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{{short description|Swedish signals intelligence agency}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name     = National Defence Radio Establishment
|nativename      = Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA)
|seal            = Försvarets radioanstalt vapen.svg
|seal_width      = 150px
|seal_caption    = [[Coat of arms]] of the {{nowrap|National Defence Radio Establishment}}
|logo            = Signalunderrättelsetjänsten vapen.svg
|logo_width      = 50px
|logo_caption    = {{small|Coat of arms of the [[Signals Intelligence Service (Sweden)|Signals Intelligence Service]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://riksarkivet.se/nya-heraldiska-vapen-2008 |publisher=[[National Archives of Sweden]] |title=Nya heraldiska vapen 2008 |first=Henrik |last=Klackenberg |date=2013-05-03 |access-date=14 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>
|formed          = 1 July 1942
|preceding1      =
|preceding2      =
|dissolved       =
|superseding     =
|jurisdiction    = [[Government of Sweden]]
|headquarters    = Rörbyvägen, [[Lovön]], [[Ekerö Municipality]], [[Stockholm County]]<ref name=HQ />
|coordinates     = {{coord|59|19|55.39|N|17|51|14.08|E|type:landmark_region:SE|display=inline}}
|employees       = approx. 700 (2009)<ref name=employees />
|budget          = [[Swedish krona|SEK]] 860,262,000  (2014)<ref name=budget />
|minister1_name  = {{nowrap|[[Pål Jonson]]}}
|minister1_pfo   = <br />{{nowrap|{{small|[[Minister for Defence (Sweden)|Minister for Defence]]}}}}
|chief1_name     = {{nowrap|Björn Lyrvall}}
|chief1_position = <br />{{nowrap|{{small|[[Director-General]]}}}}<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2019/11/bjorn-lyrvall-ny-generaldirektor-for-forsvarets-radioanstalt-fra/ |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Björn Lyrvall ny generaldirektör för Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA) |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019 |language=sv}}</ref>
|chief2_name     = {{nowrap|Charlotta Gustafsson}}
|chief2_position = {{nowrap|{{small|Deputy Director-General}}}}<ref name="fra.se (2016)"/>
|parent_agency   = [[Ministry of Defence (Sweden)|Ministry of Defence]]
|keydocument1    = [http://www.esv.se/sv/Verktyg--stod/Statsliggaren/Regleringsbrev/?RBID=15516 Regleringsbrev (2014)]
|website         = [http://www.fra.se/ www.fra.se]
|footnotes       =
}}

The '''National Defence Radio Establishment''' ({{langx|sv|Försvarets radioanstalt}}, '''FRA''') is a [[Government Agencies of Sweden|Swedish
government agency]] organised under the [[Ministry of Defence (Sweden)|Ministry of Defence]]. The two main tasks of FRA are [[signals intelligence]] (SIGINT), and support to government authorities and state-owned companies regarding [[computer security]].<ref name="HQ" /><ref name="uppdragsgivare" />

The FRA is not allowed to initialize any surveillance on their own,<ref name="datainspektionen" /> and operates purely on assignment from the [[Government of Sweden|Government]], the [[Government of Sweden#Government ministries and offices|Government Offices]], the [[Swedish Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], the [[Swedish National Police Board]] and [[Swedish Security Service]] (SÄPO).<ref name=uppdragsgivare>{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/omfra/myndighetenfra/uppdragsgivare.87.html |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=Uppdragsgivare |access-date=17 March 2014 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081356/http://www.fra.se/omfra/myndighetenfra/uppdragsgivare.87.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>  Decisions and oversight regarding information interception is provided by the Defence Intelligence Court and the Defence Intelligence Commission; additional oversight regarding protection of privacy is provided by the [[Swedish Data Protection Authority]].<ref name="external_review" />

== History ==
{{One source|section|date=March 2014}}

Signals Intelligence has existed in Sweden since 1905 when Swedish [[General Staff (Sweden)|General Staff]] and [[Naval Staff (Sweden)|Naval Staff]] respectively, had departments for signals intelligence and [[cryptanalysis]]. These departments succeeded, for instance, to decode the Russian Baltic Sea Fleet [[cipher]]. After [[World War I]], this ability mostly ceased as politicians did not see its value and did not grant funding. The [[Swedish Navy]] still continued in a smaller scale and developed the competence further. One of the first major successes was in 1933 when the cipher of the Russian [[OGPU]] (predecessor to [[KGB]]) was solved.

In 1937, the Swedish [[Defence Staff (Sweden)|Defence Staff]] was established and the Crypto Department, with its Crypto Detail IV, was responsible for cryptanalysis. In 1940, when Germany occupied Denmark and Norway, the German ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' requested to use the Swedish [[telephone network]] for its communication. This was accepted and Crypto Detail IV immediately started to intercept. The traffic was almost always encrypted by the German state-of-the-art cipher machine [[Geheimfernschreiber]]. This device was believed to produce indecipherable messages, with its 893,622,318,929,520,960 different crypto key settings. After two weeks of single hand work, the Swedish professor of mathematics [[Arne Beurling]], decoded the cipher of the Geheimfernschreiber with only use of pencil and paper. This achievement was described by [[David Kahn (writer)|David Kahn]], in his book ''The Codebreakers'': "Quite possibly the finest feat of cryptanalysis performed during the Second World War was Arne Beurling's solution of the secret of the G-schreiber." During [[World War II]], some 296,000 German messages were intercepted and in 1942 the Swedish Government took the decision to establish Försvarets Radioanstalt.

The first stationary collection site was located in the middle of [[Stockholm]], but in 1940 it was moved to a number of villas in the suburban island of Lidingö. More sites were established in Sweden and in 1943, FRA moved its headquarters to Lovön, some 15&nbsp;km from [[Stockholm]]. In the 1960s, even the location of the FRA headquarters was still highly secret.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Rosell |editor-first1=Marianne |editor-last2=Ljungqvist |editor-first2=Arne |editor-last3=Åhgren |editor-first3=Åsa |title=Försvarets radioanstalt 50 år: 1942-1992 |trans-title=Defence Radio Establishment 50 years: 1942-1992 |year=1992 |publisher=Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA) |location=Bromma |language=sv |id={{LIBRIS|1499703}} |url=http://www.signalspaning.se/fra_50ar/fra_50_ar.pdf |page=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311122920/http://www.signalspaning.se/fra_50ar/fra_50_ar.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-11 }}</ref>

=== Notable events ===

==== Operation Stella Polaris ====
{{Main|Operation Stella Polaris}}
In the final stage of the [[Continuation War]], 1943–44, when the [[Soviet Union]] threatened to occupy [[Finland]], Finnish intelligence requested to transfer about 200 specialists and advanced intelligence equipment to Sweden to establish an exile organisation. A transfer of a small contingent personnel and materials, [[Operation Stella Polaris]], was carried out over a couple of nights in September 1944. Stella Polaris gave Sweden access to a wealth of qualified materials and signals intelligence officers, some of which were also employed. For Finland, it resulted in a domestic political affair and due to the Communist Party's strong influence in the government, several of the so-called "Soviet Hostiles" involved received prison sentences.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Rosell |editor-first1=Marianne |editor-last2=Ljungqvist |editor-first2=Arne |editor-last3=Åhgren |editor-first3=Åsa |title=Försvarets radioanstalt 50 år: 1942-1992 |trans-title=Defence Radio Establishment 50 years: 1942-1992 |year=1992 |publisher=Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA) |location=Bromma |language=sv |id={{LIBRIS|1499703}} |url=http://www.signalspaning.se/fra_50ar/fra_50_ar.pdf |page=27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311122920/http://www.signalspaning.se/fra_50ar/fra_50_ar.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-11 }}</ref>

==== The Catalina affair ====
{{main|Catalina affair}}

On 13 June 1952, the Swedish Air Force aircraft Tp 79 ''Hugin'' ([[Douglas DC-3|DC-3]]) disappeared during a signal intelligence reconnaissance mission east of the Swedish island of [[Gotland]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. The Swedish government initially claimed that the flight was only a navigational exercise, but later admitted that the aeroplane had U.S. electronic surveillance equipment and five specialists from FRA on board. Three days later, a Swedish Air Force search-and-rescue plane of the type Tp 47 ([[PBY Catalina|Catalina]]) was shot down by a Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]] fighter, but the crew was rescued by a nearby West German freighter ship. The Soviet Union denied any involvement in the disappearance of the DC-3, despite the fact that a raft from the aeroplane was found during the search with shrapnel from MiG-15 ammunition. In 1956, the Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] admitted to Swedish Prime Minister [[Tage Erlander]] that the Soviet Union was indeed responsible for shooting down the plane, but this was not made public, not even to the relatives of the crewmen. Russia officially acknowledged the shooting down in 1991. In 2003, the wreck of the shot-down DC-3 was found about 55&nbsp;km east of [[Gotland]]. Several of the crewmen's remains were found in the fuselage and the damage to the plane showed that it really had been shot at by a Soviet MiG-15 fighter.

== Organizational structure ==
FRA's operational activity are organized into four departments: The Signals Intelligence Service ({{langx|sv|Signalunderrättelsetjänsten}}), The Department for Internet Operations ({{langx|sv|Avdelningen för cyberverksamhet}}), The Department for Internal Support Services ({{langx|sv|Avdelningen för verksamhetsstöd}}) and The Department for Technical Development and Other Technical Assistance ({{langx|sv|Avdelningen för teknisk utveckling och annat tekniskt stöd}}). In addition to this there is also a command staff and a number of specialist functions reporting directly to the Director-General.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/omfra/myndighetenfra/organisation.84.html |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=FRA:s organisation |access-date=14 March 2014 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310173029/http://www.fra.se/omfra/myndighetenfra/organisation.84.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref>

=== Leadership ===
{| style="width: 50%;"
| The following is a list of the Director-Generals:  || Deputy Director-Generals:
|- valign="top"
|
* [[Torgil Thorén]] (1942–1957)
* Gustaf Tham (1957–1963)
* Karl Gustaf Linden (1963–1972)
* Lars R. Ljunggren (1972–1985)
* Pär Kettis (1985–1989)
* [[Bengt Wallroth]] (1989–1994)
* Per Kjellnäs (1994–2003)
* Ingvar Åkesson (2003-2013)
* [[Dag Hartelius]] (2013–2019)
* Björn Lyrvall (2019–present)
||
* Johan Tunberger (2000–2003)
* Anders Wik (2003–2008)
* Christina Malm (2008–2015)
* Charlotta Gustafsson (2017–present){{#tag:ref|Appointed on 19 October 2016 and took office on 1 January 2017.<ref name="fra.se (2016)">{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/snabblankar/nyheterochpress/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter/nyoverdirektorutseddforfra.284.html |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=Ny överdirektör utsedd för FRA |trans-title=New Deputy Director General appointed for FRA |date=19 October 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016 |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202021745/http://www.fra.se/snabblankar/nyheterochpress/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter/nyoverdirektorutseddforfra.284.html |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|group=note}}
|}

== Facilities and equipment ==
[[ File:FRA i Kåseberga 2011..jpg|thumb|right|FRA SIGINT tower in Kåseberga, [[Scania]] ]]

The main headquarters is located on the island of [[Lovön]] in [[Stockholm County]].<ref name=HQ>{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/omfra.6.html |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=Om FRA |trans-title=About FRA |access-date=13 March 2014 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314020418/http://www.fra.se/omfra.6.html |archive-date=14 March 2014 }}</ref> The government allocated a total of SEK 860 million for the FRA in the annual budget for the fiscal year of 2014; an increase in spending with 38 million compared to the previous year, due to "greater technical costs and changes abroad".<ref name="budget">{{cite web |url=http://www.regeringen.se/download/f1fdc12f.pdf?major=1&minor=111788&cn=attachmentDuplicator_0_attachment |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Budgetpropositionen Försvarsdepartementet "Försvar och samhällets krisberedskap" |access-date=13 March 2014 |language=sv}}{{Dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>  In 2009, the number of employees was "just below 700", according to the FRA.<ref name="employees">{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/download/18.6bc8a61512cc555baf580004532/arsredovisning-2009.pdf |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=Öppen version av Försvarets radioanstalts årsredovisning 2009 |access-date=13 March 2014 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320172839/http://www.fra.se/download/18.6bc8a61512cc555baf580004532/arsredovisning-2009.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2014 }}</ref>

Interception of signals is done from fixed sites on Swedish territory, from the SIGINT ship {{HSwMS|Orion|A201|6}} operated by the [[Swedish Navy]], to be replaced by [[HSwMS Artemis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/12760/a/144452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714030400/http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/12760/a/144452 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-07-14 |title=Regeringskansliet (Government Offices of Sweden) website |access-date=2010-09-29 |language=sv }}</ref> and from two [[Gulfstream IV|S102B Korpen]] aircraft operated by the [[Swedish Air Force]].

=== Computing ===
[[TOP500]] credited FRA with owning the world's fifth fastest [[supercomputer]] in their November 2007 list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top500.org/lists/2007/11/ |publisher=[[TOP500]] |title=Lists / November 2007 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/datorer/article51117.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200910/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/datorer/article51117.ece |work=[[Ny Teknik]] |title=FRA femma på världens superdatorlista |first=Jan |last=Melin |date=13 November 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>  According to the director-general's chief of staff, the computer is being used for "cryptography and information security."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/datorer/article253831.ece |work=[[Ny Teknik]] |title=FRA köper gigantisk superdator från HP |first=Jan |last=Melin |date=2007-06-05 |access-date=14 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> By November 2013, the supercomputer had fallen off the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.top500.org/list/2013/11/?page=5 |publisher=[[TOP500]] |title=Top500 List - November 2013 |date=November 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.top500.org/system/177213 |publisher=[[TOP500]] |title=Top 500 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>

== Legal framework ==

=== Change in legislation ===
The FRA has a long history of intercepting radio signals, as the main [[intelligence agency]] producing and managing SIGINT in [[Sweden]] since 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idg.se/2.10186/1.227487 |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]] |title=Matematiken knäckte den tyska koden |first=Pär |last=Rittsel |date=2010-09-14 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.9946/hemligt-fra-visar-historien |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]] |title=Hemligt FRA visar historien |first=Pär |last=Rittsel |date=2006-03-28 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> However, up until 2009 the FRA was limited to wireless [[Communications intelligence#COMINT|communications intelligence]] (COMINT), including wireless phone and Internet signals, something that was also left largely unregulated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.regeringen.se/49bb48/contentassets/110edfb2ce474e249cc3dba3c90d1d06/betankande-forsvarets-radioanstalt---en-oversyn |author=Utredningen om översyn av Försvarets radioanstalt |title=Försvarets radioanstalt - en översyn: betänkande |series=Statens offentliga utredningar, 0375-250X; 2003:30 |year=2003 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-38-21978-6 |id={{LIBRIS|8878823}} |page=154 |quote=Det har således i svensk rätt bedömts att det inte finns något rättsligt skydd för den enskildes integritet mot avlyssning eller inhämtning av signaltrafik som befordras trådlöst}}</ref> As an ever-increasing amount of communications have transferred from radio to cables, the question of enabling FRA to collect information from cable communication was addressed by [[Persson Cabinet|Göran Persson's cabinet]] in a government appointed [[Parliamentary inquiry committee|committee of inquiry]] led by General [[Owe Wiktorin]] in 2003, resulting in a report suggesting a change in legislation ([http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/3488 SOU 2003:30]). In July 2005, the [[Minister for Defence (Sweden)|Minister for Defence]] [[Leni Björklund]] published a [[memorandum]] ([http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/47685 Ds 2005:30]) with proposed legislation changes, later passed on to the [[Reinfeldt Cabinet|Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt]] and Minister for Defence, [[Mikael Odenberg]].<ref name="turerna" />

Prior to the change in legislation, the main law regulating FRA was the defence intelligence act ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Lag-2000130-om-forsvarsunde_sfs-2000-130/ SFS 2000:130]); and the telecommunications act of 1993 ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-1993-597/ SFS 1993:597]) required all companies operating a telecommunication network in Sweden to assist in government COMINT, under confidentiality. This act was replaced in 2003 by the electronic communications act ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/_sfs-2003-389/ SFS 2003:389]), as a result of changes in [[Directive (European Union)|EU directives]].<ref name=anpassad>{{cite book|url=http://www.regeringen.se/download/2ee1ba0a.pdf?major=1&minor=78367&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment |title=En anpassad försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet |series=Ds : departementsserien, 0284-6012; 2005:30 |year=2005 |publisher=Försvarsdepartementet, Regeringskansliet |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-38-22401-1 |id={{LIBRIS|9964337}} }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== The FRA-law ====
The new [[Bill (law)|bill]] ([http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8670/a/78367 Prop. 2006/07:63]), generally referred to the "FRA law" ({{langx|sv|FRA-lagen}}), proposed changes in the defence intelligence act, the electronic communications act, the secrecy act of 1980 ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-1980-100/ SFS 1980:100]), and the creation of an all new law regulating SIGINT.<ref name="anpassad" /> These changes would have allowed the FRA to monitor both wireless and cable bound signals passing the Swedish border without a court order,<ref name="bbc" /> while also introducing several provisions designed to protect the privacy of individuals, according to the original proposal.<ref name="anpassad" /> The law's proponents argued for the need to give FRA new guidelines and a modernised legal framework, in order to regulate [[Computer and network surveillance|Internet surveillance]] and to combat threats to national security more effectively, such as terrorism and serious [[transnational crime]]; while opponents to the law claimed it enabled [[mass surveillance]] and violated [[privacy]] rights.<ref name="snabbguide" /> The [[Riksdag]] passed the bill on 18 June 2008, after a heated debate amid public protests, and it went into effect on 1 January 2009.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7463333.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Sweden approves wiretapping law |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=snabbguide>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/snabbguide-vad-handlar-fra-lagen-om/ |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=Snabbguide: Vad handlar FRA-lagen om? |last=Rosén |first=Hans |date=2009-08-24 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/fra-protester-utanfor-riksdagen_1378779.svd |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=FRA-protester utanför riksdagen |first1=Jenny |last1=Kallin |first2=Alexandra |last2=Hernadi |date=18 June 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>

Criticised for being too far-reaching, in an attempt to address the privacy concerns raised during the [[parliamentary procedure]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/ja-till-fra-lagen_3651685.svd |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Ja till FRA-lagen |last=Olsson |first=Tobias |date=14 October 2009 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> the Government soon thereafter proposed an amendment to the law ([http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/126974 Prop. 2008/09:201]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/andrad-fra-lag-nu-ute-pa-remiss/ |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=Ändrad FRA-lag nu ute på remiss |author=TT |date=2008-12-22 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv|author-link=Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå }}</ref> to strengthen protection of privacy by making court orders a requirement,<ref name=skydd>{{cite web |url=http://www.regeringen.se/download/be22a3db.pdf?major=1&minor=126974&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Förstärkt integritetsskydd vid signalspaning (Prop. 2008/09:201) |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and imposing several limits on the intelligence-gathering.<ref name="limits">{{cite web |url=http://rod.se/alliansen-enig-om-stora-%C3%A4ndringar-i-fra-lag/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310123656/http://rod.se/alliansen-enig-om-stora-%C3%A4ndringar-i-fra-lag/ |publisher=Riksdag & Departement |title=Alliansen enig om stora ändringar i FRA-lag |last=Sjögren |first=Per-Anders |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref name=villkor>{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/militart-hot-villkor-for-fra-spaning_1788753.svd|work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Militärt hot villkor för FRA-spaning |last1=Bynert |first1=Simon |first2=Emma |last2=Johansson |date=26 September 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10911/a/112332 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928003516/http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10911/a/112332 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2008 |publisher=Regeringen |title=Alliansen enig om stärkt integritet, tydligare reglering och förbättrad kontroll i kompletteringar till signalspaningslagen |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv }}</ref> The amendment passed the Riksdag on 14 October 2009 and went into effect on 1 December 2009 ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-2008-717/ SFS 2008:717]).<ref name=turerna>{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/i-morgon-borjar-fra-lagen-galla_3868431.svd |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=I morgon börjar FRA-lagen gälla |last=Hernadi |first=Alexandra |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=10 March 2014| language=sv}}</ref>

=== Current legal framework ===
According to the law ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-2008-717/ SFS 2008:717]), SIGINT is only permitted in order to assess:<ref name="skydd" /><ref name="villkor" />

# external [[military threat]]s to the country,
# conditions for Swedish participation in [[Peacekeeping|peace support operations]] and international [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian efforts]] or any threat to the security of [[national interests]] in the implementation of such efforts,
# strategic matters regarding international [[terrorism]] or other serious [[transnational crime]] that could threaten important national interests,
# development and proliferation of [[Weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]], military equipment and items referred to in the law on the control of [[Dual-use technology|dual-use items]] and technical assistance,
# serious external threats to the [[public infrastructure]],
# conflicts abroad with ramifications for [[international security]],
# foreign intelligence operations against national interests, or
# a foreign powers actions or intentions of vital importance to [[Foreign relations of Sweden|Swedish foreign policy]] or security and [[Military policy|defence policy]].

The FRA is not allowed to initialize any surveillance on their own,<ref name=datainspektionen>{{cite web |url=http://www.datainspektionen.se/Documents/beslut/2010-12-07-fra.pdf |publisher=[[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] |title=Datainspektionens redovisning av regeringsuppdraget Fö2009/355/SUND |date=2010-12-06 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603163744/http://www.datainspektionen.se/Documents/beslut/2010-12-07-fra.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and only gets access to communication lines as decided by [[The Defence Intelligence Court (Sweden)|The Defence Intelligence Court]].<ref name="turerna" /><ref name="limits" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lagen.nu/2008:717#P4aS1 |website=www.lagen.nu |title=SFS 2008:717 |language=sv}}</ref> Communications service providers are legally required, under confidentiality, to transfer cable communications crossing Swedish borders to specific "interaction points", where data may be accessed after a court order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/download/2ee1ba0a.pdf?major=1&minor=78367&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Prop. 2006/07:63 |pages=83–86 (section 7.3.7) |access-date=21 March 2014 |quote=De trådägande operatörerna skall till särskilda samverkanspunkter överföra all trafik som förs över Sveriges gräns. Samverkanspunkter väljs av de trådägande operatörerna och skall anmälas av dem till den myndighet som regeringen bestämmer. [...] Tystnadsplikt för samtliga operatörer skall gälla för uppgift som hänför sig till angelägenhet som avser inhämtning av signaler i elektronisk form enligt förslaget till lag om signalspaning i försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet. }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svt.se/ug/blogg/fra-kan-signalspana |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |title=Internetbolag ovetande om FRA:s signalspaning |first=Gunnar |last=Rensfeldt |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lagen.nu/2003:389#K6P21S1 |website=www.lagen.nu |title=6 kap. 21 § LEK (SES 2003:389) |language=sv}}</ref> The number of companies affected by the legislation was estimated as "being limited (approximately ten)".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/download/2ee1ba0a.pdf?major=1&minor=78367&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Prop. 2006/07:63 |pages=84–85 |access-date=21 March 2014 |quote=Antalet trådägande operatörer vars tråd korsar rikets gräns är litet (ett tiotal) i förhållande till antalet andra operatörer (t.ex. Internet Service Providers), dvs. det är bara ett fåtal operatörer som träffas av skyldigheten. De icke trådägande operatörerna varierar mer i antal över tiden och det är därför inte rimligt att en ständig samverkan kring överföringen skall ske med alla dessa. }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  The law does not permit intelligence-gathering by interception of signals where both the sender and recipient is located in Sweden, only signals crossing the borders of Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lagen.nu/2008:717#P2S1 |website=www.lagen.nu |title=§2 & §a2 SFS 2008:717 |language=sv}}</ref>

Initially, only the [[Government of Sweden|Government]], the [[Government of Sweden#Government ministries and offices|Government Offices]] and the [[Swedish Armed Forces]] could use FRA's SIGINT capabilities.<ref name="datainspektionen" /><ref name="turerna" /> But after criticism from [[Swedish Security Service]] (SÄPO),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=3165626 |publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]] |title=Säpo kritisk till nya FRA-lagen |first=Erik |last=Ridderstolpe |date=14 October 2009 |access-date=10 March 2014|language=sv}}</ref> a change was made allowing The [[Swedish National Police Board]] and SÄPO to make use of the FRA as well, under otherwise unchanged regulations. The bill ([http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/Polisens-tillgang-till-signals_GZ03179/ Prop. 2011/12:179]) passed in the [[Riksdag]] on 28 November 2012 with the help of the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]], and went into force on 1 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/16422/a/199494 |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Säkerhetspolisen och Rikskriminalpolisen föreslås få rätt att inrikta signalspaning |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310123739/http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/16422/a/199494 |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://computersweden.idg.se/2.2683/1.479525/klubbat-polisen-far-anvanda-fra |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]] |title=Klubbat: Polisen får använda FRA |last=Videla |first=Emanuel |date=2012-11-28 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref name=social-democratic-change>{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/nu-ger-s-sapo-ratt-att-signalspana_5806877.svd |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Nu ger S Säpo rätt att signalspana |last1=Olsson |first1=Lova |last2=Hennel |first2=Lena |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>

=== Data retention ===
Any personal data that may have been retained can not be stored for longer than 12 months, which is a year less than the maximum allowed by the [[Data Retention Directive]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lagen.nu/2007:261#P2S2 |website=www.lagen.nu |title=2§ SFS 2007:261 |language=sv}}</ref>  In 2008, prior to the change in legislation, a news report from [[Sveriges Television|SVT]], based on an account from an [[anonymous source]], alleged the FRA had been storing personal information for much longer;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svt.se/nyheter/sverige/fra-lagrar-svenska-telesamtal-och-mejl |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |title=FRA lagrar svenska telesamtal och mejl |last=Struwe |first=Filip |date=16 June 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> leading to a private citizen lodging a complaint with the police. Ultimately, a prosecutor did not launch a full-scale investigation, as it was deemed not illegal at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/ingen-forundersokning-mot-fra_1477757.svd |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Ingen förundersökning mot FRA |author=TT |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv|author-link=Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå }}</ref>

== Oversight ==
FRA is subject to regular reviews by several external government agencies.<ref name=external_review>{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/omfra/myndighetenfra/tillstandkontrollochgranskning.86.html |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=Tillstånd, kontroll och granskning |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310135748/http://www.fra.se/omfra/myndighetenfra/tillstandkontrollochgranskning.86.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref>

=== The Defence Intelligence Court ===
All SIGINT has to be authorized by the Defence Intelligence Court (Swedish: ''{{Interlanguage link|Försvarsunderrättelsedomstolen|sv}}''), a special court based in [[Kista]], independent of the FRA and appointed by the Government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.undom.se/default.html|publisher=Försvarsunderrättelsedomstolen |title=Försvarsunderrättelsedomstolen |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>  It is composed of a chairman, assisted by one or two vice-chairmen, and 2-6 special members of the court, holding office for four years. The [[quorum]] of the court is a chairman and two special members,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Lag-2009966-om-Forsvarsunde_sfs-2009-966/ |publisher=[[Riksdag]] |title=Lag (2009:966) om Försvarsunderrättelsedomstol |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> and each case is assessed and approved individually.<ref name="turerna" /> A special [[ombudsman]] from the court is also tasked to monitor and argue for the privacy rights of individuals.<ref name="skydd" /> The decisions of the court cannot be appealed, something that is motivated, in part, by [[information sensitivity]] and the fact that special knowledge and physical protection of infrastructure and documents is needed.<ref name="council-opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.lagradet.se/yttranden/Forstarkt%20integritetsskydd%20vid%20signalspaning.pdf |publisher=[[Council on Legislation (Sweden)|The Council on Legislation]] |title=Opinion 2009-05-07 |page=4 |date=2009-05-07 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> A government agency of legal experts reviewed the amendment ([http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/126974 Prop. 2008/09:201]) in 2009, and did not express any objection:

{{Blockquote|The ban on appeal deviates from the perceived main rule in Swedish law, namely that a decision of a court may be appealed. In reality, however, a leave to appeal is mostly required nowadays for a case to be considered by a higher court, which is why the first court decision is also the final instance for most cases. [...] The marginal benefits to be gained with a right of appeal by the special ombudsman can equally well be achieved with high-quality court members and delegates. [The Council] considers the proposed appointment process a guarantee for high-quality members and delegates.|sign=[[Council on Legislation (Sweden)|The Council on Legislation]]|source=Opinion 2009-05-07<ref name="council-opinion" />}}

The court has been led by former district court chairman Lieutenant Colonel Runar Viksten since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article680063.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055504/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article680063.ece |work=[[Ny Teknik]] |title=Nya FRA-domaren har uppdrag för försvaret |first=Monica |last=Kleja |date=19 November 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>

=== The Defence Intelligence Commission ===
The Defence Intelligence Commission (Swedish: ''Statens inspektion för försvarsunderrättelseverksamheten'', SIUN) is the management authority tasked to supervise the FRA, ensuring it follows court orders issued by the Defence Intelligence Court, and that all laws and regulations governing FRA is followed, including privacy laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siun.se/ |publisher=SIUN |title=Statens inspektion för försvarsunderrättelseverksamheten |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> SIUN obtains possession over all signals, and they are only made available to the FRA by permission of the court.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lagen.nu/2008:717#P12S2 |website=www.lagen.nu |title=12 § 2008:717 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> Furthermore, the commission is obliged to launch an investigation whenever someone suspects they are the target of unauthorized SIGINT.<ref name="skydd" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siun.se/om_siun.html |publisher=SIUN |title=Om SIUN |trans-title=About SIUN |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>  The commission is not tasked or authorized to review decisions made by the court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regeringen.se/download/be22a3db.pdf?major=1&minor=126974&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] |title=Förstärkt integritetsskydd vid signalspaning (Prop. 2008/09:201) |page=97 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== The Swedish Data Protection Authority ===
The [[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] is a public authority, organized under the [[Ministry of Justice (Sweden)|Ministry of Justice]], tasked to protect the individual's privacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datainspektionen.se/in-english/ |publisher=[[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] |title=In English: The Swedish Data Protection Authority |access-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310135505/http://www.datainspektionen.se/in-english/ |archive-date=2014-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As such, it audits the FRA on how they process personal data. In December 2010, after a two-year-long audit, a special mission led by the board examining FRA concluded its operations are within bounds of applicable legislation.<ref name="datainspektionen" /><ref name="di-granskning" /><ref name="fra-granskning" />

== International cooperation ==
{{See also|Global surveillance disclosure}}

The legislation allows for the transfer of data to other states, if authorized by the Government, enabling exchanges of intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/493032/IPOL-LIBE_ET(2013)493032_EN.pdf |publisher=[[European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs|LIBE]] |title=National programmes for mass surveillance of personal data in EU Member States and their compatibility with EU law |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lagen.nu/2008:717#P9S1 |website=www.lagen.nu |title=9§ SFS 2008:717 |language=sv}}</ref>  In return, Sweden could receive information of importance to the national interest, something the [[Director-General]] of FRA Ingvar Åkesson and the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Carl Bildt]] both stressed when the legislation was debated in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2008/07/10/sverige-fra-erkanner-informationsutbyte |publisher=[[Yle]] |title=Sverige: FRA erkänner informationsutbyte |first=Pamela |last=Friström |date=2008-07-10 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/fra-chefen-bekraftar-hemligt-utbyte-av-uppgifter/ |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=FRA-chefen bekräftar hemligt utbyte av uppgifter |last=Thelénius-Wanler |first=Emma |date=2008-07-09 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/fra-chef-medger-byte-av-information_1447009.svd |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=FRA-chef medger byte av information |author=TT |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv|author-link=Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/sverige-samarbetar-med-diktaturer/ |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=Sverige samarbetar med diktaturer |date=2008-09-14 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>

In 2013, documents provided to the media by [[Edward Snowden]] appeared to confirm Sweden had shared intelligence with foreign intelligence agencies, revealing Sweden had provided the [[NSA]] with a "unique collection on high-priority Russian targets such as leadership, internal politics, and energy."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svt.se/ug/nsafra4 |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |work=[[Uppdrag granskning]] |title=NSA "asking for" specific exchanges from FRA - Secret treaty since 1954 |first=Gunnar |last=Rensfeldt |date=8 December 2013 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svt.se/ug/read-the-snowden-documents-from-the-nsa |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |work=[[Uppdrag granskning]] |title=Read the Snowden Documents From the NSA |first=Gunnar |last=Rensfeldt |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>  In response, [[Minister for Defence (Sweden)|Minister for Defence]] [[Karin Enström]] was quoted as saying that Sweden's intelligence exchange with other countries is "critical for our security" and that "intelligence operations occur within a framework with clear legislation, strict controls and under parliamentary oversight."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/fra-spionerar-pa-ryssland-at-usa/ |work=[[Sydsvenskan]] |title=FRA spionerar på Ryssland åt USA |author=TT |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv|author-link=Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article3792082.ece |work=[[Ny Teknik]] |title=FRA spionerar på Ryssland åt USA |author=[[Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå|TT]]/Ny Teknik |date=2013-12-05 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> Anni Bölenius, head of communications at the FRA, told [[Reuters]]: "We do in general have international cooperation with a number of countries, which is supported in Swedish legislation, but we do not comment on which ones we cooperate with".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-spying-idUSBRE9B40AG20131205 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=Sweden key partner for U.S. spying on Russia: TV |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=5 December 2013 |quote="We do in general have international cooperation with a number of countries, which is supported in Swedish legislation, but we do not comment on which ones we cooperate with," Anni Bolenius, head of communications at the FRA said. |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205220732/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/05/us-sweden-spying-idUSBRE9B40AG20131205 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Mass surveillance ==
{{See also|National_Defence_Radio_Establishment_(Sweden)#Current_legal_framework|label 1=Current legal framework|Mass surveillance}}

The FRA have been contested since the change in its legislation, mainly because of the public perception the change would enable [[mass surveillance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=2184064 |publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]] |title=FRA-spaning inte så stor som framställts |last=Bjurbo |first=Peter |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>  The FRA categorically deny this allegation.<ref name="turerna" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fra.se/omfra_faq_lag.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611040026/http://www.fra.se/omfra_faq_lag.shtml |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=FRA Påståenden och klargöranden |year=2009 |archive-date=2007-06-11 |language=sv}}</ref> Anni Bölenius, head of communications at the FRA, believes the public perception of mass surveillance is incorrect, saying: "It is not as we can turn on the traffic ourselves. We have to [[Order to show cause|show cause]] and seek authorization."<ref name=turerna />

The [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] expressed their opposition to the legislation changes initially, but have since changed their views.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/socialdemokraterna-vill-behalla-fra-lagen/ |newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=Socialdemokraterna vill behålla FRA-lagen |first=Mats J |last=Larsson |date=2013-09-10 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref> In 2013, they provided support for an expansion of the law, to also include [[Swedish Security Service|SÄPO]] and The [[Swedish National Police Board]].<ref name="social-democratic-change" /> This change comes after the amendment to the law, with the establishment of [[The Defence Intelligence Court (Sweden)|The Defence Intelligence Court]] and a narrowed scope, giving it more emphasis on [[defense intelligence|defence intelligence]].<ref name="turerna" /> The court also hear each case on an individual basis, something [[Minister for Defence (Sweden)|Minister for Defence]] [[Sten Tolgfors]] have been quoted as saying, "should render the debate on mass surveillance invalid."<ref name="limits" />

=== Reports and reviews ===

* In 2008, the Swedish public interest litigator Centrum för rättvisa brought at case against the FRA to the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. The court decided to push ahead with the case in spite of objections from the Swedish government and is expected to make a ruling in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://centrumforrattvisa.se/uncategorized-en/swedish-surveillance-regime-in-the-european-court-of-human-rights/ |publisher=Centre for Justice |title=Swedish Surveillance Regime in the European Court of Human Rights |date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
* In 2009, [[Council on Legislation (Sweden)|The Council on Legislation]] expressed its opinion on the amendment ([http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/126974 Prop. 2008/09:201]), saying it results in "significant changes", "strengthening protection of privacy, as protected by the [[Constitution of Sweden|constitution]] and [[European Convention on Human Rights|conventions]]", because "SIGINT may only take place with expressly stated purposes in accordance with the law, which does not include general criminal investigation or prevention."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lagradet.se/yttranden/Forstarkt%20integritetsskydd%20vid%20signalspaning.pdf |publisher=[[Council on Legislation (Sweden)|The Council on Legislation]] |title=Opinion 2009-05-07 |date=2009-05-07 |access-date=10 March 2014 |quote=[Förslaget] som har remitterats till Lagrådet innebär väsentliga ändringar i förhållande till den nuvarande lagregleringen. Enskildas grundlags- och konventionsskyddade krav på skydd mot intrång i privatlivet förstärks, bl.a. genom att signalspaning ska få ske endast i vissa i lagen angivna syften, som inte omfattar att förebygga eller utreda brott i största allmänhet. |language=sv}}</ref>
* In 2010, a report issued after a two year long review by the [[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] said, "they hadn't made any observations indicating FRA process personal data in order to map general Internet usage."<ref name="datainspektionen" /><ref name="di-granskning">{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/di-positiv-till-fra-men-ser-brister/ |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=DI positiv till FRA men ser brister |first=Ossi |last=Carp |date=2010-12-07 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref name=fra-granskning>{{cite web|url=http://www.fra.se/snabblankar/nyheterochpress/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter/datainspektionensgranskningavfraklar.111.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430001036/http://www.fra.se/snabblankar/nyheterochpress/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter/datainspektionensgranskningavfraklar.111.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2013 |publisher=National Defence Radio Establishment |title=Datainspektionens granskning av FRA klar |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv }}</ref> However, the [[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] found that the FRA did not follow the law in all cases, and that it was, in particular, difficult to follow up on how well the FRA follows the law through logs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datainspektionen.se/press/nyheter/2010/datainspektionen-rapporterar-sitt-fra-uppdrag-till-regeringen/ |publisher=[[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] |title=Datainspektionen rapporterar sitt FRA-uppdrag till regeringen |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |language=sv}}</ref> The exact same violation was observed again by the authority in a follow-up review in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datainspektionen.se/press/nyheter/2016/datainspektionen-klar-med-granskning-av-fra/ |publisher=[[Swedish Data Protection Authority]] |title=Datainspektionen klar med granskning av FRA |date=25 October 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |language=sv}}</ref> So far, no sanctions have been exacted on the FRA for not following the law.
* In 2014, as a result of the [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|NSA leaks]], [[European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs|LIBE]] [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A7-2014-0139+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN passed a motion] for a [[European Parliament]] [[non-binding resolution]], calling on Sweden to ensure its legislative frameworks were in line with the standards of [[European Convention on Human Rights|ECHR]] and [[Data Protection Directive|EU data protection]] legislation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige-behover-skarpt-dataskydd/ |newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |title=Sverige behöver skärpt dataskydd |first=Annika |last=Ström Melin |date=2014-02-11 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europaportalen.se/2014/01/svenskt-spioneri-far-kritik-i-eu-parlamentet |publisher=Europaportalen |website=www.europaportalen.se |title=Svenskt spioneri får kritik i EU-parlamentet |first=Fredrik |last=Haglund |date=9 January 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |language=sv}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA)}}
* [[Signals intelligence]]
* [[Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries]]
* [[Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation]]
Similar government agencies in other countries:
* [[National Security Agency]] (NSA)
* [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ)

==Footnotes==
<references group="note"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130707103418/http://fra.se/snabblankar/english.10.html The National Defence Radio Establishment official site]
* [http://www.undom.se/ The Defence Intelligence Court official site (Swedish)]
* [http://www.siun.se/ The Defence Intelligence Commission official site (Swedish)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140310135505/http://www.datainspektionen.se/in-english/ Official site] of the [[Swedish Data Protection Authority]]

{{Ministry of Defence (Sweden)}}
{{Signals intelligence agencies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Defence agencies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Sweden|Defence Radio Establishment]]
[[Category:Cryptography organizations]]
[[Category:Signals intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Military intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Military of Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1942]]
[[Category:2008 in law]]
[[Category:2009 in law]]
[[Category:Politics of Sweden]]
[[Category:Terrorism laws]]
[[Category:Law of Sweden]]
[[Category:Mass surveillance]]