View source for National Historic Preservation Act

{{Short description|1966 US law intended to preserve historic sites}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle        = National Historic Preservation Act
| othershorttitles  = National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
| longtitle         = An Act to establish a program for the preservation of additional historic properties throughout the Nation, and for other purposes.
| colloquialacronym = NHPA
| nickname          =
| enacted by        = 89th
| effective date    = October 15, 1966
| public law url    = https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/senate-bill/3035/text
| cite public law   = 89-665
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|80|915}}
| acts amended    =
| acts repealed   =
| title amended   = [[Title 54 of the United States Code|54 U.S.C.: National Park Service and Related Programs]]
| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|16|1A|II}}; § {{USCSub2|16|470}}
| sections amended =
| leghisturl      = https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/senate-bill/3035/actions
| introducedin    = Senate
| introducedbill  = {{USBill|89|S.|3035}}
| introducedby    = [[Henry M. Jackson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Washington (state)|WA]])
| introduceddate  = March 7, 1966
| committees      = [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Interior and Insular Affairs]], [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|House Interior and Insular Affairs]]
| passedbody1     = Senate
| passeddate1     = July 11, 1966
| passedvote1     = passed
| passedbody2     = House
| passedas2       = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
| passeddate2     = October 10, 1966
| passedvote2     = passed
| conferencedate  =
| passedbody3     =
| passeddate3     =
| passedvote3     =
| agreedbody3     = Senate
| agreeddate3     = October 11, 1966
| agreedvote3     = agreed
| agreedbody4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreeddate4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreedvote4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| passedbody4     =
| passeddate4     =
| passedvote4     =
| signedpresident = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| signeddate      = October 15, 1966
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| unsigneddate    = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| vetoeddate      = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| amendments      =
| SCOTUS cases    =
}}
The '''National Historic Preservation Act''' ('''NHPA''', {{USPL|89|665}}, {{usstat|80|915}}) is legislation intended to preserve historic and [[archaeological site]]s in the [[United States]]. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of [[National Historic Landmark]]s, and the [[State Historic Preservation Office]]s.

Senate Bill 3035, the National Historic Preservation Act, was signed into law on October 15, 1966, and is the most far-reaching preservation legislation ever enacted in the United States. Several amendments have been made since. Among other things, the act requires federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties (buildings, archaeological sites, etc.) through a process known as ''Section 106 Review''.

Many of the historic preservation provisions that had been in 16 U.S.C. are present in {{USC|54|300101|320303}} by {{USPL|113|287}}, which was signed into law on December 19, 2014.

==Early development==
Prior to the 1960s, "historic preservation was," according to a 2015 column in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', "neither a public policy issue nor part of America's architectural, planning and real estate development culture. Historic-preservation laws didn't exist."<ref>{{cite news|first=Roger K.|last=Lewis|date=September 11, 2015|title=Historic preservation doesn't have a long history in U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/historic-preservation-doesnt-have-a-long-history-in-us/2015/09/10/36458684-50c4-11e5-8c19-0b6825aa4a3a_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=June 18, 2017}}</ref> Although there was no national policy regarding preservation until 1966, efforts in the 19th century initiated the journey towards legislation. One of the earliest efforts of the preservation movement occurred around the 1850s. President [[George Washington]]'s home, [[Mount Vernon]], was in shambles. His nephew attempted to sell it to the federal government for $200,000, but the government did not authorize such a purchase.<ref>Christopher J. Duerken et al., ''A Handbook on Historic Preservation Law'', edited by Christopher J. Duerken (Washington D.C.: Conservation Foundation: National Center for Preservation Law, 1983), 1.</ref> To prevent further destruction or conversion of the property to a resort, [[Ann Pamela Cunningham]] founded the [[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]] to fight for this house. After establishing the first group promoting preservation efforts, they raised the money to acquire the property and protect it from ruin. Due to their efforts, this house has come to stand to represent the nation and the birth of independence, but it also, "served as a blueprint for later organizations."<ref>Christopher Tunnard, "Landmarks of Beauty," ''With Heritage So Rich'', chaired by Albert Rains, directed by Laurence G. Henderson (New York: Random House, 1966), 30. & Mitchell Schwarzer, "Myths of Permanence and Transience in the Discourse on Historic Preservation in the United States," ''Journal of Architectural Education'' 48, no. 1 (September 1994): 3–4.</ref>

In 1906, an act was passed on the behalf of the nation's history and land. President [[Teddy Roosevelt]] signed the [[Antiquities Act]] that "prohibited the excavation of antiquities from public lands without a permit from the Secretary of Interior."<ref>{{cite book |first1=Thomas F. |last1=King |title=Cultural Resource: Law and Practice |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Altamira Press |year=2004 |page=19}}</ref> It also gave the president authority to declare a specific piece of land a national monument, therefore protecting it from scavengers and proclaiming national identity.<ref>Duerken, 8.</ref>

In 1916, the [[Department of the Interior]] established a new entity known as the [[National Park Service]], the nation's first agency to regulate and manage public space, including the national monuments.<ref>King, 19.</ref> "Over the past fifty years the NPS has acquired more than {{convert|26000000|acre|km2}} of land, including not only the great chain of parks preserved for their natural beauty and value, but an extraordinary variety of historic buildings, monuments, and sites."<ref>Walter Muri Whitehall, "The Right of Cities to be Beautiful," ''With Heritage So Rich'', chaired by Albert Rains, directed by Laurence G. Henderson (New York: Random House, 1966), 48.</ref>

By 1935, Congress passed the [[Historic Sites Act]], which established a national policy for preservation and permitted the Secretary of Interior to create programs on behalf of preservation efforts.<ref>Adina W. Kanefield, ''Federal Historic Preservation Case Law, 1966-1996'', rev. ed., http://www.achp.gov/book/TOC2.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207144443/http://www.achp.gov/book/TOC2.html |date=2009-02-07 }} (accessed April 19, 2008).</ref> During the [[Great Depression]] era, the [[Historic American Buildings Survey]] (HABS) was established by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration. It provided jobs for unemployed architects, engineers, and surveyors. They were charged with surveying, recording, documenting, and interpreting historic properties, creating an invaluable documentation of numerous buildings and other structures.<ref>King, 20.</ref> The Historic Sites Act also organized the national parks under the National Park Service, which created the foundation for the future development of the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>Duekern, 8.</ref> Although the Antiquities Act and Historic Sites Act were major stepping stones for the preservation movement, these did not create a broad public "national awareness."<ref name="Kanefield">Kanefield.</ref>

On October 26, 1949, President [[Harry Truman]] signed legislation creating the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] "to facilitate public participation in the preservation of sites, buildings, and objects of national significance or international interest." In addition, the law "enforced public participation in preserving and protecting the sites, buildings, objects of national significance in American history."<ref>Whitehall, 49.</ref> Initially, the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] did not provide funds for preservation projects. Today, they offer funds for planning and education and provide a plethora of information, techniques, and methods to assist people in carrying out preservation efforts locally.

==Post WWII and urban renewal==
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right |video1 = [http://www.c-span.org/video/?400317-1/national-historic-preservation-act-50th-anniversary National Historic Preservation Act 50th Anniversary], [[C-SPAN]], 53:41, November 6, 2015 }}

In 1956, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signed the [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]] into law which established the [[Interstate Highway System]], providing an easy and efficient way for troops to depart if under attack. Due to this new construction, many historic properties were destroyed. In the 1960s, President [[John F. Kennedy]] launched the Urban Renewal Program. Hoping the plan would rejuvenate the cities, it in fact increased the destruction in the downtown areas.<ref>King, 21.</ref> The increase in population around this time, as well, and the manufacturing of cars called for a rapid change, therefore hindering our nation and its culture.<ref>Tunnard, 30.</ref> "With the urbanization, tear downs, and rebuilding America ... it is destroying the physical evidence of the past." During the 1950s and 1960s, people saw the negative changes in their cities and developed a concern for their "quality of life that reflected their identity."<ref name="King, 22">King, 22.</ref>

As a response to the nationwide destruction brought about by federally initiated programs, a report coordinated by [[Lady Bird Johnson]] analyzed the country and the effects of urban renewal. ''With Heritage So Rich'', an accumulation of essays, wrote "an expansive inventory of properties reflecting the nation's heritage, a mechanism to protect those properties from unnecessary harm caused by federal activities, a program of financial incentives, and an independent federal preservation body to coordinate the actions of federal agencies affecting historic preservation."<ref>Robert Stipe, ''A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in 21st Century'' (Chapel Hill: University of Chapel Hill Press, 2003), 35.</ref> The book triggered public awareness of the issue and offered a proposition to handle the situation through the National Historic Preservation Act.<ref name="Kanefield"/>

==National Historic Preservation Act==

The National Historic Preservation Act was signed into law by [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] on October 15, 1966.<ref>Stipe, 35.</ref> This act established several institutions: [[Advisory Council on Historic Preservation]], State Historic Preservation Office, National Register of Historic Places, and the Section 106 review process.<ref name="King, 22"/> The Section 106 Process is further explained and defined in {{USCFR|36|800}}.

Meeting four times a year, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation consists of 23 members from both public and private sectors, with the chairman appointed by the president.<ref>Stipe, 38.</ref> The council's role is to advise the President and Congress on historic preservation issues, to develop policies and guidelines handling any conflicts of federal agencies, and to participate in the Section 106 review process.<ref>Duerken, 9. & Kanefield.</ref>

The [[National Register of Historic Places]], overseen by the National Park Service, is the nation's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects worthy of preservation,<ref>King, 40.</ref> and are officially designated "historic properties" regardless of whether they are archaeological or historic. To be eligible for listing, a property must meet one of four criteria and have sufficient integrity.<ref>A property does not have to be officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places to receive protection, they just have to be considered eligible for listing on the NRHP. One historian notes that National Park Service administrators "...responded enthusiastically to their growing professional authority by issuing a new, systematic outline of American history to serve as a guideline for the agency." John A. Matzko, ''Reconstructing Fort Union'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2001), p. 65.</ref> Being listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register does not automatically prevent damage or destruction but it qualifies these approved properties for grants, loans, and tax incentives.<ref>Charles E. Fisher, "Promoting the Preservation of Historic Buildings: Historic Preservation Policy in the United States," ''APT Bulletin'' 29, no. ¾ (1998): 8.</ref>

The [[State Historic Preservation Office]] (SHPO) and Officer was established by the NHPA to coordinate statewide inventory of historic properties, nominate properties to the National Register, maintain a statewide preservation plan, assist others, and advise and educate locals.<ref>King, 42.</ref> There are a total of 59 SHPO officers, one for each state with eight additional ones, which include the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and others.

==Section 106 review process==
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act mandates federal agencies undergo a review process for all federally funded and permitted projects that will impact sites listed on, or eligible for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places. Specifically it requires the federal agency to "take into account" the effect a project may have on historic properties. It allows interested parties an opportunity to comment on the potential impact projects may have on significant archaeological or historic sites. The main purpose for the establishment of the Section 106 review process is to minimize potential harm and damage to historic properties.<ref>Stipe, 49.</ref>

Any federal agency whose project, funding or permit may affect a historic property, both those listed or eligible for inclusion in the [[National Register of Historic Places]], must consider the effects on historic properties and "seek ways to avoid, minimize or mitigate" any adverse effects on historic properties. The typical Section 106 Review involves four primary steps: 1 - Initiation of the Section 106 Review; 2 - Identification of Historic Properties; 3 - Assessment of Adverse Effects; and 4 - Resolution of Adverse Effects. Further steps may be required if there is a disagreement among the consulting parties on adverse effects or the resolution of the effects.<ref>Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, "Protection Historic Properties: A Citizen's Guide to Section 106 Review," Updated Brochure 2011.</ref>

The federal agency overseeing the project inventories the project area (or contracts with a qualified consultant) to determine the presence or absence of historic properties. They then submit to the SHPO a Determination of Effect/Finding of Effect (DOE/FOE) outlining to the SHPO the project, the efforts taken identify historic properties, and what effects, if any, the project may have on historic properties. If the project is believed to have no adverse effect on eligible historic resources and the SHPO and other consulting parties agree, then the Section 106 process is effectively closed and the project may proceed. Alternatively, if an adverse effect is expected, the agency is required to work with the local State Historic Preservation Office to ensure that all interested parties are given an opportunity to review the proposed work and provide comments. This step seeks ways for the project to avoid having an adverse effect on historic properties. Ideally, a Memorandum of Agreement is reached between all consulting parties outlining agreed to mitigation or avoidance of historic properties, but this is not always the case. Without this process historical properties would lose a significant protection. This process helps decide different approaches and solutions to the project, but does not prevent any site from demolition or alteration.<ref name="King, 22"/>

Section 107 of the National Historic Preservation Act exempts three [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C., National Historic Landmarks]] from Section 106 review: the [[White House]], the [[United States Capitol]], and the [[United States Supreme Court Building]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/National_Historic_Preservation_Act_of_19/AziiRn8yhNIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Section+107+of+the+National+Historic+Preservation+Act+of+1966&pg=PA26&printsec=frontcover |title=National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as Amended |date=1993 |publisher=Produced by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, in conjunction with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, and the National Park Service |page=26 |language=en}}</ref>

==Motives==

Early preservation efforts were driven by patriotism and a desire to protect the new establishment of the nation by wealthy, private individuals. Early efforts focused primarily on individual structures as opposed to areas such as a neighborhood in a city or a rural landscape. The preserved structures were often turned into museums to create a showcase and generate tourism.<ref>Fisher, 7.</ref> The focus of preservation eventually shifted from patriotism to the aesthetics of a structure or area and ultimately to their structural relationships with society at large.<ref>Schwarzer, 2.</ref> According to Robin Elizabeth Datel, modern motivations for preservation can be summed up in four points: 
* to retain diverse elements of past
* to perpetuate the distinctive identities of places
* to involve amateurs in landscape care
* to practice a conservation approach to environmental change.<ref>Robin Elizabeth Datel, "Preservation and a Sense of Orientation for American Cities," ''Geographical Review'' 75, no. 2 (April 1985): 125.</ref>
The economic benefits of preservation continue to become more important and better understood and documented. Preservation efforts produce the most jobs in the nation's economy<ref>Donovan D. Rypkema, T''he Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader's Guide'' (Washington D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1994), 11.</ref> and these jobs create new businesses and tourism, increase property values, and enhanced the quality of life in a community.

==Effects==
The National Historic Preservation Act has led to major changes in the employment trends in historic preservation fields. Archaeologists, historians, historic architects, and others have been employed in vast numbers in the field of cultural resource management. Cultural resource management is an umbrella term that encompasses archaeology, historic preservation and other disciplines when employed for the purposes of compliance with NHPA and other federal and state-mandated historic preservation laws.

Prior to the passage and subsequent enforcement (through litigation) of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and other laws, most archaeologists, (architectural) historians, and other historic preservation specialists were employed primarily in the field of academia, working at universities or other places of higher learning. However, since the passage of the NHPA, ever-increasing numbers of these professionals are employed in support of the [[cultural resources management]] industry. Large public works projects often require that teams of archaeologists perform limited excavations in order to properly inventory buried archaeological remains and assess their eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. This industry has also allowed a larger swath of individuals to participate in archaeology and history as, unlike in the academic arena, a PhD is not required to earn a professional livelihood.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703195936/http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/Prof_Qual_83.htm The Secretary of the Interior's Professional Qualification Standards] for archeologists require a graduate degree plus at least one year of full-time experience, at least four months of fieldwork, and demonstrated ability to carry research to completion. Additionally, the basic field work often required in support of performing inventories of cultural resources is conducted by individuals with or earning bachelor's degrees. As a result, many undergraduates and recent graduates in the fields which support the implementation of the National Historic Preservation Act have found gainful employment. In the past, they stood little chance of earning a living in these fields without an advanced degree. However, Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is still one of the lowest paying fields for educated professionals.

==See also==
*[[Tribal Historic Preservation Officer]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.achp.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/nhpa.pdf Text of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966]
* [https://archive.today/20121214081219/http://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/NHPA.htm Summary of the National Historic Preservation Act] From National Park Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228181550/https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/pubs/36cfr800.pdf 36 CRF Part 800 Protection of Historic Properties]

{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{Lyndon B. Johnson}}
{{Portal bar|History}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Historic Preservation Act Of 1966}}
[[Category:1966 in the environment]]
[[Category:Historic preservation in the United States]]
[[Category:Historic preservation legislation]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places]]
[[Category:Archaeology law]]
[[Category:United States federal legislation]]