiian with no additional detailed NHPI group or race group and an additional 371,000 people who reported Native Hawaiian in combination with one or more other races and/or detailed NHPI groups. Thus, a total of 527,000 people reported Native Hawaiian alone or in any combination."</ref>
| region1          = United States
| pop1             = 640,442
| region2          = Canada
| pop2             = 3,300<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=June 10, 2023|archive-date=March 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310012622/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region3          = New Zealand
| pop3             = 699<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/hawaiian | title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries &#124; Stats NZ | access-date=October 30, 2022 | archive-date=September 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926020824/https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/hawaiian | url-status=live }}</ref>
| region4          = Australia
| pop4             = 300{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|languages         = {{hlist|[[American English|English]]|[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]|[[Hawai'i Sign Language|Hawaiʻi Sign Language]] (HSL)|[[Hawaiian Pidgin]]}}
| religions        = {{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Hawaiian religion]]}}
| related-c        = [[Polynesians]], other [[Pacific Islanders]]
| native_name      = ''Kānaka Maoli'', Hawaiʻi Maoli
| native_name_lang = haw
| related_groups   = 
}}

'''Native Hawaiians''' (also known as '''Indigenous Hawaiians''', '''Kānaka Maoli''', '''Aboriginal Hawaiians''', or simply '''Hawaiians'''; {{langx|haw|kānaka}}, {{lang|haw|kānaka ʻōiwi}}, {{lang|haw|Kānaka Maoli}}, and {{lang|haw|Hawaiʻi maoli}}) are the [[Indigenous peoples of Oceania|Indigenous]] people of the [[Hawaiian Islands]].

Hawaiʻi was settled at least 800 years ago by [[Polynesians]] who sailed from the [[Society Islands]]. The settlers gradually became detached from their homeland and developed a distinct Hawai'ian culture and identity in their new home. They created new religious and cultural structures, in response to their new circumstances and to pass knowledge from one generation to the next. Hence, the [[Hawaiian religion]] focuses on ways to live and relate to the land and instills a sense of community.  Though a unique civilization, they have retained synergy with other Polynesian peoples across the Pacific.  The Hawaiian language, for example, shares many similarities with other Polynesian languages.

The [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] was formed in 1795, when [[Kamehameha the Great]], of the then-independent [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawaiʻi]], conquered the independent islands of [[Oʻahu]], [[Maui]], [[Molokaʻi]], and [[Lānaʻi]] to form the kingdom. In 1810, [[Kauaʻi]] and [[Niʻihau]] joined the Kingdom, the last inhabited islands to do so. The Kingdom received many immigrants from the [[United States]] and [[Asian immigration to Hawaii|Asia]]. The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] seeks autonomy or independence for Hawaiʻi.

In the [[2010 United States census|2010 U.S. census]], people with Native Hawaiian ancestry were reported to be residents in all 50 of the U.S. states, as well as Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico.<ref name="brief2010"/> Within the United States in 2010, 540,013 residents reported Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ancestry alone, of which 135,422 lived in Hawaii.<ref name="brief2010" /> In the United States overall, 1.2 million people identified as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, either alone or in combination with one or more other races.<ref name="brief2010"/> The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population was one of the fastest-growing groups between 2000 and 2010.<ref name="brief2010"/>

==History==
{{See also|History of Hawaii}}
[[File:Kamehamehaii.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kamehameha II|King Kamehameha II]]]]
The history of ''Kānaka Maoli'', like the history of Hawaii, is commonly broken into four major periods:
* the [[Ancient Hawaii|pre-unification period]] (before {{circa|1800}})
* the unified [[Hawaiian Kingdom|monarchy]] and [[Republic of Hawaii|republic]] period ({{ca.|1800|lk=no}} to 1898)
* the [[Territory of Hawaii|U.S. territorial period]] (1898 to 1959)
* the [[Hawaii|U.S. statehood period]] (1959 to present)

===Origins===
One theory is that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaiʻi in the 3rd century from the [[Marquesas]] by travelling in groups of [[waka (canoe)|waka]], and were followed by [[Tahitians]] in AD 1300, who conquered the original inhabitants. Another is that a single, extended period of settlement populated the islands.<ref name="KirchGreen2001">{{Cite book |last1=Kirch |first1=Patrick Vinton |title=Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia: an essay in historical anthropology |last2=Green |first2=Rorger C. |last3=Green |first3=Roger Curtis |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78309-5 |edition=1|location=Cambridge|oclc=57218655}}</ref> Evidence for Tahitian conquest include the legends of [[Hawaiiloa|Hawaiʻiloa]] and the navigator-priest [[Paʻao]], who is said to have made a voyage between Hawaiʻi and the island of "Kahiki" (Tahiti) and introduced many customs. Early historians, such as [[Abraham Fornander]] and [[Martha Warren Beckwith|Martha Beckwith]], subscribed to this Tahitian invasion theory, but later historians, such as [[Patrick Vinton Kirch|Patrick Kirch]], do not mention it. [[Kalākaua|King Kalākaua]] claimed that [[Paʻao]] was from [[Samoa|Sāmoa]].

Some writers claim that earlier settlers in Hawaiʻi were forced into remote valleys by newer arrivals. They claim that stories about the [[Menehune]], little people who built [[heiau]] and [[Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture|fishponds]], prove the existence of ancient peoples who settled the islands before the Hawaiians, although similar stories exist throughout Polynesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Martha Warren|title=Hawaiian mythology|date=1976|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|isbn=0-8248-0514-3|location=Honolulu|oclc=5773353}}</ref>

===Monarchy===
{{Main|Hawaiian Kingdom}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}

===Cultural resurgence===
{{Main|Hawaiian Renaissance}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}

===Independence movement===
{{Main|Hawaiian sovereignty movement}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|Hawaii#Demographics}}{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Map of Native Hawaiian Americans in 2023.png|thumb|Native Hawaiian Americans]]
At the time of [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'s arrival in 1778, the population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. This was the peak of the Native Hawaiian population. During the first century after contact, ''Kānaka Maoli'' were nearly wiped out by [[Colonial epidemic disease in Hawaii|diseases]] brought by immigrants and visitors. ''Kānaka Maoli'' had no resistance to [[smallpox]], [[measles]], or [[whooping cough]], among others. These diseases were similarly catastrophic to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous populations in the Americas]]. 

The current 293,000 include dual lineage Native Hawaiian and mixed lineage/multi-racial people. This was the highest number of any ''Kānaka Maoli'' living on the island until 2014, a period of almost 226 years. This long spread was marked by an initial die-off of 1-in-17, which would gradually increase to almost 8–10 dying from contact to the low point in 1950. 

The [[1900 United States census|1900 U.S. census]] identified 37,656 residents of full or partial Native Hawaiian ancestry. The [[2000 United States census|2000 U.S. census]] identified 283,430 residents of Native Hawaiian or [[Pacific Islander]] ancestry, showing a steady growth trend over the century.

===Diaspora===
{{See also|Hawaiian diaspora}}

Some Hawaiians left the islands during the period of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]]. For example, [[Harry Maitey]] became the first Hawaiian in [[Prussia]].

Kiha Kaʻawa, born at Palawai, Lānaʻi, was adopted as a young man by Sandwich Islands Mormon Missionary President George Nebeker and emigrated with [[Lunalilo|King Lunalilo]]'s permission to the mainland US, where in 1873 he was the first native Hawaiian to become a US citizen. Kiha Ka’awa Nebeker stayed in the US until his death December 26, 1931. 

The Native Hawaiian population has increased outside the state of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]], with states such as [[California]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] experiencing dramatic increases in total population. Due to a notable Hawaiian presence in [[Las Vegas]], the city is sometimes called the "Ninth Island" in reference to the eight islands of Hawaiʻi.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|last=Goldfield|first=Hannah|date=May 27, 2024 |title=The Decades-Long Romance of Las Vegas and Hawaii|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/06/03/the-decades-long-romance-of-las-vegas-and-hawaii|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613215933/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/06/03/the-decades-long-romance-of-las-vegas-and-hawaii|archive-date=June 13, 2024|access-date=June 18, 2024|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Fawcett|first=Eliza|date=May 20, 2023|title=There's No Ocean in Sight. But Many Hawaiians Make Las Vegas Their Home.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/20/us/hawaii-las-vegas-migration.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108070843/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/20/us/hawaii-las-vegas-migration.html|archive-date=January 8, 2024|access-date=June 18, 2024|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|last=Letourneau|first=Christian|date=May 24, 2022|title=How This Mainland City Became Known as Hawaii's 'Ninth Island'|url=https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/nevada/las-vegas/experiences/news/why-las-vegas-is-nicknamed-hawaiis-ninth-island|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240618033814/https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/nevada/las-vegas/experiences/news/why-las-vegas-is-nicknamed-hawaiis-ninth-island|archive-date=June 18, 2024|access-date=June 18, 2024|work=Fodor's}}</ref>

== Culture and arts ==
{{main|Culture of the Native Hawaiians}}

[[File:Native Hawaiian man pounding taro into poi with two children by his sides., c. 1890s.jpg|thumb|Hawaiian man with his two children, {{circa|1890}}]]
Several cultural preservation societies and organizations were established. The largest is the [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop|Bernice Pauahi]] [[Bishop Museum]], established in 1889 and designated as the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History. The museum houses the largest collection of native Hawaiian artifacts, documents, and other information. The museum has links with major colleges and universities throughout the world to facilitate research.

The [[Polynesian Voyaging Society]] reignited interest in Polynesian sailing techniques, both in ship construction and in instrument-free navigation. The Society built multiple double-hulled canoes, beginning with ''[[Hōkūle{{okina}}a]]'' and followed by ''Makaliʻi,'' ''Alingano Maisu,'' and ''Mo‘okiha O Pi‘ilani.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Rita |title=Hawaiian Voyaging Canoe {{!}} Maui Canoe {{!}} Mo'okiha |url=https://www.mauimagazine.net/now-voyager/ |date=September 21, 2013|access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Maui No Ka Oi Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The canoes and their worldwide voyages contributed to the renewal and appreciation of Hawaiian culture.<ref>{{cite web|last=Unattributed|date=July 25, 2007|title=Hawaiian Cultural Heritage|url=http://hawaiireef.noaa.gov/heritage/welcome.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916044123/http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/heritage/welcome.html|archive-date=September 16, 2008|access-date=September 6, 2008|work=Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument|publisher=United States [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|language=en-US, haw|df=mdy-all}} Discusses ''Hōkūle{{okina}}a's'' ''Navigating Change'' voyage which also raised consciousness of the interdependence of Hawaiians, their environment, and their culture.</ref>

===Religion and society===
[[File:Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine (after Louis Choris), Temple du Roi dans la baie Tiritatéa (c. 1816, published 1822).jpg|thumb|A depiction of a royal ''[[heiau]]'' (Hawaiian temple) at [[Kealakekua Bay]], {{Circa|1816}}]]
Native Hawaiian culture grew from their Polynesian roots, creating a local [[Hawaiian religion|religion]] and cultural practices. This new worship centered on the ideas of land (''ʻāina'') and family (''ʻohana''). Land became a sacred part of life and family.<ref name="ustravelia.com">{{Cite web|date=2015-05-11|title=A Peek at the Native Hawaiian Culture, History, and Beliefs|url=https://ustravelia.com/native-hawaiian-culture-history-beliefs|access-date=2020-11-07|website=US Travelia|language=en-US|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055412/https://ustravelia.com/native-hawaiian-culture-history-beliefs|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian religion is [[Polytheism|polytheistic]], but mostly focuses on the gods [[Wākea]] and [[Papahānaumoku]], the mother and father of the Hawaiian islands. Their stillborn child formed the deep roots of Hawaii, and whose second child, [[Hāloa]], is the god from whom all Hawaiians originate.<ref name="ustravelia.com"/>

Hawaiian culture is [[caste]]-oriented, with specific roles based on social standing. Caste roles are reflected in how land was controlled.

=== Land tenure ===
[[File:UH Loʻi Patch.jpg|thumb|Taro patch]]
Each island was divided into ''moku'', which were given to people of high standing and kept within the family. Each ''moku'' was split into smaller [[Ahupuaʻa|''ahupuaʻa'']], each of which extended from the sea to the top of the nearest mountain. This was to ensure that each ''ahupuaʻa'' provided all necessary resources for survival, including hardwoods and food sources.<ref name="2. Hawai' i">{{Citation|title=2. Hawai' i|date=2017-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824845179-003|work=Adventuring in Hawaii|pages=37–134|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|doi=10.1515/9780824845179-003|isbn=978-0-8248-4517-9|access-date=2020-11-07|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Each ''ahupuaʻa'' was managed by managers, who were charged by the island chief to collect tributes from the residents. Splits of the ''ahupuaʻa'' were based on the level of tribute. The major subdivisions were ''ʻIli''. Each ''ʻIli'' gave a tribute to the chief of the ''ahupuaʻa'' and another to the [[Aliʻi|island chief]]. In contrast to the European system of [[feudalism]],<ref name="2. Hawai' i" /> Hawaiian peasants were never bound to the land and were free to move as they chose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=Claire Hiwahiwa |title=He Aliʻi Ka ʻĀina; He Kauwā ke Kanaka (The Land Is Chief; Man Is Its Servant): Traditional Hawaiian Resource Stewardship and the Transformation of the Konohiki |date=2015 |publisher=M.A. Thesis, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |location=Honolulu, HI |pages=21}}</ref>

''Kānaka Maoli'' refer to themselves as ''[[kamaʻāina]]'', a word meaning "people of the land", because of their connection to and stewardship of the land. It was also part of the spiritual belief system that attributes their origin to the land itself.<ref name="Trask 1197–1213">{{Cite journal|last=Trask|first=Haunani-Kay|date=July 1991|title=Coalition-Building between Natives and Non-Natives|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229037|journal=Stanford Law Review|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1197–1213|doi=10.2307/1229037|jstor=1229037|issn=0038-9765|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This is reinforced by the cultivation of [[taro]], a plant that is said to be the manifestation of Hāloa. The represents the deep roots that tether Hawaiians to the islands, as well as symbolizing the branching networks that Hawaiian people created.<ref name="Trask 1197–1213" />

===Hula===
[[Hula]] is one of Hawaiʻi's best-known indigenous artforms. Traditionally, hula was a ritualistic dance performed to honor the gods and goddesses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History Of The Hula Dance|url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/healthy-living/fitness/history-hula-dance/|access-date=2019-09-01|website=EverydayHealth.com|archive-date=September 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901013545/https://www.everydayhealth.com/healthy-living/fitness/history-hula-dance/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hula is typically categorized as either ''hula kahiko'' or ''hula ʻauana''. Each hula tells a story via its movements and gestures.{{Cn|date=February 2024}}

''Hula kahiko'' is a traditional style. Its interpretive dance is known for its grace and romantic feel. Dances are accompanied by [[percussion instrument]]s and [[Chant|traditional chanting]]. The traditional instruments include the ''[[Pahu|pahu hula]]'', ''kilu'' or ''puniu'', ''[[Ipu|ipu]]'', ''hano'' or ʻ''ohe hano ihu'', ''ka'', ''pu'', ''oeoe'', ''pahupahu [[ka{{okina}}eke{{okina}}eke]]'', ''hokio'', and ''wi''. Dancers add to the effect using ʻ''uli'', ''pu''ʻ''ili'', ʻ''ili''ʻ''ili'', ''papahehi'', and ''kala''ʻ''au''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instruments {{!}} Ka'Imi Na'auao O Hawai'i Nei Institute|url=http://www.kaimi.org/education/instruments/|access-date=2019-09-01|language=en-US|archive-date=September 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901013545/http://www.kaimi.org/education/instruments/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Hula ʻauana'' was influenced by later Western factors. It is accompanied by non-traditional musical instruments and colorful outfits. It became popularized with tourists and it is this form that is most widely practiced beyond the islands. [[Ukulele|ʻUkuleles]] and [[guitar]]s are common.

===Holidays===
The Hawaiian people celebrate traditions and holidays. The most popular form of celebration in Hawaiʻi is the [[Lūʻau]]. A lūʻau is a traditional Hawaiian banquet, commonly featuring foods such as [[Poi (food)|''poi'']], [[Poke (Hawaiian dish)|''poke'']], [[lomi-lomi salmon|''lomi-lomi'' salmon]], [[Kālua|''kālua'' pig]], ''[[haupia]]'', and entertainment such as ʻukulele music and hula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaiian luau |url=https://www.to-hawaii.com/luau.php |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.to-hawaii.com |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608192938/https://www.to-hawaii.com/luau.php |url-status=live }}</ref> 

One of the most important holidays is [[Prince Kūhiō Day]]. Celebrated every year since 1949 on his birthday (March 26), the holiday honors Prince [[Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole]], a Congressman who succeeded in helping Native Hawaiian families become landowners. It is celebrated with canoe races and lūʻaus across the islands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Day 2024 in the United States |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/prince-jonah-kuhio-kalanianaole-day |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601211946/https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/prince-jonah-kuhio-kalanianaole-day |url-status=live }}</ref> Every June 11 ''Kānaka Maoli'' celebrate [[King Kamehameha I Day|King Kamehameha day]]. [[Kamehameha I]] was the king who unified the islands and established the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He was known as a fearless warrior, wise diplomat, and the most respected leader in the history of the Hawaiian monarchy. The holiday is celebrated with parades and [[Lei (garland)|lei]] draping ceremonies, where ''Kānaka Maoli'' bring ''[[Lei (garland)|lei]]'' (flower necklaces) to [[Statues of Kamehameha I|King Kamehameha statues]] located across the islands and drape them from his cast bronze arms and neck to honor his contributions to the people of Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.com/blog/king-kamehameha-day/ |title=King Kamehameha Day |website=hawaii.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902234508/https://www.hawaii.com/blog/king-kamehameha-day/ |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |access-date= September 2, 2019}}</ref>

==Hawaiian cultural revival==
{{See also|Culture of the Native Hawaiians|Hawaii#Culture}}{{Refimprove section|date=February 2024}}
Native Hawaiian culture underwent a [[Hawaiian Renaissance|renaissance]] beginning in the 1970s.<ref name="x711">{{cite web | title=Christianity in Hawaiʻi | website=oxfordre.com | url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-406?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-406&p=emailAGb3CtpFgZVds | access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref> It was in part triggered by the [[1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention]], held 200 years after the arrival of Captain Cook. At the convention, state government committed itself to the study and preservation of Hawaiian culture, history, and language.

Hawaiian culture was introduced into Hawaiʻi's public schools, teaching Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula, and Hawaiian language. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to teach Hawaiian history to all their students.

Many aspects of Hawaiian culture were commercialized to appeal to visitors from around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trask|first=Haunani-Kay|date=1991|title=Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/bl/article/view/24958|journal=Border/Lines|language=en|issue=23|archive-date=June 4, 2023|access-date=August 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604113522/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/bl/article/view/24958|url-status=live}}</ref> This includes hula, use of the word "Aloha", ''lei'', and the assimilation of Hawaiian culture into non-native lifestyles. This has provided significant financial support for cultural practices, while emphasizing aspects that have popular appeal over those that respect tradition. 

Statutes and charter amendments were passed acknowledging a policy of preference for Hawaiian place and street names. For example, with the closure of [[Barbers Point Naval Air Station]] in the 1990s, the region formerly occupied by the base was renamed [[Kalaeloa]].

===Activism===
{{See also|Native Hawaiian activism}}
While Native Hawaiian protest has a long history, beginning just after the [[overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom]], many notable protests came during or after the Hawaiian cultural revival. These include the [[Kalama Valley protests]], the [[Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle]], the [[Kahoolawe|Kahoʻolawe island]] protests, and protests over the presence and management of astronomical observatories atop Hawaiʻi's mountains, most notably the [[Thirty Meter Telescope protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-30|title=Mauna Kea Is The Latest In Long History Of Native Hawaiian Protests|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2019/08/mauna-kea-is-the-latest-in-a-long-history-of-native-hawaiian-protests/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Honolulu Civil Beat|language=en|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132358/https://www.civilbeat.org/2019/08/mauna-kea-is-the-latest-in-a-long-history-of-native-hawaiian-protests/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Hawaiian language==
{{main|Hawaiian language}}

===Hawaiian traditional language===
The Hawaiian language (or ''ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi'') was once the language of native Hawaiian people; today, ''Kānaka Maoli'' predominantly speak English. A major factor for this change was an 1896 law that required that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools". This law excluded the Hawaiian language from schools. In spite of this, some ''Kānaka Maoli'' (as well as non-''Kānaka Maoli'') learned ''ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi''.<ref name="Warner">{{cite thesis |title=I ola ka 'olelo i na keiki: Ka 'apo 'ia 'ana o ka 'olelo Hawai'i e na keiki ma ke Kula Kaiapuni [That the Language Live through the Children: The Acquisition of the Hawaiian Language by the Children in the Immersion School.] |type=PhD |publisher=University of Hawaii |last=Warner |first=Sam L. |date=1996 |id = {{ProQuest|304242908}}}}{{subscription required|s}}</ref> As with other Hawaiʻi locals, ''Kānaka Maoli'' typically speak [[Hawaiian Creole English]] (referred to locally as [[Pidgin]]) in daily life. Pidgin is a [[Creole language|creole]] that developed during the plantation era in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mixing words and diction from the various ethnic groups living in Hawaiʻi then.<ref name="nō ka ʻoi">{{cite web |last=Collins|first=Kathy|date=January–February 2008|title=Da Muddah Tongue |url= http://www.mauinokaoimag.com/Maui-Magazine/January-February-2008/Da-Muddah-Tongue/ |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605130329/http://www.mauinokaoimag.com/Maui-Magazine/January-February-2008/Da-Muddah-Tongue/ |archive-date=June 5, 2013|access-date=October 18, 2012|work=www.mauinokaoimag.com – Maui nō ka ʻoi Magazine|location=Wailuku, HI, USA|oclc=226379163}}</ref>

''ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi'' later became an official language of the State of Hawaiʻi, alongside English. The state enacted a program of cultural preservation in 1978. Programs included Hawaiian language immersion schools, and a Hawaiian language department at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]. Ever since, Hawaiian language fluency has climbed among all races.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Hawaiian Language Nearly Died. A Radio Show Sparked Its Revival |url= https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/06/22/452551172/the-hawaiian-language-nearly-died-a-radio-show-sparked-its-revival |access-date=2021-08-06 |newspaper=NPR |date=June 22, 2019|language=en|last1=Goo|first1=Sara Kehaulani|archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806082101/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/06/22/452551172/the-hawaiian-language-nearly-died-a-radio-show-sparked-its-revival|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, the [[University of Hawaii at Hilo|University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo]] established a masters program in Hawaiian,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1143838 |title=Master's Degree in Hawaiian |website=npr.org |first=Liane |last=Hansen |date=May 23, 2002 |access-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060739/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1143838 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2006, a [[Ph.D.]] program. It was the first doctoral program established for the study of any [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|pre-contact language]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Rod |date=January 2, 2007|title=UH offers first Ph.D. in a native language |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/01/02/news/story02.html|access-date=2021-08-06 |website=archives.starbulletin.com|archive-date=August 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806082101/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/01/02/news/story02.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Niihau dialect|Hawaiian]] is the primary language of the residents of [[Niʻihau]].<ref name=Lyovin>{{Cite book |last=Lyovin |first=Anatole V. |title=An introduction to the languages of the world |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-508116-9 |location=New York Oxford}}</ref>

===Hawaiʻi Sign Language===
{{main|Hawai'i Sign Language}}

Alongside ''<nowiki/>ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi'', some ''Kānaka Maoli'' used the little-studied Hawaiʻi Sign Language.<ref name="hsl">{{cite news|date=1 March 2013|title=Linguists say Hawaii Sign Language found to be distinct language|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/higher-education/linguists-say-hawaii-sign-language-found-to-be-distinct-language/2013/03/01/bbca83cc-82d6-11e2-a671-0307392de8de_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111124559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/higher-education/linguists-say-hawaii-sign-language-found-to-be-distinct-language/2013/03/01/bbca83cc-82d6-11e2-a671-0307392de8de_story.html|archive-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|Hawaiʻi#Education|Hawaiʻi Department of Education|List of elementary schools in Hawaiʻi|List of middle schools in Hawaiʻi|List of high schools in Hawaiʻi}}
In Hawaiʻi, the public school system is operated by the Hawaiʻi State [[Department of Education]] rather than local school districts. Under the administration of Governor [[Benjamin J. Cayetano]] from 1994 to 2002, the state's educational system established Hawaiian [[language immersion]] schools. In these schools, all courses are taught in the Hawaiian language and incorporate Hawaiian subject matter. These schools are not exclusive to native Hawaiians.<ref name="Warner" />

''Kānaka Maoli'' are eligible for an education from [[Kamehameha Schools]] (KS), established through the last will and testament of [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]] of the [[House of Kamehameha|Kamehameha Dynasty]]. The largest and wealthiest [[private school]] system in the United States, KS was intended to benefit orphans and the needy, with preference given to ''Kānaka Maoli''. The schools educate thousands of children of native Hawaiian children ancestry and offers summer and off-campus programs not restricted by ancestry. KS practice of accepting primarily [[Gifted education|gifted students]],  has been controversial in the native Hawaiian community. Many families feel that gifted students could excel anywhere, and that the Hawaiian community would be better served by educating disadvantaged children to help them become responsible community contributors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roth|first=Randall W.|date=2002|title=Economics of Non-Profit Accounting : The Kamehameha Schools Admissions Policy Controversy|url=https://www.icnl.org/resources/research/ijnl/the-kamehameha-schools-admissions-policy-controversy|journal=International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law|volume=5|issue=1|archive-date=August 6, 2021|access-date=August 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806082111/https://www.icnl.org/resources/research/ijnl/the-kamehameha-schools-admissions-policy-controversy|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many ''Kānaka Maoli'' attend public schools or other private schools.

==Office of Hawaiian Affairs==
{{Excerpt|Office of Hawaiian Affairs|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-4}}

==Federal developments==

===United States annexation===
In 1893, during the [[Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)|Hawaiian rebellions of 1887–1895]] and after the ascension of [[Queen Liliʻuokalani]] to the Hawaiian Throne in 1891, [[Sanford Dole]] created the "Committee of Safety", who [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|overthrew the monarchy]]. This was in part due to the Queen's rejection of the 1887 Constitution, which severely limited her authority.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Americans overthrow Hawaiian monarchy|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/americans-overthrow-hawaiian-monarchy|access-date=2020-09-18|website=HISTORY|date=February 9, 2010 |language=en}}</ref> This diminished traditional governance and installed a US-backed, plantation-led government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russo|first=Carla Herreria|date=2018-05-31|title=Land, Loss And Love: The Toll Of Westernization On Native Hawaiians|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hawaii-land-westernization_n_5afc9c72e4b0a59b4e003a35|access-date=2020-09-18|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025163302/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hawaii-land-westernization_n_5afc9c72e4b0a59b4e003a35|url-status=live}}</ref> One reason for the overthrow was over [[Kalākaua]]'s unwillingness to sign the amended Treaty of Reciprocity that would have damaged Hawaiian trade, and opened up part of Oʻahu for the [[Pearl Harbor]] military base.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Untitled Document|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/S26%20-%20Reciprocity%20Treaty%20of%201875.htm|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.dartmouth.edu|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025143657/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/S26%20-%20Reciprocity%20Treaty%20of%201875.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The event was challenged by [[Grover Cleveland]], but was eventually supported by President [[William McKinley]] in his [[Manifest destiny|Manifest Destiny]] plan, which harmed indigenous peoples in the continental United States and Hawaiʻi. The change left ''Kānaka Maoli'' as the only major indigenous group with no "nation-to-nation" negotiation status and without any degree of self determination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manifest Destiny and the Pacific|url=http://gorhistory.com/hist420/Pacific.html|access-date=2020-09-18|website=gorhistory.com|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120553/http://gorhistory.com/hist420/Pacific.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Native American Programs Act===
In 1974, the Native American Programs Act was amended to include ''Kānaka Maoli''. This paved the way for ''Kānaka Maoli'' to become eligible for some federal assistance programs originally intended for [[Native Americans in the United States|continental Native Americans]]. Today, Title 45 CFR Part 1336.62 defines a Native Hawaiian as "an individual any of whose ancestors were natives of the area which consists of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778".<ref name="42 USC 2992c: Definitions">{{cite web |title=42 USC 2992c: Definitions |website=Office of the Law Revision Counsel United States Code |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2992c&num=0&edition=prelim |access-date=2021-11-03 |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104020642/https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2992c&num=0&edition=prelim |url-status=live }}</ref>

===United States apology resolution===
On November 23, 1993, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]] signed United States Public Law 103–150, also known as the [[Apology Resolution]], which had previously passed Congress. This resolution "apologizes to ''Kānaka Maoli'' on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi".<ref>[[s:US Public Law 103-150]]</ref>

===Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009===
In the early 2000s, the Congressional delegation of the State of Hawaiʻi introduced the [[Akaka Bill|Native Hawaiian Federal Recognition Bill (Akaka bill)]], an attempt to [[US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians|recognize and form a Native Hawaiian government]] entity to negotiate with state and federal governments. The bill would establish, for the first time, a formal political and legal relationship between a Native Hawaiian entity and the US government. Proponents consider the legislation to be an acknowledgement and partial correction of past injustices. They included Hawaiʻi's Congressional delegation, as well as former Governor [[Linda Lingle]]. Opponents include the [[U.S. Commission on Civil Rights]] (who doubted the constitutionality of creating a race-based government), libertarian activists (who challenged the accuracy of claims of injustice), and other Native [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement|Hawaiian sovereignty activists]] (who claimed that the legislation would prevent complete independence from the United States).{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

A Ward Research poll commissioned in 2003 by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs reported that "Eighty-six percent of the 303 Hawaiian residents polled by Ward Research said 'yes.' Only 7 percent said 'no,' with 6 percent unsure ... Of the 301 non-Hawaiians polled, almost eight in 10 (78 percent) supported federal recognition, 16 percent opposed it, with 6 percent unsure."<ref name="Apoliona">{{cite news |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/04/03/editorial/commentary3.html |title=Another Perspective: Scientific poll shows majority favors Hawaiian programs |first=Haunani |last=Apoliona |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |location=Honolulu, HI, USA |publisher=[[Black Press|Black Press Group Ltd]] |issn=0439-5271 |id={{OCLC|9188300|433678262|232117605|2268098}} |date=April 3, 2005 |access-date=June 2, 2012 |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722011213/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/04/03/editorial/commentary3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[IBOPE Zogby International|Zogby International]] poll commissioned in 2009 by the [[Grassroot Institute|Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] indicated that a plurality (39%) of Hawaiʻi residents opposed it and that 76% indicated that they were unwilling to pay higher taxes to offset any resulting tax revenue loss due to the act.<ref name="Zogby-Grassroot">{{cite web|url=http://grassrootinstitute.org/system/attachments/32/FINAL_topline_Grassroot_Institute_of_Hawaii_11-30-2.pdf |title=Results from Zogby International interactive poll commissioned by the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii |others=[[IBOPE Zogby International|Zogby International]] |work=grassrootinstitute.org |first=Cheryl |last=Korn |publisher=[[Grassroot Institute|Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |date=November 24, 2009 |access-date=June 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043001/http://grassrootinstitute.org/system/attachments/32/FINAL_topline_Grassroot_Institute_of_Hawaii_11-30-2.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2010 }}</ref>

The bill did not pass.

===Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law===
In 2005, with the support of U.S. Senator [[Daniel Inouye]], federal funding through the Native Hawaiian Education Act created the Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law at UH Mānoa [[William S. Richardson School of Law]]. The program became known as Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law. 

Ka Huli Ao focuses on research, scholarship, and community outreach. Ka Huli Ao maintains a social media presence and provides law students with summer fellowships. Law school graduates are eligible to apply for post-J.D. fellowships.

===Department of Interior Self-Governance Proposal===
In 2016, the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of Interior]] (DOI), under the direction of Secretary [[Sally Jewell]], started the process of recognizing the Hawaiians' right to self governance and the ability for nation-to-nation negotiation status and rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dept. of Interior finalizes rule to recognize native Hawaiian government|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/department-interior-finalizes-rule-recognize-native-hawaiian-government-n653631|access-date=2020-09-18|website=NBC News|date=September 23, 2016 |language=en}}</ref> This created opposition from the Hawaiian Sovereignty movement who believed that ''Kānaka Maoli'' should not have to navigate US structures to regain sovereignty and viewed the process as incomplete.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beat|first=Chad Blair Civil|date=2016-09-23|title=Feds Lay Out 'Pathway' To Native Hawaiian Self-Governance|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/native-hawaiian-self-governance-doi_n_57e59380e4b08d73b8315d07|access-date=2020-09-18|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030204431/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/native-hawaiian-self-governance-doi_n_57e59380e4b08d73b8315d07|url-status=live}}</ref> The outcome ultimately allowed nation-to-nation relationships if ''Kānaka Maoli'' created their own government and sought that relationship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Native Hawaiians Divided on Federal Recognition|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/native-hawaiians-divided-on-federal-recognition/4775275.html|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Voice of America|date=February 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The government formation process was stopped by Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} using his earlier precedent in ''[[Rice v. Cayetano]]'' that "ancestry was a proxy for race" in ancestry-based elections, [[United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians|but the voting itself was not stopped]].

===Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Heritage Month===
The United States government has permanently designated the month of May to be [[Asian Pacific American Heritage Month|Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Heritage Month]];<ref name="NYPL">{{cite web |last=Tiangco |first=Arielle |date=April 25, 2022 |title=APA, AAPI, APIDA or AANHPI? The history and significance of the "Asian American" identity crisis |url=https://www.optimistdaily.com/2022/04/apa-aapi-apida-aanhpi-the-history-and-significance-of-the-asian-american-identity-crisis/ |access-date=March 25, 2024 |website=The Optimist Daily |publisher= |quote=Formerly known as Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, the name officially changed to Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Heritage Month in April 2021, with President Joe Biden's signing of Proclamation 10189. |archive-date=March 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326153418/https://www.optimistdaily.com/2022/04/apa-aapi-apida-aanhpi-the-history-and-significance-of-the-asian-american-identity-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> before 2021 it was known as [[Asian Pacific American Heritage Month]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asianpacificheritage.gov/about.html |title=About Asian-Pacific American Heritage Month |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=August 18, 2014 |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815013003/http://asianpacificheritage.gov/about.html |url-status=live }}<br />George Bush: "Statement on Signing Legislation Establishing Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month", October 23, 1992. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=21645 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005213637/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=21645 |date=October 5, 2008 }}</ref>

===Native Hawaiian Community Consultation Policy===



On October 18, 2022, the [[Department of Interior]] published a press release announcing the establishment of a new policy that would require the federal government to formally consult the Native Hawaiian Community in order to "further affirm and honor the special political and trust relationship between the United States and the Native Hawaiian Community." Secretary [[Deb Haaland]] noted in the press release that the new consultation policy would assist in upholding the sovereignty and right to [[self-determination]] Native Hawai'ian communities have.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-announces-development-first-ever-consultation-policy-native |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=January 7, 2025 |title=Interior Department Announces Development of First-Ever Consultation Policy with Native Hawaiian Community |date=October 18, 2022 |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108045059/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-announces-development-first-ever-consultation-policy-native |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to bi-annual meetings between the Secretary and representatives of Native Hawaiian organizations on "matters of mutual interest", as well as mandatory training,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schatz.senate.gov/news/in-the-news/feds-consultation-process-will-put-native-hawaiians-on-par-with-indian-tribes |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=U.S. Senator for Hawai'i Brian Schatz |access-date=January 7, 2025 |title =Feds' consultation process will put Native Hawaiians on par with Indian tribes |date=October 19, 2022 }}</ref> the Consultation policy requires federal agencies to consult the Native Hawai'ian Community before engaging in any actions that "have the potential to significantly affect Native Hawaiian resources, rights, or lands by correspondingly charging the Office with fully integrating the policy and practice of meaningful consultation by such Federal agencies." 
Its proposal explained the unique relationship Native Hawaiian have with the US government, defined as "government-to-sovereign" and recognized in 150 statutes: the unrelinquished sovereignty Native Hawaiiana have legally in the absence of a "government-to-government" relationship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doi.gov/hawaiian/faq-native-hawaiian-community-consultation-policy-procedures |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=January 7, 2025 |title=Proposed Native Hawaiian Community Consultation Policy & Procedures |date=November 7, 2022 |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108045059/https://www.doi.gov/hawaiian/faq-native-hawaiian-community-consultation-policy-procedures |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Violence Against Women Act===
In December 2022, the [[Violence Against Women Act]] was amended to include ''Kānaka Maoli'' survivors of gender-based violence and Native Hawaiian organizations in grant funding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/12/native-hawaiian-domestic-violence-survivors-now-eligible-for-federal-funding/|title=Native Hawaiian Domestic Violence Survivors Now Eligible For Federal Funding|first=Alicia|last=Lou|date=December 31, 2022|website=Honolulu Civil Beat|access-date=February 6, 2023|archive-date=February 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206075921/https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/12/native-hawaiian-domestic-violence-survivors-now-eligible-for-federal-funding/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable ''Kānaka Maoli''==
{{main|List of Native Hawaiians}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
In 1873, the first ''Kānaka Maoli'' were given permission from [[King Lunalilo]] (prior emigration of ''Kānaka Maoli'' outside of Hawaiʻi was not allowed) to permanently emigrate to the United States (Salt Lake City, Utah). They were Kiha Kaʻawa, and Kahana Pukahi, however Kahana Pukahi left the US in the later 1870's and went back to Hawaii, this remaining a subject of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Kiha ka'awa however remained in the US and was adopted by Mormon Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian islands) Missionary President George Nebeker upon arriving to the US, thus making Kiha Kaʻawa (adopted surname Nebeker) the very first native Hawaiian to become a U.S. citizen in 1873 prior to Hawaiʻi's annexation. Kiha Ka’awa was born November 15, 1862 in a village at Palawai, [[Lanai|Lānaʻi]]ʻ [[Maui County]], Hawaiʻi, then moved to [[Lāʻie, Hawaii|Lāʻie]] located at the Northeastern side of Oʻahu as a young boy to help develop the Mormon presence with George Nebeker and family at the present day site where the Mormon church is and the Polynesian Cultural Center is located. From Lāʻie, Kiha Ka’awa emigrated via ship with Kahana Pukahi, the Nebekers and William King to Salt Lake City Utah. Kiha remained in Utah, married twice, and had several children largely in Salt Lake City Utah area until he died on December 26, 1931. Kiha was visited in the US by Hawaiian King Kalākaua, in Ogden Utah where the King and Kiha spoke for several hours in their native language before the King's schedule had him back on his US trip, and on a train.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hawaii|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
* [[Culture of Hawaii|Culture of Hawaiʻi]]
* [[Hawaiian home land]]
* [[Hawaiian kinship]]
* [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]]
* [[History of Hawaii|History of Hawaiʻi]]
* [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Maenette K. Nee-Benham and Ronald H. Heck, Culture and Educational Policy in Hawaiʻi: The Silencing of Native Voices, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1998
* Scott Cunningham, Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality, [[Llewellyn Worldwide]], Ltd., 2000
* Rona Tamiko Tamiko Halualani, In the Name of Hawaiians: Native Identities and Cultural Politics, University of Minnesota Press, 2002
* Marshall D. Sahlins, How Natives Think: About Captain Cook, for Example, University of Chicago Press, 1995
* Thomas G. Thrum, Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends, International Law & Taxation Publishers, 2001
* Thomas G. Thrum, More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions, International Law & Taxation Publishers, 2001
* Houston Wood, Displacing Natives: The Rhetorical Production of Hawaiʻi, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999
* Kanalu G. Terry Young Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past, Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1998
* {{cite journal |last=Hanifin  |first=Patrick |year=2002 |title=To Dwell on the Earth in Unity: Rice, Arakaki, and the Growth of Citizenship and Voting Rights in Hawaii |journal=[[Hawaii Bar Journal]] |volume=5 |issue=13 |pages=15–44 |location=Honolulu, HI, USA |publisher=[[Hawaii State Bar Association]] |id={{OCLC|1775767|474805275}} |issn=0440-5048 |access-date=May 19, 2012 |url=http://kenconklin.org/mediawiki/media/b/b7/HanifinCitizen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501084324/http://kenconklin.org/mediawiki/media/b/b7/HanifinCitizen.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |url-status=live }} [https://www.angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereignty/HanifinCitizen.pdf Alt URL]
* {{cite journal |last=Hanifin  |first=Patrick W.|year=1982 |title=Hawaiian Reparations: Nothing Lost, Nothing Owed |journal=[[Hawaii Bar Journal]] |volume=XVII |issue=2 |location=Honolulu, HI, USA |publisher=[[Hawaii State Bar Association]] |id={{OCLC|1775767|474805275}} |issn=0440-5048 |access-date=June 2, 2012 |url=http://kenconklin.org/mediawiki/media/0/0b/HanifinReparations1982.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501142650/http://kenconklin.org/mediawiki/media/0/0b/HanifinReparations1982.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |url-status=live }} [https://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles/HanifinReparations1982.pdf Alt URL]
* {{cite journal|last=Kauanoe|first=Derek|author2=Breann Swann Nuuhiwa|title=We are Who We Thought We Were: Congress' Authority to Recognize a Native Hawaiian Polity United by Common Descent|journal=Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal|date=May 11, 2012|volume=13|issue=2|page=117|ssrn=2126441}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_11.2_garcia.pdf |first=Ryan William Nohea |last=Garcia |title=Who Is Hawaiian, What Begets Federal Recognition, and How Much Blood Matters |journal=Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal |date=April 14, 2010 |publisher=[[William S. Richardson School of Law]] at the [[University of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu, HI, USA |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=85 |ssrn=1758956 |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=June 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605061131/http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_11.2_garcia.pdf |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.oha.org/ Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)]
* [http://www.hawaiiancouncil.org/ Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement]
* [http://www.law.hawaii.edu/kahuliao Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115000/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/kahuliao |date=May 25, 2017 }}
* [https://www.uhm-nativehawaiianlaw.blogspot.com/ Ka Huli Ao Blog]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/minority_links/hawaiian.html |title=Newsroom: Facts on the {{sic|nolink=y|the}} Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population |author-link=United States Census Bureau |author=U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |location=Washington, DC, USA |access-date=June 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516235320/http://www.census.gov/newsroom/minority_links/hawaiian.html |archive-date=May 16, 2012 }}

{{Ethnic groups in Hawaii}}
{{Pacific Islander Americans}}
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{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Hawaii}}
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[[Category:Native Hawaiians|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Polynesia]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in the United States|*]]