View source for National academy

{{Short description|Organizational body}}
A '''national academy''' is an organizational body, usually operating with [[State (polity)|state]] financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly [[research]] activities and standards for [[academic disciplines]], and serves as a  [[public policy]] advisors, [[Research institute|research institutes]], [[Think tank|think tanks]], and [[public administration]] [[Consultant|consultants]] for governments or on issues of public importance, most frequently in the [[science]]s but also in the [[humanities]]. Typically the country's [[learned society|learned societies]] in individual disciplines will liaise with or be coordinated by the national academy. National academies play an important organisational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.

The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries. In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government; in others, as in the [[United Kingdom]], they are voluntary, [[non-profit]] bodies with which the government has agreed to negotiate, and which may receive government financial support while retaining substantial independence. In some countries, a single academy covers all disciplines. In others, there are several academies, which work together more or less closely; for example, [[France]], where the {{Lang|fr|[[Institut de France]]|italic=no}} groups five self-governing Academies, or [[Australia]]. In many states, they are organized in [[Academy of Sciences|academies of science]]. In the countries of the former [[Soviet Union]], and in the [[People's Republic of China]], the national academies have considerable power over policy and personnel in their areas. There is, however, a growing consensus among international federations of learned academies that bona fide national (or learned) academies need to adhere to certain criteria:
* The [[fellowship]] is elected, on the basis of excellence, by existing fellows (members)
* The number of fellows is restricted either to a total number or to a rate of accretion
* The governance of the academy is democratic and "bottom up". The fellowship is the ultimate source of the academy's authority
* The academy is independent of government, industry and professional associations. Most, if not all, academies derive some financial support from some or all of these other organisations but this support needs to be given in a manner that does not compromise the academy's independence.

==United States==
In 1863, [[President of the United States]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] incorporated the [[United States]] [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] (NASEM). The affiliated organizations were granted congressional charters to operate under the National Academy of Sciences. In 1916 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] reincorporated the organization under the [[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]] to foster scientific research emphasizing American industries. Today NASEM is composed of three [[non-profit]] member organizations: the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the [[National Academy of Medicine|National Academy of Medicine (NAM)]] (after 2015; formerly Institute of Medicine (IoM)). The U.S. national academies also serve as [[public policy]]  advisors, [[Research institute|research institutes]], [[Think tank|think tanks]], and [[public administration]] [[Consultant|consultants]] on issues of public importance or on request by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy and Global Affairs Units |url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/pga/policy-and-global-affairs |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.nationalacademies.org |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605192031/https://www.nationalacademies.org/pga/policy-and-global-affairs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooperative Research Programs Division |url=http://www.trb.org/AboutTRB/AboutCooperativeResearchPrograms.aspx |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.trb.org |archive-date=2020-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607110754/http://www.trb.org/AboutTRB/AboutCooperativeResearchPrograms.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blair |first=Peter D. |date=2016-06-07 |title=The evolving role of the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in providing science and technology policy advice to the US government |journal=Palgrave Communications |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1057/palcomms.2016.30 |s2cid=148496966 |issn=2055-1045 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Year founded
! Area of focus
! President
! Notes
|-
| [[National Academy of Sciences]]
| 1863
| [[Science]]
| [[Marcia McNutt]]
|
|-
| [[National Academy of Engineering]]
| 1964
| [[Engineering]]
| [[John L. Anderson]]
|
|-
|[[National Academy of Medicine]]
| 1970
| [[Medicine]]
| [[Victor Dzau]]
| Established as the Institute of Medicine (1970–2015)
|}

==United Kingdom==
In the [[United Kingdom]] four national academies are the major [[learned societies]] of England: the [[Academy of Medical Sciences]], [[British Academy]], the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]] and the [[Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acmedsci.ac.uk/policy/policy-projects/joint-academies-statement-building-a-stronger-future/|title=Joint Academies' Statement: Building a Stronger Future|publisher=The Academy of Medical Sciences|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928102815/https://acmedsci.ac.uk/policy/policy-projects/joint-academies-statement-building-a-stronger-future|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, there are the [[Learned Society of Wales]] in [[Wales]] and the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in [[Scotland]]. The [[UK Young Academy]] is for young scientists.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Country
! Year founded
! Area of focus
! Patron or President
! Notes
|-
| [[Royal Society]]
| [[England]]
| 1660
| [[Hard sciences]], [[soft sciences]]
| [[Charles III]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Fellows |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/royal-fellows/ |website=Royal Society |access-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424163800/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/royal-fellows/ |archive-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>
| The Invisible College was a precursor to the Royal Society of London. In 1660, the informal committee of 12 philosophers formed the College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning.
|-
| [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
| [[Scotland]]
| 1783
| [[Hard sciences]], [[soft sciences]], [[arts]], [[humanities]], [[medicine]], [[social sciences]]
| [[Anne Glover (biologist)|Professor Dame Anne Glover]] as President
| The Royal Society was founded during the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] as the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences.
|-
| [[British Academy]]
| [[England]]
| 1902
| [[Humanities]] and [[social sciences]]
| [https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/julia-black-pba/ Professor Julia Black CBE FBA] as President
| The British Academy was first proposed in 1899 as the British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies. The name was subsequently shortened and incorporated in 1901, receiving [[royal charter]] from [[King Edward VII]] in 1902.
|-
| [[Royal Academy of Engineering]]
| [[England]]
| 1976
| [[Engineering]]
| [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] was Senior Fellow until his death<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Fellow |url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/the-fellowship/senior-fellow |website=Royal Academy of Engineering |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826201357/https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/the-fellowship/senior-fellow |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[Anne, Princess Royal]] and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent]] as Royal Fellows<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Fellows |url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/the-fellowship/royal-fellows |website=Royal Academy of Engineering |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826162623/https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/the-fellowship/royal-fellows |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[Jim McDonald (electrical engineer)|Sir James McDonald]] as President<ref>{{cite web |title=President of the Royal Academy of Engineering |url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/staff-council-committees/the-president |website=Royal Academy of Engineering |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021220357/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-president |url-status=live }}</ref>
| The Fellowship of Engineering was conceived in the late 1960s under [[Harold Wilson]], and subsequently established in 1976. It was granted [[royal charter]] in 1983 and renamed the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992.
|-
| [[Academy of Medical Sciences]]
| [[England]]
| 1998
| [[Biomedical]] and [[health research]]
| [[Anne Mandall Johnson|Professor Dame Anne Johnson]] as President
| The academy was established by a working group chaired by [[Michael Atiyah]].
|-
| [[Learned Society of Wales]]
| [[Wales]]
| 2010
| [[Hard sciences]], [[soft sciences]], [[arts]], [[humanities]], [[medicine]], [[social sciences]]
| [[Hywel R. Thomas]] as President;<br />
Charles, [[Prince of Wales]] as Patron
|
|-
| [[UK Young Academy]]
| [[United Kingdom]] & [[Ireland]]
| 2022
| Young [[scientist]]s
| 

| The academy was established by seven UK/Irish academies.
|}

== Japan ==
In Japan, all of the national academies were established during the early years of the [[Shōwa era|Showa Era]]. The two premier national academies in the country are the [[Science Council of Japan]] and [[Japan Academy|The Japan Academy]]. Representing the artistic profession and literature is the [[Japan Art Academy]].

The [[Science Council of Japan]] (SCJ) was founded by American [[physicist]] [[Harry C. Kelly]] in 1949 during the [[Occupation of Japan|Allied occupation of Japan]] as a special organisation under the [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister's]] jurisdiction, operating independently from the [[Government of Japan]] to promoting and enhancing scientific research in the country. The SCJ represents all Japanese scientists, researchers and engineers from multiple fields from the natural sciences to the humanities, making necessary policy recommendations relating to science and technology to the national government. The SCJ has 210 Council Members stipulated by a mandated quota as well as 2,000 Associate Members nationwide.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Japanese name
!Year founded
!Area of focus
!President
!Notes
|-
|[[Science Council of Japan]]
|日本学術会議
|1949
|[[Social science|Social sciences]], [[Natural science|natural sciences]], [[engineering]], [[medicine]], [[humanities]]
|Takaaki Kajita
|
|-
|[[Japan Academy|The Japan Academy]]
|日本学士院
|1947
|[[Social science|Social sciences]], [[Natural science|natural sciences]], [[engineering]], [[medicine]], [[humanities]]
|Takeshi Sasaki
|The Japan Academy was originally established as the Tokyo Academy, becoming the Imperial Academy later in 1907. The Academy awards three prestigious awards: The Imperial Prize, The Duke of Edinburgh Prize, and The Japan Academy Prize. 
|-
|[[Japan Art Academy]]
|日本芸術院
|1937
|[[Fine art]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[drama]], dance
|Man Nomura
|
|}

==List==
{{main cat|National academies}}
{{see also|List of academies of sciences}}
* {{flag|Albania}}: [[Academy of Sciences of Albania]]
* {{flag|Armenia}}: [[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Australia}}: [[Australian Academy of Science]], [[Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering]], [[Australian Academy of the Humanities]], [[Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia]], [[National Academies Forum]]
* {{flag|Austria}}: [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}: [[Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Belarus}}: [[National Academy of Sciences of Belarus]]
* {{flag|Belgium}}: [[Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique|Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium]], [[Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature]]; see also [[Academies of Belgium]]
* {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}: [[Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* {{flag|Brazil}}: [[Brazilian Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}: [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Royal Society of Canada]], [[Canadian Academy of Health Sciences]], [[Canadian Academy of Engineering]]
* {{flag|Cambodia}}: [[Royal Academy of Cambodia]]
* {{flag|Chile}}: {{ill|Academia Chilena de Ciencias|es}}
* {{flag|China}}: [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]], [[Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]], [[Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences]]
** {{flag|Hong Kong}}: [[Hong Kong Academy of the Humanities]]
* {{flag|Costa Rica}} – [[Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)]]
* {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} – [[Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines]]
* {{flag|Croatia}}: [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}: [[Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
* {{flag|Estonia}}: [[Estonian Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Ethiopia}}: [[Imperial Academy (Ethiopia)|Imperial Academy]] (former)
* {{flag|Finland}}:  [[The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters]] ({{langx|fi|Suomalainen tiedeakatemia}}) is a Finnish-speaking academy, while [[The Finnish Society of Science and Letters]] ({{langx|sv|Finska vetenskaps-societeten}}, {{langx|fi|Suomen tiedeseura}}) is bilingual. In the field of engineering, the Finnish Academy of Technology ({{langx|fi|Teknillisten tieteiden akatemia}}, {{langx|sv|Akademin för Tekniska Vetenskaper}}) is bilingual while the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland ({{langx|sv|Svenska tekniska vetenskapsakademien i Finland}}) Swedish-speaking. The [[Academy of Finland]] is not an academy in the sense of this article, but the state research funding agency.
* {{flag|France}}: The {{Lang|fr|[[Institut de France]]|italic=no}} comprises five academies, including the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie française]]|italic=no}} and [[French Academy of Sciences]].
* {{flag|Georgia (country)|Georgia}}: [[Georgian National Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Germany}}: [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina|Leopoldina]]
* {{flag|Ghana}}: [[Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
* {{flag|Greece}}: [[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]]
* {{flag|Hungary}}: [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] ({{langx|hu|Magyar Tudományos Akadémia}})<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mta.hu/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515080528/http://www.mta.hu/ | archive-date=2006-05-15 | title=MTA: Címlap }}</ref>
* {{flag|India}}: [[The National Academy of Sciences, India]]; [[Indian National Science Academy]]; [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]; [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]; [[Sahitya Akademi]]; [[National Bal Bhawan]]; [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: [[Indonesian Academy of Sciences]] ({{langx|id|Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia}})
* {{flag|Iran}}: [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]]; [[Academy of Sciences of Iran]]; [[Iranian Academy of the Arts]]; [[Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences]]
* {{flag|Ireland}}: [[Royal Irish Academy]]
* {{flag|Israel}}: [[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
* {{flag|Italy}}: Accademia dei Fisiocritici (National Academy of Sciences of Siena), {{Lang|it|[[Accademia dei Lincei]]|italic=no}} for sciences, {{Lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italic=no}} for Italian language, [[Accademia nazionale delle scienze]] (detta dei XL); a general and supreme national academy was the [[Accademia d'Italia]] during the Fascist period.
* {{flag|Kosovo}}: [[Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo]]
* {{flag|Latvia}}: [[Latvian Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Lithuania}}: [[Lithuanian Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Montenegro}}: [[Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
* {{flag|Morocco}}: [[Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco]]
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
* {{flag|North Korea}}: [[Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoare|first=James E.|chapter=Academy of Sciences|title=Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rh5h4bZgkhEC&pg=PA36|date=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-7987-4|page=36|access-date=2017-02-06|archive-date=2023-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707153930/https://books.google.com/books?id=rh5h4bZgkhEC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|North Macedonia}}: [[Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
* {{flag|Norway}}: [[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]]
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: [[Pakistan Academy of Letters]], [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Philippines}}: [[National Academy of Science and Technology]]
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], [[Polish Academy of Learning]]
* {{flag|Portugal}}: [[Academia das Ciências de Lisboa]]
* {{flag|Romania}}: The [[Romanian Academy]] covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains.
* {{flag|Russia}}: The [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] is the main organising body for fundamental sciences and humanities. There are also five independent specialised national academies: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, [[Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences]], Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, and [[Russian Academy of Arts]]. These are government-funded, but self-governing.
* {{flag|San Marino}}: [[International Academy of Sciences San Marino]]
* {{flag|Scotland}}: [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
* {{flag|Serbia}}: [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
* {{flag|Slovenia}}: [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
* {{flag|South Africa}}: [[Academy of Science of South Africa]]
* {{flag|Spain}}: The [[Real Academia Española|Royal Academy]] is the main reference body for the [[Spanish language]]. [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando]] covers the artistic fields; [[Real Academia de la Historia]] is the organising body for History; the Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences covers the humanities; [[Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales|Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences]] covers natural sciences and mathematics; [[Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación]] covers the field of law.
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}: [[National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka]]
* {{flag|Sudan}}: [[Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Sweden}}: [[Swedish Academy]] for language, [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences]]
* {{flag|Taiwan}} (Republic of China): [[Academia Sinica]]
* {{flag|Thailand}}: [[Royal Institute of Thailand]]
* {{flag|Turkey}}: [[Turkish Academy of Sciences]] is funded by the government but maintains autonomy
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]. Other state organizations also include [[National Academy of Arts of Ukraine]], [[National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine]], [[National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine]], [[National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine]], [[National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine]], [[Minor Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]].
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: the [[Royal Society]] is recognised as the national academy for the sciences, the [[British Academy]] for the social sciences and the humanities, the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]] for engineering, and the [[Academy of Medical Sciences]] for medicine; the [[UK Young Academy]] is for young scientists.
* {{flag|United States}}: The [[National Academies (United States)|National Academies of the United States]] include four organisations: the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] (NAS), the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (NAE), the [[National Academy of Medicine]] (NAM), and the [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] (NRC).  See also [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]], [[American Academy of Diplomacy]], [[Academy of American Poets]], [[National Academy of Design]].
* {{flag|Vatican City}}: [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]]
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST)

Within most countries, the unqualified phrase "National Academy" will normally refer to that country's academy.  For example, within the United States, the plural phrase "National Academies" is widely understood to refer to the U.S. National Academies.

==See also==
* [[Academy of Medicine (disambiguation)]]
* [[Academy of Sciences]]
* [[International Science Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:National academies| ]]