View source for Nathan Bedford Forrest

{{Short description|Confederate States Army general, farmer and Ku Klux Klan leader (1821–1877)}}
{{About|the Confederate general|other uses|Nathan Bedford Forrest (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = 
| name          = Nathan Bedford Forrest
| image         = File:Nathan B. Forrest - LOCc.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = <!--Portrait {{circa|1862-65}} by unknown photographer ([[Brady-Handy collection]], Library of Congress)-->
| nickname      = "Old Bed"{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=210}}<br />"Wizard of the Saddle"{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=326}}
| birth_name    = Nathan Bedford Forrest
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1821|07|13|mf=yes}}
| birth_place   = [[Chapel Hill, Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1877|10|29|1821|07|13|mf=yes}}
| death_place   = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.
| placeofburial = Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
| allegiance    = {{flag|Confederate States}}
| branch        = {{army|Confederate States}}
| serviceyears  = 1861–1865
| rank          = [[File:Confederate States of America General-collar.svg|25px]] [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit          = {{Plain list|
* White's Company "E"
* Tennessee Mounted Rifles
* [[7th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)]]
| commands         =
* 3rd Tennessee Cavalry
* Forrest's Cavalry Brigade
* Forrest's Cavalry Division
* [[Forrest's Cavalry Corps]]
}}
| battles       = {{tree list}}
* [[American Civil War]]
** [[Battle of Fort Donelson]]
** [[Battle of Shiloh]]
** [[First Battle of Murfreesboro]]
** [[Battle of Brentwood]]
** [[Streight's Raid]]
** [[Battle of Chickamauga]]
** [[Battle of Okolona]]
** [[Battle of Paducah]]
** [[Battle of Fort Pillow]]
** [[Battle of Brices Cross Roads]]
** [[Battle of Tupelo]]
** [[Second Battle of Memphis]]
** [[Battle of Johnsonville]]
** [[Third Battle of Murfreesboro]]
** [[Battle of Nashville]]
** [[Wilson's Raid]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = 
| relations     = {{Plain list|
* [[Mary Forrest Bradley]] (granddaughter)
* [[Nathan Bedford Forrest II]] (grandson)
* [[Nathan Bedford Forrest III]] (great-grandson)
* [[John N. Forrest]] (brother)
* [[William H. Forrest]] (brother)
* [[Aaron H. Forrest]] (brother)
* [[Jesse A. Forrest]] (brother)
* [[Jeffrey E. Forrest]] (brother)
* [[Mat Luxton]] (half-brother)
}}
}}

'''Nathan Bedford Forrest''' (July 13, 1821{{spnd}}October 29, 1877) was a [[General officers in the Confederate States Army|general]] in the [[Confederate States Army|Army]] of the [[Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]]. After the war ended, Forrest was elected to lead the [[First Klan|Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan]] as its first and only [[Grand Wizard]], though not a founding member, serving almost two years from the 1867 inception of his title, until his order to dissolve the organization in January 1869.

Before the Civil War, Forrest amassed substantial wealth as a horse and cattle trader, [[real estate broker]], [[Slave markets and slave jails in the United States|slave jail]] operator, [[List of slave traders of the United States|interstate slave trader]], and cotton plantation owner. In June 1861, shortly after the Civil War began with the splitting of the United States into the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and the Confederacy, Forrest enlisted in the Confederate Army. Forrest became one of the few soldiers during the war to enlist as a [[private (rank)|private]] and be promoted to general without previous military training. An expert [[cavalry]] leader, Forrest was given command of [[Forrest's Cavalry Corps|a cavalry corps]] and established new doctrines for mobile forces, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of the Saddle". He used his cavalry troops as [[mounted infantry]] and often deployed [[artillery]] as the lead in battle, thus helping to "revolutionize cavalry tactics".<ref name="HawkinsPierpaoli2014">{{cite book|author1=A.W.R. Hawkins III|author2=Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.|author3=Spencer C. Tucker|editor1-last=Tucker|editor1-first=Spencer C.|title=500 Great Military Leaders [2 volumes]|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-758-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZHgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|language=en|chapter=Forrest, Nathan Bedford (1821–1877)|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162505/https://books.google.com/books?id=SZHgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Starr2007">{{cite book|author=Stephen Z. Starr|title=The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: The War in the West, 1861–1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9cb1XyN3cgC&pg=PA48|year=2007|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3293-7|page=48|quote=...Nathan Bedford Forrest, whom his superiors did not recognize for the military genius he was until it was too late...|access-date=March 2, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162402/https://books.google.com/books?id=L9cb1XyN3cgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 1864, in what has been called "one of the bleakest, saddest events of [[Military history of the United States|American military history]]",<ref name="Eicher20022">{{cite book |author=David J Eicher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p94XzYASDAC&pg=PA657 |title=The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-1846-7 |pages=657– |access-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162517/https://books.google.com/books?id=1p94XzYASDAC&pg=PA657#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> troops under Forrest's command at the [[Battle of Fort Pillow#Massacre|Battle of Fort Pillow]] massacred hundreds of surrendered [[Union army|Union Army]] troops, [[Free Negro|free blacks]] and Tennessean [[Southern Unionist]]s. The slaughter, which is perhaps the most infamous application of the [[Slavery during the American Civil War#Confederate no-quarter policy|Confederate no-quarter policy for black combatants]], was blamed on Forrest in many newspapers in the North, and the stories of the killings may have strengthened the Union's resolve to win the war. Forrest's level of responsibility for the massacre is still widely debated by historians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gwynne |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQL8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA332 |title=Hymns of the Republic: The Story of the Final Year of the American Civil War |year=2020 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-1623-0 |pages=332 |quote=Forrest's responsibility for the massacre has been actively debated for a century and a half. Forrest spent much time after the war trying to clear his name. No direct evidence suggests that he ordered the shooting of surrendering or unarmed men, but to fully exonerate him from responsibility is also impossible. |access-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162520/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQL8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA332#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

Forrest joined the [[Ku Klux Klan]] in 1867, two years after the organization's founding, and was elected its first [[Grand Wizard]].<ref name="Tabbert2006">{{cite book|last1=Tabbert|first1=Mark A.|title=American Freemasons: Three Centuries of Building Communities|year=2006|publisher=NYU Press|page=83|isbn=9780814783023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xvs8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83}}</ref> The group was a secretive network of dens across the [[Southern United States#Reconstruction and Jim Crow era|post-war South]], where politically active black people and their allies were threatened, assaulted and murdered. The Klan, with Forrest at the lead, suppressed the [[Voting rights in the United States|voting rights]] of blacks through violence and intimidation during the [[1868 United States elections|elections of 1868]]. In 1869, Forrest expressed disillusionment with the terrorist group's lack of discipline,<ref name="Martinez2012PA193">{{cite book|author=J. Michael Martinez|title=Terrorist Attacks on American Soil From the Civil War Era to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQG_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0324-2|page=193|quote=Although Forrest repudiated the group's activities after less than two years, he transformed the budding terrorist organization into an effective mechanism for promoting white supremacy in the Old South.|access-date=March 19, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185417/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQG_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|url-status=live}}</ref> and issued a letter ordering the dissolution of the Ku Klux Klan as well as the destruction of its costumes; he then withdrew from the organization. Forrest later denied being a Klan member,<ref name="Quarles1999">{{cite book|author=Chester L. Quarles|title=The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhcnmDIQOW8C&pg=PA28|year=1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0647-0|page=28|access-date=August 24, 2020|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162523/https://books.google.com/books?id=fhcnmDIQOW8C&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the 1870s twice made statements in support of racial harmony and black dignity.<ref name="memphis-appeal" /> During the last years of his life, he served on the board of a railroad and farmed [[President's Island]] using [[convict labor]]. Forrest died of illness in 1877, at the age of 56.

==Early life and career==
[[File:Nathan Bedford Forrest Boyhood Home.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nathan Bedford Forrest Boyhood Home]], Chapel Hill, Tennessee (2021)]]
Nathan Bedford Forrest was born July 13, 1821 to Miriam (Beck) and William Forrest, a poor settler family living in a secluded frontier cabin near the [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Chapel Hill, Tennessee]] (then part of [[Bedford County, Tennessee|Bedford County]], but now in [[Marshall County, Tennessee|Marshall County]]).<ref name="Young1914">{{cite book|author=Bennett Henderson Young|title=Confederate Wizards of the Saddle: Being Reminiscences and Observations of One who Rode with Morgan|url=https://archive.org/details/confederatewizar00youn|year=1914|publisher=Chapple Publishing Company, Limited|location=Boston, Massachusetts|page=[https://archive.org/details/confederatewizar00youn/page/126 126]}}</ref>{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}}

[[File:Crop and autotune Forrest's early home in Hernando, Mississippi from Mathes, J. Harvey - 1902 - General Forrest - facing page 11.jpg|thumb|Early home of the Forrest family in [[Hernando, Mississippi]], photograph published 1902]]
His father was of English descent, and while most of Nathan's biographers state that his mother was of [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] descent, the Memphis Genealogical Society asserts that she, too, was of English descent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ansearchin' News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCtZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22They%20were%20of%20English%20origin%22|year=1996|publisher=Memphis Genealogical Society|page=39|quote=It is time to publish the truth about Miriam Beck Forrest and her family. They were of English origin and came from Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Miriam's parents, John Emasy Beck and his wife, Frances Watts, were among the earlier settlers of Bedford Co., Tenn. John Emasy's grandfather was Jeffrey Beck, born in Bucks Co., Pa., to Edward and Sarah Beck and moved via Virginia to North Carolina|access-date=April 26, 2020|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162406/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCtZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22They%20were%20of%20English%20origin%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

He and his twin sister, Fanny, were the two eldest of 12 children. Their great-grandfather, Shadrach Forrest, moved between 1730 and 1740 from [[Virginia]] to [[North Carolina]], where both his son (Bedford's grandfather) and grandson (Bedford's father) were born; they moved to Tennessee in 1806{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}} and he died in [[Bedford, Tennessee]] the year before Nathan Bedford was born. Forrest's family lived in a log house (now preserved as the [[Nathan Bedford Forrest Boyhood Home]]) from 1830 to 1833.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory{{snd}}Nomination Form: Nathan Bedford Forrest Boyhood Home|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/8ce5812c-f929-4b35-b606-b24a73e3e2cf|website=National Park Service|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929211802/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/8ce5812c-f929-4b35-b606-b24a73e3e2cf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Allan Wyeth]], who served in an Alabama regiment under Forrest, described it as a one-room building with a loft and no windows.<ref>{{harvnb|Wyeth|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=skGjjKeIZ1QC&pg=PA1 1]}}. "The cabin, which was his mother's home, claimed no more than eighteen by twenty feet of earth to rest upon, with a single room below and half-room or [[loft]] overhead. One end of this building was almost entirely given up to the broad fireplace, while near the middle of each side swung, on wooden hinges, a door. There was no need of a window, for light and air found ready access through the doorways and cracks, and down through the wide chimney. A pane of glass was a luxury as yet unknown to this primitive life. Around and near the house was a cleared patch of land containing several acres enclosed with a straight stake fence of cedar rails, and by short cross fences divided into a yard immediately about the cabin; rearward of this a garden, and a young orchard of peach, apple, pear, and plum trees."</ref>

William Forrest continued blacksmithing in Tennessee until 1834, when the family moved to [[Salem, Mississippi]].{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Elkins|first=Ashley|date=June 4, 2000|title=HED: Surprisingly scenic|url=https://www.djournal.com/news/hed-surprisingly-scenic/article_82baa3d6-fc90-505f-80b9-5ed6ccce5cce.html|work=djournal.com|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929211802/https://www.djournal.com/news/hed-surprisingly-scenic/article_82baa3d6-fc90-505f-80b9-5ed6ccce5cce.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When his father died in 1837, Nathan became the primary caretaker of the family at age 16.{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}} Forrest ventured into a business partnership with his uncle Jonathan Forrest in [[Hernando, Mississippi]] in 1841. His uncle was subsequently killed at the business in 1845 by the Matlock brothers during an argument. In retaliation, Bedford shot and killed two of them with his two-shot pistol and wounded two others with a borrowed knife thrown to him. One brother later served under Forrest's command, for a time, during the Civil War.<ref>{{citation|last=Gitlin|first=Marty|year=2009|title=The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an American Subculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ4YHu0DX0AC&pg=PA66|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=66|isbn=978-0313365768|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162524/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ4YHu0DX0AC&pg=PA66|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest's early business ventures included a [[Livery yard|livery stable]], a [[stagecoach]] line, and a [[brickyard]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Huebner|first=Timothy S.|date=December 27, 2017|title=Confronting the true history of Forrest the slave trader|pages=15A|work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel|department=Opinion|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-confronting/128490393/|access-date=July 19, 2023|archive-date=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929214007/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-confronting/128490393/|url-status=live }}</ref> He became well known as a Memphis speculator and Mississippi gambler.<ref>Ward 2006, p. 31</ref>

{{image flip|[[File:"N. B. Forrest—Before the War" from Andrew Nelson Lytle's Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company (1931).jpg|left|thumb|upright|"N. B. Forrest – Before the War" from Andrew Nelson Lytle's ''Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company'' (1931)]]}}
In 1858, Forrest was elected a Memphis city [[alderman]] as a [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)#North and South pull apart|Southern Democrat]] and served two consecutive terms.<ref name="Wills2014">{{cite book|author=Brian Steel Wills|title=The River Was Dyed with Blood: Nathan Bedford Forrest and Fort Pillow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUocAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|year=2014|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-4604-1|page=35|access-date=March 13, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163556/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUocAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm;jsessionid=8030570241121831204263?migration=3&topic=5&id=342018&type=image&metadata=show&page=&bhcp=1|title=Domestic slave trade site|publisher=Inmotionaame.org|access-date=October 9, 2012|archive-date=March 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320214214/http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm;jsessionid=8030570241121831204263?migration=3&topic=5&id=342018&type=image&metadata=show&page=&bhcp=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> He purchased two large cotton plantations in [[Coahoma County, Mississippi]] and bought a [[Concurrent estate|one-half property interest]] in an Arkansas plantation in 1859;<ref name="Mathes1902">{{cite book|author=James Harvey Mathes|title=General Forrest|url=https://archive.org/details/generalforrest01mathgoog|year=1902|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/generalforrest01mathgoog/page/n249 16]}}</ref> by October 1860, he owned at least 3,345 acres in Mississippi.{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=64}} He acquired several [[cotton]] plantations in [[Mississippi Delta|the Delta]] region of [[West Tennessee]].{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}}{{sfn|Hurst|1993|p=57}}{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}}{{sfn|Axelrod|2011|p=84}} By the time the [[American Civil War]] started in 1861, he had become one of the wealthiest men in the Southern United States, having amassed a "personal fortune that he claimed was worth $1.5 million".<ref>{{citation|last=Winik|first=Jay|year=2002|title=April 1865: The Month That Saved America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1aAXrO9zPAC&pg=PA276|publisher=Harper Perennial|page=176|isbn=978-0060930882|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163625/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1aAXrO9zPAC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}</ref>

Forrest stood {{convert|6|ft|2|in|m|sp=us}} in height, weighed about {{convert|180|lb|kg}}, rarely drank and abstained from tobacco use.<ref name="YaleWhite1970">{{cite book|author1=Wesley W. Yale|author2=Isaac Davis White|author3=Hasso von Manteuffel|title=Alternative to Armageddon: The Peace Potential of Lightning War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-4EAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0813506661|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-4EAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Browning|2004|p=8}}<ref name="Ross2008">{{cite book|author=D. Reid Ross|title=Lincoln's Veteran Volunteers Win the War: The Hudson Valley's Ross Brothers and the Union's Fight for Emancipation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94nIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276|year=2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7641-3|page=276|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163617/https://books.google.com/books?id=94nIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Knight2014" /> He was known as a tireless rider in the saddle and a skilled [[Swordsmanship|swordsman]].<ref name="Gentry1972">{{cite book|author=Claude Gentry|title=General Nathan Bedford Forrest: The Boy and the Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFlLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22contrary%20to%20military%20custom%22|year=1972|publisher=Magnolia Publishers|page=48|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163610/https://books.google.com/books?id=cFlLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22contrary%20to%20military%20custom%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest was noted as having a "striking and commanding presence" by U.S. Army Captain Lewis Hosea, an aide to Gen. [[James H. Wilson]]. He was often described as generally mild-mannered, but according to Hosea and other contemporaries who knew him, his demeanor changed drastically when provoked or angered.<ref name="Jones2015">{{cite book|author=James Pickett Jones|title=Yankee Blitzkrieg: Wilson's Raid through Alabama and Georgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNEeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-6164-8|page=41|access-date=August 30, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163630/https://books.google.com/books?id=TNEeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Although he was not formally educated, according to Spaulding, Forrest was able to read and write clear and grammatical English, although he was a poor speller.{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=533}} He was initiated into Freemasonry, but did not progress beyond the Entered Apprentice degree.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabbert|first1=Mark A.|title=American Freemasons: Three Centuries of Building Communities|year=2006|publisher=NYU Press|page=229|isbn=9780814783023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xvs8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|access-date=November 18, 2021|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162514/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xvs8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Nathan B. Forrest, William H. Forrest, Jesse A. Forrest, Jeffrey E. Forrest.jpg|thumb|The brothers Forrest, left to right: N. B. Forrest, [[William H. Forrest]], [[Jesse A. Forrest]] (photographed after the civil war), and [[Jeffrey E. Forrest]]; there may be no surviving photographs of [[Aaron H. Forrest]] and [[John N. Forrest]] ]]
[[File:Capt William M Forrest With a Group of the Members of Gen Nathan Bedford Forrest s Staff.jpg|thumb|N. B. Forrest, his 15-year-old son W. M. Forrest, and his 25-year-old brother J. E. Forrest all enlisted in the Confederate States Army on the same day; Jeffrey Forrest was killed in action at the [[Battle of Okolona]] in 1864 ("Capt. William M. Forrest With a Group of the Members of Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest's Staff" ''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', February 9, 1908)]]
Forrest had twelve brothers and sisters; two of his eight brothers and three of his four sisters died of [[typhoid fever]] at an early age, all at about the same time.{{sfn|Welsh|1999|p=70}}{{sfn|Hurst|1993|p=20}} He also contracted the disease, but survived; his father recovered but died from residual effects of the disease five years later when Bedford was 16. His mother, Miriam, then married James Horatio Luxton, of [[Marshall, Texas]], in 1843 and gave birth to four more children.{{sfn|Mitcham|2016|p=13}} All of Forrest's younger brothers{{mdash}}in order, [[John N. Forrest]], [[William H. Forrest]], [[Aaron H. Forrest]], [[Jesse A. Forrest]], and [[Jeffrey E. Forrest]]{{mdash}}worked as slave traders with Bedford before the war.<ref name="Huebner2023" /> All but John, who was a disabled veteran of the [[Mexican–American War]], served as [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] military officers in Tennessee and Mississippi during the American Civil War.{{sfn|Wyeth|1989|pp=6–8}} Forrest's son William M. Forrest served as his [[aide-de-camp]],{{sfn|Wyeth|1989|p=120}} and his half-brother [[Mat Luxton]] was a sergeant and scout in his cavalry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Special to The Examiner|date=2023-01-04|title=Preserving historic Camp Family Cemetery|website=Navasota Examiner|url=https://www.navasotaexaminer.com/article/news/preserving-historic-camp-family-cemetery|access-date=2023-12-17|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217174004/https://www.navasotaexaminer.com/article/news/preserving-historic-camp-family-cemetery|url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1845, Forrest married Mary Ann Montgomery (1826–1893), the niece of a Presbyterian minister who was her legal guardian.{{sfn|Ashdown|Caudill|2006|p=10}} They had two children, William Montgomery Bedford Forrest (1846–1908), who enlisted at the age of 15 and served alongside his father in the war, and a daughter, Fanny (1849–1854), who died in childhood. There are also reports dating to 1864 that Forrest had two children, Thomas and Narcissa, with an enslaved woman named [[Catharine (Tennessee)|Catharine]].{{sfn|Hurst|1993|pp=36–37}}

Forrest's grandson, [[Nathan Bedford Forrest II]] (1872–1931), became commander-in-chief of the [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Confederate Veteran Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKkVAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nathan%20Bedford%20Forrest%20II%22|year=2003|publisher=Sons of Confederate Veterans|page=59|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509165049/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKkVAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nathan%20Bedford%20Forrest%20II%22|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Grand Dragon]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] in Georgia and secretary of the national organization.{{sfn|Ashdown|Caudill|2006|p=187}} His granddaughter, [[Mary Forrest Bradley]], served as president of the Tennessee Division of the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]].<ref name= virginia>{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= November 5, 1926|title= "UNCLE TOM" GETS WALLOPED: Insult to Film Slavery Story Here, Forrest Chapter Says of Movie Plan|url= https://utc.iath.virginia.edu/onstage/films/1927/fiar158at.html|work= The Scimitar|location= [[Memphis, Tennessee]]|publisher= |access-date= November 10, 2025}}</ref> A great-grandson, [[Nathan Bedford Forrest III]] (1905–1943), graduated from [[West Point]] and rose to the rank of brigadier general in the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]]; he was killed during a bombing raid over [[Nazi Germany]] in 1943, becoming the first American general to die in combat in the [[European theatre of World War II|European theater]] during World War II.{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=387}}

== Slave trading ==
[[File:Slave trade in the Memphis, Tennessee, City Directory, 1855 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Forrest & Maples]] advertisement in the Memphis city directory]]
[[File:Business card advertising Forrest, Jones & Co. as "Dealers in Slaves" 01.jpg|thumb|Reverse side of card advertising Forrest, Jones & Co. with handwritten note "sold Madison to Forrest"<ref>{{cite web|title=Business card advertising Forrest, Jones & Co. as 'Dealers in Slaves'|date=1859–1860|at=William Hicks Jackson (1834–1903) Papers, 1766–1978, I-K-6, Box 1, Folder 10, 41940|work=Tennessee State Library and Archives|publisher=Tennessee Virtual Archive|url-status=live|url=https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15138coll18/id/1072|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509165041/https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15138coll18/id/1072|archive-date=May 9, 2024|access-date=2023-12-07}}</ref> (Tennessee Virtual Archive)]]
Nathan Bedford Forrest{{mdash}}disparaged by [[Parson Brownlow]] in 1864 as a "sin-hardened negro trader, and livery stable man of Memphis"{{mdash}}was a notable [[Slave trade in the United States|slave trader of the United States]] from 1851 to 1860. Forrest was considered one of the "big four"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mooney|first=Chase C.|title=Slavery in Tennessee|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1957|isbn=978-0-8371-5522-7|location=Bloomington|pages=50|via=[[HathiTrust]]|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005995115|access-date=July 16, 2023|archive-date=August 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816205104/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005995115|url-status=live }}</ref> "phenomenally large" traders of Memphis, which was the "first-class market" for slave trading in Tennessee.{{sfn|Bancroft|2023|page=249}} He is believed to have sold thousands of slaves during his career and had profits of hundreds of thousands of dollars in 1850s currency.<ref name="Huebner2023">{{Cite journal|last=Huebner|first=Timothy S.|author-link=Timothy S. Huebner|date=March 2023|title=Taking Profits, Making Myths: The Slave Trading Career of Nathan Bedford Forrest|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/879775|journal=Civil War History|language=en|volume=69|issue=1|pages=42–75|doi=10.1353/cwh.2023.0009|s2cid=256599213|issn=1533-6271|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Primarily based in Memphis, he was able to open a second storefront in Vicksburg in 1858.<ref name="Huebner2023" /> During the American Civil War, Forrest cited his business experience in a written request for an independent command: "I have resided on the Mississippi for over twenty years, was for many years engaged in buying and selling negroes, and know the country perfectly well between Memphis and Vicksburg, and also am well acquainted with all the prominent [[Planter class|planters]] in that region, as well as above Memphis."<ref name="Huebner2023" />

After initially working as an independent slave trader, he was first in partnership with Seaborne S. Jones, second in partnership with [[Byrd Hill]] (a more experienced manager of [[negro mart]]s), third in partnership with [[Josiah Maples]], then again a sole proprietor, and finally reunited with Jones.<ref name="Huebner2023" />

Beginning in the Forrest & Maples era, his business was headquartered at [[Forrest's jail|87 Adams Street]] in Memphis, where several other slave traders had their [[slave pen]]s and auction yards, thus making the area an efficient [[business cluster]].<ref name="Huebner2023" /> After the war, a woman named Nellie Harbold placed a [[Family reunification ads after emancipation|family reunification ad]] hoping to find her children, Lydia, Miley A., and Samuel Tirley, all of whom had been sold to separate buyers out of "the yard of Forrest the Trader" in Memphis in 1854.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nellie Harbold looking for her children Lydia, Miley A., and Samuel Tirley · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery|url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/422|access-date=2024-12-02|website=informationwanted.org}}</ref> Forrest was traditionally said to have been trained by the principals of [[Bolton, Dickens & Co.]], a multimillion-dollar operation that traded in a dozen Southern cities, but recent research suggests this may be apocryphal.<ref name="Huebner2023" /> After the completion of the [[Memphis and Charleston Railroad]] in 1857, Forrest began moving slaves by rail from [[South Carolina]], including a carpenter named Richard and a man named Bent, both of whom promptly ran away from their new owners in Tennessee.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carey|first=Bill|title=Runaways, Coffles and Fancy Girls: A History of Slavery in Tennessee|publisher=Clearbrook Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-9725680-4-3|location=Nashville, Tennessee|pages=134–135|language=en-us|lccn=2018903570|oclc=1045068878}}</ref> In 1859, media coverage of Forrest's business spotlighted a particular servant for sale, an enslaved girl said to be the daughter of [[Frederick Douglass]] and being advertised as a "[[Fancy girls|likely girl]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Betsy|date=February 25, 2016|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest and Douglass' Daughter|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/nathan-bedford-forrest-and-douglass-daughter/article_3eac4a2c-d44d-53f7-b7e5-51a3c43ac911.html|access-date=July 13, 2023|website=Nashville Scene|language=en|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713181954/https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/nathan-bedford-forrest-and-douglass-daughter/article_3eac4a2c-d44d-53f7-b7e5-51a3c43ac911.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HomeJournal1859">{{Cite news|date=January 20, 1859|title=Fred Douglass' Daughter for Sale|pages=1|work=The Home Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-home-journal-fred-douglass-daughter/128157561/|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713190539/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-home-journal-fred-douglass-daughter/128157561/|url-status=live }}</ref> Historian [[Tim Huebner]] asserts this was likely Anna Marie Bailey, a niece of Douglass.<ref name="Huebner2023" />

{{Blockquote|text=Among the servants offered for sale by a Mr. Forrest of Memphis, Tenn., is a girl who is known to be the daughter of the notorious Fred Douglass, the "free-nigger" Abolitionist.—She is said to be of the class known among the dealers as a "likely girl," and is a native of North Carolina.—She remembers her "parient" very vividly, having seen him during his last visit to the [[Old North State]]. The ''[[Memphis Avalanche]]'' suggests that as Fred is ample able to make the outlay he should either purchase his own flesh and blood from servitude, or cease his shrieks over an institution which possesses such untold horrors.|author=Winchester (Tenn.) ''Home Journal'', 1859<ref name="HomeJournal1859" />}}
[[File:Forrest's jail in Memphis from Bird's-eye view of the City of Memphis, Tennessee in the 1870s.jpg|thumb|Location of 87 and 89 Adams marked in red (streets have since been renumbered; historical marker is in parking lot behind church)]]
[[File:"The Old Negro Mart" Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 27, 1907.jpg|thumb|The Memphis ''Commercial Appeal'' claimed in 1907 that this had been Forrest's slave pen,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1907-01-27|title=The Old Negro Mart|pages=48|work=The Commercial Appeal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-the-old-negro-mart/136081600/|access-date=2023-12-01|archive-date=December 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201185517/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-the-old-negro-mart/136081600/|url-status=live }}</ref> but [[Forrest's jail]] was between Second and Third.{{sfn|Hurst|1993|page=37}} In 1862, the ''Daily Union Appeal'' described Forrest's jail as "a filthy den, and it would make any decent man sick to be there one night."<ref>{{Cite news|date=1862-08-16|title=Are we to have a new jail?|pages=3|work=Daily Union Appeal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-union-appeal-are-we-to-have-a-new/136082314/|access-date=2023-12-01|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203231537/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-union-appeal-are-we-to-have-a-new/136082314/|url-status=live }}</ref>]]
In 1859, a federal investigation found that Forrest also sold 37 individuals illegally imported to the United States from Africa on the slave ship ''[[Wanderer (slave ship)|Wanderer]]''.<ref name="Huebner2023" /> Forrest, who advocated for the [[Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade|reopening of the transatlantic slave trade]], later told an interviewer that he had been an initial investor in the ''Wanderer'' shipment.<ref name="Huebner2023" /> In January 1860, the ''New York Times'' reported that the Forrest, Jones & Co. negro mart building in Memphis had both collapsed and then caught fire; two people died.<ref name="nytimes1860">{{Cite news|date=January 19, 1860|title=A Double Catastrophe in Memphis. A NEGRO MARKET AND A NEWSPAPER OFFICE IN RUINS.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/19/archives/a-double-catastrophe-in-memphis-a-negro-market-and-a-newspaper.html|access-date=May 4, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=May 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504184250/https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/19/archives/a-double-catastrophe-in-memphis-a-negro-market-and-a-newspaper.html|url-status=live }}</ref> The firm's [[Bill of sale|bills of sale]] for people, "amounting in the aggregate to {{USD|400,000|1860|link=no|about=yes|round=-1}}" were salvaged.<ref name="nytimes1860" /> Forrest had recently moved from 87 Adams to 89 Adams, which allowed him to increase his holding capacity from a maximum of 300 slaves to a maximum of 500.<ref name="Huebner2023" /> Forrest subsequently sold his interest in the business after the building catastrophe and reinvested the profit into [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantations]].<ref name="Huebner2023" /> A marker was erected at the former site of Forrest's slave mart in downtown Memphis, on land currently owned by [[Calvary Episcopal Church (Memphis, Tennessee)|Calvary Episcopal Church]], and was dedicated on April 4, 2018.<ref name="Huebner2023" />

==American Civil War==

===Early cavalry command===
After the Civil War broke out, Forrest returned to Tennessee from his Mississippi ventures and enlisted in the [[Confederate States Army]] (CSA) on June 14, 1861. He reported for training at [[Fort Wright (Tennessee)|Fort Wright]] near [[Randolph, Tennessee]],<ref name="Chalmers1878">{{cite book|author=James R. Chalmers|editor=R.A. Brock|title=Southern Historical Society Papers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex5PAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA455|volume=7|year=1878|publisher=Virginia Historical Society|page=455|chapter=Lieutenant-General N. B. Forrest and His Campaigns|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170140/https://books.google.com/books?id=ex5PAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA455#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> joining [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]] Josiah White's cavalry Company E, nicknamed "the Tennessee Mounted Rifles" of the [[7th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)|7th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment]], as a [[Private (rank)|private]] along with his youngest brother, [[Jesse A. Forrest]], and 15-year-old son, William Montgomery Forrest. Upon seeing how badly equipped the CSA was, Forrest offered to buy horses and equipment with his own money for a [[regiment]] of Tennessee volunteer soldiers.{{sfn|Axelrod|2011|p=84}}<ref name="Dougherty2015">{{cite book|author=Kevin Dougherty|title=The Vicksburg Campaign: Strategy, Battles and Key Figures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4P2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9797-3|page=62|access-date=March 2, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170123/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4P2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

His superior officers and [[Governor of Tennessee]] [[Isham G. Harris]] were surprised that someone of Forrest's wealth and prominence had enlisted as a soldier, especially since significant planters were exempted from service. They commissioned him as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] and authorized him to recruit and train a battalion of Confederate mounted rangers.{{sfn|Browning|2004|pp=9–10}} In October 1861, Forrest was given command of a regiment, the 3rd Tennessee Cavalry. Though Forrest had no prior formal [[military training]] or experience, he had exhibited leadership and soon proved he could successfully employ [[military tactics]].<ref name="Knight2014">{{cite book|author=James R. Knight|title=Hood's Tennessee Campaign: The Desperate Venture of a Desperate Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBR3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|year=2014|publisher=Arcadia Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-62585-130-7|page=27|access-date=March 2, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170134/https://books.google.com/books?id=VBR3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT27#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Morton|first=John Watson|year=1909|title=The Artillery of Nathan Bedford Forrest's Cavalry: 'the Wizard of the Saddle'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmQUAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Publishing house of the M.E. Church, South, Smith & Lamar, agents|page=1|isbn=978-1560130086|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170201/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmQUAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Forrest gained a reputation for his willingness to maintain discipline through the use of physical force. When the information with which a scout returned proved to be erroneous, Forrest struck the man's head against a tree. After a lieutenant refused to join his troops in a river where they were building a bridge, Forrest pushed him into the water. A soldier who refused to paddle across the [[Tennessee River]] was hit with an oar by his general. Two others who fled from a rout were beaten with a branch, and Forrest shot the one who had borne the colors. Along with brutal treatment of his prisoners, this led many soldiers and junior officers to refuse to serve under him.{{sfn|Rein|2022|p=54–55}}

Public debate surrounded [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]]'s decision to join the Confederacy, and both the Confederate and [[Union Army|United States]] armies recruited soldiers from the state. Over 100,000 men from Tennessee served with the Confederacy, and over 31,000 served with the U.S. Army.<ref name="McKim1912">{{cite book|author=Randolph Harrison McKim|year=1912|title=The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army|url=https://archive.org/details/numericalstreng01mckigoog|publisher=Neale Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/numericalstreng01mckigoog/page/n63 59]}}</ref> Forrest posted advertisements to join his regiment, with the slogan, "Let's have some fun and kill some Yankees!".{{sfn|Mitcham|2016|p=26}} Forrest's command included his Escort Company (his "Special Forces"), for which he selected the best soldiers available. This unit, which varied in size from 40 to 90 men, constituted the elite of his cavalry.{{sfn|Mitcham|2016|p=151}}

===Sacramento and Fort Donelson===
{{image flip|[[File:Nathan Bedford Forrest 1861–1865 era Carte de visite by Bingham & Brothers Gallery of Memphis, Tenn. Steve and Mike Romano Collection.jpg|thumb|Col. Bedford Forrest ''[[carte de visite]]'' by Bingham & Brothers Gallery of Memphis (Steve and Mike Romano Collection, ''Military Images'')]]}}
Forrest won praise for his performance under fire during an early victory in the [[Battle of Sacramento (Kentucky)|Battle of Sacramento]] in [[Kentucky in the American Civil War|Kentucky]], the first in which he commanded troops in the field, where he routed a U.S. Army force by personally leading a cavalry charge that Brigadier General [[Charles Clark (governor)|Charles Clark]] later commended.{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|pp=36–41}} Forrest distinguished himself further at the [[Battle of Fort Donelson]] in February 1862. After his cavalry captured a U.S. [[artillery battery]], he broke out of a [[siege]] headed by [[Major General#United States|Major General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]], rallying nearly 4,000 troops and leading them to escape across the [[Cumberland River]].<ref name="Hurst2008">{{cite book|author=Jack Hurst|title=Men of Fire: Grant, Forrest, and the Campaign That Decided the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AItjjfjiYB0C&pg=PA252|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00847-6|pages=252–254|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170149/https://books.google.com/books?id=AItjjfjiYB0C&pg=PA252#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

A few days after the Confederate surrender of Fort Donelson, with the fall of [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] to U.S. forces imminent, Forrest took command of the city. All available carts and wagons were pressed into service to haul 600 boxes of army clothing, 250,000 pounds of bacon, and 40 wagon-loads of ammunition to the railroad depots, to be sent off to Chattanooga and Decatur.<ref name="JordanPryor1868">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Jordan|author2=J.P. Pryor|title=The Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. N.B. Forrest, and of Forrest's Cavalry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcO_Lj_RK4AC&pg=PA104|year=1868|publisher=Blelock & Company|page=104|isbn=978-0722292792|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170256/https://books.google.com/books?id=RcO_Lj_RK4AC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Horn1993">{{cite book|author=Stanley F. Horn|title=The Army of Tennessee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBTHxoaz--0C&pg=PA103|year=1993|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-2565-7|page=103|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=mBTHxoaz--0C&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest arranged for heavy [[artillery|ordnance]] machinery, including a new cannon rifling machine and 14 cannons, as well as parts from the Nashville Armory, to be sent to Atlanta for use by the Confederate Army.<ref name="Durham1985">{{cite book|author=Walter T. Durham|author-link=Walter T. Durham|title=Nashville, the Occupied City: The First Seventeen Months, February 16, 1862, to June 30, 1863|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-oTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22rifling%20machine%22|year=1985|publisher=Tennessee Historical Society|page=37|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509171034/https://books.google.com/books?id=q-oTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22rifling%20machine%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Shiloh and Murfreesboro===
A month later, Forrest was back in action at the [[Battle of Shiloh]], fought April 6–7, 1862. After the U.S. victory, Forrest commanded a Confederate [[rear guard]]. In the battle of [[Battle of Shiloh#Fallen Timbers, April 8|Fallen Timbers]], he drove through the U.S. [[skirmish line]]. Not realizing that the rest of his men had halted their charge when they reached the full U.S. brigade, Forrest charged the brigade alone and soon found himself surrounded. He emptied his Colt Army revolvers into the swirling mass of U.S. Army soldiers and pulled out his saber, hacking, and slashing. A U.S. [[infantryman]] on the ground beside Forrest fired a musket ball at him with a point-blank shot, nearly knocking him out of the saddle. The ball went through Forrest's pelvis and lodged near his spine. A surgeon removed the musket ball a week later without anesthesia, which was unavailable.{{sfn|Welsh|1999|p=70}}<ref name="Isbell2007">{{cite book|author=Timothy T. Isbell|title=Shiloh and Corinth: Sentinels of Stone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqd19sm_br0C&pg=PA108|year=2007|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-435-0|page=108|access-date=April 14, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509171051/https://books.google.com/books?id=iqd19sm_br0C&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

By early summer, Forrest commanded a new brigade of inexperienced cavalry regiments. He led them into Middle Tennessee in July under orders to launch a cavalry raid. On July 13, 1862, he led them into the [[First Battle of Murfreesboro]], as a result of which all of the U.S. units surrendered to Forrest. The Confederates destroyed much of the U.S. Army's supplies and railroad tracks in the area.{{sfn|Boatner III|1988|p=289}}

===West Tennessee raids===
[[File:NathanBedfordForrestportrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gen. Bedford Forrest]]
Promoted on July 21, 1862, to [[Brigadier General (CSA)|brigadier general]], Forrest was given command of a Confederate cavalry brigade.{{sfn|Eicher|Eicher|2001|p=240}} At this time, Forrest's cavalry operations were directed under Major General [[Earl Van Dorn]], who commanded Confederate forces in the region. Forrest served as Van Dorn's cavalry leader during a series of raids designed to disrupt Union advances, including operations leading up to the successful [[Holly Springs Raid]], a surprise attack orchestrated by Van Dorn that destroyed Union supply lines and forced Grant to temporarily halt his Vicksburg campaign — an outcome that preserved the South's access to major ports and kept Confederate hopes alive at a critical moment in the war. In March 1863, Forrest and Van Dorn worked together again to deliver another decisive Confederate victory at the [[Battle of Thompson's Station]], capturing over 1,200 Union troops and halting Federal momentum in central Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Battle of Thompson's Station|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/thompsons-station|website=American Battlefield Trust|access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> These experiences significantly influenced Forrest's evolving approach to mobile warfare. In December 1862, Forrest's veteran troopers were reassigned by General [[Braxton Bragg]] to another officer despite his protest. Forrest had to recruit a new brigade of about 2,000 inexperienced men, most of whom lacked weapons.<ref name="Jones2017">{{cite book|author=Robert C. Jones|title=Alabama and the Civil War: A History & Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SggmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|year=2017|publisher=Arcadia Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-4396-6075-1|page=13|access-date=March 12, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509171041/https://books.google.com/books?id=SggmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Again, Bragg ordered a series of raids to disrupt the communications of the U.S. Army forces under Grant, which were threatening the city of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. Forrest protested that sending such untrained men behind enemy lines was suicidal, but Bragg insisted, and Forrest obeyed his orders. In the ensuing raids, he was pursued by thousands of U.S. soldiers trying to locate his fast-moving forces. Avoiding attack by never staying in one place long, Forrest eventually led his troops during the spring and summer of 1864 on [[West Tennessee Raids|raids]] into west Tennessee, as far north as the banks of the [[Ohio River]] in southwest Kentucky and into north Mississippi.{{sfn|Axelrod|2011|p=86}}<ref name="Millar2018">{{cite book|author=G. Lee Millar|title=Forrest Stories: Humor of Bedford Forrest and His Cavalry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYRVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|year=2018|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1546235569|page=60|access-date=May 20, 2020|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170958/https://books.google.com/books?id=MYRVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Forrest returned to his base in Mississippi with more men than he had started with. By then, all were fully armed with captured U.S. Army weapons. As a result, Grant was forced to revise and delay his [[Vicksburg campaign]] strategy. Newspaper correspondent Sylvanus Cadwallader, who traveled with Grant for three years during his campaigns, wrote that Forrest "was the only Confederate cavalryman of whom Grant stood in much dread".<ref name="Miers1984">{{cite book|author=Earl S. Miers|title=The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4wmyy-nBfgC&pg=PA53|year=1984|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-1199-4|page=53|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509171053/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4wmyy-nBfgC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Mitcham|2016|p=10}}

===Dover, Brentwood, and Chattanooga===
The U.S. Army gained military control of Tennessee in 1862 and occupied it for the duration of the war, having taken control of strategic cities and railroads. Forrest continued to lead his men in small-scale operations, including the [[Battle of Dover (1863)|Battle of Dover]] and the [[Battle of Brentwood]] until April 1863. The Confederate army dispatched him with a small force into the [[backcountry]] of northern [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]] and western [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]] to defend against an attack of 3,000 U.S. Army cavalrymen commanded by Colonel [[Abel Streight]]. Streight had orders to cut the Confederate railroad south of [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], to seal off Bragg's supply line and force him to retreat into Georgia.<ref name="Conway1966">{{cite book|author=Alan Conway|title=Reconstruction of Georgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVkHeW45ELAC&pg=PA4|year=1966|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-0392-3|page=4|access-date=March 19, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=gVkHeW45ELAC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest chased Streight's men for 16 days, harassing them all the way. Streight's goal changed from dismantling the railroad to escaping the pursuit. On May 3, Forrest caught up with Streight's unit east of [[Cedar Bluff, Alabama]]. Forrest had fewer men than the U.S. side but feigned having a larger force by repeatedly parading some around a hilltop until Streight was convinced to surrender his 1,500 or so exhausted troops (historians Kevin Dougherty and Keith S. Hebert say he had about 1,700 men).<ref name="Hebert2007">{{cite web|author1=Keith S. Hebert|title=Streight's Raid|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1380|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama|publisher=Alabama Humanities Foundation|access-date=March 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712093424/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1380|archive-date=July 12, 2015|language=en|date=October 30, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Dougherty201580">{{cite book|author=Kevin Dougherty|title=The Vicksburg Campaign: Strategy, Battles and Key Figures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4P2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|year=2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9797-3|page=80}}</ref><ref name="Beck2016">{{cite book|author=Brandon H. Beck|title=Streight's Foiled Raid on the Western & Atlantic Railroad: Emma Sansom's Courage and Nathan Bedford Forrest's Pursuit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tr84CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|year=2016|publisher=Arcadia Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-62585-355-4|pages=76–|access-date=March 18, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172053/https://books.google.com/books?id=tr84CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Day's Gap, Chickamauga, and Paducah===
Not all of Forrest's exploits of individual combat involved enemy troops. Lieutenant Andrew Wills Gould, an artillery officer in Forrest's command, was being transferred, presumably because cannons under his command{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=119}} were [[touch hole|spiked]] (disabled) by the enemy{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=120}} during the [[Battle of Day's Gap]]. On June 13, 1863, Gould confronted Forrest about his transfer, which escalated into a violent exchange. Gould shot Forrest in the left side,{{sfn|Hurst|2011|pp=127–128}} and Forrest mortally stabbed Gould. Forrest was thought to have been fatally wounded by Gould, but he recovered and was ready to fight in the Chickamauga Campaign.{{sfn|Spaulding|1931|p=532}}

Forrest served with the main army at the [[Battle of Chickamauga]] on September 18–20, 1863, in which he pursued the retreating U.S. Army and took hundreds of prisoners.{{sfn|Axelrod|2011|p=87}} Like several others under Bragg's command, he urged an immediate follow-up attack to recapture Chattanooga, which had fallen a few weeks before. Bragg failed to do so, upon which Forrest was quoted as saying, "What does he fight battles for?"{{sfn|Ashdown|Caudill|2006|p=24}}<ref name="Powell2016">{{cite book|author=David Powell|title=The Chickamauga Campaign, Barren Victory: The Retreat into Chattanooga, the Confederate Pursuit, and the Aftermath of the Battle, September 21 to October 20, 1863|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=214qDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2016|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-329-4|page=34|access-date=March 19, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172121/https://books.google.com/books?id=214qDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Forrest (along with other subordinates of Bragg) was not blameless for the disorganization that had led Bragg to decide against pursuit after the Chickamauga victory. He and Wheeler had regularly failed throughout the entire Chattanooga campaign to gather intelligence on the disposition of Union forces, in Forrest's case because he often involved himself in the thick of battles where he could not gather this information. Forrest also failed tactically on the first day of battle, moving his troops north up the creek in response to a perceived threat instead of screening the Confederate advance as he had been ordered to. As a result, the time it took the infantry to fight for the crossings at Alexander's and Reed's bridges allowed General [[William Rosecrans]] to shore up his Union defenses in the area. That night, Forrest again declined to screen the army's right flank; if he had he would have found a wide gap in the Union lines, a misstep that has been called "the most significant intelligence oversight of the entire battle" as it left Bragg utterly uninformed about Union dispositions even as he planned a counterattack. The next morning a poorly planned attack Forrest initiated in that area led to heavy casualties and delayed the counterattack.{{sfn|Rein|2022|pp=56—57}}

In an attempt to build a foothold to retake Chattanooga, Bragg ordered Forrest and Wheeler north after the battle in order that they might disrupt Rosecrans's fragile supply line from Nashville. But Forrest diverted to [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]], allowing Rosecrans to consolidate his hold on the city, leading Bragg to describe Forrest as "nothing more than a good raider" as he signed orders to transfer Forrest out of his command, to western Tennessee, a month or so later. This supposedly led to a meeting where Forrest confronted and threatened Bragg's life, calling him a coward and saying "you might as well not give me any orders, for I will not obey them", one of several instances in his career where Forrest was openly insubordinate to his superior officers.{{sfn|Rein|2022|p=58}} It is now considered to be [[apocrypha#Metaphorical usage|apocryphal]],<ref name="Powell2010">{{cite book|author=David Powell|title=Failure in the Saddle: Nathan Bedford Forrest, Joe Wheeler, and the Confederate Cavalry in the Chickamauga Campaign|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg0bYP_xRcAC&pg=PA320|year=2010|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-056-9|pages=320–321|access-date=March 21, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172150/https://books.google.com/books?id=tg0bYP_xRcAC&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author1=Lawrence Lee Hewitt|title=Civil War Myths, Mistakes and Fabrications|journal=Haversacks and Saddlebags|volume=27|issue=3|pages=50–57|date=March 2014|url= http://www.civilwarroundtablepalmbeach.org/newsletters/v27n3.htm|quote=Neither Bragg nor Forrest ever mentioned the incident, nor does it appear in Jordan and Pryor's The Campaigns of Lieut. Gen. N. B. Forrest (1868)&nbsp;... The story originated with Dr. James Cowan, Forrest's chief surgeon, in Wyeth's Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest (1899). Cowan claimed to have followed Forrest into Bragg's tent, making him the only eyewitness, and the only one of the three still alive when his tale was printed.|access-date=March 21, 2018|archive-date=March 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020354/http://www.civilwarroundtablepalmbeach.org/newsletters/v27n3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|contributor-last1=Castel|contributor-first1=Albert|last=Wyeth|first=John Allan|title=That Devil Forrest: Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest|year=1989|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge|isbn=978-0-8071-1578-7|contribution=Foreword}}</ref> although it was repeated in biographies published with Forrest's approval, suggesting it reflected his assessment of Bragg.{{sfn|Rein|2022|p=58}}

On December 4, 1863, Forrest was promoted to the rank of [[Major General (CSA)|major general]].{{sfn|Eicher|Eicher|2001|p=809}} On March 25, 1864, Forrest's cavalry raided the town of [[Paducah, Kentucky]], in the [[Battle of Paducah]], during which Forrest demanded the surrender of U.S. Colonel [[Stephen G. Hicks]]: "if I have to storm your works, you may expect no quarter." Hicks refused to comply with the ultimatum, and according to his subsequent report, Forrest's troops took a position and set up a battery of guns while a flag of truce was still up. As soon as they received the U.S. reply, they moved forward at the command of a junior officer, and the U.S. forces opened fire. The Confederates tried to storm the fort but were repulsed; they rallied and made two more attempts, both of which failed.<ref name="WarDept1891">{{cite book|author=United States War Dept.|title=The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547|year=1891|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=547|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172106/https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Tap|2013|p=45}}{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|p=219}}

===Fort Pillow massacre===
{{Main|Battle of Fort Pillow}}
[[File:P15138coll19 51 full - The War in Tennessee Confederate massacre of Federal troops after the surrender of Fort Pillow April 12th 1864.jpg|thumb|"The War in Tennessee Confederate massacre of Federal troops after the surrender of Fort Pillow April 12th 1864" (''[[Frank Leslie's Illustrated News]]'', May 7, 1864)]]
Fort Pillow, located {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=}} upriver from Memphis (near [[Henning, Tennessee]]), was initially constructed by Confederate forces under General [[Gideon Johnson Pillow]] on the bluffs of the Mississippi River, and taken over by U.S. forces in 1862 after the Confederates had abandoned the fort.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=139}} The fort was defended by 557 U.S. Army troops, 295 white and 262 black, under U.S. Army Maj. L.F. Booth.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=139}}

On April 12, 1864, Forrest's men, under Brigadier General [[James Ronald Chalmers|James R. Chalmers]], attacked and recaptured Fort Pillow.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=139}} Booth and his adjutant were killed in the battle, leaving Fort Pillow under the command of Major William Bradford.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=139}} Forrest had reached the fort at 10 a.m. after a hard ride from Mississippi,{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=139}} during which two horses were shot out from under him.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=139}} By 3:30&nbsp;p.m., Forrest had concluded that the U.S. troops could not hold the fort; thus, he ordered a flag of truce raised and demanded that the fort be surrendered.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=140}} As he often did to avoid the high casualties that came with having to storm fortifications, Forrest warned Bradford that he could not be held responsible for what his men might do in the heat of such a battle.{{sfn|Rein|2022|p=58}} Bradford refused to surrender, believing his troops could escape to the U.S. Navy gunboat, [[USS New Era (1862)|USS ''New Era'']], on the Mississippi River.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=140}} Forrest's men immediately took over the fort, while U.S. Army soldiers retreated to the lower bluffs of the river, but the gunboat did not come to their rescue.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=140}}

What happened next became known as the Fort Pillow Massacre.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=141}} As the U.S. Army troops surrendered, Forrest's men opened fire, slaughtering black and white U.S. Army soldiers.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=141}}<ref name="WarDept1891610">{{cite book|author=United States. War Dept|title=The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA610|year=1891|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=610–|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172105/https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA610#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CimprichMainfort1982">{{cite journal|author1=John Cimprich|author2=Robert C. Mainfort|title=Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence about an Old Controversy|journal=Civil War History|date=December 1982|volume=28|issue=4|pages=293–306|doi=10.1353/cwh.1982.0009|s2cid=145324569 }}</ref> According to historians John Cimprich and Bruce Tap, although their numbers were roughly equal, two-thirds of the black U.S. Army soldiers were killed, while only a third of the whites were killed.<ref name="Cimprich201168">{{cite book|author=John Cimprich|title=Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q374hywnjm0C&pg=PP89|year=2011|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3949-3|page=lxviii|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172143/https://books.google.com/books?id=q374hywnjm0C&pg=PP89#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Tap|2013|p=113}} The atrocities at Fort Pillow continued throughout the night. Conflicting accounts of what occurred were given later.<ref name=Times>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|title=The Fort Pillow Massacre. Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War. All Previous Reports Fully Confirmed. The Horrors and Cruelties of the Scene Intensified. Report of the Sub-committee|date=May 6, 1864|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1864/05/06/archives/the-fort-pillow-massacre-report-of-the-committee-on-the-conduct-of.html|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082704/https://www.nytimes.com/1864/05/06/archives/the-fort-pillow-massacre-report-of-the-committee-on-the-conduct-of.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Black Flag. Horrible Massacre by the Rebels. Fort Pillow Captured After a Desperate Fight. Four Hundred of the Garrison Brutally Murdered. Wounded and Unarmed Men Bayoneted and Their Bodies Burned. White and Black Indiscriminately Butchered. Devilish Atrocities of the Insatiate Fiends.|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 16, 1864|author=Unsigned (wire reports)|quote=Included in Sheehan-Dean, p. 49}}</ref>{{sfn|Eicher|Eicher|2001|p=240}}

Forrest's Confederate forces were accused of subjecting captured U.S. Army soldiers to extreme brutality, with allegations of back-shooting soldiers who fled into the river, shooting wounded soldiers, burning men alive, nailing men to barrels and igniting them, [[crucifixion]], and hacking men to death with sabers.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=142}} Forrest's men were alleged to have set fire to a U.S. [[barracks]] with wounded U.S. Army soldiers inside.<ref name="WarDept1891570">{{cite book|author=United States. War Dept|title=The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA570|year=1891|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=570|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172144/https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA570#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Jordon|first1=Thomas|last2=Pryor|first2=J. P.|title=The Campaigns Of General Nathan Bedford Forrest And Of Forrest's Cavalry|year=1868|pages=430–435}}</ref> In defense of their actions, Forrest's men insisted that the U.S. soldiers, although fleeing, kept their weapons and frequently turned to shoot, forcing the Confederates to keep firing in [[self-defense]].{{sfn|Bailey|1985|p=25}} The rebels said the U.S. flag was still flying over the fort, which indicated that the force had not formally surrendered. A contemporary newspaper account from [[Jackson, Tennessee]], stated that "General Forrest begged them to surrender", but "not the first sign of surrender was ever given". Similar accounts were reported in many Confederate newspapers at the time.<ref name="CimprichMainfort1982"/> These statements were contradicted by U.S. Army survivors and by the letter of Achilles Clark, a Confederate soldier with the 20th Tennessee Cavalry who graphically recounted a massacre. Clark wrote to his sisters immediately after the battle:

{{blockquote|The slaughter was awful. Words cannot describe the scene. The poor deluded negroes would run up to our men fall upon their knees and with uplifted hands scream for mercy but they were ordered to their feet and then shot down. The white men fared but little better. Their fort turned out to be a great slaughter pen. Blood, human blood stood about in pools and brains could have been gathered up in any quantity.<ref name="Cimprich201164">{{cite book|author=John Cimprich|title=Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeFiumliWOEC&pg=PR64|year=2011|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3918-9|page=lxiv|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173100/https://books.google.com/books?id=BeFiumliWOEC&pg=PR64#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Burkhardt2013">{{cite book|author=George S Burkhardt|title=Confederate Rage, Yankee Wrath: No Quarter in the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaDEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|year=2013|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-8954-4|page=110|access-date=February 28, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173107/https://books.google.com/books?id=uaDEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Following the cessation of hostilities, Forrest transferred the 14 most seriously wounded [[United States Colored Troops]] (USCT) to the U.S. steamer ''Silver Cloud''.<ref>{{citation|last=Stewart|first=Charles W.|year=1914|title=Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I Volume 26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXbhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA234|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=234 <!--|id={{ASIN|B000KWIXX4}} -->|quote=I hereby acknowledge to have received from Major-General Forrest 2 first and 1 second lieutenants, 43 white privates, and 14 negroes.|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173057/https://books.google.com/books?id=fXbhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The 226 U.S. Army troops taken prisoner at Fort Pillow were marched under guard to [[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], and then convoyed to [[Demopolis, Alabama]]. On April 21, Capt. John Goodwin, of Forrest's cavalry command, forwarded a dispatch listing the prisoners captured. The list included the names of 7 officers and 219 white enlisted soldiers. According to Richard L. Fuchs, "records concerning the fate of the black prisoners are either nonexistent or unreliable".<ref name="Fuchs2001140">{{cite book|author=Richard L. Fuchs|year=2001|title=An Unerring Fire: The Massacre at Fort Pillow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFRqUSZUEOkC&pg=PA140|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-1824-0|page=140|access-date=April 15, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173101/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFRqUSZUEOkC&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Abraham Lincoln]] asked his cabinet for opinions as to how the United States should respond to the massacre.<ref>{{citation|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham.|chapter=Abraham Lincoln to Cabinet, Tuesday, May 03, 1864 (Fort Pillow massacre)|title=Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress|date=May 3, 1864|chapter-url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/malhome.html|access-date=July 11, 2015|archive-date=August 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804233156/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/malhome.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Nathan Bedford Forrest - Thomas Nast - Sept 5 1868.jpg|thumb|right|Union and Republican-aligned editorial cartoonist [[Thomas Nast]] often awarded Forrest "with an ironic Fort Pillow 'medal' when he skewered him in a dozen cartoons as a prominent [[white supremacy]], [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy]] symbol."<ref name="ThomasNast">{{Cite book|last=Adler|first=John|title=America's Most Influential Journalist and Premier Political Cartoonist: The Life, Times and Legacy of Thomas Nast|publisher=Harpweek LLC|year=2022|isbn=978-0-578-29454-4|location=Sarasota, Fla.|pages=213|language=en-us}}</ref>]]
At the time of the massacre, General Grant was no longer in Tennessee but had transferred to the east to command all U.S. troops. Grant wrote in his [[Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant|memoirs]] that Forrest, in his report of the battle, had "left out the part which shocks humanity to read".<ref name="Grant1895417">{{cite book|author=Ulysses Simpson Grant|title=Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrInAWjWVJ0C&pg=PA417|year=1895|publisher=Sampson Low|page=417|quote=These troops fought bravely, but were overpowered. I will leave Forrest in his dispatches to tell what he did with them. "The river was dyed," he says, "with the blood of the slaughtered for two hundred yards. The approximate loss was upward of five hundred killed, but few of the officers escaping. My loss was about twenty killed. It is hoped that these facts will demonstrate to the Northern people that negro soldiers cannot cope with Southerners". Subsequently, Forrest made a report in which he left out the part which shocks humanity to read.|access-date=March 18, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173102/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrInAWjWVJ0C&pg=PA417|url-status=live}}</ref>

Because of the events at Fort Pillow, the U.S. public and press viewed Forrest as a war criminal. A Knoxville correspondent for the ''New York Tribune'' wrote that Forrest and his brothers were "slave drivers and woman whippers", while Forrest himself was described as "mean, vindictive, cruel, and unscrupulous".{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|p=253}} The Confederate press steadfastly defended Forrest's reputation.{{sfn|Ashdown|Caudill|2006|p=91}}<ref name="SachsmanRushing2008">{{cite book|author1=Paul Ashdown|author2=Edward Caudill|editor=David B. Sachsman|editor2=S. Kittrell Rushing|editor3=Roy Morris|title=Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7n8CSw1xfAsC&pg=PA323|year=2008|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-494-1|pages=323–325|chapter=What Can We Say of Such a Hero?|access-date=November 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173059/https://books.google.com/books?id=7n8CSw1xfAsC&pg=PA323#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a historian studying in the Cumberland River valley during the Civil War, "Fully aware of the significance of the large-scale recruitment of black troops, the Confederates did what they could to disrupt it...Forrest himself, operating in west Tennessee, chose to interpret his stunning victory over a racially mixed garrison at Fort Pillow in April as, in part, a warning about using black troops. He described the battle graphically, recounted exaggerated Union casualty figures, and noted, 'It is hoped that these facts will demonstrate to the Northern people that negro soldiers cannot cope with the Southerners.'"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gildrie|first=Richard P.|date=1990|title=Guerrilla Warfare in the Lower Cumberland River Valley, 1862–1865|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626879|journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly|volume=49|issue=3|pages=161–176|jstor=42626879|issn=0040-3261|access-date=December 18, 2023|archive-date=December 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218013543/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626879|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[S. C. Gwynne|S.C. Gwynne]] writes, "Forrest's responsibility for the massacre has been actively debated for a century and a half. ... No direct evidence suggests that he ordered the shooting of surrendering or unarmed men, but to fully exonerate him from responsibility is also impossible".<ref name=":0" />

{{further|Slavery during the American Civil War|Confederate no-quarter policy}}

===Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo===
{{Main|Battle of Brices Cross Roads}}
[[Image:Brices Crossroads.svg|right|thumb|Battle of Brices Cross Roads]]
Forrest's most decisive victory came on June 10, 1864, when his 3,500-man force clashed with 8,500 men commanded by U.S. Army Brig. Gen. [[Samuel D. Sturgis]] at the [[Battle of Brices Crossroads]] in northeastern [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]].<ref name="AllardiceHewitt2015">{{cite book|author1=Bruce S. Allardice|author2=Lawrence Lee Hewitt|title=Kentuckians in Gray: Confederate Generals and Field Officers of the Bluegrass State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lq8fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-5987-4|page=53|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173103/https://books.google.com/books?id=lq8fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Here, the mobility of the troops under his command and his superior tactics led to victory,<ref name="Dougherty2010">{{cite book|author=Kevin Dougherty|title=Weapons of Mississippi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pMqE2E63XgC&pg=PA86|year=2010|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-452-2|page=86|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173105/https://books.google.com/books?id=2pMqE2E63XgC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ballard2011">{{cite book|author=Michael B. Ballard|title=The Civil War in Mississippi: Major Campaigns and Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgkbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT245|year=2011|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-62674-417-2|page=245|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173111/https://books.google.com/books?id=VgkbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT245#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> allowing him to continue harassing U.S. forces in southwestern Tennessee and northern Mississippi throughout the war.<ref name="Barney2011">{{cite book|author=William L. Barney|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5b4qd_NKXicC&pg=PT188|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989024-8|page=188|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173157/https://books.google.com/books?id=5b4qd_NKXicC&pg=PT188#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest set up a position for an attack to repulse a pursuing force commanded by Sturgis, who had been sent to impede Forrest from destroying U.S. Army supply lines and fortifications.<ref name="Busbee2014">{{cite book|author=Westley F. Busbee, Jr|title=Mississippi: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG0gBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|year=2014|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-75592-1|page=144|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173122/https://books.google.com/books?id=sG0gBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> When Sturgis's Federal army came upon the crossroads, they collided with Forrest's cavalry.<ref>{{citation|first=Colonel Howard Lee|last=Landers|title=Battle of Brice's Cross Roads, Mississippi. June 10, 1864|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Historical Section, Army War College|year=1928}}</ref> Sturgis ordered his infantry to advance to the front line to counteract the cavalry. The infantry, tired, weary, and suffering under the heat, were quickly broken and sent into mass retreat. Forrest sent a full charge after the retreating army and captured 16 artillery pieces, 176 wagons, and 1,500 stands of small arms. In all, the maneuver cost Forrest 96 men killed and 396 wounded. The day was worse for U.S. troops, who suffered 223 killed, 394 wounded, and 1,623 missing. The losses were a deep blow to the black regiment under Sturgis's command. In the hasty retreat, they stripped off commemorative badges that read "Remember Fort Pillow" to avoid goading the Confederate force pursuing them.{{sfn|Wills|1993|p=215}}

One month later, while serving under General [[Stephen D. Lee]], Forrest experienced [[tactical defeat]] at the [[Battle of Tupelo]] in 1864.<ref name="Jones2009">{{cite book|author=Terry L. Jones|title=The American Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUPSqK11f8gC&q=%22tactical%20defeat%22|year=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-302204-8|page=565|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173132/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUPSqK11f8gC&q=%22tactical%20defeat%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Concerned about U.S. Army supply lines, Maj. Gen. Sherman [[Smith's Expedition to Tupelo|sent a force]] under the command of Maj. Gen. [[Andrew J. Smith]] to deal with Forrest.<ref name="CozzensGirardi2004">{{cite book|author=William S. Burns|editor=Peter Cozzens|editor2=Robert I. Girardi|title=The New Annals of the Civil War|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0GZqxayG8C&pg=PT387|year=2004|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-4645-8|page=387|chapter=The Battle of Tupelo|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174148/https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0GZqxayG8C&pg=PT387#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> U.S. Army forces drove the Confederates from the field, and Forrest was wounded in the foot, but his forces were not wholly destroyed. He continued to oppose U.S. Army efforts in the West for the remainder of the war.

===Tennessee Raids===
[[File:Forrest's Raid - Harper's Weekly - September 10, 1864.jpg|thumb|"Forrest's Raid" sketched by [[George H. Ellsbury]] (''Harper's Weekly'', September 10, 1864)]]
Forrest led other raids that summer and fall, including a famous one into U.S. Army-held downtown Memphis in August 1864 (the [[Second Battle of Memphis]]){{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} and another on a major U.S. Army supply depot at [[New Johnsonville, Tennessee|Johnsonville, Tennessee]]. On November 4, 1864, during the [[Battle of Johnsonville]], the Confederates shelled the city, sinking three gunboats and nearly thirty other ships and destroying many tons of supplies.<ref name="Smith2014">{{cite book|author=Michael Thomas Smith|title=The 1864 Franklin-Nashville Campaign: The Finishing Stroke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BODBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39235-1|page=28|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174156/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BODBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[Franklin-Nashville Campaign|Hood's Tennessee Campaign]], he fought alongside General [[John Bell Hood]], the newest commander of the Confederate [[Army of Tennessee]], in the [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Second Battle of Franklin]] on November 30.<ref name="Tucker2014168">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=Battles That Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMmUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-2862-1|page=168|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174156/https://books.google.com/books?id=zMmUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|url-status=live}}</ref> Facing a disastrous defeat, Forrest argued bitterly with Hood (his [[Superior (hierarchy)|superior officer]]) demanding permission to cross the [[Harpeth River]] and cut off the escape route of U.S. Army Maj. Gen. [[John Schofield|John M. Schofield]]'s army.<ref name="Knight201456">{{cite book|author=James R. Knight|title=Hood's Tennessee Campaign: The Desperate Venture of a Desperate Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBR3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|year=2014|publisher=Arcadia Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-62585-130-7|pages=56|access-date=March 17, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174246/https://books.google.com/books?id=VBR3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He eventually made the attempt, but it was too late.

===Murfreesboro, Nashville, and Selma===
[[File:Franklin-Nashville campaign.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Franklin–Nashville campaign including troops commanded by Forrest]]
After his bloody defeat at Franklin, Hood continued to Nashville. Hood ordered Forrest to conduct an independent raid against the [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee|Murfreesboro]] [[garrison]]. After success in achieving the objectives specified by Hood, Forrest engaged U.S. forces near Murfreesboro on December 5, 1864. In what would be known as the [[Third Battle of Murfreesboro]], a portion of Forrest's command broke and ran.<ref name="Lardas2017">{{cite book|author=Mark Lardas|title=Nashville 1864: From the Tennessee to the Cumberland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfwyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|year=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-1983-3|page=74|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174354/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfwyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> When Hood's battle-hardened Army of Tennessee, consisting of 40,000 men deployed in three infantry corps plus 10,000 to 15,000 cavalry, was all but destroyed on December 15–16, at the [[Battle of Nashville]],<ref name="Bobrick2010">{{cite book|author=Benson Bobrick|title=The Battle of Nashville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZJ0BI6VLRwC&pg=PA81|year=2010|publisher=Random House Children's Books|isbn=978-0-375-84887-2|pages=81, 100|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174354/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZJ0BI6VLRwC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest distinguished himself by commanding the Confederate rear guard in a series of actions that allowed what was left of the army to escape. For this, he would later be promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|lieutenant general]] on March 2, 1865.<ref name="Head1885">{{cite book|author=Thomas A. Head|title=Campaigns and Battles of the Sixteenth Regiment, Tennessee Volunteers, in the War Between the States: With Incidental Sketches of the Part Performed by Other Tennessee Troops in the Same War. 1861–1865|url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsandbatt00headiala|year=1885|publisher=Cumberland Presbyterian publishing house|page=[https://archive.org/details/campaignsandbatt00headiala/page/453 453]}}</ref> A portion of his command, now dismounted, was surprised and captured in their camp at [[Verona, Mississippi]] on December 25, 1864, during a raid of the [[Mobile and Ohio Railroad]] by a brigade of Brig. Gen. [[Benjamin Grierson]]'s cavalry division.<ref name="Moore1881">{{cite book|author=James Moore|title=A Complete History of the Great Rebellion: Or, The Civil War in the United States, 1861–1865. Comprising a Full and Impartial Account of the Various Battles, Bombardments, Skirmishes, Etc., which Took Place on Land and Water; the Whole Embracing a Complete History of the War for the Union{{snd}}also Biographical Sketches of the Principal Actors in the Great Drama|url=https://archive.org/details/completehistoryo00mooriala|year=1881|publisher=W.S. Burlock|page=[https://archive.org/details/completehistoryo00mooriala/page/473 473]}}</ref>

In the spring of 1865, Forrest led an unsuccessful defense of the state of Alabama against [[Wilson's Raid]]. His opponent, U.S. Army Brig. Gen. [[James H. Wilson]], defeated Forrest at the [[Battle of Selma]] on April 2, 1865.<ref name="Eicher2002">{{cite book|author=David J Eicher|title=The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p94XzYASDAC&pg=PA837|year=2002|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-1846-7|page=837|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509174434/https://books.google.com/books?id=1p94XzYASDAC&pg=PA837#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A week later, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant in Virginia. When he received news of Lee's surrender, Forrest surrendered as well. On May 9, 1865, at [[Gainesville, Alabama|Gainesville]], Forrest read his [[farewell address]] to the men under his command, urging them to "submit to the powers to be, and to aid in restoring peace and establishing law and order throughout the land."{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|p=405}}

===War record and promotions===
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
* Enlisted as [[Private (rank)|private]] July 1861. (White's Company "E", Tennessee Mounted Rifles)
* Commissioned as [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]], October 1861 (3rd Tennessee Cavalry)
* Promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], February 1862
* [[Battle of Fort Donelson]], February 12–16, 1862
* Wounded at [[Battle of Shiloh]], April 6–8, 1862
* Promoted to [[Brigadier General (CSA)|brigadier general]], July 21, 1862
* [[Battle of Murfreesboro I|First Battle of Murfreesboro]], July 1862
* Raids in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi, early December 1862 – early January 1863
* [[Battle of Day's Gap]], April 30 – May 2, 1863
* Assigned to command [[Forrest's Cavalry Corps]], May 1863
* [[Battle of Chickamauga]], September 18–20, 1863
* Promoted to [[Major General (CSA)|major general]], December 4, 1863
* [[Battle of Paducah]], March 25, 1864
* [[Battle of Fort Pillow]], April 12, 1864
* [[Battle of Brices Crossroads]], June 10, 1864
* [[Battle of Tupelo]], July 14–15, 1864
* Raids in Tennessee, August–October 1864
* [[Battle of Spring Hill]], November 29, 1864
* [[Battle of Franklin II|Battle of Franklin]], November 30, 1864
* [[Third Battle of Murfreesboro]], December 5–7, 1864
* [[Battle of Nashville]], December 15–16, 1864
* Promoted to [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|lieutenant general]], February 28, 1865{{sfn|Eicher|Eicher|2001|p=240}}
* [[Battle of Selma]], April 2, 1865
* Farewell address to his troops, May 9, 1865
}}

==Postwar years and later life==

===Business ventures===
[[File:Memphis and vicinity LOC 2006636341.jpg|thumb|"Memphis and vicinity" mapped during the American Civil War, including [[President's Island]] where Forrest's post-war farm was worked by [[convict labor]] ]]
As a former slave owner and slave trader, Forrest experienced the [[Abolition of slavery in the USA#The end of slavery|abolition of slavery]] at the war's end as a major financial setback. During the war, he became interested in the area around [[Crowley's Ridge]] and took up civilian life in 1865 in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1866, Forrest and C.C. McCreanor contracted to finish the [[Memphis & Little Rock Railroad]], including a [[Right of way (rail)|right-of-way]] that passed over the ridge.{{sfn|Mitcham|2016|p=193}} The ridgetop [[Commissary (store)|commissary]] he built as a provisioning store for the 1,000 Irish laborers hired to lay the rails became the nucleus of a town, which most residents called "Forrest's Town" and which was incorporated as [[Forrest City, Arkansas]] in 1870.<ref name="EOA2017">{{cite web|author1=Mike Polston|title=Forrest City (St. Francis County)|publisher=The Central Arkansas Library System|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=996|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105132923/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=996|archive-date=November 5, 2017|date=2018}}</ref>

The historian Court Carney writes that Forrest was not universally popular in the white Memphis community: he alienated many of the city's business people in his commercial dealings and was criticized for questionable business practices that caused him to default on debts.<ref name="Carney2001">{{cite journal|author1=Carney, Court|title=The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest|jstor=3070019|journal=The Journal of Southern History|date=August 2001|volume=67|issue=3|pages=601–630|doi=10.2307/3070019}}</ref>

He later found employment at the [[Selma, Alabama|Selma]]-based Marion & Memphis Railroad and eventually became the company president. He was not as successful in railroad promotion as in war, and, under his direction, the company went [[bankrupt]]. Nearly ruined as the result of this failure, Forrest spent his final days running an eight-hundred-acre farm on land he leased on [[President's Island]] in the Mississippi River, where he and his wife lived in a [[log cabin]]. There, with the labor of over a hundred prison convicts, he grew corn, potatoes, vegetables, and cotton profitably, but his health steadily declined.{{sfn|Ashdown|Caudill|2006|p=163}}{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=374}} In May 1877, Forrest's use of convict labor was described as indistinguishable from slavery, in its use of bloodhounds, shotgun-wielding guards, and corporal punishment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=May 16, 1877|title=Convict Labor in Georgia and Tennessee|pages=2|work=The Daily Memphis Avalanche|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-memphis-avalanche-convict-labo/130036626/|access-date=August 15, 2023|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815032101/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-memphis-avalanche-convict-labo/130036626/|url-status=live }}</ref> Critics also argued it was unjust and exploitative: "The convict farmer has a financial interest in the conviction of as many persons as he may need...and the obsequious and corrupt myrmidons and magistrates of the law can readily supply the demand at a short notice in a country where the unprotected negro is left to steal or starve."<ref name=":1" />
[[File:P15138coll6 2626 full - State of Alabama, Selma, Marion, Memphis Railroad Company bonds. Issued September 1, 1869.jpg|left|thumb|[[Selma, Marion & Memphis Railroad]] bonds, issued 1869 by the state of Alabama, signed by N. B. Forrest]]

===Offers his services to Sherman===
During the [[Virginius Affair|''Virginius'' Affair]] of 1873, some of Forrest's old Confederate friends were [[filibuster (military)|filibusters]] aboard the vessel; consequently, he wrote a letter to the then General-in-Chief of the United States Army William T. Sherman and offered his services in case a war were to break out between the United States and Spain. Sherman, who had recognized how formidable an opponent Forrest was in battle during the Civil War, replied after the crisis settled down. He thanked Forrest for the offer and stated that had war broken out, he would have considered it an honor to have served side by side with him.{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|pp=474–475}}<ref name="Henry1991">{{cite book|author=Robert Selph Henry|title="First with the Most" Forrest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcBWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tennessee%20state%20law%22|year=1991|publisher=Mallard Press|isbn=978-0-7924-5605-6|page=456|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175214/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcBWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tennessee%20state%20law%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DavisPohanka1997">{{cite book|author1=William C. Davis|author2=Brian C. Pohanka|author3=Don Troiani|title=Civil War Journal: The leaders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sT5LAAAAYAAJ&q=%22In%20the%20summer%20of%201868%20those%20rights%20were%20restored,%22|year=1997|publisher=Rutledge Hill Press|isbn=978-1-55853-437-7|page=391|quote=Because of his role in the Confederacy, Forrest was stripped of his rights as a U.S. citizen. In the summer of 1868 those rights were restored, and he was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson.|access-date=May 13, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175224/https://books.google.com/books?id=sT5LAAAAYAAJ&q=%22In%20the%20summer%20of%201868%20those%20rights%20were%20restored,%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jones2006">{{cite book|author=Wilmer L. Jones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-q3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|title=Generals in Blue and Gray: Davis's Generals|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4617-5105-2|pages=175–176|access-date=May 12, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175227/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-q3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Johnson1990">{{cite book|author=Andrew Johnson|title=The Papers of Andrew Johnson: May–August 1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c95JSzYD3E0C&pg=PA331|year=1990|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=978-0-87049-613-4|page=331|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175447/https://books.google.com/books?id=c95JSzYD3E0C&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1992|p=347}}: "On July 17, 1868, Forrest finally received a pardon from the president, 'for which,' he told an audience, 'I am truly thankful.'"</ref><ref name="Ward2006">{{cite book|author=Andrew Ward|title=River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLZ3KboxDBwC&pg=PT412|year=2006|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4406-4929-5|pages=412–413|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175431/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLZ3KboxDBwC&pg=PT412#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ku Klux Klan leadership===
[[File:1938 WPA history of DeSoto County Mississippi.jpg|thumb|According to a 1938 [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]]-produced history of [[DeSoto County, Mississippi]], "Forrest, who lived in Memphis in 1875, was the chief organizer of the Ku Klux Klan in the South, and in DeSoto County. Pad S. Myers, [[Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary|Grand Gould]]{{sic}} and organizer, received instructions from Forrest."<ref>{{Cite web|title=WPA County Files|url=https://www.mlc.lib.ms.us/mlc-services/online-resources/wpa-county-files/|access-date=2024-07-21|website=www.mlc.lib.ms.us}}</ref>]]
Forrest was an early member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK), which was formed by six veterans of the Confederate Army in [[Pulaski, Tennessee]], during the spring of 1866<ref name="Wade1998">{{cite book|author=Wyn Craig Wade|title=The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6O_XYBMhNYAC&pg=PA32|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512357-9|page=32|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175451/https://books.google.com/books?id=6O_XYBMhNYAC&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=5}}<ref name="Parsons2015">{{cite book|author=Elaine Frantz Parsons|title=Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gl60CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|year=2015|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-2543-0|page=30|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175457/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gl60CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and soon expanded throughout the state and beyond. Forrest became involved sometime in late 1866 or early 1867. A common report was that Forrest arrived in Nashville while the Klan was meeting at the [[Maxwell House Hotel]] in April 1867, probably at the encouragement of former fellow CSA general, turned state Klan leader, [[George Gordon (Civil War General)|George Gordon]].{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=11}} The organization had grown to the point that an experienced commander was needed, and Forrest was well-suited to assume the role. In Room 10 of the Maxwell, Forrest was sworn in as a member by [[John W. Morton (Tennessee politician)|John W. Morton]].<ref name="tennesseanobit">{{cite news|title=John W. Morton Passes Away in Shelby|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/119557576/?terms=%22John%2BW.%2BMorton%22|access-date=September 25, 2016|work=The Tennessean|date=November 21, 1914|pages=1–2|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=registration|quote=To Captain Morton came the peculiar distinction of having organized that branch of the Ku Klux Klan which operated in Nashville and the adjacent territory, but a more signal honor was his when he performed the ceremonies which initiated Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest into the mysterious ranks of the Ku Klux Klan.|archive-date=October 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008185807/https://www.newspapers.com/image/119557576/?terms=%22John%2BW.%2BMorton%22|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Hurst|1993|pp=284–285}} Brian Steel Wills quotes two KKK members who identified Forrest as a Klan leader.{{sfn|Wills|1993|p=336}} James R. Crowe stated, "After the order grew to large numbers we found it necessary to have someone of large experience to command. We chose General Forrest".<ref name="Quarles199942">{{cite book|author=Chester L. Quarles|title=The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhcnmDIQOW8C&pg=PA42|year=1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0647-0|page=42|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fhcnmDIQOW8C&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Another member wrote, "N. B. Forrest of Confederate fame was at our head, and was known as the Grand Wizard. I heard him make a speech in one of our Dens".{{sfn|Wills|1993|p=336}} The title "[[Grand Wizard]]" was chosen because Forrest had been known as "The Wizard of the Saddle" during the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Hurst|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LIvYI_ER5kC&pg=PA287 287]}}: "The next order of business was the naming of a leader and the designation of his title. Nominations were solicited. 'The Wizard of the Saddle, General Nathan Bedford Forrest,' a voice from the back of the room called out. The nominee was elected quickly, and in keeping with the off-the-cuff impulsiveness of the early Klan, was designated grand wizard of the Invisible Empire."</ref> According to Jack Hurst's 1993 biography, "Two years after [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox]], Forrest was reincarnated as grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. As the Klan's first national leader, he became the [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy]]'s avenging angel, galvanizing a loose collection of boyish secret social clubs into a reactionary instrument of terror still feared today."{{sfn|Hurst|1993|p=6}} Forrest was the Klan's first and only Grand Wizard, and he was active in recruitment for the Klan from 1867 to 1868.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=11}}{{sfn|Browning|2004|p=15}}<ref name="Martinez2007PA18">{{cite book|author=James Michael Martinez|title=Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLXSgDimlD0C&pg=PA18|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-5078-0|page=18|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175433/https://books.google.com/books?id=aLXSgDimlD0C&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Browning|2004|p=99}}<ref name="Philpott2016">{{cite book|author=Don Philpott|title=Critical Government Documents on Law and Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLWcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|year=2016|publisher=Bernan Press|isbn=978-1-59888-784-6|page=52|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180316/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLWcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Morton1909">{{cite book|author=John Watson Morton|year=1909|title=The Artillery of Nathan Bedford Forrest's Cavalry: "the Wizard of the Saddle"|publisher=Publishing house of the M.E. Church, South, Smith & Lamar, agents|page=[https://archive.org/details/artillerynathan01mortgoog/page/n371 345]|url=https://archive.org/details/artillerynathan01mortgoog}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Phelan|first=Ben|date=January 16, 2009|title=Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest and the KKK|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/fts/palmsprings_200801A41.html|website=pbs.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220135735/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/fts/palmsprings_200801A41.html|archive-date=February 20, 2009}}</ref>

Following the war, the United States Congress began passing the [[Reconstruction Acts]] to specify conditions for the readmission of former Confederate States to the United States,<ref name="Franklin1995">{{cite book|author=John Hope Franklin|title=Reconstruction After the Civil War|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GH1W13Xv5y8C&pg=PA129|year=1995|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-26079-2|page=129|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180335/https://books.google.com/books?id=GH1W13Xv5y8C&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schroeder-LeinZuczek2001">{{cite book|author1=Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein|author2=Richard Zuczek|title=Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion|url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnsonbio0000schr|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-030-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnsonbio0000schr/page/195 195]}}</ref><ref name="Summers2014">{{cite book|author=Mark Wahlgren Summers|title=The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FudjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|year=2014|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-1758-9|pages=90–91|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180343/https://books.google.com/books?id=FudjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> including ratification of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth]] (1868), and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth]] (1870) Amendments to the United States Constitution. The Fourteenth addressed citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws for formerly enslaved people, while the Fifteenth specifically secured the voting rights of black men.<ref name="Tsesis2010">{{cite book|author=Alexander Tsesis|author-link=Alexander Tsesis|title=The Promises of Liberty: The History and Contemporary Relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|year=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52013-3|page=88|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180232/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Wills, in the August 1867 state elections the Klan was relatively restrained in its actions. White Americans who made up the KKK hoped to persuade black voters that returning to their pre-war state of bondage was in their best interest. Forrest assisted in maintaining order. After these efforts failed, Klan violence and intimidation escalated and became widespread.{{sfn|Wills|1993|p=338}} Author Andrew Ward, however, writes, "In the spring of 1867, Forrest and his dragoons launched a campaign of midnight parades; 'ghost' masquerades; and 'whipping' and even 'killing Negro voters and white Republicans, to scare blacks off voting and running for office{{'"}}.{{sfn|Ward|2005|p=386}} In 1868, "Klan organizers circulated printed rituals. Forrest and his business partners were then promoting an insurance venture, and their travels facilitated the movement ."<ref>{{cite book|last=Fitzgerald|first= M.W.|year=2017|title=Reconstruction in Alabama: From Civil War to Redemption in the Cotton South|location=Baton Rouge|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|page=181}}</ref>

In an 1868 interview by a [[Cincinnati]] newspaper, Forrest claimed that the Ku Klux Klan had 40,000 members in [[Tennessee]] and 550,000 total members throughout the Southern United States.<ref name="Gitlin2009">{{cite book|author=Marty Gitlin|title=The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an American Subculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ4YHu0DX0AC&pg=PA6|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36576-8|page=6|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180349/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ4YHu0DX0AC&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bartoletti2014">{{cite book|author=Susan Campbell Bartoletti|title=They Called Themselves the K.K.K.: The Birth of an American Terrorist Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnoQBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|year=2014|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-48803-5|page=138|access-date=April 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180539/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnoQBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He said he sympathized with them, but denied any formal connection, although he claimed he could muster thousands of men himself. He described the Klan as "a protective political military organization&nbsp;... The members are sworn to recognize the government of the United States ... Its objects originally were protection against [[Union League|Loyal Leagues]] and the [[Grand Army of the Republic]]&nbsp;...".<ref name="Current1992">{{cite book|author=Richard Nelson Current|title=Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIbFlZS5V6oC&pg=PA207|year=1992|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-55553-124-9|page=207|access-date=April 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180404/https://books.google.com/books?id=RIbFlZS5V6oC&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|p=451}} After only a year as Grand Wizard, in January 1869, faced with an ungovernable membership employing methods that seemed increasingly counterproductive, Forrest dissolved the Klan, ordered their costumes destroyed,<ref>{{citation|last=Tures|first=John A.|title=General Nathan Bedford Forrest Versus the Ku Klux Klan|website=HuffPost|date=July 6, 2015|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-a-tures/general-nathan-bedford-fo_b_7734444.html|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819155104/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-a-tures/general-nathan-bedford-fo_b_7734444.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and withdrew from participation. His declaration had little effect, and few Klansmen destroyed their robes and hoods.<ref name="Wade199859">{{cite book|author=Wyn Craig Wade|title=The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6O_XYBMhNYAC&pg=PA59|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512357-9|page=59|access-date=March 17, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180540/https://books.google.com/books?id=6O_XYBMhNYAC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1871, the [[United States congressional committee|''U.S. Congressional Committee Report'']] stated that "The natural tendency of all such organizations is to violence and crime, hence it was that Gen. Forrest and other men of influence by the exercise of their moral power, induced them to disband".

====Democratic convention 1868====
{{main|1868 Democratic National Convention}}
[[File:1868 carte de visite - Nathan Bedford Forrest - Mathew B. Brady in New York City - Steve and Mike Romano Collection.jpg|thumb|1868 ''[[carte de visite]]'' of Nathan Bedford Forrest taken by [[Mathew B. Brady]] in New York City at the time of the 1868 Democratic Convention (Steve and Mike Romano Collection, ''Military Images'')]]
The Klan's activity infiltrated the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s campaign for the [[1868 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1868]]. Prominent ex-Confederates, including Forrest, the Grand Wizard of the Klan, and South Carolina's [[Wade Hampton III|Wade Hampton]], attended as delegates at the 1868 Democratic Convention, held at [[Tammany Hall]] headquarters at 141 East 14th Street in New York City.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=12}}{{sfn|Calhoun|2017|p=46}} Forrest rode to the convention on a train that was stopped just outside of a small town along the way, when he was confronted by a well-known fighter shouting "d[amne]d butcher" and wanting to "thrash" him. When Forrest rose and approached the bully, his larger challenger's "purpose evaporated."{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=300}} Former governor of New York [[Horatio Seymour]] was nominated as the Democratic presidential candidate, while Forrest's friend, [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], was nominated as the Democratic vice presidential candidate, Seymour's running mate.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=12}} The Seymour–Blair Democratic ticket's campaign slogan was: "Our Ticket, Our Motto, This Is a White Man's Country; Let White Men Rule".{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=12}} The Democratic Party platform denounced the Reconstruction Acts as unconstitutional, void, and revolutionary.{{sfn|Calhoun|2017|p=46}} The party advocated the termination of the Freedman's Bureau and any government policy designed to aid blacks in the Southern United States.{{sfn|Calhoun|2017|p=46}} These developments worked to the advantage of the Republicans, who focused on the Democratic Party's alleged disloyalty during and after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2017|p=46}}

====Election of 1868 and Grant====
[[Image:George W. Ashburn.jpg|right|thumb|Prominent Republican organizer [[George Ashburn]] was murdered in Georgia by the Ku Klux Klan on March 31, 1868.]]
During the presidential election of 1868, the Ku Klux Klan, under the leadership of Forrest, and other terrorist groups, used brutal violence and intimidation against blacks and Republican voters.<ref name="Grant, Reconstruction and the KKK 2018">{{cite web|title=Grant, Reconstruction and the KKK|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-kkk/|date=2018|access-date=April 15, 2018|publisher=American Experience|website=pbs.org}}</ref>{{sfn|Chernow|2017|p=588}} Forrest played a prominent role in the spread of the Klan in the Southern United States, meeting with racist whites in Atlanta several times between February and March 1868. Forrest probably organized a statewide Klan network in Georgia during these visits.{{sfn|Bryant|2002}} On March 31, the Klan struck, killing prominent Republican organizer [[George W. Ashburn|George Ashburn]] in [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]].{{sfn|Bryant|2002}}

The Republicans had nominated one of Forrest's battle adversaries, U.S. war hero [[Ulysses S. Grant]], for the presidency at their convention held in October. Klansmen took their orders from their former Confederate officers.{{sfn|Chernow|2017|p=588}} In Louisiana, 1,000 blacks were killed to suppress Republican voting. In Georgia, blacks and Republicans also faced a lot of violence. The Klan's violence was primarily designed to intimidate voters, targeting black and white supporters of the Republican Party.{{sfn|Bryant|2002}} The Klan's violent tactics backfired, as Grant, whose slogan was "Let us have peace", won the election and Republicans gained a majority in Congress.<ref name="Grant, Reconstruction and the KKK 2018"/> Grant defeated [[Horatio Seymour]], the Democratic presidential candidate, by a comfortable electoral margin, 214 to 80.{{sfn|Calhoun|2017|p=55}} The popular vote was much closer: Grant received 3,013,365 (52.7%) votes, while Seymour received 2,708,744 (47.3%) votes.{{sfn|Calhoun|2017|p=55}} Grant lost Georgia and Louisiana, where the violence and intimidation against blacks were most prominent.

====Klan prosecution and Congressional testimony (1871)====
Many in the United States, including President Grant, backed the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, which gave voting rights to American men regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". Congress and Grant passed the [[Enforcement Acts]] from 1870 to 1871 to protect the "registration, voting, officeholding, or jury service" of African Americans. Under these laws enforced by Grant and the newly formed [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]], there were over 5,000 indictments and 1,000 convictions of Klan members across the Southern United States.<ref name="Grant, Reconstruction and the KKK 2018"/>

Forrest testified before the Congressional investigation of Klan activities on June 27, 1871. He denied membership, but his role in the KKK was beyond the scope of the investigating committee, which wrote: "Our design is not to connect General Forrest with this order (the reader may form his own conclusion upon this question)".<ref name="States1872">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. Joint Select Committee on the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States|title=Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire Into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, So Far as Regards the Execution of the Laws, and Safety of the Lives and Property of the Citizens of the United States and Testimony Taken: Report of the Joint committee, Views of the minority and Journal of the Select committee, April 20, 1871 – Feb. 19, 1872|url=https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel04unit_0|year=1872|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel04unit_0/page/n526 14]|quote=When it is considered that the origin, designs, mysteries, and ritual of the order are made secrets; that the assumption of its regalia or the revelation of any of its secrets, even by an expelled member, or of its purposes by a member, will be visited by 'the extreme penalty of the law', the difficulty of procuring testimony upon this point may be appreciated, and the denials of the purposes, of membership in, and even the existence of the order, should all be considered in the light of these provisions. This contrast might be pursued further, but our design is not to connect General Forrest with this order, (the reader may form his own conclusion upon this question,) but to trace its development, and from its acts and consequences gather the designs which are locked up under such penalties.}}</ref> The committee also noted, "The natural tendency of all such organizations is to violence and crime; hence it was that General Forrest and other men of influence in the state, by the exercise of their moral power, induced them to disband".<ref>{{cite report|title=Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States|volume=1|date=1872|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Government Printing Office|url=https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel01unit_0/|page=463}}</ref> George Cantor, a biographer of Confederate generals, wrote, "Forrest ducked and weaved, denying all knowledge, but admitted he knew some of the people involved. He sidestepped some questions and pleaded failure of memory on others. Afterwards, he admitted to 'gentlemanly lies'. He wanted nothing more to do with the Klan, but felt honor bound to protect former associates."<ref name="Cantor2000">{{cite book|author=George Cantor|title=Confederate Generals: Life Portraits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW4VAQAAMAAJ&q=%22gentlemanly%20lies%22|year=2000|publisher=Taylor Trade Pub.|isbn=978-0-87833-179-6|page=78|access-date=May 13, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180540/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW4VAQAAMAAJ&q=%22gentlemanly%20lies%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Race and politics (1870s)====
[[File:The Commercial Appeal Sun Jun 14 1908.jpg|thumb|The lionization of Forrest was especially keen during the post-[[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] period now known as the [[nadir of American race relations]] ("When Forrest Came to Town" ''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', June 14, 1908)]]
After the [[lynching|lynch mob]] murder of four black people who had been arrested for defending themselves in a brawl at a barbecue, Forrest wrote to Tennessee governor [[John C. Brown]] in August 1874 volunteering to personally lead a posse to punish the "white marauders" responsible. Brown politely declined the offer.{{sfn|Davison|Foxx|2007|pp=474–475}}

In January 1875, Forrest came to Nashville to work against the re-election of Andrew Johnson for Senate; four of the six other candidates being considered by the Tennessee Assembly were fellow former high officers in the Confederate Army, namely generals [[John C. Brown]], [[William B. Bate]], [[William Andrew Quarles|W. A. Quarles]], and Colonel [[John H. Savage]]. According to historian [[Fay W. Brabson]], when Forrest arrived Johnson cunningly told him, "When the gods arrive, the half-gods depart; if the people really wanted to bestow honor where honor was due, they should support Forrest for the Senate instead of any one-horse general." Forrest was duly flattered and left town for Memphis that night, leaving the "lesser military contenders" to fight amongst themselves amidst a losing battle with Johnson.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Brabson|first=Fay Warrington|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=77151079&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Andrew Johnson: a life in pursuit of the right course, 1808–1875: the seventeenth President of the United States|date=1972|publisher=Seeman Printery|location=Durham, N.C|pages=258|language=en-us|access-date=December 27, 2023|archive-date=August 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803085005/https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=77151079&searchType=1&permalink=y|url-status=live }}</ref>

In his last public appearance, Forrest gave a speech on July 5, 1875 before the Independent Order of Pole-Bearers Association, a post-war organization of black Southerners advocating to both improve black people's economic condition and gain equal rights for all citizens. He made what ''[[The New York Times]]'' described as a "friendly speech"<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb02361.x|title=Kommemorating the Ku Klux Klan|journal=The Sociological Quarterly|volume=40|pages=139–158|year=1999|last1=Lewis|first1=Michael|last2=Serbu|first2=Jacqueline}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0713.html|title=On This Day: Death of General Forrest|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 30, 1877|access-date=February 17, 2017|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180050/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0713.html|url-status=live}}</ref> during which, when offered a bouquet by the daughter of a Pole Bearers' officer, he accepted them,<ref name="Stephens2012">{{cite book|author=John Richard Stephens|title=Commanding the Storm: Civil War Battles in the Words of the Generals Who Fought Them|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2VBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319|year=2012|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-0-7627-9002-9|page=319|access-date=April 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180540/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2VBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> thanked the young black woman and kissed her on the cheek. Forrest spoke in encouragement of black advancement and endeavored to be a proponent for espousing peace and harmony between black and white Americans.<ref name="memphis-appeal">{{citation|title=Memphis daily appeal. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847–1886, July 06, 1875, Image 1|website=Library of Congress, Chronicling America|issue=1875/07/06|date=August 4, 2008|issn=2166-1898|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045160/1875-07-06/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=August 23, 2017|publisher=National Endowment for the Humanities|archive-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161940/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045160/1875-07-06/ed-1/seq-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to the Pole-Bearers speech, the [[Confederate Survivors Association|Cavalry Survivors Association of Augusta]], the first Confederate organization formed after the war, held a meeting on July 30, 1875 in which Captain Francis Edgeworth Eve, a former enlisted cavalry soldier who had been [[Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864#Election of officers|elected to his rank]] in the [[Georgia Hussars]], gave a speech expressing strong disapproval of Forrest's remarks promoting inter-ethnic harmony, ridiculing his faculties and judgment and berating the woman who gave Forrest flowers as "a mulatto wench". The association voted unanimously to amend its constitution to expressly forbid publicly advocating for or hinting at any association of white women and girls as being in the same classes as "females of the negro race".<ref>{{citation|work=Augusta Georgia Chronicle|date=July 31, 1875|url=https://deadconfederates.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/augusta-chronicle-31-july-1875-p-4.pdf|title=Ex-Confederates: Meeting of Cavalry Survivor's Association|access-date=July 13, 2015|archive-date=September 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916000410/https://deadconfederates.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/augusta-chronicle-31-july-1875-p-4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[The Telegraph (Macon)|Macon Weekly Telegraph]]'' newspaper also condemned Forrest for his speech, describing the event as "the recent disgusting exhibition of himself at the negro jamboree" and quoting part of a ''[[Charlotte Observer]]'' article, which read "We have infinitely more respect for [[James Longstreet|Longstreet]], who fraternizes with negro men on public occasions, with the pay for the treason to his race in his pocket, than with Forrest and [[Gideon Johnson Pillow|[General] Pillow]], who equalize with the negro women, with only 'futures' in payment".<ref name="SavannahMorningNews1875">{{cite news|editor1-last=Thompson|editor1-first=W. T.|title=Savannah Morning News (Savannah, Ga.) 1868-1887, July 17, 1875|url=https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn82015137/1875-07-17/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=10 December 2024|work=Savannah Morning News|date=July 17, 1875|page=2}}</ref>

===Death===
[[File:Elmwood Cemetery S Pauline St 2010-09-25 Memphis TN 17.jpg|thumb|left|A number of Forrest family members are buried at Memphis' [[Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)|Elmwood Cemetery]].]]
Forrest reportedly died from acute complications of [[diabetes]] at the Memphis home of his brother Jesse on October 29, 1877.{{sfn|Welsh|1999|p=72}} His eulogy was delivered by his recent spiritual mentor, former Confederate chaplain [[George Tucker Stainback]], who declared in his eulogy: "Lieutenant-General Nathan Bedford Forrest, though dead, yet speaketh. His acts have photographed themselves upon the hearts of thousands, and will speak there forever."{{sfn|Ashdown|Caudill|2006|p=64}}

Forrest's funeral procession was over two miles long. The crowd of mourners was estimated to include 20,000 people.<ref name="Jones2006" /> According to Forrest biographer Jack Hurst, writers present at the public viewing of Forrest's body and the funeral procession noted many black citizens among them.{{sfn|Hurst|2011|p=9}}

[[File:Elmwood Cemetery S Pauline St 2010-09-25 Memphis TN 14.jpg|thumb|Forrest helped raise money for a Confederate monument at the cemetery.]]
Forrest was buried on October 30, 1877 at [[Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)|Elmwood Cemetery]] in Memphis with military honors and rites as a member of the [[Odd Fellows|Oddfellows]].{{sfn|Foote|1974|p=1052}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1877-11-04|title=The Death of Nathan Bedford Forrest- razz|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-star-and-catholic-messenger/43298173/|access-date=2024-07-28|work=The Morning Star and Catholic Messenger|pages=8}}</ref> In 1904, the remains of Forrest and his wife Mary were [[Burial#Reinterment|disinterred]] from Elmwood and moved to a Memphis city park that was originally named Forrest Park in his honor but has since been renamed Health Sciences Park.<ref name="Sainz">{{citation|last=Sainz|first=Adrian|title=Memphis renames 3 parks that honored Confederacy|url=https://news.yahoo.com/memphis-renames-3-parks-honored-confederacy-010653790.html|access-date=February 6, 2013|archive-date=February 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209164235/http://news.yahoo.com/memphis-renames-3-parks-honored-confederacy-010653790.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 7, 2015, the Memphis City Council unanimously voted to remove the statue of Forrest from Health Sciences Park, and to return the remains of Forrest and his wife to Elmwood Cemetery.<ref name="TaylorArthur2015">{{cite news|author1=Eryn Taylor|author2=Shay Arthur|title=Council begins process of removing Nathan Bedford Forrest's remains|url=https://wreg.com/2015/07/07/statue-debate-heats-up-as-city-council-gets-set-to-vote/|access-date=September 3, 2019|work=News Channel 3|publisher=WREG|date=July 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423002454/https://wreg.com/2015/07/07/statue-debate-heats-up-as-city-council-gets-set-to-vote/|archive-date=April 23, 2019|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on October 13, 2017, the [[Tennessee Historical Commission]] invoked the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act of 2013 and U.S. Public Law 85-425: Sec. 410 to overrule the city.<ref name="TDEC2018">{{cite web|title=Tennessee Heritage Protection Act|url=https://www.tn.gov/environment/about-tdec/tennessee-historical-commission/redirect---tennessee-historical-commission/tennessee-heritage-protection-act.html|website=www.tn.gov|publisher=Tennessee Department of Environment & Conservation|access-date=April 14, 2018|language=en|archive-date=April 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412195019/https://www.tn.gov/environment/about-tdec/tennessee-historical-commission/redirect---tennessee-historical-commission/tennessee-heritage-protection-act.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Consequently, Memphis sold the park land to [[Memphis Greenspace]], a non-profit entity not subject to the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act, which immediately removed the monument as explained below.<ref name="CommercialAppeal2017">{{cite news|url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/government/city/2017/12/20/memphis-council-votes-immediately-remove-confederate-statues/960707001/|newspaper=[[Memphis Commercial Appeal]]|title=Memphis removes Confederate statues from Downtown parks|date=December 21, 2017|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=December 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221081742/http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/government/city/2017/12/20/memphis-council-votes-immediately-remove-confederate-statues/960707001/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost2017">{{cite news|title=Memphis to Jefferson Davis: 'Na na na na, hey, hey, goodbye'|first=Fred|last=Barbash|date=December 21, 2017|access-date=December 21, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://s2.washingtonpost.com/20f12b/5a3be18afe1ff6194e5e2822/ZGFuaWVsYmVpc2VuYmVyZ0BnbWFpbC5jb20%3D/36/122/ce43b833f25d2f95e08f74b8fbc71cb8|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/12/21/memphis-to-jefferson-davis-na-na-na-na-hey-hey-goodbye/?undefined=&wpisrc=nl_most&wpmm=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Historical reputation and legacy==
{{gallery|title=Monuments to Nathan Bedford Forrest|mode=packed
|File:NBFSP Camden TN 03 Museum NBF Bust.jpg|Bronze bust of Forrest at [[Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park]]
|File:MHC Nathan Forrest Monument.jpg|Nathan Bedford Forrest monument in [[Myrtle Hill Cemetery]], [[Rome, Georgia]]
|Image:Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue.JPG|Statue of Nathan Bedford Forrest, removed from Health Sciences Park December 20, 2017
}}

===Specific monuments===
Many memorials have been erected to Forrest, especially in Tennessee and adjacent southern states. Forrest was elevated in Memphis—where he lived and died—to the status of folk hero. Historian Court Carney suggested that "embarrassed by their city's early capitulation during the Civil War, white Memphians desperately needed a hero and therefore crafted a distorted depiction of Forrest's role in the war."<ref name="Carney2001" /> Moreover, a "strong Forrest cult exists among fans of the Lost Cause."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/blackflagoverdix0000unse|title=Black flag over Dixie : racial atrocities and reprisals in the Civil War|date=2004|location=Carbondale|publisher= Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2546-7|pages=13}}</ref> Forrest's legacy as "one of the most controversial—and popular—icons of the war" still draws heated public debate.<ref name="Jonsson">{{cite news|last=Jonsson|first=Patrik|date=February 11, 2011|title=KKK leader on specialty license plates? Plan in Mississippi raises hackles|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0211/KKK-leader-on-specialty-license-plates-Plan-in-Mississippi-raises-hackles|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=April 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421235809/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0211/KKK-leader-on-specialty-license-plates-Plan-in-Mississippi-raises-hackles|url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2007}}, Tennessee had 32 dedicated [[historical marker]]s linked to Nathan Bedford Forrest, more than were dedicated to all three former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] associated with the state combined: [[Andrew Jackson]], [[James K. Polk]], and [[Andrew Johnson]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Loewen|first=James W.|title=Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBZiU_tmRmgC&pg=PA237|page=237 <!--|quote=Nathan Bedford Forrest stands as the paramount hero on the Tennessee landscape. He gets a bust in the state capitol, a statue in Nathan Bedford Forrest Park in Memphis, obelisks at his birthplace in Chapel Hill and at Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park near Camden, and thirty-two different state historical markers, far more than any other person in any other state in America. Tennessee supplied three United States presidents—Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, and Andrew Johnson—but Forrest gets more markers than all three put together. -->|year=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0743296298|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180949/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBZiU_tmRmgC&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live }}</ref> A Tennessee-based organization, the [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]], posthumously awarded Forrest their [[Confederate Medal of Honor (Sons of Confederate Veterans)|Confederate Medal of Honor]], created in 1977.<ref name="Gannett">{{cite news|date=April 26, 2014|title=Confederate soldiers have their own medal of honor|work=News Leader|agency=AP|url=https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/local/2014/04/26/confederate-soldiers-have-their-own-medal-of-honor/8205749/|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180919/https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/local/2014/04/26/confederate-soldiers-have-their-own-medal-of-honor/8205749/|url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Public schools ====
High schools named for Forrest were built in [[Chapel Hill, Tennessee]], and [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. The school in Jacksonville was named for Forrest in 1959 at the urging of the [[Daughters of the Confederacy]] because they were upset about the 1954 ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' decision.<ref name="Lawinski2015">{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/florida-high-school-keeps-kkk-founders-name|url-status=live|work=Fox News|title=Florida High School Keeps KKK Founder's Name|first=Jennifer|last=Lawinski|date=May 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618184355/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,448684,00.html|archive-date=June 18, 2013}}</ref> In 2008, the [[Duval County Public Schools#School board|Duval County School Board]] voted 5–2 against a push to change the name of Nathan Bedford Forrest High School in Jacksonville.<ref name="vote" /> In 2013, the board voted 7–0 to begin the process to rename the school.<ref name="vote">{{citation|title=Florida School Board Votes To Remove Name Of Civil War General Tied To Ku Klux|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/florida-high-school-changes-name-2013-11|work=Business Insider|date=November 9, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2013|archive-date=November 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110174531/http://www.businessinsider.com/florida-high-school-changes-name-2013-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The school was all white until [[Duval County, Florida|Duval County]] schools were ordered to be desegregated in 1971,<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Mims v. Duval County School Board|vol=329|reporter=F. Supp.|opinion=123|court=United States District Court, M. D. Florida, Jacksonville Division.|date=June 23, 1971|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/329/123/2596160/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101023139/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/329/123/2596160/|url-status=live }}</ref> but now more than half the student body is black.<ref name="Lawinski2015" /> After several public forums and discussions, [[Westside High School (Jacksonville)|Westside High School]] was unanimously approved in January 2014 as the school's new name. The Forrest Hill Academy high school in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], which had been named for Forrest, was renamed the [[Hank Aaron]] New Beginnings Academy in April 2021 after the [[Atlanta Braves]] baseball star who had died less than three months prior.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Inabinett|first1=Mark|date=April 13, 2021|title=Hank Aaron replaces Confederate general in school name|url=https://www.al.com/sports/2021/04/hank-aaron-replaces-confederate-general-in-school-name.html|access-date=April 13, 2021|website=AL.com|publisher=Advance Local Media|ref=ForrestHill|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414012539/https://www.al.com/sports/2021/04/hank-aaron-replaces-confederate-general-in-school-name.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Middle Tennessee State University ====
In 1978, [[Middle Tennessee State University]] abandoned imagery it had formerly used (in 1951, the school's yearbook, ''The Midlander'', featured the first appearance of Forrest's likeness as MTSU's official mascot) and MTSU president M. G. Scarlett removed the General's image from the university's official seal. The Blue Raiders' athletic mascot was changed to an ambiguous swash-buckler character called the "Blue Raider" to avoid association with Forrest or the Confederacy. The school unveiled its latest mascot, a winged horse named "Lightning" inspired by the mythological [[Pegasus]], during halftime of a basketball game against rival [[Tennessee State University]] on January 17, 1998.<ref name="MTSU2016">{{cite web|title=Forrest Hall: The Evolution of Middle Tennessee's Mascot|url=http://mtsusidelines.com/2016/03/the-evolution-of-middle-tennessees-mascot/|website=mtsusidelines.com|publisher=Sidelines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407015445/http://mtsusidelines.com/2016/03/the-evolution-of-middle-tennessees-mascot/|archive-date=April 7, 2018|date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> The [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building at MTSU had been named Forrest Hall to honor him in 1958, but the [[frieze]] depicting him on horseback that had adorned the side of the building was removed amid protests in 2006.<ref name="Lind2017">{{cite web|author1=J.R. Lind|title=Forrest Hall Name Change Decision Delayed|url=https://patch.com/tennessee/lavergne-smyrna/forrest-hall-name-change-decision-delayed|website=La Vergne-Smyrna, Tennessee Patch|publisher=Patch Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224141150/https://patch.com/tennessee/lavergne-smyrna/forrest-hall-name-change-decision-delayed|archive-date=December 24, 2017|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> A significant push to change its name failed on February 16, 2018, when the governor-controlled [[Tennessee Historical Commission]] denied Middle Tennessee State University's petition to rename Forrest Hall.<ref name="Tamburin2018">{{cite web|author1=Adam Tamburin|title=Commission denies MTSU's request to change the name of Forrest Hall|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2018/02/16/commission-denies-mtsus-request-change-name-forrest-hall/346998002/|website=The Tennessean|publisher=USA Today Network – Tennessee|access-date=April 15, 2018|language=en|date=February 16, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180944/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2018/02/16/commission-denies-mtsus-request-change-name-forrest-hall/346998002/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:P15138coll6 2722 full - Commemorative scroll from the 11th reunion of the United Confederate Veterans in Memphis, May 1901.jpg|thumb|Commemorative scroll from the 11th reunion of the United Confederate Veterans in Memphis, May 1901]]

==== Mississippi license plate plan ====
A 2011 proposal by the [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]] to honor Forrest with a [[Mississippi license plate]] revived tensions and raised objections from Mississippi NAACP chapter president Derrick Johnson, who compared Forrest to [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{citation|title=Proposed Mississippi License Plate Would Honor Early KKK Leader|date=February 10, 2011|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/proposed-mississippi-license-plate-would-honor-early-kkk-leader|work=Fox News|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903182004/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/proposed-mississippi-license-plate-would-honor-early-kkk-leader|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jonsson" /> The Mississippi [[NAACP]] petitioned Governor [[Haley Barbour]] to denounce the plates and prevent their distribution.<ref>{{citation|title=Group Wants KKK Founder Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest on License Plate|date=February 10, 2011|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/kkk-founder-gen-nathan-bedford-forrest-mississippi-license/story?id=12888228|work=ABC News|access-date=June 28, 2020|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111145658/https://abcnews.go.com/US/kkk-founder-gen-nathan-bedford-forrest-mississippi-license/story?id=12888228|url-status=live }}</ref> Barbour refused to denounce the honor. Instead, he noted that the state legislature would not likely approve the plate anyway.<ref>{{citation|title=Haley Barbour Won't Denounce Proposal Honoring Confederate General, Early KKK Leader|date=February 16, 2011|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/haley-barbour-wont-denounce-proposal-honoring-confederate-general-early-kkk-leader/|work=CBS News|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825231656/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20032216-503544.html|url-status=live|archive-date=August 25, 2012}}</ref>

==== Forrest monument in Old Live Oak Cemetery, Selma, Alabama ====
In 2000, a monument to Forrest was unveiled in [[Selma, Alabama]].<ref name="Cox2012" /> The monument to Forrest in the Confederate Circle section of Old Live Oak Cemetery in [[Selma, Alabama]], reads "Defender of Selma, Wizard of the Saddle, Untutored Genius, The first with the most. This monument stands as testament of our perpetual devotion and respect for [[History of Confederate States Army Generals#Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] Nathan Bedford Forrest. CSA 1821–1877, one of the South's finest heroes. In honor of Gen. Forrest's unwavering defense of Selma, the great state of Alabama, and the Confederacy, this memorial is dedicated. [[Deo vindice|DEO VINDICE]]".<ref name="Upton2015">{{cite book|author=Dell Upton|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWHdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|title=What Can and Can't be Said: Race, Uplift, and Monument Building in the Contemporary South|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-21175-7|page=34|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180926/https://books.google.com/books?id=yWHdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live }}</ref> The bust of Forrest was stolen from the cemetery monument in March 2012 and replaced in May 2015.<ref name="Cox2012">{{cite web|last=Cox|first=Dale|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument – Selma, Alabama|date=August 23, 2012|url=https://www.exploresouthernhistory.com/selmaforrest.html|access-date=October 9, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324015832/http://exploresouthernhistory.com/selmaforrest.html|publisher=Exploresouthernhistory.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Edgemon|first=Erin|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest bust back in Alabama cemetery|date=March 26, 2015|url=https://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/05/nathan_bedford_forrest_bust_ba.html|access-date=June 29, 2018|publisher=al.com|archive-date=June 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000221/https://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/05/nathan_bedford_forrest_bust_ba.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Forrest Park, now Health Sciences Park, in Memphis ====
A memorial to him, the first Civil War memorial in Memphis, was erected in 1905 in a new Nathan Bedford Forrest Park. In 2005, [[Shelby County, Tennessee|Shelby County]] Commissioner Walter Bailey started an effort to move the statue over Forrest's grave and rename Forrest Park. Former Memphis Mayor [[Willie Herenton]], who is black, blocked the move. In 2013, Forrest Park in Memphis was renamed the Health Sciences Park amid substantial controversy.<ref name="Sainz" /> In light of the 2015 [[Charleston church shooting|church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina]], some Tennessee lawmakers advocated removing a bust of Forrest located in the state's Capitol building. Subsequently, then-Mayor [[A C Wharton]]<!-- no dots --> urged that the statue of Forrest be removed from the Health Sciences Park and suggested that the remains of Forrest and his wife be relocated to their original burial site in nearby [[Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)|Elmwood Cemetery]].<ref>{{citation|last=Brown|first=George|title=Mayor Wharton: Remove Nathan Bedford Forrest statue and body from park|date=June 25, 2015|website=WREG.com|url=http://wreg.com/2015/06/25/mayor-wharton-wants-nathan-bedford-forrest-statue-and-body-removed-from-park/|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165158/http://wreg.com/2015/06/25/mayor-wharton-wants-nathan-bedford-forrest-statue-and-body-removed-from-park/|url-status=live }}</ref> In a nearly unanimous vote on July 7, the Memphis City Council passed a resolution in favor of removing the statue and securing the couple's remains for transfer. The [[Tennessee Historical Commission]] denied removal on October 21, 2016, under the authority granted it by the [[Tennessee Heritage Protection Act]] of 2013, which prevents cities and counties from relocating, removing, renaming, or otherwise disturbing without permission war memorials on public property.<ref>{{citation|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest statue won't be relocated|date=October 21, 2016|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/tennessee/2016/10/21/nathan-bedford-forrest-wont-be-moved/92510072/|newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902005704/http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/tennessee/2016/10/21/nathan-bedford-forrest-wont-be-moved/92510072/|url-status=live }}</ref> The city council then voted on December 20, 2017, to sell Health Sciences Park to [[Memphis Greenspace]], a new [[non-profit corporation]] not subject to the Heritage Protection Act, which removed the statue and another of [[Jefferson Davis]] that same evening.<ref name="CommercialAppeal2017" /><ref name="WashingtonPost2017" /> The Sons of Confederate Veterans threatened a lawsuit against the city. On April 18, 2018, the Tennessee House of Representatives punished Memphis by cutting $250,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000|start_year=2018}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in appropriations for the city's bicentennial celebration.<ref name="Lind2018">{{cite news|author1=J. R. Lind|date=April 18, 2018|title=Tennessee House Punishes Memphis For Confederate Statue Removal|work=Memphis, TN Patch|publisher=Patch Media|url=https://patch.com/tennessee/memphis/tennessee-house-punishes-memphis-confederate-statue-removal|url-status=dead|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418204923/https://patch.com/tennessee/memphis/tennessee-house-punishes-memphis-confederate-statue-removal|archive-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> On June 3, 2021, the remains of Forrest and his wife were exhumed from their burial place in the park, where they had been for over a century, to be reburied in [[Columbia, Tennessee]]. The exhumation and reburial were the results of a campaign that began after the [[Unite the Right Rally]] in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 2017. The effort was spearheaded by Shelby County Commissioner [[Tami Sawyer]], an educator and Memphis native who founded a group called Take 'Em Down 901 to advocate for the removal of Confederate iconography.<ref>Shammas, Brittany (June 3, 2021) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/02/memphis-exhumes-confederate-remains/ "Memphis is digging up the remains of a Confederate general who led the early KKK"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808222343/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/02/memphis-exhumes-confederate-remains/|date=August 8, 2021 }} ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> After the Forrests' remains were removed from Memphis, they were reportedly buried in Munford, Tennessee<ref>{{Cite web|last=Day|first=Echo|date=September 20, 2021|title=Exclusive: Were General Nathan Bedford Forrest and his wife buried in Munford?|url=https://covingtonleader.com/news/exclusive-were-general-nathan-bedford-forrest-and-his-wife-buried-in-munford/|access-date=November 12, 2021|website=Covington Leader|language=en-US|archive-date=November 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112111616/https://covingtonleader.com/news/exclusive-were-general-nathan-bedford-forrest-and-his-wife-buried-in-munford/|url-status=live }}</ref> until their reburial in Columbia in September 2021 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 19, 2021|title=Sons of Confederate Veterans 'Put to Rest for Eternity' Gen. Nathan Bedford in Columbia, Tennessee|url=https://tennesseestar.com/2021/09/19/sons-of-confederate-veterans-put-to-rest-for-eternity-gen-nathan-bedford-in-columbia-tennessee/|access-date=November 12, 2021|website=Tennessee Star|language=en-US|archive-date=November 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112111249/https://tennesseestar.com/2021/09/19/sons-of-confederate-veterans-put-to-rest-for-eternity-gen-nathan-bedford-in-columbia-tennessee/|url-status=live|last1=Baigert|first1=Laura }}</ref>

'''Nathan Bedford Forrest Day:''' The Tennessee legislature established July 13 as "Nathan Bedford Forrest Day".<ref>{{citation|title=Tennessee Code Annotated 15-2-101|url=https://advance.lexis.com/documentpage/?pdmfid=1000516&crid=6790d1f7-f975-4c01-9031-fe26695f2a46&title=15-2-101|year=1971|access-date=March 3, 2018|publisher=[[LexisNexis]]|archive-date=March 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172757/https://advance.lexis.com/documentpage/?pdmfid=1000516&crid=6790d1f7-f975-4c01-9031-fe26695f2a46&title=15-2-101|url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2019, Nathan Bedford Forrest Day was still observed in Tennessee, though some Democrats in the state had attempted to change the law, which required Tennessee's governor to sign a proclamation honoring the holiday.<ref>Allison, Natalie (July 12, 2019). [https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2019/07/12/tennessee-nathan-bedford-forrest-day-gov-bill-lee-signs-proclamation/1684059001/ "Gov. Bill Lee Signs Nathan Bedford Forrest Day Proclamation, Is Not Considering Law Change"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610193456/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2019/07/12/tennessee-nathan-bedford-forrest-day-gov-bill-lee-signs-proclamation/1684059001/|date=June 10, 2022 }}. ''[[The Tennessean]]''. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</ref><ref>Pitofsky, Marina (July 12, 2019). [https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/452850-tennessee-governor-slammed-online-for-signing-confederate "Tennessee Governor Slammed Online for Signing Confederate General Proclamation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712233603/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/452850-tennessee-governor-slammed-online-for-signing-confederate|date=July 12, 2019 }}. ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]''. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</ref> However, since that time, Governor Bill Lee's administration introduced a bill{{Mdash}}passed by the Tennessee legislature on June 10, 2020{{Mdash}}which released the governor from the former requirement that he proclaim that observance each year and a spokesperson for Governor Lee confirmed that he would not be signing a Forrest Day proclamation in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allison|first=Natalie|date=June 10, 2020|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/10/bill-lee-no-longer-proclaim-nathan-bedford-forrest-day-tennessee/5336437002/|title=Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee will no longer proclaim Nathan Bedford Forrest Day after legislature passes bill|work=[[The Tennessean]]|access-date=June 29, 2020}}</ref> In June 2020, after black members of the Tennessee House of Representatives unsuccessfully asked it to eliminate a state celebration of Forrest, Representative [[Cameron Sexton]] opined: "I don't think anybody here is truly racist. I think people may make insensitive comments."<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Allison|first1=Natalie|last2=Ebert|first2=Joel|date=June 14, 2020|title='We're sick of it,' Black Tennessee lawmakers say of long-simmering racial insensitivity at the Capitol|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/15/tennessee-black-legislators-sick-longstanding-racial-insensitivity/5341296002/|website=The Tennessean|access-date=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

==== Nathan Bedford Forrest bust ====
A [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] sculpted by Jane Baxendale is on display at the [[Tennessee State Capitol]] building in Nashville.<ref name="UDCM1978">{{cite journal|date=1978|title=Bust of Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest Is Unveiled|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU1LAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Baxendale%22|journal=The United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine|language=en|volume=41–43|page=250|quote=The sculptress of the bust, Mrs. Loura Jane Herndon Baxendale, wife of Compatriot Albert H. Baxendale, Jr., had also earlier made available a small bust of the general in limited edition. Camp #28 had engaged the services of the eminent Karkadoulias Bronze Art Foundry of Cincinnati, Ohio, to cast the bust for the Capitol.|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181334/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU1LAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Baxendale%22|url-status=live }}</ref> Brett Joseph Forrest, a direct descendant of Nathan, spoke in support of the bust's removal.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nikki Junewicz|date=June 23, 2020|title='I support it:' Nathan Bedford Forrest descendant weighs in on removal of Capitol bust|publisher=WZTV|url=https://fox17.com/news/local/i-support-it-nathan-bedford-forrest-descendant-weighs-in-on-removal-of-capitol-bust|access-date=November 19, 2020|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127032916/https://fox17.com/news/local/i-support-it-nathan-bedford-forrest-descendant-weighs-in-on-removal-of-capitol-bust|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Brett Forrest|date=June 20, 2020|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest's descendant: Move the bust from Tennessee's Capitol – Featured letter|work=Tennessean|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/opinion/2020/06/20/nathan-bedford-forrest-heir-move-bust-tennessee-capitol/3223290001/|access-date=November 19, 2020|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181336/https://www.tennessean.com/story/opinion/2020/06/20/nathan-bedford-forrest-heir-move-bust-tennessee-capitol/3223290001/|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 Sexton voted against the removal of the bust of Forrest from the [[Tennessee State Capitol]] and into the [[Tennessee State Museum]], but only one other legislator agreed with him, and the bust was removed. Sexton said that he believed "Trying to judge past generations' actions based on today's values and the evolution of societies is not an exercise I am willing to do because I think it is counterproductive."<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2021|title=Tennessee to remove bust of Ku Klux Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest from state Capitol|url=https://lite.cnn.com/en/article/h_8863974ac941fb71de943c1fa055cf2b|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131035744/https://lite.cnn.com/en/article/h_8863974ac941fb71de943c1fa055cf2b|archive-date=January 31, 2022|access-date=January 31, 2022|website=CNN}}</ref>

==== Other monuments and memorials ====
* [[Forrest County, Mississippi]] is named after him, as is [[Forrest City, Arkansas]].
* [[Obelisks]] in his memory were placed at his birthplace in [[Chapel Hill, Tennessee]], and at [[Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park]] near [[Camden, Tennessee|Camden]].<ref name="Loewen2010">{{cite book|author=James Loewen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRtFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|title=Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong|publisher=New Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-59558-676-6|page=258|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181343/https://books.google.com/books?id=zRtFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live }}</ref>
* A monument to Forrest at a corner of Veterans Plaza in [[Rome, Georgia]], was erected by the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]] in 1909 to honor his bravery for defending Rome from U.S. Army Colonel [[Abel Streight]] and his cavalry.<ref name="Battey1922">{{cite book|author=George Magruder Battey|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofromeflo01batt_0|title=A History of Rome and Floyd County, State of Georgia, United States of America: Including Numerous Incidents of More Than Local Interest, 1540–1922|publisher=Webb and Vary Company|year=1922|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofromeflo01batt_0/page/381 381]}}</ref>
* The [[World War II]] Army base [[Camp Forrest]] in [[Tullahoma, Tennessee]], was named after him.<ref name="Daddis2002">{{cite book|author=Gregory A. Daddis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQIRQKkJQ0C&pg=PA89|title=Fighting in the Great Crusade: An 8th Infantry Artillery Officer in World War II|publisher=LSU Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8071-2757-5|page=89|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181343/https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQIRQKkJQ0C&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live }}</ref> It is now the site of the [[Arnold Engineering Development Center]].<ref name="AEDC2018">{{cite web|title=Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: An Air Force Materiel Command Test Facility|url=http://www.arnold.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070213-027.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229205732/http://www.arnold.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070213-027.pdf|archive-date=December 29, 2009|access-date=April 15, 2018|website=arnold.af.mil|publisher=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>
* The [[Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue]] in Nashville was notable for its poor quality depiction of Forrest on horseback.  After repeated incidents of vandalism, the statue was disassembled and removed following the death of its owner.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=BONT RELEASES STATEMENT REGARDING REMOVAL OF NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST STATUE NEAR INTERSTATE 65 IN NASHVILLE |date=2021-12-07 |publisher=Battle of Nashville Trust |url=https://www.battleofnashvilletrust.org/news/ |last1=Kay |first1=James D. Jr. |last2=Watrous |first2=Trent |last3=Presnell |first3=Todd |access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> 
* In August 2000, a road on [[Fort Bliss]] named for Forrest decades earlier was renamed for former [[Base commander|post commander]] Richard T. Cassidy.<ref>{{citation|title=Confederate general's name removed from Army's road|date=August 1, 2000|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/774778/Confederate-generals-name-removed-from-Armys-road.html?pg=all|newspaper=[[Deseret News]]|access-date=October 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031124255/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/774778/Confederate-generals-name-removed-from-Armys-road.html?pg=all|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Long|first=Trish|date=June 5, 2010|title=Soldier turned down film job to fight, die in Korea|newspaper=[[El Paso Times]]|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/newupdated/ci_15230015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141021054047/http://www.elpasotimes.com/newupdated/ci_15230015|archive-date=October 21, 2014|quote=Forrest Road was renamed Cassidy Road in honor of Lt. Gen. Richard T. Cassidy, who commanded Fort Bliss from 1968 to 1971}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Gate Schedule|date=February 22, 1975|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/12709652/|newspaper=[[El Paso Herald-Post]]|page=8|location=El Paso, TX|quote=the gate station established on Forrest road is another step in the implementation of a phased traffic control and security program announced last month at Fort Bliss. The Forrest road site was selected for the first of the several gate stations|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=December 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182628/http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/12709652/|url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 2023, Forrest Street in [[Alexandria, Virginia]], named after Forrest has been proposed by local legislators for renaming.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 13, 2023|title=Alexandria proposes replacing Confederate street names|work=NBC Washington|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/alexandria-proposes-replacing-confederate-street-names/3444037/|access-date=October 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014171452/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/alexandria-proposes-replacing-confederate-street-names/3444037/|archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Military doctrines===
Forrest is considered one of the Civil War's most brilliant tacticians by the historian [[Spencer C. Tucker]].<ref name="Tucker2014">{{cite book|author1=A. W. R. Hawkins III|author2=Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.|author3=Spencer C. Tucker|editor=Spencer C. Tucker|title=500 Great Military Leaders|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZHgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-758-1|page=244|chapter=Forrest, Nathan Bedford (1821–1877)|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162505/https://books.google.com/books?id=SZHgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|url-status=live}}</ref> Forrest fought by simple rules; he maintained that "war means fighting and fighting means killing" and the way to win was "to get there first with the most men".<ref name="Hurst2011p247">{{cite book|author=Jack Hurst|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LIvYI_ER5kC&pg=PA247|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78914-3|page=247|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181544/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LIvYI_ER5kC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> U.S. Army General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] called him "that devil Forrest" in wartime communications with [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and considered him "the most remarkable man our civil war produced on either side".<ref name="DerbyWhite1900">{{cite book|author1=George Derby|author2=James Terry White|title=The National Cyclopædia of American Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TkOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1900|publisher=J.T. White Company|page=38|quote=Sherman called him "the most remarkable man the civil war produced on either side ... He had a genius for strategy which was 'original and to me incomprehensible."|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181714/https://books.google.com/books?id=-TkOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fredriksen2001">{{cite book|author=John C. Fredriksen|title=America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJlm7AQK-T4C&pg=PA164|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-603-3|page=164|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181548/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJlm7AQK-T4C&pg=PA164|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Starr2007" />

Forrest became well known for his early use of maneuver tactics as applied to a mobile horse cavalry deployment.<ref>{{citation|last=Sanders|first=John R.|date=August 17, 1994|title=Operational Leadership of Nathan Bedford Forrest|location=Newport, R.I.|publisher=Naval War College|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a283415.pdf|access-date=February 7, 2017|archive-date=February 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219222520/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a283415.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He grasped the doctrines of [[maneuver warfare|mobile warfare]]<ref>{{citation|title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History|editor1-last=Heidler|editor1-first=David Stephen|editor2-last=Heidler|editor2-first=Jeanne T.|editor3-last=Coles|editor3-first=David J.|year=2002|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-04758-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA722 722]}}</ref> that would eventually become prevalent in the 20th century. Paramount in his strategy was fast movement, even if it meant pushing his horses at a killing pace, to constantly harass the enemy during raids by disrupting their supply trains and communications with the destruction of railroad tracks and the cutting of telegraph lines, as he wheeled around his opponent's flank. The Civil War scholar [[Bruce Catton]] writes:
{{blockquote|Forrest ... used his horsemen as a modern general would use [[motorized infantry]]. He liked horses because he liked fast movement, and his mounted men could get from here to there much faster than any infantry could; but when they reached the field they usually tied their horses to trees and fought on foot, and they were as good as the very best infantry.{{sfn|Catton|1971|p=160}}}}
Forrest is often erroneously quoted as saying his strategy was "to git thar fustest with the mostest". Now often recast as "Getting there firstest with the mostest",<ref>{{citation|url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~fdillon/military.htm|title=for example|publisher=George Mason University|first=Francis H.|last=Dillon|access-date=October 9, 2012|archive-date=August 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155014/http://mason.gmu.edu/~fdillon/military.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> this misquote first appeared in a ''New York Tribune'' article written to provide colorful comments in reaction to European interest in Civil War generals. The aphorism was addressed and corrected as "Ma'am, I got there first with the most men" by a ''New York Times'' story in 1918.<ref name=Times1918>{{Citation|title=Forrest|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/05/28/118141825.pdf|year=1918|author=Times, New York|access-date=October 10, 2012|archive-date=August 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818100733/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/05/28/118141825.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Though it was a novel and succinct condensation of the [[Principles of War|military principles]] of [[Force concentration|mass]] and [[Maneuver warfare|maneuver]], Bruce Catton writes of the spurious quote:
{{blockquote|Do not, under any circumstances whatever, quote Forrest as saying "fustest" and "mostest". He did not say it that way, and nobody who knows anything about him imagines that he did.{{sfn|Catton|1971|pp=160–61}}}}

====Criticism====

Military historian Christopher Rein takes a dim view of Forrest. While agreeing that Forrest was a skilled cavalryman, perhaps the best on the Confederate side, and tactically shrewd, Rein points out that the latter quality was most evident only in smaller engagements such as the [[First Battle of Murfreesboro]], [[Battle of Brice's Crossroads|Brice's Crossroads]] and [[Battle of Parker's Cross Roads|Parker's Cross Roads]], victories that were strategically peripheral to the Confederate cause and often came through bluffery or at the expense of inferior enemy troops. Forrest's celebrated personal bravery, willingness to lead from the front and get "in the mix" may have earned him considerable admiration in his day from both sides in the war, Rein notes. But those virtues, he continues, are useful to armies when they are demonstrated by junior officers and enlisted men, not generals who must consider the larger picture, as Forrest failed to do when he led troops to [[Battle of Ebenezer Church|Ebenezer Church]] rather than prepare a more robust defense at [[Battle of Selma|Selma]], a loss that effectively ended the war as the Union destroyed the Confederacy's last manufacturing center.{{sfn|Rein|2022|p=61}}

As part of larger formations, writes Rein, Forrest's tendency to take the initiative and fight without consulting his superiors hurt the Confederacy more than once. His failures at Chickamauga left Bragg with a more ephemeral victory than he might have otherwise gained, at [[Battle of Tupelo|Tupelo]] he escaped but at the cost of his ability to mount serious raids on Sherman's supply lines, and [[Battle of Johnsonville|Johnsonville]], despite its overwhelming success, hurt the Confederacy as it led Hood to delay his advance into Tennessee, allowing Thomas to consolidate his defenses for the [[Battle of Nashville]], where Union victory ended the [[Army of Tennessee]] as a force to reckon with, and with it the Confederacy's [[Western Theater of the American Civil War|Western Theater]] campaign.{{sfn|Rein|2022|p=61}}

In the anthology ''The Worst Military Leaders in History'', Rein further contends that the glorification of Forrest and his tactical brilliance by his many defenders, many like him minimally educated U.S. military cadets from the South who have seen him as also exemplifying the Southern virtues celebrated by the [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy]] myth, has had longterm negative effects on U.S. military performance:{{sfn|Rein|2022|pp=63–64}}
{{blockquote|... [G]reat leadership is only one aspect of command. Forrest was certainly a skilled ''tactician'', but great commanders must have ''strategic'' vision, or some semblance of how their victories translate into successful ''operations'' (known as "operational art") and, ultimately, into strategic victory. Otherwise, the commander runs the risk of falling into the same traps set for American commanders in Vietnam or Iraq: winning an unbroken string of tactical victories but never translating those successes into the strategic conditions necessary for a decisive victory.}}

===Fort Pillow===
[[File:The Butcher Forrest and His Family All of them Slave Drivers and Woman Whippers.jpg|alt=The Butcher Forrest and His Family All of them Slave Drivers and Woman Whippers|thumb|This unsigned article from correspondent in [[East Tennessee]] described Forrest as "sallow visaged" with "black, snaky eyes" (''Chicago Tribune'', May 4, 1864)]]
Modern historians generally believe that Forrest's attack on [[Battle of Fort Pillow|Fort Pillow]] was a massacre, noting high casualty rates and the rebels targeting black soldiers.{{sfn|Buhk|2012|p=147}} Forrest's claim that the Fort Pillow massacre was an invention of U.S. reporters is contradicted by letters written by Confederate soldiers to their own families, which described extreme brutality on the part of Confederate troops.{{sfn|Clark|1985|pp=24–25}} It was the Confederacy's publicly stated position that former slaves firing on whites would be killed on the spot, along with Southern whites that fought for the Union, whom the Confederacy considered traitors. According to this analysis, Forrest's troops were carrying out Confederate policy. The historical record does not support his repeated denials that he knew a massacre was taking place or that he even knew a massacre had occurred at all.

[[File:Gen. Forrest shooting a free mulatto (Harper's Weekly, May 21, 1864).jpg|thumb|left|After Fort Pillow, U.S. Maj. Gen. [[David S. Stanley]] published reports describing Forrest's execution of a prisoner of war from Pennsylvania;<ref>{{Cite news|date=1864-05-10|title=The Rebel Forrest a Cold-Blooded Murderer|pages=1|work=Buffalo Weekly Express|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/buffalo-weekly-express-the-rebel-forrest/136248015/|access-date=2023-12-24|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204050526/https://www.newspapers.com/article/buffalo-weekly-express-the-rebel-forrest/136248015/|url-status=live }}</ref> a news illustrator later created this image captioned "Gen. Forrest Shooting a Free Mulatto" (''Harper's Weekly'', May 21, 1864)]]
Consequently, his role at Fort Pillow was a [[Social stigma|stigmatizing]] one for him the rest of his life, both professionally and personally,<ref name="Cimprich2011">{{cite book|author=John Cimprich|title=Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeFiumliWOEC&pg=PR94|year=2011|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3918-9|page=xciv|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181725/https://books.google.com/books?id=BeFiumliWOEC&pg=PR94#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Tap|2013|p=103}} and contributed to his business problems after the war.

Historians have differed in their interpretations of the events at Fort Pillow. Richard L. Fuchs, author of ''An Unerring Fire'', concluded:

{{blockquote|The affair at Fort Pillow was simply an orgy of death, a mass lynching to satisfy the basest of conduct—intentional murder—for the vilest of reasons—racism and personal enmity.<ref name="Fuchs2001">{{cite book|author=Richard L. Fuchs|title=An Unerring Fire: The Massacre at Fort Pillow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFRqUSZUEOkC&pg=PA14|year=2001|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-1824-0|page=14|access-date=April 15, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509182010/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFRqUSZUEOkC&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Andrew Ward (author)|Andrew Ward]] downplays the controversy:

{{blockquote|Whether the massacre was premeditated or spontaneous does not address the more fundamental question of whether a massacre took place ... it certainly did, in every dictionary sense of the word.<ref name="Ward2006227">{{cite book|author=Andrew Ward|title=River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLZ3KboxDBwC&pg=PT412|year=2006|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4406-4929-5|page=227|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175431/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLZ3KboxDBwC&pg=PT412#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

John Cimprich states:

{{blockquote|The new paradigm in social attitudes and the fuller use of available evidence has favored a massacre interpretation ... Debate over the memory of this incident formed a part of sectional and racial conflicts for many years after the war, but the reinterpretation of the event during the last thirty years offers some hope that society can move beyond past intolerance.<ref name="Cimprich2011117">{{cite book|author=John Cimprich|title=Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeFiumliWOEC&pg=PR117|year=2011|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3918-9|pages=cxvii|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181906/https://books.google.com/books?id=BeFiumliWOEC&pg=PR117#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The site is now a [[Fort Pillow State Park|Tennessee State Historic Park]].<ref name="SmithHoffman2001">{{cite book|author1=Darren L. Smith|author2=Penny J. Hoffman|author3=Dawn Bokenkamp Toth|title=Parks Directory of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPMsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Fort%20Pillow%20State%20Historic%20Park%22|year=2001|publisher=Omnigraphics|isbn=978-0-7808-0440-1|page=685|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181937/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPMsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Fort%20Pillow%20State%20Historic%20Park%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

Grant himself described Forrest as "a brave and intrepid cavalry general" while noting that Forrest sent a dispatch on the [[Fort Pillow Massacre]] "in which he left out the part which shocks humanity to read".<ref name="Grant1895">{{cite book|author=Ulysses Simpson Grant|title=Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrInAWjWVJ0C&pg=PA411|year=1895|publisher=Sampson Low|page=411|access-date=March 18, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509182018/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrInAWjWVJ0C&pg=PA411#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
In the 1990 PBS documentary ''[[The Civil War (TV series)|The Civil War]]'' by [[Ken Burns]], historian [[Shelby Foote]] states in Episode 7 that the Civil War produced two "authentic geniuses": [[Abraham Lincoln]] and Nathan Bedford Forrest. When he expressed his opinion to one of Forrest's granddaughters, she replied after a pause, "You know, we never thought much of Mr. Lincoln in my family".<ref name="carter">{{Cite book|last=Carter|first=William C.|year=1989|title=Conversations with Shelby Foote|place=Jackson|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-0-87805-385-8|url=https://archive.org/details/conversationswit00foot}}</ref> Foote also made Forrest a major character in his novel ''[[Shiloh (Foote novel)|Shiloh]]'', which used numerous first-person stories to illustrate a detailed timeline and account of the battle.<ref name="Abbott1985">{{cite book|author=Dorothy Abbott|title=Mississippi Writers: Reflections of Childhood and Youth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4T8zwODNhgC&pg=PR26|year=1985|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-0-87805-232-5|page=26|access-date=April 14, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509182013/https://books.google.com/books?id=C4T8zwODNhgC&pg=PR26#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Adamson2002">{{cite book|author=Lynda G. Adamson|title=Thematic Guide to the American Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKxZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22first-person%20monologues%22|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-31194-9|page=222|access-date=April 14, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181856/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKxZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22first-person%20monologues%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tom Hanks]]'s title character in the film ''[[Forrest Gump]]'' remarks in one scene that his mother named him after Nathan Bedford Forrest and "we was related to him in some way". The following scene satirically depicts Hanks as Forrest in a Ku Klux Klan outfit, donning a hood and being superimposed into scenes of the Klan from ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]''.

In 2025, Forrest was portrayed by David Meadows in the historical romance drama film [[The Legend of Van Dorn]], which dramatizes the final chapter of Confederate General [[Earl Van Dorn]]'s life.

In Paul Thomas Anderson's 2025 film, ''One Battle After Another'', antagonist Steven J. Lockjaw is shown receiving the "Bedford Forrest Medal of Honor" in recognition for his role in hunting down and killing of members of the revolutionary group "The French 75." 
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War|United States|Biography}}
* [[Cavalry in the American Civil War]]
* [[Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan]]
* [[List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)]]
* [[Nathan Bedford Forrest Bust]]
* [[Emma Sansom]]
* [[Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials]]
* [[List of Tennessee slave traders]]
* [[History of Memphis, Tennessee]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{main|Bibliography of Nathan Bedford Forrest}}

::'''Books'''
* {{cite book|last1=Ashdown|first1=Paul|last2=Caudill|first2=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tY0p3gZhMTkC&pg=PA10|title=The Myth of Nathan Bedford Forrest|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7425-4301-0|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509165038/https://books.google.com/books?id=tY0p3gZhMTkC&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Axelrod|first=Alan|year=2011|title=Generals South, Generals North: The Commanders of the Civil War Reconsidered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-l6buinWv8C&pg=PA84|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7627-7488-3|access-date=March 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509163558/https://books.google.com/books?id=M-l6buinWv8C&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
* {{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Ronald H.|year=1985|title=Battles for Atlanta: Sherman Moves East|publisher=Time Life Books|isbn=978-0-8094-4773-2|url=https://archive.org/details/battlesforatlant00bail}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Slave-Trading in the Old South]]|year=2023|first=Frederic|last=Bancroft|author-link=Frederic Bancroft|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|series=Southern Classics Series|orig-date=1931|isbn=978-1-64336-427-8|others=Introduction by Michael Tadman}}
* {{citation|last=Boatner III|first=Mark M.|year=1988|orig-year=1959|title=The Civil War Dictionary|publisher=McKay|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8129-1726-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert M.|year=2004|title=Forrest: The Confederacy's Relentless Warrior|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-624-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAh7Cdql_UQC&pg=PA9|access-date=March 2, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509170102/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAh7Cdql_UQC&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Bryant|first=Jonathan M.|title=Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-reconstruction-era|website=georgiaencyclopedia.org|publisher=Georgia Southern University|date=October 3, 2002}}
* {{citation|last=Buhk|first=Tobin T.|title=True Crime in the Civil War: Cases of Murder, Treason, Counterfeiting, Massacre, Plunder & Abuse|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=Mechanicsville, PA|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8117-1019-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Calhoun|first=Charles W.|author-link = Charles W. Calhoun|title=The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, KS|year=2017|isbn=978-0700624843}}
* {{citation|last=Catton|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Catton|year=1971|title=The Civil War|publisher=American Heritage Press, New York}}. {{LCCN|77119671}}
* {{cite book|last=Chernow|first=Ron|author-link=Ron Chernow|title=Grant|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5942-0487-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYcDgAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Clark|first=Achilles V.|date=June 1985|title=A Letter of Account|editor-first=Dan E.|editor-last=Pomeroy|journal=Civil War Times Illustrated|volume=24|issue=4|pages=24–25}}
* {{cite book|first1=Eddy W.|last1=Davison|last2=Foxx|first2=Daniel|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest: In Search of the Enigma|publisher=Pelican Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/nathanbedfordfor0000davi|url-access=registration|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58980-415-9}}
* {{citation|last1=Eicher|first1=John H.|last2=Eicher|first2=David J|author-link=David J. Eicher|year=2001|title=Civil War High Commands|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3641-1}}.
* {{citation|last=Foote|first=Shelby|year=1974|title=The Civil War: A Narrative – III: Red River to Appomattox|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-394-74622-7|title-link=The Civil War: A Narrative}}
* {{citation|last=Hurst|first=Jack|year=1993|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography|location=New York|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0394551890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4sOAQAAMAAJ&q=editions:GBr4OwSrcXIC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hurst|first1=Jack|title=Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78914-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LIvYI_ER5kC&pg=PA9|access-date=June 20, 2022|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509180911/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LIvYI_ER5kC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Mitcham|first=Samuel W.|author-link=Samuel W. Mitcham|year=2016|title=Bust Hell Wide Open: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=978-1-62157-600-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIf9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509165044/https://books.google.com/books?id=LIf9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Newton|first=Michael|title=White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866|year=2014|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7864-7774-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NT0xBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509175432/https://books.google.com/books?id=NT0xBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rein|first1=Christopher M.|editor1-last=Jennings|editor1-first=John M.|editor2-last=Steele|editor2-first=Chuck|title=The Worst Military Leaders in History|date=2022|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|location=London|isbn=9781789145830|chapter=Nathan Bedford Forrest|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDhVEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Spaulding|first=Thomas M.|title=Forrest, Nathan Bedford|dictionary=Dictionary of American Biography|editor=Allen Johnson|editor2=Dumas Malone|volume=6|pages=532–533|year=1931|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer06ilamer#page/532/mode/1up|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Tap|first=Bruce|title=The Fort Pillow Massacre: North, South, and the Status of African Americans in the Civil War Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-17390-5|access-date=March 22, 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172150/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
* {{citation|last=Ward|first=Andrew|year=2005|title=River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War|publisher=Viking Penguin}}
* {{cite book|last=Welsh|first=Jack D.|year=1999|title=Medical Histories of Confederate Generals|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-649-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1X1evZu45RcC&pg=PA70%E2%80%9371|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509165026/https://books.google.com/books?id=1X1evZu45RcC&pg=PA70%E2%80%9371#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Wills|first=Brian Steel|year=1992|title=A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-016832-2|url=https://archive.org/details/battlefromstart00bria}}
* {{cite book|last=Wills|first=Brian Steel|year=1993|title=A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest|publisher=HarperPerennial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHVXAAAAYAAJ|isbn=978-0-06-092445-4|access-date=March 4, 2018}}
* {{citation|last=Wright|first=John D.|year=2001|title=The Language of the Civil War|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1573561358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aEJZRIxjDAC&pg=PA210|access-date=April 17, 2018|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509162456/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aEJZRIxjDAC&pg=PA210|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Wyeth|first=John Allan|year=1989|orig-year=1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0807115789|title=That Devil Forrest|publisher=Louisiana State University Press}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Bearss|first=Edwin C.|year=1979|title=Forrest at Brice's Cross Roads and in North Mississippi in 1864|location=Dayton, OH|publisher=Press of Morningside Bookshop}}
* {{citation|ref=none|editor-last=Bearss|editor-first=Ed|editor-link=Ed Bearss|date=July 1, 2005|title=Unpublished remarks to Gettysburg College|publisher=Civil War Institute|title-link=Gettysburg College}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Bradshaw|first=Wayne|year=2009|title=The Civil War Diary of William R. Dyer: A Member of Forrest's Escort|publisher=BookSurge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4392-3772-4}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Carney|first=Court|date=2001|title=The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=67|issue=3|pages=601–630|doi=10.2307/3070019|jstor=3070019}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last1=Dupuy|first1=Trevor N.|last2=Johnson|first2=Curt|last3=Bongard|first3=David L.|year=1992|title=Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography|publisher=Castle Books|edition=1st|isbn=978-0-7858-0437-6}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Foner|first=Eric|year=1988|title=Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-015851-4|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Foote|first=Shelby|author-link=Shelby Foote|year=1963|title=The Civil War: A Narrative – II: Fredericksburg to Meridian|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-394-74621-0|title-link=The Civil War: A Narrative}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Harcourt|first=Edward John|date=2005|title=Who Were the Pale Faces? New Perspectives on the Tennessee Ku Klux|journal=Civil War History|volume=51|issue=1|pages=23–66|doi=10.1353/cwh.2005.0011|s2cid=143866721}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Henry|first=Robert Selph|author-link=Robert Selph Henry|date=1944|title=First with the Most}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Horn|first=Stanley F.|year=1939|title=Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871|location=Montclair, NJ|publisher=Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Lytle|first=Andrew Nelson|year=2002|orig-year=1931|title=Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company|edition=Reprint|publisher=Ivan R. Dee|isbn=978-1-879941-09-0}}
* Scales, John R. (2017). ''The Battles and Campaigns of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, 1861–1865''. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. {{ISBN|978-1-61121-284-6}}.
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Sherman|first=William T.|author-link=William Tecumseh Sherman|year=1990|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=Library of America|isbn=978-0940450653|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsofgeneral00sher_0}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Silkenat|first=David|title=Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4696-4972-6}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Tap|first=Bruce|date=June 1996|title='These Devils Are Not Fit to Live on God's Earth': War Crimes and the Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1864–1865|journal=Civil War History|volume=XLII|issue=2|pages=116–32|doi=10.1353/cwh.1996.0051|s2cid=144484122 }} – on Ft Pillow.
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Warner|first=Ezra J.|author-link=Ezra J. Warner (historian)|year=1959|title=Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders|location=Baton Rouge|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=978-0-8071-0823-9}}
* {{citation|ref=none|last=Williams|first=Edward F.|year=1969|title=Fustest with the mostest; the military career of Tennessee's greatest Confederate, Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest Memphis|publisher=Distributed by Southern Books}}
* Wills, Brian Steel (1992). ''The Confederacy's Greatest Cavalryman: Nathan Bedford Forrest''. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|0-7006-0885-0}}.

==External links==
{{sister project links|s=Author:Nathan Bedford Forrest|c=category:Nathan Bedford Forrest|d=Q366102|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|q=Nathan Bedford Forrest}}
{{wikisource|Interview with Nathan Bedford Forrest}}
* [http://civilwaranimated.com/index.php/nathan-bedford-forrest Animated History of The Campaigns of Nathan Bedford Forrest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032430/http://www.civilwaranimated.com/index.php/nathan-bedford-forrest|date=August 25, 2012}} at civilwaranimated.com
* [https://tennessee-scv.org/ForrestHistSociety/ General Nathan Bedford Forrest Historical Society]

{{American Civil War|Leaders}}
{{Grand Wizards of the Ku Klux Klan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forrest, Nathan Bedford}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1877 deaths]]
[[Category:Nathan Bedford Forrest]]
[[Category:American Freemasons]]
[[Category:American Ku Klux Klan members]]
[[Category:19th-century American planters]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American proslavery activists]]
[[Category:American slave owners]]
[[Category:Cavalry commanders]]
[[Category:Confederate States Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Confederate war criminals]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes in the United States]]
[[Category:Forrest family|Nathan Bedford]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan]]
[[Category:People from Chapel Hill, Tennessee]]
[[Category:People of Tennessee in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of American Civil War prisoner of war massacres]]
[[Category:Tennessee Democrats]]
[[Category:Ku Klux Klan in Tennessee]]
[[Category:19th-century American slave traders]]
[[Category:History of slavery in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Circle]]
[[Category:Former Ku Klux Klan members]]
[[Category:Wanderer (slave ship)]]
[[Category:Planters from Tennessee]]