View source for Naples

{{Short description|Third-largest city in Italy}}
{{Redirect|Napoli|other uses|Napoli (disambiguation)|and|Naples (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                  = Naples
| native_name           = {{native name|it|Napoli}}<br />{{native name|nap|Napule}}
| official_name         = Comune di Napoli
| image_skyline         = {{multiple image
 |border                = infobox
 |total_width           = 290
 |image_style           = border:1;
 |caption_align         = center
 |perrow                = 1/2/2/1
 |image1                = Napoli - Maschio Angioino - 202209302342 3.jpg
 |caption1              = [[List of tallest buildings in Naples|Skyline of Naples]] with [[Mount Vesuvius]]
 |image2                = Piazza Plebiscito - panoramio.jpg
 |caption2              = [[Piazza del Plebiscito]]
 |image3                = Castelnuovo_(Maschio_Angioino),_Naples.jpg
 |caption3              = [[Castel Nuovo]]
 |image4                = Museo Capodimonte Napoli facciata Sudovest.jpg
 |caption4              = [[Museo di Capodimonte]]
 |image5                = Palazzo_reale_-_panoramio_(2).jpg
 |caption5              = [[Royal Palace of Naples]]
 |image6                = Centro Direzionale di Napoli (cropped).jpg
 |caption6              = [[Centro direzionale di Napoli]]
}}
| image_shield          = Napoli-Stemma (without ornaments).svg
| shield_size           = 
| image_map             = 
| nickname              = Partenope
| motto                 = 
| region                = [[Campania]]
| metropolitan_city     = [[Metropolitan City of Naples|Naples]] (NA)
| province              = 
| frazioni              = 
| adjacentcomuni        = 
| established_date      = 
| mayor                 = [[Gaetano Manfredi]]
| mayor_party           = [[Independent (politics)|Independent]]
| elevation_footnotes   = <ref name=IstatGeo>{{cite web |title=Principali statistiche geografiche sui comuni |url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224 |website=www.istat.it |access-date=1 April 2019 |language=it |date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302143230/https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m           = 99.8
| area_footnotes        = <ref name=IstatGeo />
| area_total_km2        = 117.27
| population_footnotes  = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=2025&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| population_as_of      = 2025
| population_total      = 908082
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym    = Napoletano<br />Partenopeo<br />Napulitano (Neapolitan)<br />Neapolitan (English)
| telephone             = 
| postalcode            = 
| istat                 = 063049
| saint                 = [[Januarius]]
| day                   = 19 September
| image_flag            = Flag of Naples.svg
| shield_alt            = 
| map_caption           = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-shape = yes
| pushpin_map           = Italy Campania#Italy#Europe
| coordinates           = {{Wikidatacoord|Q2634|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_min_m       = 0
| elevation_max_m       = 453
| postal_code           = 80100, 80121-80147
| area_code             = 081
| website               = {{URL|comune.napoli.it}}
}}

'''Naples''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|p|əl|z}} {{respell|NAY|pəlz}}; {{langx|it|Napoli}} {{IPA|it|ˈnaːpoli||It-Napoli.ogg}}; {{langx|nap|Napule}} {{IPA|nap|ˈnɑːpələ|}}){{efn|From {{langx|la|Neapolis}}, from {{langx|grc|Νεάπολις|Neápolis|lit=new city}}.}} is the [[Regions of Italy|regional]] capital of [[Campania]] and the third-largest city of [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazzeo |first1=Giuseppe |title=Naples |journal=[[Cities (journal)|Cities]] |date=2009 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=363–376 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2009.06.001}}</ref> after [[Rome]] and [[Milan]], with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its [[Metropolitan City of Naples|province-level municipality]] is the third most populous [[Metropolitan cities of Italy|metropolitan city in Italy]] with a population of 2,958,410 residents,<ref name="population" /> and the [[List of urban areas in the European Union|eighth most populous in the European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities|title=Statistics on European cities - Statistics Explained|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115314/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Naples metropolitan area|Its metropolitan area]] stretches beyond the boundaries of the city wall for approximately {{convert|20|mi|km|-1|order=flip|abbr=off}}. Naples also plays a key role in international diplomacy, since it is home to [[NATO]]'s [[Allied Joint Force Command Naples]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/09/05/foto/napoli_l_inaugurazione_dell_hub_di_direzione_strategica_della_nato-174693807/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905204428/http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/09/05/foto/napoli_l_inaugurazione_dell_hub_di_direzione_strategica_della_nato-174693807/1/ |url-status=dead |title=Napoli, l'inaugurazione dell'Hub di Direzione Strategica della Nato |date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=5 September 2017 |website=La Repubblica}}</ref> and the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean]].

Founded by Greeks in the [[1st millennium BC|first millennium]] BC, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world. In the eighth century BC, a colony known as Parthenope ({{langx|grc|Παρθενόπη}}) was established on the Pizzofalcone hill. In the sixth century BC, it was refounded as Neápolis.<ref>Daniela Giampaola, Francesca Longobardo (2000). ''Naples Greek and Roman''. Electa.</ref> The city was an important part of [[Magna Graecia]], played a major role in the merging of Greek and [[Roman Republic|Roman]] society, and has been a significant international cultural centre ever since with particular reference to the development of the arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/virgil.php |title=Virgil in Naples |publisher=naplesldm.com |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402144355/http://www.naplesldm.com/virgil.php |archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

Naples served as the capital of the [[Duchy of Naples]] (661–1139), subsequently as the capital of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] (1282–1816), and finally as the capital of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] — until the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]] in 1861. Naples is also considered a capital of the [[Baroque]], beginning with the artist [[Caravaggio]]'s career in the 17th century and the artistic revolution he inspired.<ref>Alessandro Giardino (2017), ''Corporeality and Performativity in Baroque Naples. The Body of Naples.'' Lexington.</ref> It was also an important centre of [[Renaissance humanism|humanism]] and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umanesimo in "Enciclopedia dei ragazzi" |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/umanesimo_(Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi) |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911081641/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/umanesimo_(Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi) |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Musi |first=Aurelio |title=Napoli, una capitale e il suo regno |publisher=Touring |year= |isbn= |location= |pages=118, 156 |language=it}}</ref> The city has long been a global point of reference for classical music and opera through the [[Neapolitan School]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Florimo |first=Francesco |title=Cenno Storico Sulla Scuola Musicale De Napoli |publisher=Nabu Press |year= |isbn= |location= |pages= |language=it}}</ref> Between 1925 and 1936, Naples was expanded and upgraded by the [[Fascist Italy|Fascist regime]]. During the later years of [[World War II]], it sustained [[Bombing of Naples in World War II|severe damage from Allied bombing]] as they invaded the peninsula. The [[Four Days of Naples]] (Italian: Quattro giornate di Napoli) was an uprising in Naples, Italy, against Nazi German occupation forces from 27 September to 30 September 1943, immediately prior to the arrival of Allied forces in Naples on 1 October during World War II. The city underwent extensive reconstruction work after the war.<ref name="wii">{{cite news |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/Naples%20bombing.php |publisher=naplesldm.com |title=Bombing of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627154455/http://naplesldm.com/Naples%20bombing.php |archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

Since the late 20th century, Naples has had significant economic growth, helped by the construction of the [[Centro Direzionale (Naples)|Centro Direzionale]] business district and an advanced transportation network, which includes the [[Treno Alta Velocità|Alta Velocità]] high-speed rail link to Rome and [[Salerno]] and an expanded [[Naples Metro|subway network]]. Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy by GDP, after Milan and Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sr-m.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/rs-rota-napoli-15luglio-5agosto-20141.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004809/https://www.sr-m.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/rs-rota-napoli-15luglio-5agosto-20141.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Sr-m.it |archive-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Port of Naples]] is one of the most important in Europe.

Naples's historic city centre has been designated as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]. A wide range of culturally and historically significant sites are nearby, including the [[Palace of Caserta]] and the Roman ruins of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]]. Naples is undoubtedly one of the world's cities with the highest density of cultural, artistic, and monumental resources, described by the BBC as "the Italian city with too much history to handle."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Italian city with too much history |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170309-a-city-with-too-much-history-to-handle |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.bbc.com |date=25 February 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/destinations/naples |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Naples}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Naples history}}

=== Greek birth and Roman acquisition ===
{{Anchor|Greek|Roman}}
{{See also|Magna Graecia|Ancient Rome}}
[[File:Monte Echia, Napoli, Italia - 2024.jpg|left|thumb|Mount Echia, the place where the polis of [[History of Naples#Greek birth, Roman acquisition|Parthenope]] arose]]
[[File:ColonneDioscuriNapoli.jpg|left|thumb|The Columns of the [[c:Category:Temple of Dioscuri (Naples)|Temple of Castor and Pollux]] incorporated into the facade of [[San Paolo Maggiore, Naples|San Paolo Maggiore]]]]
[[File:Odysseus-siren Parthenope, the mythological founder of Naples.jpg|thumb|A scene featuring the [[siren (mythology)|siren]] [[Parthenope (Siren)|Parthenope]], the mythological founder of Naples<ref>{{cite news |url=http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105652/http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx |archive-date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Chadab Napoli |title=Center of Naples, Italy |date=24 June 2007}}</ref>]]
[[File:Putz94.jpg|thumb|Map of pre-Roman Neapolis]]
Naples has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>[http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/938ff/23f84/6/?o=3 "Neapolis Station – Archaeological Yards"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520161439/http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/938ff/23f84/6/?o=3 |date=20 May 2013 }}. Virtualtourist.com. 12 June 2005. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref> In the second millennium BC, a first [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] settlement arose not far from the geographical position of the future city of Parthenope.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David J. Blackman |author2=Maria Costanza Lentini |title=Ricoveri per navi militari nei porti del Mediterraneo antico e medievale: atti del Workshop, Ravello, 4–5 novembre 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhB4VDYuJXsC&pg=PA99 |year=2010 |publisher=Edipuglia srl |isbn=978-88-7228-565-7 |page=99}}</ref>

Sailors from the Greek island of [[Rhodes]] established probably a small commercial port called [[History of Naples#Greek birth, Roman acquisition|Parthenope]] ({{lang|grc|Παρθενόπη}}, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in [[Greek mythology]]) on the [[Castel dell'Ovo|island of Megaride]] in the ninth century BC.<ref>[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ITA_Port_of_Napoli_1073.php "Port of Naples"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428091233/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ITA_Port_of_Napoli_1073.php |date=28 April 2012 }}. World Port Source. Retrieved 15 May 2012.</ref> By the eighth century BC, the settlement was expanded by [[Cumae (Italy)|Cumaeans]], as evidenced by the archaeological findings, to include Monte Echia.<ref>[http://www.archemail.it/notizie2011.htm#21/10/2011_Napoli,_Gli_scavi_della_Linea_6_portano_alla_luce_una_novit%C3%A0_clamorosa:_la_Napoli_greca_%C3%A8_stata_fondata_nell%C2%B4ottavo_secolo_a._C.,_non_nel_settimo__%28Repubblica%29 Archemail.it] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329184949/http://www.archemail.it/notizie2011.htm |date=29 March 2013 }}. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref> In the sixth century BC the city was refounded as Neápolis ({{lang|grc|Νεάπολις}}), eventually becoming one of the foremost cities of [[Magna Graecia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.unesco.beniculturali.it/en/projects/historic-centre-of-naples/ |title=HISTORIC CENTRE OF NAPLES |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130624/https://www.unesco.beniculturali.it/en/projects/historic-centre-of-naples/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city grew rapidly due to the influence of the powerful Greek [[city-state]] of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]],<ref name="Greek Naples">{{cite web |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/Greek_Naples.php |title=Greek Naples |publisher=naplesldm.com |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321000245/http://www.naplesldm.com/Greek_Naples.php |archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> and became an ally of the [[Roman Republic]] against [[Carthage]]. During the [[Samnite Wars]], the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was [[Capture of Neapolis|captured]] by the [[Samnium|Samnites]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u23MlfA8pcoC&q=campanian+people |publisher=Touring Club of Italy |title=Touring Club of Italy, Naples: The City and Its Famous Bay, Capri, Sorrento, Ischia, and the Amalfi, Milano |isbn=88-365-2836-8 |page=11 |year=2003}}</ref> however, the Romans soon captured the city from them and made it a [[Colonies in antiquity|Roman colony]].<ref name="rome" /> During the [[Punic Wars]], the strong walls surrounding Neápolis repelled the invading forces of the Carthaginian general [[Hannibal]].<ref name="rome" />

The Romans greatly respected Naples as a paragon of [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic culture]]. During the Roman era, the people of Naples maintained their [[Greek language]] and customs. At the same time, the city was expanded with elegant Roman [[villa]]s, [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]], and [[Thermae|public baths]]. Landmarks such as the [[Castor and Pollux|Temple of Dioscures]] were built, and many emperors chose to holiday in the city, including [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]].<ref name="rome">{{cite news |url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html |publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com |title=Antic Naples |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225013134/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html |archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> [[Virgil]], the author of Rome's [[national epic]], the ''[[Aeneid]]'', received part of his education in the city, and later resided in its environs.

It was during this period that Christianity first arrived in Naples; the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Saint Paul|Paul]] are said{{according to whom|date=July 2024}} to have preached in the city. [[Januarius]], who would become Naples's [[patron saint]], was [[martyr]]ed there in the fourth century AD.<ref name="catholi">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Naples}}</ref> The last emperor of the [[Western Roman Empire]], [[Romulus Augustulus]], was exiled to Naples by the Germanic king [[Odoacer]] in the fifth century AD.

=== Duchy of Naples ===
{{Main|Duchy of Naples|List of Dukes of Naples}}
[[File:Gothic Battle of Mons Lactarius on Vesuvius.jpg|thumb|The [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic]] [[Battle of Mons Lactarius]] on [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]], painted by [[Alexander Zick]]]]
Following the decline of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Naples was captured by the [[Ostrogoths]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]], and incorporated into the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]].<ref name="ostrogoths">{{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&q=mons+lactarius+naples&pg=PA238 |isbn=978-0-520-08511-4 |year=1997 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064934/https://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&q=mons+lactarius+naples&pg=PA238#v=snippet&q=mons%20lactarius%20naples&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[Belisarius]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] recaptured Naples in 536, after entering the city via an aqueduct.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_belisarius.htm |publisher=About.com |title=Belisarius – Famous Byzantine General |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419124422/http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_belisarius.htm |archive-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>

In 543, during the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic Wars]], [[Totila]] briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths, but the Byzantines seized control of the area following the [[Battle of Mons Lactarius]] on the slopes of [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]].<ref name="ostrogoths" /> Naples was expected to keep in contact with the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], which was the centre of Byzantine power on the [[Italian Peninsula]].<ref name="byz">{{cite book |last=Kleinhenz |first=Christopher |title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |isbn=978-0-415-22126-9 |year=2004 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[exarch]]ate fell, a [[Duchy of Naples]] was created. Although Naples's [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from [[Constantinople]] to Rome under Duke [[Stephen II of Naples|Stephen II]], putting it under [[Pope|papal]] [[suzerainty]] by 763.<ref name="byz" />

The years between 818 and 832 saw tumultuous relations with the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]], with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne.<ref name="duchy">{{cite book |last=McKitterick |first=Rosamond |author-link=Rosamond McKitterick |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |isbn=978-0-521-85360-6 |year=2004 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Theoctistus of Naples|Theoctistus]] was appointed without imperial approval; his appointment was later revoked and [[List of Dukes of Naples|Theodore II]] took his place. However, the disgruntled general populace chased him from the city and elected [[Stephen III of Naples|Stephen III]] instead, a man who minted coins with his initials rather than those of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by the early ninth century.<ref name="duchy" /> Naples allied with the Muslim [[Saracens]] in 836 and asked for their support to repel the siege of [[Lombards|Lombard]] troops coming from the neighbouring [[Duchy of Benevento]]. However, during the 850s, Muslim general [[Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas]] sacked [[Miseno]], but only for [[Khums]] purposes (Islamic booty), without conquering the territories of [[Campania]].<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990}}</ref><ref>Hilmar C. Krueger. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095" in ''A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years'', Vol.I. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (eds., 1955). University of Pennsylvania Press. p.48.</ref>

The duchy was under the direct control of the [[Lombards]] for a brief period after the capture by [[Pandulf IV of Capua|Pandulf IV]] of the [[Principality of Capua]], a long-term rival of Naples; however, this regime lasted only three years before the Greco-Roman-influenced dukes were reinstated.<ref name="duchy" /> By the 11th century, Naples had begun to employ [[Normans|Norman]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] to battle their rivals; Duke [[Sergius IV of Naples|Sergius IV]] hired [[Rainulf Drengot]] to wage war on Capua for him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradbury |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Bradbury |title=The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&q=Sergius+IV+hired+Rainulf+Drengot&pg=PA75 |isbn=978-0-415-22126-9 |date=8 April 2004 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064922/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&q=Sergius+IV+hired+Rainulf+Drengot&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1137, the Normans had attained great influence in Italy, controlling previously independent principalities and duchies such as [[Principality of Capua|Capua]], [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]], [[Principality of Salerno|Salerno]], [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfi]], [[Duchy of Sorrento|Sorrento]] and [[Duchy of Gaeta|Gaeta]]; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy, [[Sergius VII of Naples|Sergius VII]], was forced to surrender to [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], who had been proclaimed [[List of monarchs of Sicily|King of Sicily]] by [[Antipope Anacletus II]] seven years earlier. Naples thus joined the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], with [[Palermo]] as the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-542840/Kingdom-of-Sicily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026135034/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-542840/Kingdom-of-Sicily |archive-date=26 October 2007 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Kingdom of Sicily, or Trinacria |date=8 January 2008}}</ref>

=== As part of the Kingdom of Sicily ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Sicily}}
[[File:Palazzo Reale di Napoli - Federico II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]|271x271px]]

After a period of [[Normans|Norman]] rule, in 1189, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] was in a succession dispute between [[Tancred, King of Sicily]] of an illegitimate birth and the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufens]], a Germanic [[dynasty|royal house]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/swabian.php |publisher=naplesldm.com |title=Swabian Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319225929/http://www.naplesldm.com/swabian.php |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> as its Prince Henry had married [[Constance I of Sicily|Princess Constance]] the last legitimate heir to the Sicilian throne. In 1191 Henry invaded Sicily after being crowned as [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor]], and many cities surrendered. Still, Naples resisted him from May to August under the leadership of [[Richard, Count of Acerra]], [[Nicholas of Ajello]], [[Aligerno Cottone]] and [[Margaritus of Brindisi]] before the Germans suffered from disease and were forced to retreat. [[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia]] and [[Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne]] died of disease during [[Siege of Naples (1191)|the siege]]. During his counterattack, [[Tancred, King of Sicily|Tancred]] captured Constance, now empress. He had the empress imprisoned at [[Castel dell'Ovo]] at Naples before her release on May 1192 under the pressure of [[Pope Celestine III]]. In 1194 Henry started his second campaign upon the death of Tancred, but this time Aligerno surrendered without resistance, and finally, Henry conquered Sicily, putting it under the rule of Hohenstaufens.

The [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]], the first university in Europe dedicated to training secular administrators,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Tommaso |last=Astarita |title=Introduction: "Naples is the whole world" |encyclopedia=A Companion to Early Modern Naples |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |page=2}}</ref> was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom. Conflict between the Hohenstaufens and the [[Pope|Papacy]] led in 1266 to [[Pope Innocent IV]] crowning the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] duke [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]] King of Sicily:<ref name="dieli" /> Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples, where he resided at the [[Castel Nuovo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cheapholidayhacks.com/holidaydestinations/naples-castel-nuovo/ |title=Naples – Castel Nuovo |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423211344/https://cheapholidayhacks.com/holidaydestinations/naples-castel-nuovo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Having a great interest in architecture, Charles I imported French architects and workmen and was personally involved in several building projects in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Art and Architecture in Naples, 1266–1713: New Approaches |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturen00warr |url-access=limited |first1=Cordelia |last1=Warr |first2=Janis |last2=Elliott |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturen00warr/page/n163 154]–155 |isbn=9781405198615}}</ref> Many examples of [[Gothic architecture]] sprang up around Naples, including the [[Naples Cathedral]], which remains the city's main church.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bruzelius |first=Caroline |author-link=Caroline Bruzelius |title="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=50 |issue=4 |year=1991 |pages=402–420 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=990664 |doi=10.2307/990664}}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Naples ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopean Republic|Naples Lazzaroni}}
[[File:Galleria San Martino. 02 (cropped).JPG|thumb|The [[Castel Nuovo]], a.k.a. ''Maschio Angioino'', a seat of medieval kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain]]
In 1282, after the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the Kingdom of Sicily was divided into two. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name="dieli" /> Wars between the competing dynasties continued until the [[Peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as king of Naples by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news |url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html |publisher=Dieli.net |title=Sicilian History |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504185251/http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html |archive-date=4 May 2009 |access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Olivia Remie |title=Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel |publisher=Humana Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&q=%22genoese+merchants%22+naples&pg=PA209 |isbn=978-1-58829-171-4 |date=1 August 2002}}</ref> [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] bankers, and some of the most prominent [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm |publisher=Naples-City.info |title=Angioino Castle, Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929152952/http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008 |access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> During the 14th century, the Hungarian Angevin king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] captured the city several times. In 1442, [[Alfonso I of Naples|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René of Anjou|René]], and Naples was unified with Sicily again for a brief period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html |publisher=Zum.de |title=Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479 |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229072358/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html |archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

==== Aragonese and Spanish ====
Sicily and Naples were separated since 1282, but remained dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferdinand I]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4&nbsp;Hzhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626 |publisher= |title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince |date=7 October 2007}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples's commercial standing by establishing relations with the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410223414/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com |title=Naples Middle-Ages |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In 1501, Naples came under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] under [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], with the Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] being taken as a prisoner to France; however, this state of affairs did not last long, as Spain won Naples from the French at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] in 1503.<ref name="spanishnaples" />

[[File:Jan van Essen - Fleet review before Naples.jpg|thumb|right|390px|''The [[Viceroy of Naples]] paying tribute to [[Michiel de Ruyter|De Ruyter]]'s fleet in the port of Naples'', 1676, by [[Jan van Essen]]]]
[[File:Admiral Byng's Fleet at Naples.jpg|thumb|right|390px|''View of the [[Bay of Naples]] with [[George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington|Admiral Byng]]'s Fleet at Anchor'', 1718. Painting by [[Gaspar Butler]].]]

Following the Spanish victory, Naples became part of the [[Spanish Empire]], and remained so throughout the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Habsburg]] period.<ref name="spanishnaples" /> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of these viceroys was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca|Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban reforms in the city; he also tried to introduce the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Don Pedro de Toledo |first=Jeff |last=Matthews |website=Around Naples Encyclopedia |year=2005 |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509001635/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html |archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Self-published web encyclopaedia, even though written by an academic.|date=September 2015}} In 1544, around 7,000 people [[Raid on the Bay of Naples (1544)|were taken]] as [[Barbary slave trade|slaves]] by [[Barbary pirates]] and brought to the [[Barbary Coast]] of North Africa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niaz |first1=Ilhan |title=Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317913795 |page=399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399 |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064923/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 17th century, Naples had become Europe's second-largest city – second only to Paris – and the largest European Mediterranean city, with around 250,000 inhabitants.<ref>Colin McEvedy (2010), ''The Penguin Atlas of Modern History (to 1815)''. [[Penguin Group|Penguin]]. p. 39.</ref> The city was a major cultural centre during the [[Baroque]] era, being home to artists such as [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico]], and writers such as [[Giambattista Marino]]. A revolution led by the local fisherman [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]] in 1647. However, this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was reasserted.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Spanish acquisition of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181240/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy |archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> In 1656, an outbreak of [[Naples Plague|bubonic plague]] killed about half of Naples's 300,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Byrne |first1=Joseph P. |title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1598842548 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA249 |page=249}}</ref>

[[File:Departure of Charles III from Naples.jpg|thumb|Departure of [[Charles III of Spain]] from Naples, 1759]]
In 1714, Spanish rule over Naples came to an end as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; the Austrian [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] ruled the city from [[Vienna]] through viceroys of his own.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html |publisher=Bartleby.com |title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202110539/http://bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> However, the [[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], with the 1738 [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it |title=Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926150113/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1755, the Duke of Noja commissioned an accurate topographic map of Naples, later known as the [[Map of the Duke of Noja]], employing rigorous surveying accuracy and becoming an essential urban planning tool for Naples.

During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the effects of the [[French Revolution]] were felt in Naples: [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against the French republicans. Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name="parth" /> However, Naples's [[Social class|lower class]] ''[[Lazzaroni (Naples)|lazzaroni]]'' were strongly pious and royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the {{lang|fr|mêlée}} that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.<ref name="parth" />
[[File:Veduta di Santa Lucia (Largo di Palazzo) e San Martino, Napoli,1799.jpg|thumb|Naples depicted during the ephemeral [[Parthenopean Republic]]]]
Eventually, the Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name="parth" /> A [[counter-revolutionary]] religious army of ''lazzaroni'' known as the ''[[sanfedismo|sanfedisti]]'' under Cardinal [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they met with great success, and the French were forced to surrender the Neapolitan castles, with their fleet sailing back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306191407/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=The Parthenopean Republic |date=7 October 2007}}</ref>

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and installed [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings, including installing his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name="bonap" /> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and its allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]]. Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name="bonap" />

==== Independent Two Sicilies ====
{{Main||Kingdom of the Two Sicilies}}
The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combine to form the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news |url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731220756/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm |archive-date=31 July 2001 |publisher=Onwar.com |title=Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815 |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian Peninsula to have a railway, with the construction of the [[Naples–Portici railway line|Naples–Portici railway]].<ref name="railway">{{cite journal |first=Diana |last=Webb |title=La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914 |journal=[[History Today]] |date=6 June 1996 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/diana-webb/la-dolce-vita-italy-rail-1839-1914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041629/http://www.historytoday.com/diana-webb/la-dolce-vita-italy-rail-1839-1914 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Italian unification to the present day ===
[[File:Napoli Castel Nuovo museo civico - ingresso di Garibaldi a Napoli - Wenzel bis.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]] into Naples on 7 September 1860]]

After the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] led by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], which culminated in the controversial [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|siege of Gaeta]], Naples became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861 as part of the [[Italian unification]], ending the era of Bourbon rule. The economy of the area formerly known as the Two Sicilies as dependant on agriculture suffered the international pressure on prices of wheat, and together with lower sea fares prices lead to an unprecedented [[Italian diaspora|wave of emigration]],<ref name="modern">{{cite news |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html |publisher=OAH.org |title=Italians around the World: Teaching Italian Migration from a Transnational Perspective |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127225428/http://oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html |archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> with an estimated 4&nbsp;million people emigrating from the Naples area between 1876 and 1913.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Enrico |last=Moretti |title=Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876–1913 |journal=International Migration Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=640–657 |year=1999 |doi=10.2307/2547529 |jstor=2547529}}</ref> In the forty years following unification, the population of Naples grew by only 26%, vs. 63% for Turin and 103% for Milan; however, by 1884, Naples was still the largest city in Italy with 496,499 inhabitants, or roughly 64,000 per square kilometre (more than twice the population density of Paris).<ref name="snowden">{{cite book |title=Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884–1911 |first=Frank M. |last=Snowden |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002}}</ref>{{rp|11–14, 18}}

Public health conditions in certain areas of the city were poor, with twelve epidemics of [[cholera]] and [[typhoid fever]] claiming some 48,000 people between 1834 and 1884. A [[death rate]] 31.84 per thousand, high even for the time, persisted in the absence of epidemics between 1878 and 1883.{{r|snowden}} Then in [[1884 in Italy#August|August 1884]], Naples fell victim to a major [[cholera]] epidemic, caused largely by the city's poor [[sewerage]] infrastructure. In response to these problems, in 1885,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il Piano di Risanamento di Napoli |url=https://eddyburg.it/archivio/il-piano-di-risanamento-di-napoli/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Eddyburg |language=it-IT}}</ref> the government prompted a radical transformation of the city called ''[[risanamento]]'' to improve the sewer infrastructure and replace the most clustered areas, considered the main cause of [[wikt:insalubrity#English|insalubrity]], with large and airy avenues. The project proved difficult to accomplish politically and economically due to corruption, as shown in the [[Saredo Inquiry]], land speculation and extremely long bureaucracy. This led to the project to massive delays with contrasting results. The most notable transformations made were the construction of Via Caracciolo in place of the beach along the promenade, the creation of [[Galleria Umberto I]] and [[c:Category:Galleria Principe di Napoli (Naples)|Galleria Principe]] and the construction of Corso Umberto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fedoa.unina.it/9963/1/decrescenzo_daniela_26.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135057/http://www.fedoa.unina.it/9963/1/decrescenzo_daniela_26.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eddyburg.it/article/articleview/7035/0/242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045426/http://eddyburg.it/article/articleview/7035/0/242 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |title=Eddyburg.it – Bisogna Sventrare Napoli! |date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Napoli 4.8.1943, bombardamento aereo statunitense.jpg|thumb|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombardment of Naples, 1943]]

Naples was the [[Bombing of Naples in World War II|most-bombed]] Italian city during [[World War II]].<ref name="wii" /> Though Neapolitans did not rebel under [[Italian Fascism]], Naples was the first Italian city to [[Four days of Naples|rise up against]] [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[military occupation]]; for the first time in Europe, the Nazis, whose leader in this case was Colonel Scholl, negotiated a surrender in the face of insurgents. The city was already completely freed by 1 October 1943,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |title=Le Quattro giornate di Napoli |url=https://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5730 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.comune.napoli.it |language=it}}</ref> when British and American forces entered the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=British Armoured and Cavalry Divisions |date=1999 |publisher=Nafziger |pages=39–40}}</ref> Departing Germans [[Book burning|burned]] the library of [[University of Naples Federico II|the university]], as well as the Italian Royal Society. They also destroyed the city archives. Time bombs planted throughout the city continued to explode into November.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=The Day of Battle |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki |url-access=registration |date=2 October 2007 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=4889 |isbn=9780805062892}}</ref> Departing Germans also "looted all the food and fuel. They blew up the city's gas, water and sewage piping. They destroyed its port facilities ... and scuttled more than 300 ships in the harbor. They destroyed 75% of the major bridges, stole nearly 90% of the city's trucks, buses and trams, demolished railroad tracks and tunnels...."<ref>[[Dominic Green (writer and musician)|Green, Dominic]]. [https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/naples-1944-review-the-cost-of-conquering-5e78e122 "'Naples 1944' Review: The Cost of Conquering"] ''The Wall Street Journal'', April 11, 2025.</ref>
The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of the church of [[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]], which had been destroyed in a [[United States Air Force|United States Army Air Corps]] bombing raid.<ref name="wii" />

Special funding from the Italian government's [[Cassa per il Mezzogiorno|Fund for the South]] was provided from 1950 to 1984, helping the Neapolitan economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]] being renovated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829022247/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-date=29 August 2003 |format=PDF |publisher=Frontier Center for Public Policy |title=North and South: The Tragedy of Equalization in Italy |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, high unemployment continues to affect Naples.

Italian media attributed the city's recent [[Naples waste management issue|illegal waste disposal issues]] to the [[Camorra]], the [[organized crime]] network centered in Campania.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm |publisher=BBC |title=Naples at the mercy of the mob |date=7 October 2007 |first=Christian |last=Fraser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614224730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> Due to illegal waste dumping, as exposed by [[Roberto Saviano]] in his book ''[[Gomorrah (book)|Gomorrah]]'', severe environmental contamination and increased health risks remain prevalent.<ref name=cdm>{{cite web |url=http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/resources/cms/documents/legge_195_Rifiuti_Campania.pdf |title=Consiglio dei Ministri n. 76/09 |editor=Sito della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710164548/http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/resources/cms/documents/legge_195_Rifiuti_Campania.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, [[Silvio Berlusconi]]'s government held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate their intention to solve these problems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724102030/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |title=Berlusconi Takes Cabinet to Naples, Plans Tax Cuts, Crime Bill |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, the [[late-2000s recession]] had a severe impact on the city, intensifying its waste-management and unemployment problems.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/16/naples-city-hard-luck-story "Naples, city of the hard luck story"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407205949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/16/naples-city-hard-luck-story |date=7 April 2017}}. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</ref> By August 2011, the number of unemployed in the Naples area had risen to 250,000, sparking public protests against the economic situation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111120183828/http://www.demotix.com/news/776853/unemployment-spurns-protests-across-naples "Unemployment spawns protests across Naples"]. Demotix.com. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</ref> In June 2012, allegations of blackmail, extortion, and illicit contract tendering emerged concerning the city's waste management issues.<ref name=OneJun>[http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/20/news/cricca-veneta-sui-rifiuti-di-napoli-arrestati-i-fratelli-gavioli-1.5291660 "Cricca veneta sui rifiuti di Napoli: arrestati i fratelli Gavioli" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622184314/http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/20/news/cricca-veneta-sui-rifiuti-di-napoli-arrestati-i-fratelli-gavioli-1.5291660 |date=22 June 2012 }}. ''Il Mattino''. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</ref><ref name=OneJul>[http://www.sivempveneto.it/vedi-tutte/7429-gestione-dei-rifiuti-a-napoli-undici-arresti-tra-venezia-e-treviso.html "Gestione rifiuti a Napoli, undici arresti tra Venezia e Treviso" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125122147/http://www.sivempveneto.it/vedi-tutte/7429-gestione-dei-rifiuti-a-napoli-undici-arresti-tra-venezia-e-treviso.html |date=25 January 2014 }}. ''Il Mattino di Padova''. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</ref>

Naples hosted the sixth [[World Urban Forum]] in September 2012<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120619131048/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9740&catid=672&typeid=6&subMenuId=0 UN Habitat]. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</ref> and the 63rd [[International Astronautical Congress]] in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Proietti |first=Manuela |url=http://www.diregiovani.it/gw/producer/dettaglio.aspx?id_doc=31468 |title=Expo 2012, Napoli capitale dello spazio&#124; Iniziative &#124; DIREGIOVANI |publisher=Diregiovani.it |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613152838/https://www.diregiovani.it/gw/producer/dettaglio.aspx?id_doc=31468 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, it was the host of the [[Universal Forum of Cultures]] and the host for the [[2019 Summer Universiade]].

== Architecture ==
{{Main article|Architecture of Naples}}
{{See also|:Category:Buildings and structures in Naples|l1=Buildings and structures in Naples|Archaeological sites in Naples}}

=== UNESCO World Heritage Site ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Historic Centre of Naples
| Image = Napoli - piazza San Domenico Maggiore e guglia.jpg
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv
| ID = 726
| Year = 1995
| Area = 1,021 ha
| Buffer_zone = 1,350 ha
}}
[[File:Il Palazzo reale (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Royal Palace of Naples]]]]
Naples's 2,800-year history has left it with a wealth of historical buildings and monuments, from medieval castles to classical ruins, and a wide range of culturally and historically significant sites nearby, including the [[Palace of Caserta]] and the Roman ruins of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]]. In 2017 the [[BBC]] defined Naples as "the Italian city with too much history to handle".<ref>Craig, E., [https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170309-a-city-with-too-much-history-to-handle A city with too much history to handle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055150/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170309-a-city-with-too-much-history-to-handle |date=26 January 2021 }}, ''BBC Global News Ltd.'', published 20 March 2017, accessed 17 February 2023</ref>

The most prominent forms of architecture visible in present-day Naples are the [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] styles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm |publisher=INaples.it |title=Historical centre |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510113517/http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Naples has a total of 448 historical churches (1000 in total<ref>[http://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2012/7/114021.html Ilgiornaledellarte.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815042531/http://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2012/7/114021.html |date=15 August 2013 }}</ref>), making it one of the most Catholic cities in the world in terms of the number of places of worship.<ref name="churches" /> In 1995, the [[Historic Centre of Naples|historic centre of Naples]] was listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]], a United Nations programme which aims to catalogue and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the [[common heritage of mankind]].
{{blockquote|Naples is one of the most ancient cities in Europe, whose contemporary urban fabric preserves the elements of its long and eventful history. The rectangular grid layout of the ancient Greek foundation of Neapolis is still discernible. It has indeed continued to provide the layout for the present-day Historic Centre of Naples, one of the major Mediterranean port cities. From the Middle Ages to the 18th century, Naples was a focal point in terms of art and architecture, expressed in its ancient forts, the royal ensembles such as the Royal Palace of 1600, and the palaces and churches sponsored by the noble families.|[[UNESCO]]'s Criterion|}}

=== Piazzas, palaces and castles ===
{{See also|Category:Palaces in Naples|label 1=List of palaces in Naples}}
[[File:CastelOvo.jpg|thumb|The [[Castel dell'Ovo|Egg Castle]]]]
The main city square or ''[[piazza]]'' of the city is the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]]. Its construction was begun by the [[Bonapartism|Bonapartist]] king [[Joachim Murat]] and finished by the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]]. The piazza is bounded on the east by the [[Royal Palace (Naples)|Royal Palace]] and on the west by the church of [[San Francesco di Paola (Naples)|San Francesco di Paola]], with the colonnades extending on both sides. Nearby is the [[Teatro di San Carlo]], which is the oldest [[opera house]] in Italy. Directly across San Carlo is [[Galleria Umberto I|Galleria Umberto]].

Naples is well known for its castles: The most ancient is [[Castel dell'Ovo]] ("Egg Castle"), which was built on the tiny [[islet]] of Megarides, where the original [[Cumae]]an colonists had founded the city. In Roman times the islet became part of [[Lucullus]]'s villa, later hosting [[Romulus Augustulus]], the exiled last western Roman emperor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1433 |title=Cultura – Il castel dell'ovo |access-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814033557/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1433 |archive-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> It had also been the prison for [[Constance I of Sicily|Empress Constance]] between 1191 and 1192 after her being captured by Sicilians, and [[Conradin]] and [[Giovanna I of Naples]] before their executions.

[[Castel Nuovo]], also known as ''Maschio [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angioino]]'', is one of the city's top landmarks; it was built during the time of [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]], the first [[List of monarchs of Naples|king of Naples]]. Castel Nuovo has seen many notable historical events: for example, in 1294, [[Pope Celestine V]] resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this [[Pope Boniface VIII]] was elected pope by the cardinal [[Collegium (ancient Rome)|collegium]], before moving to Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1372 |title=Cultura – Patrimonio Artistico e Museale – Castel Nuovo |access-date=9 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112011805/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1372 |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

[[Castel Capuano]] was built in the 12th century by [[William I of Sicily|William I]], the son of [[Roger II of Sicily]], the first monarch of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. It was expanded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and became one of his royal palaces. The castle was the residence of many kings and queens throughout its history. In the 16th century, it became the Hall of Justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fondazionecastelcapuano.it/storia.aspx |title=Fondazione Castel Capuano |access-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195335/http://www.fondazionecastelcapuano.it/storia.aspx |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

Another Neapolitan castle is [[Castel Sant'Elmo]], which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a [[star]]. Its strategic position overlooking the entire city made it a target of various invaders. During the uprising of [[Masaniello]] in 1647, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the revolutionaries.<ref>Giuseppe Grispello, Il mistero di Castel Sant'Elmo, Napoli, Guida, 1999, {{ISBN|88-7188-322-5}}.</ref>

The [[Carmine Castle]], built in 1392 and highly modified in the 16th century by the Spanish, was demolished in 1906 to make room for the Via Marina, although two of the castle's towers remain as a monument. The Vigliena Fort, built in 1702, was destroyed in 1799 during the royalist war against the Parthenopean Republic and is now abandoned and in ruin.<ref>Ruggiero Gennaro, I castelli di Napoli, Napoli, Newton & Compton, 1995, {{ISBN|88-7983-760-5}}.</ref>

=== Museums ===
{{See also|List of museums in Naples}}
[[File:Napoli, museo archeologico2.jpg|left|thumb|[[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]]]]
[[File:Museo Capodimonte Napoli facciata Sudovest.jpg|thumb|[[Museo di Capodimonte|National Museum of Capodimonte]]]]
Naples is widely known for its wealth of historical museums. The [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]] is one of the city's main museums, with one of the most extensive collections of [[artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the world.<ref name="bestnap" /> It also houses many of the antiques unearthed at [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], as well as some artefacts from the [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] and [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] periods.<ref name="bestnap">{{cite news |url=http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm |publisher=Best.unina.it |title=Napoli |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915120247/http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm |archive-date=15 September 2007}}</ref>

Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the [[Museo di Capodimonte]] is another museum of note. The [[List of works in the Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte|gallery features paintings]] from the 13th to the 18th centuries, including major works by [[Simone Martini]], [[Raphael]], [[Titian]], [[Caravaggio]], [[El Greco]], [[Jusepe de Ribera]] and [[Luca Giordano]]. The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th-century furniture and a collection of [[porcelain]] and [[Victorian majolica|majolica]] from the various royal residences: the famous [[Capodimonte porcelain|Capodimonte Porcelain Factory]] once stood just adjacent to the palace.

In front of the [[Royal Palace of Naples]] stands the [[Galleria Umberto I]], which contains the [[Coral Jewellery Museum]]. Occupying a 19th-century palazzo renovated by the Portuguese architect [[Álvaro Siza]], the [[Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina]] (MADRE) features an [[enfilade]] procession of permanent installations by artists such as [[Francesco Clemente]], [[Richard Serra]], and [[Rebecca Horn]].<ref>Aric Chen (18 September 2005). [http://travel.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/travel/18going.html Going to Naples] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628090048/http://travel.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/travel/18going.html |date=28 June 2012 }}. ''[[New York Times]]''. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</ref> The 16th-century palace of Roccella hosts the Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, which contains the civic collections of art belonging to the City of Naples, and features temporary exhibits of art and culture. Palazzo Como, which dates from the 15th century, hosts the [[Museo Civico Filangieri]] of [[plastic arts]], created in 1883 by [[Gaetano Filangieri, prince of Satriano|Gaetano Filangieri]].

=== Churches and other religious structures ===
{{See also|List of churches in Naples|Spires of Naples|Fontanelle cemetery}}
[[File:Facciata Duomo di Napoli - BW 2013-05-16.jpg|thumb|[[Naples Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Chiesa del Gesu Nuovo.jpg|thumb|[[Gesù Nuovo|Church of Gesù Nuovo]]]]
[[File:VedutaCertosa.jpg|thumb|Hanging gardens of the [[Certosa di San Martino]]]]
[[File:Napoli MonumentoGirolamini Chiesa 20150115 (53).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Girolamini, Naples|Church of Girolamini]]]]
Naples is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples|Archdiocese of Naples]]; there are hundreds of churches in the city.<ref name="churches">{{cite news |url=http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm |publisher=Red Travel |title=Naples |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111036/http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The [[Naples Cathedral|Cathedral of Naples]] is the city's premier place of worship; each year on 19 September, it hosts the longstanding Miracle of [[Januarius|Saint Januarius]], the city's [[patron saint]].<ref name="gennaro" /> During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy [[relic]]s said to be of his body.<ref name="gennaro">{{cite news |url=http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/2007/09/saint-gennaro/ |publisher=SplendorofTruth.com |title=Saint Gennaro |date=24 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220116/http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/2007/09/saint-gennaro/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> Below is a selective list of Naples's major churches, chapels, and monastery complexes:

{{div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* [[Certosa di San Martino]]
* [[Naples Cathedral]]
* [[San Francesco di Paola (Naples)|San Francesco di Paola]]
* [[Gesù Nuovo]]
* [[Girolamini, Naples|Girolamini]]
* [[San Domenico Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]]
* [[San Paolo Maggiore, Naples|San Paolo Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Maria della Sanità, Naples]]
* [[Santa Maria del Carmine (Naples)|Santa Maria del Carmine]]
* [[Sant'Agostino alla Zecca]]
* [[Madre del Buon Consiglio]]
* [[Santa Donna Regina Nuova|Santa Maria Donna Regina Nuova]]
* [[San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples|San Lorenzo Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia]]
* [[Santa Caterina a Formiello]]
* [[Santissima Annunziata Maggiore, Naples|Santissima Annunziata Maggiore]]
* [[San Gregorio Armeno]]
* [[San Giovanni a Carbonara]]
* [[Santa Maria La Nova, Naples|Santa Maria La Nova]]
* [[Sant'Anna dei Lombardi]]
* [[Sant'Eligio Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Restituta]]
* [[Cappella Sansevero|Sansevero Chapel]]
* [[San Pietro a Maiella]]
* [[San Gennaro extra Moenia]]
* [[San Ferdinando (Naples)|San Ferdinando]]
* [[Pio Monte della Misericordia]]
* [[Santa Maria di Montesanto, Naples|Santa Maria di Montesanto]]
* [[Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate|Sant'Antonio Abate]]
* [[Santa Caterina a Chiaia]]
* [[San Pietro Martire (Naples)|San Pietro Martire]]
* [[Hermitage of Camaldoli]]
* [[Archbishop's Palace (Naples)|Archbishop's Palace]]
{{div col end}}

=== Other features ===
[[File:Interior of Galleria Umberto I. Naples, Campania, Italy, South Europe.jpg|thumb|Inside [[Galleria Umberto I]]|alt=|left]]
Aside from the Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples has two other major public squares: the [[Piazza Dante (Naples)|Piazza Dante]] and the [[Piazza dei Martiri]]. The latter originally had only a memorial to religious [[martyr]]s, but in 1866, after the [[Italian unification]], four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65 |publisher=INaples.it |title=Piazza Dei Martiri |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035628/http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=1 March 2008}}</ref>

The [[San Gennaro dei Poveri]] is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. It was the forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the [[Ospedale L'Albergo Reale dei Poveri, Naples|Bourbon Hospice for the Poor]] started by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]]. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ceva Grimaldi |first=Francesco |author-link=Francesco Ceva Grimaldi (historian) |title=Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente |publisher=Stamperia e calcografia |year=1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/dellacittdinapo01grimgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/dellacittdinapo01grimgoog/page/n530 521] |quote=Albergo Reale dei Poveri napoli. |access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

==== Subterranean Naples ====
[[File:Galleria borbonica - War refuge (Naples).jpg|thumb|[[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underground Naples]]]]
{{Main|Beneath Naples|Catacombs of San Gennaro|Catacombs of Saint Gaudiosus|San Pietro ad Aram}}
[[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underneath Naples]] lies a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] zone. There are also several ancient [[Greco-Roman]] reservoirs dug out from the soft [[tuff|tufo stone]] on which, and from which, much of the city is built. Approximately {{convert|1|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} of the many kilometres of tunnels under the city can be visited from the [[Naples underground geothermal zone|Napoli Sotteranea]], situated in the historic centre of the city in [[Via dei Tribunali (Naples)|Via dei Tribunali]]. This system of tunnels and cisterns underlies most of the city and lies approximately {{convert|30|m|ft}} below ground level. During [[World War II]], these tunnels were used as [[air-raid shelter]]s, and there are inscriptions on the walls depicting the suffering endured by the refugees of that era.

There are large [[Catacombs of San Gennaro|catacombs]] in and around the city, and other landmarks such as the [[Piscina Mirabilis]], the main cistern serving the [[Bay of Naples]] during Roman times.

Several archaeological excavations are also present; they revealed in [[San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples|San Lorenzo Maggiore]] the [[macellum of Naples]], and in [[Santa Chiara, Naples|Santa Chiara]], the biggest thermal complex of the city in Roman times.

==== Parks, gardens, villas, fountains and stairways ====
{{Main|Villas in Naples|Stairways in Naples|List of fountains in Naples}}
[[File:FantanaSantaLucia2.jpg|thumb|[[Villa Comunale]]]]
Of the various [[park|public parks]] in Naples, the most prominent are the [[Villa Comunale]], which was built by the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] in the 1780s;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829022247/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-date=29 August 2003 |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=Villa Comunale |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> the park was originally a "Royal Garden", reserved for members of the royal family, but open to the public on special holidays. The Bosco di [[Palace of Capodimonte|Capodimonte]], the city's largest green space, served as a royal hunting reserve. The Park has 16 additional historical buildings, including residences, lodges, churches, fountains, statues, orchards and woods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/information-en/ |title=Information en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605153709/http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/information-en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another important park is the [[Parco Virgiliano]], which looks towards the tiny volcanic islet of [[Nisida]]; beyond Nisida lie [[Procida]] and [[Ischia]].<ref name="parkvirg">{{cite news |url=http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829 |publisher=SkyTeam.com |title=Parco Virgiliano |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003085052/http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829 |archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> [[Parco Virgiliano (Mergellina)|Parco Virgiliano]] was named after [[Virgil]], the classical Roman poet and Latin writer who is thought to be [[Virgil's tomb|entombed]] nearby.<ref name="parkvirg" /> Naples is noted for its numerous stately [[villa]]s, fountains and [[Stairways in Naples|stairways]], such as the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[Villa Floridiana]], the [[Fountain of Neptune, Naples|Fountain of Neptune]] and the [[Pedamentina di San Martino|Pedamentina stairway]].

==== Neo-Gothic, ''Liberty Napoletano'' and modern architecture ====
[[File:Napoli - Castello Aselmeyer.jpg|left|thumb|Aselmeyer Castle, built by [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]] in the Neo-Gothic style]]
[[File:Liberty Napoli.jpg|thumb|One of the city's various examples of ''Liberty Napoletano'']]
Various buildings inspired by the [[Gothic Revival Architecture|Gothic Revival]] are extant in Naples, due to the influence that this movement had on the Scottish-Indian architect [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]], one of the most active Neapolitan architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Young left a significant footprint in the [[cityscape]] and designed many urban projects, such as the city's first subway ([[Naples Metro|metro]]).

In the first years of the 20th century, a local version of the [[Art Nouveau]] phenomenon, known as "[[Liberty style|Liberty]] Napoletano", developed in the city, creating many buildings which still stand today. In 1935, the [[Rationalism (architecture)|Rationalist]] architect Luigi Cosenza designed a new fish market for the city. During the [[Benito Mussolini]] era, the first structures of the city's "service center" were built, all in a Rationalist-[[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalist]] style, including the Palazzo delle Poste and the Pretura buildings. The [[Centro Direzionale (Naples)|Centro Direzionale di Napoli]] is the only adjacent cluster of skyscrapers in southern Europe.

== Geography ==
[[File:Napoli 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Gulf of Naples]]]]
[[File:Napoli-densitàurbana.jpg|thumb|right|Urban density in central Naples]]
The city is situated on the [[Gulf of Naples]], on the western coast of [[southern Italy]]; it rises from sea level to an elevation of {{convert|450|m|ft}}. The small rivers that formerly crossed the city's centre have since been covered by construction. It lies between two notable [[volcanic]] regions, [[Mount Vesuvius]] and the [[Campi Flegrei]] (''Phlegraean Fields''). Campi Flegrei is considered a [[supervolcano]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Europe's super volcano |url=https://www.dw.com/en/europes-super-volcano/av-60510172 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829194448/https://www.dw.com/en/europes-super-volcano/av-60510172 |url-status=live }}</ref> The islands of [[Procida]], [[Capri]] and [[Ischia]] can all be reached from Naples by [[hydrofoil]]s and ferries. [[Sorrento, Italy|Sorrento]] and the [[Amalfi Coast]] are situated south of the city. At the same time, the Roman ruins of [[Pompeii]], [[Herculaneum]], [[Oplontis]] and [[Stabiae]], which were destroyed in the [[eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD]], are also visible nearby. The port towns of [[Pozzuoli]] and [[Baiae|Baia]], which were part of the Roman naval facility of [[Portus Julius]], lie to the west of the city.

=== Quarters ===
{{Main|Quarters of Naples}}
[[File:Palazzo Donn'Anna e Bagno Elena (2007).jpg|thumb|The [[Palazzo Donn'Anna]] and Bagno Donn'Anna beach in [[Posillipo]]]]
The thirty quarters (''[[quartiere|quartieri]]'') of Naples are listed below. For administrative purposes, these thirty districts are grouped together into ten governmental community boards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/52/Default.aspx |publisher=Palapa.it |title=Quartieri |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904060527/http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/52/Default.aspx |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=19 February 2008}}</ref>
<div style="font-size:91%">
{|
|-
| width="10" | &nbsp;
| valign="top"|
1. [[Pianura]]<br />
2. [[Bagnoli]]<br />
3. [[Posillipo]]<br />
4. [[Fuorigrotta]]<br />
5. [[Soccavo]]<br />
6. [[Chiaiano]]<br />
7. [[Arenella]]<br />
8. [[Vomero]]<br />
9. [[Chiaia]]<br />
10. [[San Ferdinando (Naples)|San Ferdinando]]
| width="30" | &nbsp;
| valign="top"|
11. [[Montecalvario]]<br />
12. [[San Giuseppe (Naples)|San Giuseppe]]<br />
13. [[Avvocata]]<br />
14. [[Porto (Naples)|Porto]]<br />
15. [[Pendino]]<br />
16. [[San Lorenzo (Naples)|San Lorenzo]]<br />
17. [[Mercato (Naples)|Mercato]]<br />
18. [[Vicaria]]<br />
19. [[Stella (Naples)|Stella]]<br />
20. [[San Carlo all'Arena]]
| width="30" | &nbsp;
| valign="top"|
21. [[Piscinola]]<br />
22. [[Scampia]]<br />
23. [[Miano]]<br />
24. [[Secondigliano]]<br />
25. [[San Pietro a Patierno]]<br />
26. [[Poggioreale (Naples)|Poggioreale]]<br />
27. [[Zona Industriale]]<br />
28. [[San Giovanni a Teduccio]]<br />
29. [[Barra (Naples)|Barra]]<br />
30. [[Ponticelli]]
| width="30" | &nbsp;
| valign="top"|
|}
</div>

=== Climate ===
Naples has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''), that borders closely on a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |access-date=7 June 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601115854/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |publisher=Institute for Veterinary Public Health – Vienna |year=2011 |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> The climate and fertility of the [[Gulf of Naples]] made the region famous during Roman times, when emperors such as [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]] holidayed near the city.<ref name="rome" /> Maritime features mitigate the winters but occasionally cause heavy rainfall, particularly in the autumn and winter. Summers feature high temperatures and humidity.

Winters are mild, and snow is rare in the city area but frequent on [[Mount Vesuvius]]. November is the wettest month in Naples, while July is the driest.
{{Weather box
| location= Naples ([[Naples International Airport]]) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present)
| metric first= Yes
| single line= Yes
| Jan record high C= 21.5
| Feb record high C= 24.2
| Mar record high C= 27.8
| Apr record high C= 31.0
| May record high C= 34.8
| Jun record high C= 37.4
| Jul record high C= 39.0
| Aug record high C= 40.0
| Sep record high C= 37.2
| Oct record high C= 31.5
| Nov record high C= 29.4
| Dec record high C= 24.4
| Jan high C= 13.4
| Feb high C= 13.9
| Mar high C= 16.4
| Apr high C= 19.4
| May high C= 23.6
| Jun high C= 27.7
| Jul high C= 30.4
| Aug high C= 31.0
| Sep high C= 26.8
| Oct high C= 23.0
| Nov high C= 18.3
| Dec high C= 14.3
| year high C= 
| Jan mean C= 9.1
| Feb mean C= 9.4
| Mar mean C= 11.9
| Apr mean C= 14.7
| May mean C= 19.0
| Jun mean C= 23.1
| Jul mean C= 25.6
| Aug mean C= 26.2
| Sep mean C= 22.2
| Oct mean C= 18.4
| Nov mean C= 13.9
| Dec mean C= 10.1
| year mean C=
| Jan low C= 4.7
| Feb low C= 4.9
| Mar low C= 7.3
| Apr low C= 10.0
| May low C= 14.3
| Jun low C= 18.4
| Jul low C= 20.9
| Aug low C= 21.4
| Sep low C= 17.6
| Oct low C= 13.8
| Nov low C= 9.5
| Dec low C= 5.9
| Jan record low C= -5.6
| Feb record low C= -3.8
| Mar record low C= -3.6
| Apr record low C= -1.0
| May record low C= 5.0
| Jun record low C= 7.8
| Jul record low C= 11.2
| Aug record low C= 11.4
| Sep record low C= 5.6
| Oct record low C= 2.6
| Nov record low C= -3.4
| Dec record low C= -4.6
| year low C= 12.4
| precipitation colour=green
| Jan precipitation mm= 92.1
| Feb precipitation mm= 95.3
| Mar precipitation mm= 77.9
| Apr precipitation mm= 98.6
| May precipitation mm= 59.0
| Jun precipitation mm= 32.8
| Jul precipitation mm= 28.5
| Aug precipitation mm= 35.5
| Sep precipitation mm= 88.9
| Oct precipitation mm= 135.5
| Nov precipitation mm= 152.1
| Dec precipitation mm= 112.0
| year precipitation mm= 1008.2
| Jan precipitation days= 9.3
| Feb precipitation days= 9.1
| Mar precipitation days= 8.6
| Apr precipitation days= 9.3
| May precipitation days= 6.1
| Jun precipitation days= 3.3
| Jul precipitation days= 2.4
| Aug precipitation days= 3.7
| Sep precipitation days= 6.1
| Oct precipitation days= 8.5
| Nov precipitation days= 10.2
| Dec precipitation days= 9.9
| year precipitation days= 86.5
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan sun= 114.7
| Feb sun= 127.6
| Mar sun= 158.1
| Apr sun= 189.0
| May sun= 244.9
| Jun sun= 279.0
| Jul sun= 313.1
| Aug sun= 294.5
| Sep sun= 234.0
| Oct sun= 189.1
| Nov sun= 126.0
| Dec sun= 105.4
| year sun= 2375.4
| Jan dew point C =4.4
| Feb dew point C =4.3
| Mar dew point C =6.3
| Apr dew point C =8.8
| May dew point C =12.6
| Jun dew point C =16.3
| Jul dew point C =18.2
| Aug dew point C =18.7
| Sep dew point C =15.4
| Oct dew point C =12.6
| Nov dew point C =9.3
| Dec dew point C =5.3
| Jan humidity =75
| Feb humidity =73
| Mar humidity =71
| Apr humidity =70
| May humidity =70
| Jun humidity =72
| Jul humidity =70
| Aug humidity =69
| Sep humidity =73
| Oct humidity =74
| Nov humidity =76
| Dec humidity =75
|source 1 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<ref name = ISPRA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230917192649/https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| archive-date = 17 September 2023
| url = https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| title = Valori climatici normali in Italia
| publisher=Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
| access-date = 27 November 2024}}</ref>
| source 2= [[NOAA]] (humidity 1961–1990 and dew point 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Napoli_Capodichino_16289.csv|title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Napoli-Capodichino|format=CSV|publisher=[[NOAA]]|access-date=2 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name = noaa>{{cite web |url=http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/IY/16289.TXT |title=Naples (16289) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=17 July 2019 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717231201/http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/IY/16289.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref>[[Servizio Meteorologico]] (precipitation and sun 1971–2000)<ref name=ServizioMeteorologico>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130512050131/http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(289)Napoli%20Capodichino.pdf Tabelle climatiche della stazione meteorologica di Napoli-Capodichino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000 (PDF)]. Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 5 December 2012.</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Average sea temperature (Neapolitan Riviera):<ref>{{cite web |title=Naples Sea Temperature |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/naples.htm |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030040801/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/naples.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! '''Jan'''
! '''Feb'''
! '''Mar'''
! '''Apr'''
! '''May'''
! '''Jun'''
! '''Jul'''
! '''Aug'''
! '''Sep'''
! '''Oct'''
! '''Nov'''
! '''Dec'''
! '''Year'''
|-
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;" | {{cvt|14.6|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;" | {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;" | {{cvt|14.2|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;" | {{cvt|15.6|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;" | {{cvt|19.0|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;" | {{cvt|23.6|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;" | {{cvt|25.9|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;" | {{cvt|26.0|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;" | {{cvt|24.9|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;" | {{cvt|21.5|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;" | {{cvt|19.2|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;" | {{cvt|16.4|°C|°F}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;" | {{cvt|19.6|°C|°F}}
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
| percentages= pagr
| 800 |50000
| 1000 |30000
| 1300 |60000
| 1500 |150000
| 1600 |275000
| 1700 |207000
| 1861 |484026
| 1871 |489008
| 1881 |535206
| 1901 |621213
| 1911 |751211| 1921 |859629|1931|831781
| 1936 |865913
| 1951 |1010550
| 1961 |1182815| 1971 |1226594| 1981 |1212387| 1991 |1067365| 2001 |1004500| 2011 |962003|2021|921142|source=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Popolazione residente e presente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1971|trans-title=Resident and present population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1971|url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/PUV0027177Pop_res_pres_cens_1861_1971_Tomo1.pdf|date=1971-10-24|lang=it|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRMEg1zAQOEC&pg=PA51 |title=Capitalists in Spite of Themselves: Elite Conflict and Economic Transitions in Early Modern Europe |first=Richard |last=Lachmann |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780195159608}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/803/a1.1g746.pdf;jsessionid=6623384256ACCA3FE866FD3FA5B08292?sequence=1 |title=The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the Time of the Carolingians |first=Edda |last=Claus |date=June 1997 |publisher=Université de Montréal |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414111648/https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/803/a1.1g746.pdf;jsessionid=6623384256ACCA3FE866FD3FA5B08292?sequence=1 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA266 |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |first=Luc-Normand |last=Tellier |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=PUQ |via=Google Books |isbn=9782760522091 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418065504/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA266#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{as of|2022}}, the population of the ''comune di Napoli'' totals around 910,000. Naples's wider [[Naples metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], sometimes known as Greater Naples, has a population of approximately 4.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="demog" /> The [[demographic profile]] for the Neapolitan province in general is relatively young: 19% are under the age of 14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14% and 19%, respectively.<ref name="demog" /> Naples has a higher percentage of females (52.5%) than males (47.5%).<ref name=ComItData2012>‘City’ population (i.e. that of the ''[[comune]]'' or municipality). [http://en.comuni-italiani.it/063/049/ City of Naples] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702112928/http://en.comuni-italiani.it/063/049/ |date=2 July 2015 }}. Comuni-italiani.it. 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.</ref> Naples currently has a higher [[birth rate]] than other parts of Italy, with 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |publisher=ISTAT |title=Demographics |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=10 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref>

Naples's population rose from 621,000 in 1901 to 1,226,000 in 1971, declining to 910,000 in 2022 as city dwellers moved to the suburbs. According to different sources, Naples's [[Naples metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] is either the [[List of cities in Italy by population|second]]-most-populated metropolitan area in Italy after [[Milan]] (with 4,434,136 inhabitants according to Svimez Data)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.libero.it/domenico.smarrazzo/studio.PDF |title=Seminario-aprile2001.PDF |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518042415/http://users.libero.it/domenico.smarrazzo/studio.PDF |archive-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> or the third (with 3.5&nbsp;million inhabitants according to the [[OECD]]).<ref name="Metro eXplorer">{{Cite web |url=https://regions-cities-atlas.oecd.org/ |title=oecd-rmvt |website=regions-cities-atlas.oecd.org |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304203835/https://regions-cities-atlas.oecd.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Naples is Italy's most densely populated major city, with approximately 8,182 people per square kilometre;<ref name=ComItData2012 /> however, it has seen a notable decline in population density since 2003, when the figure was over 9,000 people per square kilometre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Naple.pdf |title=Urban slums reports: the case of Naples, Italy |publisher=UCL |year=2003 |access-date=10 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061951/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Naple.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed infobox"
|-
! colspan="2" | 2023 largest resident foreign-born groups<ref name="istat"/>

|-
! '''Country of birth''' || Population
|-
| {{flagicon|SRI}} Sri Lanka || 14,627
|-
| {{flagicon|UKR}} Ukraine || 7,510
|-
| {{flagicon|PRC}} China || 4,477
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan || 3,344
|-
| {{flagicon|ROU}} Romania || 2,356
|-
| {{flagicon|BGD}} Bangladesh || 2,101
|-
| {{flagicon|PHI}} Philippines || 1,721
|-
| {{flagicon|NGA}} Nigeria || 1,550
|-
| {{flagicon|SEN}} Senegal || 1,184
|-
| {{flagicon|DOM}} Dominican Republic || 1,076
|}

In contrast to many northern Italian cities, there are relatively few foreign immigrants in Naples; 94.3% of the city's inhabitants are Italian nationals. In 2023, there were a total of 56,153 foreigners in the city of Naples; the majority of these are mostly from [[Sri Lanka]], China, Ukraine, Pakistan and Romania.<ref name="istat">{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=it&a=2023&i=P03 |publisher=ISTAT |title=Statistiche Demografiche ISTAT |year=2023 |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408063538/https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=it&a=2023&i=P03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics show that, in the past, the vast majority of immigrants in Naples were female; this happened because male immigrants in Italy tended to head to the wealthier north.<ref name="demog">{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/demographics.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018055642/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/demographics.htm |archive-date=18 October 2007 |publisher=UMUC.edu |title=Demographics of Naples |access-date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tuttitalia.it/campania/59-napoli/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2023/ cittadini stranieri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408063545/https://www.tuttitalia.it/campania/59-napoli/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2023/ |date=8 April 2024 }} tuttitalia.it</ref>

== Education ==
[[Image:Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. (5662).jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[University of Naples Federico II]]]]
Naples is noted for its numerous higher education institutes and research centres. Naples hosts what is thought to be the oldest state university in the world, in the form of the [[University of Naples Federico II]], which was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in 1224. The university is among the most prominent in Italy, with around 70,000 students and over 6,000 professors in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=USTAT |title=Portale dei dati dell'istruzione superiore |url=https://ustat.mur.gov.it/dati/didattica/italia/atenei-statali/napoli-federico-ii |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=USTAT}}</ref> It is host to the [[Botanical Garden of Naples]], which was opened in 1807 by [[Joseph Bonaparte]], using plans drawn up under the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]]. The garden's 15 hectares feature around 25,000 samples of over 10,000 species.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ortobotanico.unina.it/VerInglese/pstoria/StoriaE.htm |publisher=OrtoBotanico.UNINA.it |title=Orto Botanico di Napoli |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212125906/http://www.ortobotanico.unina.it/VerInglese/pstoria/StoriaE.htm |archive-date=12 February 2008 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

Naples is also served by the [[Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli|University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli]], a modern university which opened in 1989, and which has strong links to the nearby [[province of Caserta]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.napoliaffari.com/napoliaffari/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=255 |publisher=NapoliAffari.com |title=Scuola: Le Università |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719030942/http://www.napoliaffari.com/napoliaffari/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=255 |archive-date=19 July 2014}}</ref> Another notable centre of education is the [[University of Naples "L'Orientale"]], which specialises in [[Eastern world|Eastern culture]], and was founded by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary [[Matteo Ripa]] in 1732, after he returned from the court of [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]], the [[Emperor of China|emperor]] of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] Qing dynasty of China.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ripa |first=Matteo |title=Memoirs of Father Ripa: During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China |publisher=New York Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex8LAAAAYAAJ&q=Memoirs+of+Father+Ripa |year=1849 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418065644/https://books.google.com/books?id=ex8LAAAAYAAJ&q=Memoirs+of+Father+Ripa#v=snippet&q=Memoirs%20of%20Father%20Ripa&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other prominent universities in Naples include the [[Parthenope University of Naples]], the private [[Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples]], and the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Pontifical Theological Seminary of Southern Italy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pftim.it/storia.php |publisher=PFTIM.it |title=Pontificia Facoltà Teologica dell'Italia Meridionale |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109223246/http://www.pftim.it/storia.php |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unisob.na.it/universita/facolta/formazione/index.htm |publisher=UNISOB.na.it |title=Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa – Napoli |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305225832/http://www.unisob.na.it/universita/facolta/formazione/index.htm |archive-date=5 March 2008 |access-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Music conservatories of Naples|San Pietro a Maiella music conservatory]] is the city's foremost institution of musical education; the earliest Neapolitan music conservatories were founded in the 16th century under the Spanish.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sanpietroamajella.it/en/inf_cs_storia.html?ocs=1&rss=3 |publisher=SanPietroaMajella.it |title=History |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107113305/http://www.sanpietroamajella.it/en/inf_cs_storia.html?ocs=1&rss=3 |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> The [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli|Academy of Fine Arts]] located on the Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli is the city's foremost art school and one of the oldest in Italy.<ref>Cassese, Giovanna (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWXramn2Ra0C&pg=PT20 ''Accademie patrimoni di belle arti''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418065648/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWXramn2Ra0C&pg=PT20#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=18 April 2024 }}, p. 189. Gangemi Editore. {{ISBN|8849276710}}</ref> Naples hosts also the [[Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte]], established in 1812 by the king [[Joachim Murat]] and the astronomer Federigo Zuccari,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mauro |last1=Gargano |first2=Emilia |last2=Olostro Cirella |first3=Massimo |last3=Della Valle |title=Il tempio di Urania : progetti per una specola astronomica a Napoli |location=Napoli |publisher=INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte |year=2012 |isbn=9788890729409}}</ref> the oldest [[marine zoology|marine zoological]] study station in the world, [[Stazione Zoologica]] Anton Dohrn, created in 1872 by German scientist [[Anton Dohrn]], and the world's oldest permanent volcano observatory, the [[Vesuvius Observatory]], founded in 1841. The Observatory lies on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, near the city of [[Ercolano]], and is now a permanent specialised institute of the [[:it:Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia|Italian National Institute of Geophysics]].

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Campania|List of mayors of Naples|Elections in Naples}}
[[File:Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza Municipio, Naples 05 bis.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo San Giacomo, Naples|Palazzo San Giacomo]], the city hall]]
[[File:Palazzo_delle_Poste_di_Napoli_-_ingresso.jpg|thumb|Palazzo delle Poste in Naples, Gino Franzi, 1936. The masterpiece of [[Modern architecture|modernism]], marble and diorite.]]

=== Governance ===
Each of the 7,896 ''[[comune]]'' in Italy is today represented locally by a [[city council]] headed by an elected mayor, known as a ''sindaco'' and informally called the first citizen (''primo cittadino''). This system, or one very similar to it, has been in place since the invasion of Italy by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] forces in 1808. When the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] was restored, the system was kept in place with members of the nobility filling mayoral roles. By the end of the 19th century, [[political party|party politics]] had begun to emerge; during the [[Italian Fascism|fascist era]], each commune was represented by a ''podestà''. Since [[World War II]], the political landscape of Naples has been neither strongly right-wing nor left-wing – both [[Christian democracy|Christian democrats]] and [[democratic socialism|democratic socialists]] have governed the city at different times, with roughly equal frequency. Since the early 1990s, the mayors of Naples have all belonged to left-wing or center-left political groups.

Since 2021, the mayor of Naples is [[Gaetano Manfredi]], an [[independent politician]] candidated by the center-left coalition, former [[Italian Minister of University and Research|minister of university and research]] in the [[Conte II Cabinet|second Conte government]], and former rector of the [[University of Naples Federico II]].

=== Administrative subdivisions ===
{|
|-
| [[1st municipality of Naples|1st municipality]]
| – [[Chiaia]], [[Posillipo]], [[San Ferdinando (Naples)|San Ferdinando]]
|-
| [[2nd municipality of Naples|2nd municipality]]
| – [[Avvocata]], [[Mercato (Naples)|Mercato]], [[Montecalvario]], [[Pendino]], [[Porto (Naples)|Porto]], [[San Giuseppe (Naples)|San Giuseppe]]
|-
| [[3rd municipality of Naples|3rd municipality]]
| – [[San Carlo all'Arena]], [[Stella (Naples)|Stella]]
|-
| [[4th municipality of Naples|4th municipality]]
| – [[Poggioreale (Naples)|Poggioreale]], [[San Lorenzo (Naples)|San Lorenzo]], [[Vicaria]], [[Zona Industriale]]
|-
| [[5th municipality of Naples|5th municipality]]
| – [[Arenella]], [[Vomero]]
|-
| [[6th municipality of Naples|6th municipality]]
| – [[Barra (Naples)|Barra]], [[Ponticelli]], [[San Giovanni a Teduccio]]
|-
| [[7th municipality of Naples|7th municipality]]
| – [[Miano]], [[San Pietro a Patierno]], [[Secondigliano]]
|-
| [[8th municipality of Naples|8th municipality]]
| – [[Chiaiano]], [[Marianella]], [[Piscinola]], [[Scampia]]
|-
| [[9th municipality of Naples|9th municipality]]
| – [[Pianura]], [[Soccavo]]
|-
| [[10th municipality of Naples|10th municipality]]
| – [[Bagnoli]], [[Fuorigrotta]]
|}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Naples}}
[[File:Cruise ship in Naples (8097207647).jpg|thumb|The [[port of Naples]]]]

Naples, within its administrative limits, is Italy's fourth-largest economy after [[Milan]], Rome and [[Turin]], and is the world's [[List of cities by GDP|103rd-largest urban economy]] by [[purchasing power]], with an estimated 2024 GDP of €28.4 billion, equivalent to €30.804 per capita.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409042401/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="PWCdata">[https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 "Which are the largest city economies in the world and how might this change by 2025?"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |date= 4 May 2011 }} [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]]. November 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Le dichiarazioni 2023, è Portofino il comune più ricco |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/economia/2024/04/24/dichiarazioni-2023-il-reddito-medio-e-23.650-euro_7e393b5d-4423-4794-aefe-70fe1a5e2ae5.html#:~:text=Confrontando%20i%20capoluoghi%2C%20Bologna%20%C3%A8,al%202.400%20con%2022%20mila. |work=ansa.it}}</ref> Naples is a major [[Container terminal|cargo terminal]], and the [[port of Naples]] is one of the Mediterranean's largest and busiest. The city has experienced significant economic growth since [[World War II]], but joblessness remains a major problem,<ref>{{cite web |title=Il Comune – Area statistica – struttura della popolazione e territorio – città – condizione professionale |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/2845 |website=www.comune.napoli.it |publisher=Comune di Napoli |access-date=5 October 2019 |language=it |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021808/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/2845 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tasso di disoccupazione : Tasso di disoccupazione – livello provinciale |url=http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?queryid=20745 |website=dati.istat.it |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212410/http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?queryid=20745 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grassi |first1=Paolo |title=Napoli, è record di disoccupati |url=https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/cronaca/18_marzo_14/napoli-record-disoccupati-a051c670-2766-11e8-89ed-3e6c0875554d.shtml |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=Corriere del Mezzogiorno |date=14 March 2018 |language=it |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815210956/https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/cronaca/18_marzo_14/napoli-record-disoccupati-a051c670-2766-11e8-89ed-3e6c0875554d.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and the city is characterised by high levels of political corruption and [[organised crime]].

Naples is a major national, and international tourist destination, one of Italy's and Europe's top tourist cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ildenaro.it |date=23 March 2018 |title=Turismo, dal Cipe 6 milioni per le "top destinations" d'Italia: c'è anche Napoli |url=https://www.ildenaro.it/turismo-dal-cipe-6-milioni-le-top-destinations-ditalia-ce-anche-napoli/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Ildenaro.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814054221/https://www.ildenaro.it/turismo-dal-cipe-6-milioni-le-top-destinations-ditalia-ce-anche-napoli/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tourists began visiting Naples in the 18th century during the [[Grand Tour]].

In the last decades, there has been a move away from a traditional agriculture-based economy in the province of Naples to one based on [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industries]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The service sector employs the majority of Neapolitans, although more than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; about 70 companies are said to be medium-sized with more than 200 workers, and about 15 have more than 500 workers.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== Tourism ===
Naples is, with [[Florence]], Rome, [[Venice]] and [[Milan]], one of the main Italian tourist destinations. With 20,000,000 visitors in 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Turismo in Italia nel 2018 |url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/232137 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[istat.it]] |language=it |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105150330/https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/232137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=Tutti pazzi per Napoli "città aperta", si punta a 18 milioni di visitatori |url=https://www.ilmattino.it/napoli/cronaca/napoli_citta_aperta_18_milioni_di_visitatori_turisti_vacanze-8811653.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.ilmattino.it |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-01 |title=Turismo a Napoli, il boom: stimati 20 milioni di visitatori entro fine anno |url=https://www.ilmattino.it/napoli/cronaca/turismo_napoli_stimati_20_milioni_visitatori_entro_fine_anno_teresa_armato_assessore_cosa_ha_detto-9042374.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.ilmattino.it |language=it}}</ref> the city has completely emerged from the strong tourist depression of past decades (due primarily to the unilateral destination of an industrial city but also due to the damage to the city's image caused by the Italian media,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=12 July 2015 |title=Sassi / La cattiva scuola |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cad2015-001003 |journal=CADMO |issue=1 |pages=26 |article-number=3 |doi=10.3280/cad2015-001003 |issn=1122-5165 |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418065649/https://www.medra.org/servlet/MRService?hdl=10.3280/CAD2015-001003 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2016 |title=Se il Sud è la parte cattiva del Paese |url=http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/bari/politica/16_febbraio_12/se-l-sud-parte-cattiva-paese-bafb2910-d1b1-11e5-ac58-cce880070ff3.shtml |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |language=it |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422084045/http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/bari/politica/16_febbraio_12/se-l-sud-parte-cattiva-paese-bafb2910-d1b1-11e5-ac58-cce880070ff3.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> from the [[1980 Irpinia earthquake]] and the [[Waste crisis in Naples|waste crisis]], in favour of the coastal centres of its [[Naples metropolitan area|metropolitan area]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=E' uscito il libro Lo stato della città. Napoli e la sua area metropolitana a cura di Luca Rossomando : Inchiesta |date=5 February 2017 |url=http://www.inchiestaonline.it/osservatorio-sulle-citta/e-uscito-il-libro-lo-stato-della-citta-napoli-e-la-sua-area-metropolitana-a-cura-di-luca-rossomando/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032251/http://www.inchiestaonline.it/osservatorio-sulle-citta/e-uscito-il-libro-lo-stato-della-citta-napoli-e-la-sua-area-metropolitana-a-cura-di-luca-rossomando/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To adequately assess the phenomenon, however, it must be considered that a large slice of tourists visit Naples per year, staying in the numerous localities in its surroundings,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linee guida per lo sviluppo turistico della Regione Campania, pp.10 a 13 |url=http://www.sito.regione.campania.it/burc/pdf02/burcspecialeturismo/linee_guida.pdf |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=sito.regione.campania |archive-date=1 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050601103145/http://www.sito.regione.campania.it/burc/pdf02/burcspecialeturismo/linee_guida.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> connected to the city with both private and public direct lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=g.marinelli |date=1 February 2018 |title=Campania Express 2019 |url=https://www.eavsrl.it/web/content/campania-express-2019 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=EAV srl |language=it |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331185406/https://www.eavsrl.it/web/content/campania-express-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=fondazionefs, Reggia Express Treno storico da Napoli Centrale a Caserta |url=http://www.fondazionefs.it/content/dam/fondazionefs/fondazione-fs-new/hp-prenota-un-viaggio/locandine/2020---gennaio/Reggia%20Express%202020.pdf |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=fondazionefs.it |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910205442/http://www.fondazionefs.it/content/dam/fondazionefs/fondazione-fs-new/hp-prenota-un-viaggio/locandine/2020---gennaio/Reggia%20Express%202020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Daily visits to Naples are carried out by various Roman tour operators and by all the main tourist resorts of [[Campania]]: as of 2019, Naples is the tenth most visited [[Municipalities of Italy|municipality in Italy]] and the first in the [[Southern Italy|South]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/12/C19.pdf |title=Movimento turistico in Italia nel 2018 |access-date=4 April 2022 |language=it |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064718/https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/12/C19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The sector is constantly growing<ref>{{Cite web |last=ildenaro.it |date=27 November 2019 |title=Turismo, Istat: Napoli, boom di presenze. In un anno + 13,6% |url=https://www.ildenaro.it/turismo-istat-napoli-boom-di-presenze-in-un-anno-136/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Ildenaro.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128174254/https://www.ildenaro.it/turismo-istat-napoli-boom-di-presenze-in-un-anno-136/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Napoli capitale del turismo, Palermo a fondo classifica |url=https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/tempi-moderni/2017/11/03/news/napoli-capitale-del-turismo-palermo-a-fondo-classifica-1.34378765 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=lastampa.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811200535/https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/tempi-moderni/2017/11/03/news/napoli-capitale-del-turismo-palermo-a-fondo-classifica-1.34378765 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the prospect of reaching the [[art cities]] of its level is once again expected in a relatively short time;<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2016 |title=Franceschini: "Napoli capitale del turismo" |url=https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/12/21/news/franceschini_napoli_capitale_del_turismo_-154570359/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222144626/https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/12/21/news/franceschini_napoli_capitale_del_turismo_-154570359/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tourism is increasingly assuming a decisive weight for the city's economy, which is why, exactly as happened for example in the case of Venice or Florence, the risk of gentrification of the [[Historic Centre of Naples|historic centre]] is now high.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nuzzo |first=Claudio Calveri e Diego |date=16 December 2019 |title=Napoli, il record del centro storico Unesco e il "rischio" gentrificazione |url=https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it//napoli/arte_e_cultura/19_dicembre_16/napoli-record-centro-storico-unesco-rischio-gentrificazione-307a7b02-2035-11ea-b618-2a8c8b16f4a2.shtml |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Corriere del Mezzogiorno |language=it |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218151237/https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it//napoli/arte_e_cultura/19_dicembre_16/napoli-record-centro-storico-unesco-rischio-gentrificazione-307a7b02-2035-11ea-b618-2a8c8b16f4a2.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Esposito |first1=Alessandra |title=Tourism-driven displacement in Naples, Italy |journal=[[Land Use Policy]] |date=2023 |volume=134 |article-number=106919 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106919 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023LUPol.13406919E |hdl=11573/1689346 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>


== Transport ==
[[File:Napoli -Airport Control Tower- 2010 by-Raboe 69.jpg|thumb|[[Naples International Airport]]]]
[[File:Piazza Garibaldi (Napoli) in 2020.08.jpg|thumb|The square of [[Piazza Garibaldi]] at [[Napoli Centrale]]|alt=]]
[[File:Toledo metro station (J).jpg|thumb|[[Toledo (Naples Metro)|Toledo Station]] of the [[Naples Metro]], considered one of the most beautiful metro stations in Europe and in the world.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegallerieS/9712101/The-most-impressive-underground-railway-stations-in-Europe.html?frame=2413808 The most impressive underground railway stations in Europe - Telegraph]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/europes-best-metro-stations/index.html |title=Europe's metro stations: 12 of its most beautiful and impressive |first=Jessica Benavides |last=Canepa |date=4 February 2014}}</ref>]]

Naples is served by several major motorways ([[Italian language|it]]: ''[[autostrade]]''). The [[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|Autostrada A1]], the longest [[Autostrade of Italy|motorway in Italy]], links Naples to [[Milan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.onestopitaly.com/allitalydriving.html |publisher=OneStopItaly.com |title=Driving around Italy |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907090711/http://www.onestopitaly.com/allitalydriving.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Autostrada A3 (Italy)|A3]] runs southwards from Naples to [[Salerno]], where the [[A2 (Italy)|motorway to Reggio Calabria]] begins, while the A16 runs east to [[Canosa di Puglia|Canosa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A3 |publisher=AISCAT.it |title=A3 |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327121944/http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A3 |archive-date=27 March 2008 |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> The A16 is nicknamed the ''autostrada dei Due Mari'' ("Motorway of the Two Seas") because it connects the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] to the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A16 |publisher=AISCAT.it |title=A16 – Autostrada dei due Mari |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327133939/http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A16 |archive-date=27 March 2008 |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref>

[[Regional rail|Suburban rail]] services are provided by [[Ente Autonomo Volturno]] and [[Trenitalia]] through the [[Naples metropolitan railway service]]

The city's main railway station is [[Napoli Centrale railway station|Napoli Centrale]], which is located in Piazza Garibaldi; other significant stations include the [[Napoli Campi Flegrei railway station|Napoli Campi Flegrei]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.raileurope.com/us/train_stations/naples.htm |publisher=RailEurope.com |title=The Naples Train Station-Napoli Centrale |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219144715/http://www.raileurope.com/us/train_stations/naples.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> and [[Napoli Mergellina railway station|Napoli Mergellina]]. [[Napoli Afragola railway station|Napoli Afragola]] serves [[high-speed trains]] that do not start or finish at [[Napoli Centrale railway station]]. Naples's streets are famously narrow (it was the first city in the world to set up a pedestrian one-way street),<ref>[http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/8505 "Istituzione di un senso unico pedonale zona Decumani nel periodo natalizio" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043500/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/8505 |date=22 July 2011 }}. Comune di Napoli. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</ref> so the general public commonly use compact [[hatchback]] cars and [[scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]] for personal transit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.marriott.co.uk/city-guide/uk-city-overview.mi?cityId=42&guideType=getting_there |publisher=Marriott.co.uk |title=Naples – City Insider |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721044331/http://www.marriott.co.uk/city-guide/uk-city-overview.mi?cityId=42&guideType=getting_there |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Since 2007, trains running at {{cvt|300|km/h|mph|0}} have connected Naples with Rome with a journey time of under an hour,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/italy/ |publisher=Railway-Technology.com |title=High Speed Rail Operations, Italy |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613175432/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/italy/ |archive-date=13 June 2008}}</ref> and direct high speed services also operate to Florence, Bologna, Milan, Turin and Salerno. Direct sleeper 'boat train' services operate nightly to cities in Sicily.

The port of Naples runs several ferry, [[hydrofoil]], and [[Catamaran#SWATH and wave-piercing designs|SWATH]] [[catamaran]] lines to [[Capri]], [[Ischia]] and [[Sorrento]], [[Salerno]], [[Positano]] and [[Amalfi]].<ref name="ferry" /> Services are also available to [[Sicily]], Sardinia, [[Ponza]] and the [[Aeolian Islands]].<ref name="ferry">{{cite news |url=http://www.italyheaven.co.uk/campania/ferries.html |publisher=ItalyHeaven.co.uk |title=Ferries from Naples |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315074704/http://www.italyheaven.co.uk/campania/ferries.html |archive-date=15 March 2008 |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> The port serves over 6&nbsp;million local passengers annually,<ref name="port_local_statistics">{{cite news |url=http://www.porto.napoli.it/it/settori/trapas.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021062654/http://www.porto.napoli.it/it/settori/trapas.php |archive-date=21 October 2011 |publisher=Autorità Portuale di Napoli (Naples Port Authority) |title=Passenger traffic statistics |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> plus a further 1&nbsp;million international [[cruise ship]] passengers.<ref name="port_cruises_statistics">{{cite news |url=http://www.porto.napoli.it/it/settori/tracro.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110081113/http://www.porto.napoli.it/it/settori/tracro.php |archive-date=10 November 2011 |publisher=Autorità Portuale di Napoli (Naples Port Authority) |title=Statistics of cruise passenger arrivals |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> A regional hydrofoil transport service, the "Metropolitana del Mare", runs annually from July to September, maintained by a consortium of shipowners and local administrations.<ref name="metromare">{{cite news |url=http://www.metrodelmare.net/ |publisher=Metro' del Mare S.C.A.R.L. |title=Consortium of Metropolitana del Mare |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=18 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429103148/http://www.metrodelmare.net/ |archive-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

The [[Naples International Airport]] is located in the suburb of [[San Pietro a Patierno]]. It is the largest airport in southern Italy, with around 250 national and international flights arriving or departing daily.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.portal.gesac.it/portal/page/portal/internet/notahomepage-eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408183753/http://www.portal.gesac.it/portal/page/portal/internet/notahomepage-eng.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Gesac.it |title=Naples International Airport |date=26 June 2007}}</ref>

The average commute with public transit in Naples on a weekday is 77 minutes. Nineteen per cent of public transit commuters ride for more than 2&nbsp;hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 27 minutes, while 56% of riders wait for over 20 minutes. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{cvt|7.1|km|mi}}, while 11% travel for over {{cvt|12|km|mi}} in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naples Public Transportation Statistics |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Italy_Napoli_e_Campania-882 |access-date=19 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901030922/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Italy_Napoli_e_Campania-882 |archive-date=1 September 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2017 }}.</ref>

===Urban public transport===
Naples has an extensive public transport network, including [[Trams in Naples|trams]], buses and [[trolleybus]]es,<ref name="transportnap" /> most of which are operated by the municipally owned company [[ANM (Naples)|Azienda Napoletana Mobilità (ANM)]]. Some suburban services are operated by [[AIR Campania]].

The city furthermore operates the [[Naples Metro]] ({{langx|it|metropolitana di Napoli}}), an underground [[rapid transit]] [[rail transport|railway system]] which integrates both surface railway lines and the city's [[List of Naples metro stations|metro stations]], [[Art Stations of the Naples Metro|many of which]] are noted for their decorative architecture and [[public art]]. In fact, the station of Via Toledo is often in the top spots of the rankings of the most beautiful metro stations in the world.<ref name="transportnap">{{cite news |url=http://goeurope.about.com/cs/italy/p/naples_trans.htm |publisher=GoEurope.com |title=Naples Italy Transportation Options |date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426051155/http://goeurope.about.com/cs/italy/p/naples_trans.htm |archive-date=26 April 2008}}</ref>

There are also four [[funicular]]s in the city (operated by ANM): [[Central Funicular|''Centrale'']], [[Chiaia Funicular|''Chiaia'']], [[Montesanto Funicular|''Montesanto'']] and [[Mergellina Funicular|''Mergellina'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Funicolari |url=http://www.anm.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=100 |publisher=A.N.M. S.p.A. |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218061238/http://www.anm.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=100 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Five public [[elevator]]s are in operation in the city: within the bridge of [[Chiaia]], in via Acton, near the Sanità Bridge,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ascensori pubblici |url=http://www.anm.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1339&Itemid=314 |publisher=A.N.M. S.p.A. |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218200119/http://www.anm.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1339&Itemid=314 |url-status=dead}}</ref>under the Mount Echia, and in the Ventaglieri Park, accompanied by two public [[escalator]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scale mobili intermodali |url=http://www.anm.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1340&Itemid=315 |publisher=A.N.M. S.p.A. |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218201016/http://www.anm.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1340&Itemid=315 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Art ===
[[File:Fergola, Salvatore The Inauguration of the Naples - Portici Railway, 1840.JPG|thumb|A [[Romantic art|Romantic]] painting by Salvatore Fergola showing the 1839 inauguration of the Naples-Portici railway line]]
Naples has long been a centre of art and architecture, dotted with Medieval-, Baroque- and Renaissance-era churches, castles and palaces. A critical factor in the development of the Neapolitan school of painting was Caravaggio's arrival in Naples in 1606. In the 18th century, Naples went through a period of [[neoclassicism]], following the discovery of the remarkably intact Roman ruins of [[Herculaneum]] and [[Pompeii]].

The [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli|Neapolitan Academy of Fine Arts]], founded by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III of Bourbon]] in 1752 as the Real Accademia di Disegno ([[English language|en]]: ''Royal Academy of Design''), was the centre of the artistic School of [[Posillipo]] in the 19th century. Artists such as [[Domenico Morelli]], [[Giacomo Di Chirico]], [[Francesco Saverio Altamura]] and [[Gioacchino Toma]] worked in Naples during this period, and many of their works are now exhibited in the academy's art collection. The modern Academy offers courses in painting, [[Interior design|decorating]], sculpture, design, [[Conservation-restoration|restoration]], and urban planning. Naples is also known for its theatres, which are among the oldest in Europe: the [[Teatro di San Carlo]] [[opera house]] dates back to the 18th century.

Naples is also the home of the artistic tradition of [[Capodimonte porcelain]]. In 1743, Charles of Bourbon founded the Royal Factory of Capodimonte, many of whose artworks are now on display in the [[Museum of Capodimonte]]. Several of Naples's mid-19th-century porcelain factories remain active today.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Neapolitan cuisine|Neapolitan ice cream|Neapolitan pizza|Neapolitan ragù}}
[[File:Eq it-na pizza-margherita sep2005 sml.jpg|thumb|[[Neapolitan pizza]]. Pizza was invented in Naples.]]
[[File:Sfogliatelle on plate.jpg|thumb|[[Sfogliatelle]], a popular Neapolitan pastry dish]]

Naples is internationally famous for its [[Neapolitan cuisine|cuisine]] and wine; it draws culinary influences from the numerous cultures which have inhabited it throughout its history, including the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], Spanish and French. Neapolitan cuisine emerged as a distinct form in the 18th century. The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general populace.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55 |publisher=ItalianFoodForever.com |title=The Foods of Sicily – A Culinary Journey |date=24 June 2007 |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212090911/http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55 |archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref>

Naples is traditionally credited as the home of [[pizza]].<ref name="pizza" /> This originated as a meal of the poor, but under [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] it became popular among the upper classes: famously, the [[Margherita (pizza)|Margherita]] pizza was named after Queen [[Margherita of Savoy]] after her visit to the city.<ref name="pizza">{{cite news |url=http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619115409/http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm |archive-date=19 June 2006 |publisher=HolidayCityFlash.com |title=Pizza – The Pride of Naples |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Cooked traditionally in a wood-burning [[Masonry oven|oven]], the ingredients of Neapolitan pizza have been strictly regulated by law since 2004, and must include wheat flour type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" [[yeast]], natural mineral water, peeled tomatoes or fresh [[cherry tomato]]es, [[mozzarella]], [[sea salt]] and extra virgin [[olive oil]].<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html "Proposal of recognition of the Specialita' Traditionale Garantita 'Pizza Napoletana'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104542/http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html |date=8 February 2009 }}. Forno Bravo. 24 May 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</ref>

[[Spaghetti]] is also associated with the city, and is commonly eaten with clams ''[[vongole]]'' or ''lupini di mare''. A popular Neapolitan [[folklore|folkloric]] symbol is the comic figure [[Pulcinella]] eating a plate of spaghetti.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html |publisher=PortaNapoli.com |title=La cucina napoletana |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515000255/http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Other dishes popular in Naples include ''[[Parmigiana]] di melanzane'', ''spaghetti alle vongole'' and ''[[casatiello]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm |publisher=CuciNet.com |title=Campania |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127083621/http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm |archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> As a coastal city, Naples is furthermore known for numerous seafood dishes, including ''impepata di cozze'' (peppered [[mussel]]s), ''purpetiello affogato'' (octopus poached in broth), ''alici marinate'' (marinated [[anchovies]]), ''baccalà alla napoletana'' (salt [[cod]]) and ''baccalà fritto'' (fried cod), a dish commonly eaten during the Christmas period.

Naples is well known for its sweet dishes, including colourful {{lang|it|[[gelato]]}}, which is similar to [[ice cream]], though more fruit-based. Popular Neapolitan pastry dishes include {{lang|it|[[zeppole]]}}, {{lang|it|[[Rum baba|babà]]}}, {{lang|it|[[sfogliatelle]]}} and {{lang|it|[[pastiera]]}}, the latter of which is prepared specially for Easter celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html |publisher=Emmeti.it |title=Campania – Cakes and Desserts |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605054804/http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Another seasonal sweet is ''[[struffoli]]'', a sweet-tasting [[honey]] dough decorated and eaten around Christmas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm |publisher=About.com |title=Struffoli – Neapolitan Christmas Treats |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510084331/http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Neapolitan coffee is also widely acclaimed. The traditional [[Neapolitan flip coffee pot]], known as the ''cuccuma'' or ''cuccumella'', was the basis for the invention of the [[espresso machine]], and also inspired the [[Moka pot]].

[[Wineries]] in the Vesuvius area produce wines such as the ''[[Lacryma Christi]]'' ("tears of Christ") and ''Terzigno''. Naples is also the home of ''[[limoncello]]'', a popular [[lemon liqueur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp |publisher=BellaOnline.com |title=Lacryma Christi – A Legendary Wine |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509201904/http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc= |publisher=PizzaToday.com |title=Limoncello |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223124911/http://pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc%3D |archive-date=23 December 2007}}</ref>

In May 2024, Time Out has named Naples the best city for food.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/news/its-official-this-european-city-is-best-in-the-world-for-food-052924|title=This European city has been named the best in the world for food|date=24 May 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
The cultural significance of Naples is often represented through a series of festivals held in the city. The following is a list of several festivals that take place in Naples (note: some festivals are not held on an annual basis).[[File:Piedigrotta festival circa 1813.jpg|thumb|An 1813 depiction of the Piedigrotta festival]]
* ''Festa di Piedigrotta'' ("Piedigrotta Festival") – A musical event typically held in September in memory of the famous Madonna of Piedigrotta. Throughout the month, a series of musical workshops, concerts, religious events and children's events are held to entertain the citizens of Naples and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/19065 |title=Comune di Napoli – Festa di Piedigrotta |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075225/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/19065 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Pizzafest'' – As Naples is famous for being home to pizza, the city hosts an eleven-day festival dedicated to this iconic dish. This is a key event for Neapolitans and tourists alike, as various stations are open for tasting a wide range of true Neapolitan pizza. In addition to pizza tasting, a variety of entertainment shows are displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5549 |title=Comune di Napoli – PizzaFest 2007 |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075030/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5549 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Maggio dei Monumenti'' ("May of Monuments") – A cultural event where the city hosts a variety of special events dedicated to the birth of King Charles of Bourbon. It festival features art and music of the 18th century, and many buildings which may normally be closed throughout the year are opened for visitors to view.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/29857 |title=Comune di Napoli – Maggio dei Monumenti 2016 |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075228/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/29857 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Il Ritorno della festa di San Gennaro'' ("The Return of the [[Feast of San Gennaro]]") – An annual celebration and feast of faith held over three days, commemorating Saint [[Januarius|Gennaro]]. Throughout the festival, parades, religious processions and musical entertainment are featured. An annual celebration is also held in "[[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]" in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/22661 |title=Comune di Napoli – Il ritorno della Festa di San Gennaro |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |website=comune.napoli.it |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075346/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/22661 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sangennaro.org/ |title=san-gennaro |website=san-gennaro |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103173734/http://www.sangennaro.org/ |archive-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Neapolitan language}}
The [[Neapolitan language]], considered to be a distinct language and mainly spoken in the city, is also found in the region of [[Campania]] and has been diffused into other areas of [[Southern Italy]] by Neapolitan migrants, and in many different places in the world. On 14 October 2008, a regional law was enacted by Campania which has the effect that the use of the Neapolitan language is protected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |title=Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano |work=Il Denaro |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=22 June 2013 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

The term "Neapolitan language" is often used to describe the language of all of [[Campania]] (except [[Cilento]]), and is sometimes applied to the entire [[Southern Italian (disambiguation)|South Italian language]]; ''[[Ethnologue]]'' refers to the latter as ''Napoletano-Calabrese''.<ref name="Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap |title=Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001812/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> This linguistic group is spoken throughout most of southern continental Italy, including the [[Gaeta]] and [[Sora, Italy|Sora]] district of southern [[Lazio]], the southern part of [[Marche]] and [[Abruzzo]], Molise, [[Basilicata]], northern [[Calabria]], and northern and central [[Apulia]]. In 1976, there were an estimated 7,047,399 [[first language|native speakers]] of this group of dialects.<ref name="Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese" />

=== Literature and philosophy ===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
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}}
[[File:Giordano Bruno2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giordano Bruno]]|alt=|262x262px]]

Naples is one of the leading centres of [[Italian literature]]. The history of the Neapolitan language was deeply entwined with that of the [[Tuscan dialect]], which then became the current Italian language. The first written testimonies of the Italian language are the [[Placiti Cassinensi]] legal documents, dated 960 A.D., preserved in the [[Monte Cassino]] Abbey, which are, in fact, evidence of a language spoken in a southern dialect. The Tuscan poet [[Boccaccio]] lived for many years at the court of King [[Robert the Wise]] and his successor [[Joanna I of Naples|Joanna of Naples]], using Naples as a setting for a number of his later novels. His works contain some words that are taken from Neapolitan instead of the corresponding Italian, e.g. "''testo''" (neap.: "''testa''"), which in Naples indicates a large [[terracotta]] jar used to cultivate shrubs and little trees. King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] stated in 1442 that the Neapolitan language was to be used instead of [[Latin]] in official documents.

[[File:GiambattistaVicoStatueNaples.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Giambattista Vico]]|alt=|244x244px]]
Later Neapolitan was replaced by Italian in the first half of the 16th century,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano) |title=storia della lingua in "Enciclopedia dell'Italiano" |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304203833/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maas.ccr.it/PDF/Napoli.pdf |title=Documentazioni saggistiche e di raccolta espositiva dall'Archivio di Stato di Napoli |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114054441/http://www.maas.ccr.it/PDF/Napoli.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> during Spanish domination. In 1458 the ''[[Accademia Pontaniana]]'', one of the first academies in Italy, was established in Naples as a free initiative by men of letters, science and literature. In 1480 the writer and poet [[Jacopo Sannazzaro]] wrote the first pastoral romance, ''Arcadia'', which influenced Italian literature. In 1634 [[Giambattista Basile]] collected ''[[Pentamerone|Lo Cunto de li Cunti]]'' five books of ancient tales written in the Neapolitan dialect rather than Italian. Philosopher [[Giordano Bruno]], who theorised the existence of infinite solar systems and the infinity of the entire universe, completed his studies at the University of Naples. Due to philosophers such as [[Giambattista Vico]], Naples became one of the centres of the Italian peninsula for historical and [[philosophy of history]] studies.

[[Jurisprudence]] studies were enhanced in Naples thanks to eminent personalities of jurists like [[Bernardo Tanucci]], [[Gaetano Filangieri]] and [[Antonio Genovesi]]. In the 18th century Naples, together with [[Milan]], became one of the most important sites from which the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] penetrated Italy. Poet and philosopher [[Giacomo Leopardi]] visited the city in 1837 and died there. His works influenced [[Francesco de Sanctis]], who studied in Naples and eventually became Minister of Instruction during the Italian kingdom. De Sanctis was one of the first literary critics to discover, study and diffuse the poems and literary works of the great poet from [[Recanati]].

Writer and journalist [[Matilde Serao]] co-founded the newspaper [[Il Mattino]] with her husband [[Edoardo Scarfoglio]] in 1892. Serao was an acclaimed novelist and writer during her day. Poet [[Salvatore Di Giacomo]] was one of the most famous writers in the Neapolitan dialect, and many of his poems were adapted to music, becoming famous Neapolitan songs. In the 20th century, philosophers like [[Benedetto Croce]] pursued the long tradition of philosophy studies in Naples, and personalities like jurists and lawyer [[Enrico De Nicola]] pursued legal and constitutional studies. De Nicola later helped to draft the modern [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] and was eventually elected to the office of President of the Italian Republic. Other noted Neapolitan writers and journalists include [[Antonio De Curtis]], [[Giancarlo Siani]], [[Roberto Saviano]] and [[Elena Ferrante]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6370/elena-ferrante-art-of-fiction-no-228-elena-ferrante |title=Elena Ferrante, Art of Fiction No. 228 |last=Ferri |first=Interviewed by Sandro and Sandra |journal=The Paris Review. Interviews. |date=2015 |access-date=14 December 2019 |issue=212 |volume=Spring 2015 |language=en |issn=0031-2037 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105617/https://theparisreview.org/interviews/6370/elena-ferrante-art-of-fiction-no-228-elena-ferrante |url-status=live }}</ref> In Naples'44, An Intelligence Officer in the Italian Labyrinth (London, Eland, 2002), the acclaimed British travel writer Norman Lewis records the lives of the Napolitean people following the liberation of the city from Nazi forces in 1943.

=== Theatre ===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2013}}
[[File:SAND Maurice Masques et bouffons 12.jpg|thumb|Engraving of [[Pulcinella]] in 1700|alt=|281x281px]]
Naples was one of the centres of the peninsula from which originated the modern theatre genre as nowadays intended, evolving from 16th century {{lang|it|[[commedia dell'arte]]}}. The masked character of [[Pulcinella]] is a worldwide famous figure either as a theatrical character or [[puppetry]] character.

The music Opera genre of {{lang|it|[[opera buffa]]}} was created in Naples in the 18th century and then spread to Rome and northern Italy. In the period of [[Belle Époque]], Naples rivalled Paris for its {{lang|fr|[[café-chantants]]}}, and many famous Neapolitan songs were originally created to entertain the public in the cafès of Naples. Perhaps the most well-known song is "Ninì Tirabusciò". The history of how this song was born was dramatised in the eponymous comedy movie ''[[Ninì Tirabusciò: la donna che inventò la mossa]]'' starring [[Monica Vitti]].

The Neapolitan popular genre of {{lang|it|[[sceneggiata]]}} is an important genre of modern folk theatre worldwide, dramatising common canon themes of thwarted love stories, comedies, tearjerker stories, commonly about honest people becoming [[camorra]] outlaws due to unfortunate events. The Sceneggiata became very popular amongst Neapolitans and eventually one of the best-known genres of Italian cinematography thanks to actors and singers like [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]] and [[Nino D'Angelo]]. Many writers and playwrights, such as [[Raffaele Viviani]], wrote comedies and dramas for this genre. Actors and comedians like [[Eduardo Scarpetta]] and then his sons [[Eduardo De Filippo]], [[Peppino De Filippo]] and [[Titina De Filippo]] contributed to making the Neapolitan theatre. Eduardo's comedies and tragedies, such as ''[[Filumena Marturano]]'' and ''{{ill|The Millions of Naples|lt=Napoli milionaria|it|Napoli milionaria!}}'' (which he also filmed as ''[[Side Street Story]]''), are well-known.

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Naples|Canzone Napoletana|Music conservatories of Naples}}
[[File:Teatro San Carlo large view.jpg|thumb|left|The interior of the [[Teatro San Carlo]]]]
Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European art music for more than four centuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407141737/http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html |archive-date=7 April 2004 |publisher=AgendaOnline.it |title=Naples |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The first [[music conservatories of Naples|music conservatories]] were established in the city under Spanish rule in the 16th century. The San Pietro a Majella music conservatory, founded in 1826 by [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies|Francesco I of Bourbon]], continues to operate today as both a prestigious centre of musical education and a musical museum.

During the late [[Baroque music|Baroque period]], [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], the father of [[Domenico Scarlatti]], established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of ''[[opera seria]]'', which was a new development for its time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462 |publisher=TimelineIndex.com |title=Timeline: Opera |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011113147/http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> Another form of opera originating in Naples is ''[[opera buffa]]'', a style of [[comic opera]] strongly linked to [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Battista Pergolesi]] and [[Niccolò Piccinni|Piccinni]]; later contributors to the genre included [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm |publisher=ClassicalMusic.About.com |title=What is opera buffa? |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020233724/http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Teatro di San Carlo]], built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089 |publisher=WhatsOnWhen.com |title=Teatro San Carlo |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034609/http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089 |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Napoli, tarantella 1903 (Naples, tarantella 1903).jpg|thumb|''Tarantella in Napoli'', a 1903 postcard]]
[[File:Mandolin MET DP169023.jpg|thumb|Neapolitan [[mandolin]]]]
The earliest [[six-string guitar]] was created by the Neapolitan Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779; the instrument is now referred to as the [[romantic guitar]]. The Vinaccia family also developed the [[mandolin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com |publisher=EarlyRomanticGuiar.com |title=Vinaccia 1779 |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315041934/http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com/ |archive-date=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tyler |first=James |title=The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQgVGIGnBrUC&q=The+Guitar+and+Its+Music:+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Classical+Era+&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-19-816713-6 |date=24 October 2002}}</ref> Influenced by the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of classical guitar music, with [[Ferdinando Carulli]] and [[Mauro Giuliani]] being prominent exponents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani |publisher=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers |title=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114224154/http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani |archive-date=14 November 2007}}</ref> Giuliani, who was actually from [[Apulia]] but lived and worked in Naples, is widely considered to be one of the greatest [[guitarist|guitar players]] and composers of the 19th century, along with his [[Catalonia|Catalan]] contemporary [[Fernando Sor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html |publisher=LagunaGuitars.com |title=The Masters of Classical Guitar |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509093152/http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html |publisher=FineFretted.com |title=Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063836/http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html |archive-date=16 March 2008}}</ref> Another Neapolitan musician of note was [[opera singer]] [[Enrico Caruso]], one of the most prominent opera [[tenor]]s of all time:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Enrico Caruso |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426072721/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso |archive-date=26 April 2008}}</ref> he was considered a man of the people in Naples, hailing from a working-class background.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php |publisher=Grandi-Tenori.com |title=Enrico Caruso |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209201552/http://grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php |archive-date=9 February 2009}}</ref>

A popular traditional dance in [[Southern Italy]] and Naples is the [[Tarantella]], which originated in [[Apulia]] and spread throughout the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. The Neapolitan tarantella is a [[courtship dance]] performed by couples whose "rhythms, melodies, gestures, and accompanying songs are quite distinct", featuring faster, more cheerful music.

A notable element of popular Neapolitan music is the {{Lang|it|[[Canzone Napoletana]]}} style, essentially the [[traditional music]] of the city, with a repertoire of hundreds of [[folklore|folk]] songs, some of which can be traced back to the 13th century.<ref name="festadipied" /> The genre became a formal institution in 1835, after the introduction of the annual Festival of [[Piedigrotta]] songwriting competition.<ref name="festadipied">{{cite news |url=http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm |publisher=FestaDiPiedigrotta.it |title=History |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223054538/http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Some of the best-known recording artists in this field include [[Roberto Murolo]], [[Sergio Bruni]] and [[Renato Carosone]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402003237/http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html |archive-date=2 April 2008 |publisher=NaplesMyLove.com |title=Artisti classici napoletani |url-status=usurped |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> There are furthermore various forms of music popular in Naples but not well known outside it, such as ''cantautore'' ("singer-songwriter") and ''sceneggiata'', which has been described as a musical soap opera; the most well-known exponent of this style is [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy |work=The Guardian |title=Mario Merola obituary |date=8 January 2008 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407210434/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Cinema and television ===
{{See also|Cinema of Naples|Category:Films set in Naples}}
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Cleanup|section|reason=Unsourced and very badly written|date=June 2013}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2013}}
}}
[[File:Totò, Neapolitan actor 1943.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Totò]], a famous Neapolitan actor]]
Naples has had a significant influence on [[Italian cinema]]. Because of the city's relevance, many films and television shows are set (entirely or partially) in Naples. In addition to serving as the backdrop for several movies and shows, many talented celebrities (actors, actresses, directors, and producers) are originally from Naples.

Naples was the location for several early Italian cinema masterpieces. ''[[Assunta Spina (1915 film)|Assunta Spina]]'' (1915) was a silent film adapted from a theatrical drama by Neapolitan writer [[Salvatore Di Giacomo]]. The film was directed by Neapolitan [[Gustavo Serena]]. Serena also starred in the 1912 film ''Romeo and Juliet''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/saldigiac.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106181815/http://www.naplesldm.com/saldigiac.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2015 |title=Salvatore Di Giacomo |last=Matthews |first=Jeff |website=naplesldm.com |access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0784988/ |title=Gustavo Serena |website=IMDb |access-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216191617/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0784988/ |archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GITRwfip1R4C&q=gustavo+serena&pg=PA76 |title=Romeo and Juliet |last1=Shakespeare |first1=William |last2=Loehlin |first2=James N. |date=25 April 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66769-2 |language=en}}</ref>

A list of some well-known films that take place (fully or partially) in Naples includes:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls075758391/ |title=IMDb: 10 good movies about Naples – a list by gadam |author=gadam |date=27 August 2014 |website=IMDb |access-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414235212/http://www.imdb.com/list/ls075758391/ |archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Shoeshine (film)|Shoeshine]]'' (1946), directed by Neapolitan, [[Vittorio De Sica]]
* ''[[Hands over the City]]'' (1963), directed by Neapolitan, [[Francesco Rosi]]
* ''[[Journey to Italy]]'' (1954), directed by [[Roberto Rossellini]]
* ''[[Marriage Italian Style]]'' (1964), directed by Neapolitan, [[Vittorio De Sica]]
* ''[[It Started in Naples]]'' (1960), Directed by [[Melville Shavelson]]
* ''[[The Hand of God (film)|The Hand of God]]'' (2021), Directed by [[Paolo Sorrentino]]

Naples is home to one of the first Italian colour films, ''[[Toto in Color]]'' (1952), starring [[Totò]] (Antonio de Curtis), a famous comedic actor born in Naples.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7WHDAAAQBAJ&q=color+film&pg=PA69 |title=A New Guide to Italian Cinema |last1=Celli |first1=C. |last2=Cottino-Jones |first2=M. |date=8 January 2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60182-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Some notable comedies set in Naples include {{lang|it|Ieri, Oggi e Domani}} (''[[Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow]]''), by Vittorio De Sica, starring [[Sophia Loren]] and [[Marcello Mastroianni]], ''Adelina of Naples'' (Academy Award-winning movie), ''[[It Started in Naples]]'', {{lang|it|[[L'oro di Napoli]]}} again by Vittorio De Sica, dramatic movies like [[Dino Risi]]'s ''[[Profumo di donna|Scent of a Woman]]'', war movies like ''[[The Four Days of Naples (film)|The Four Days of Naples]]'' by Sardinian director [[Nanni Loy]], music and Sceneggiata movies like ''[[Zappatore]]'', from the eponymous song by [[Libero Bovio]], starring singer and actor [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]], crime movies like {{lang|it|[[Il Camorrista]]}} with [[Ben Gazzara]] playing the part of infamous [[camorra]] boss [[Raffaele Cutolo]], and historical or costume movies like ''[[That Hamilton Woman]]'' starring [[Vivien Leigh]] and [[Laurence Olivier]].

More modern Neapolitan films include {{lang|it|[[Ricomincio da tre]]}}, which depicts the misadventures of a young emigrant in the late 20th century. The 2008 film ''[[Gomorrah (film)|Gomorrah]]'', based on the book by [[Roberto Saviano]], explores the dark underbelly of the city of Naples through five intertwining stories about the powerful [[Camorra|Neapolitan crime syndicate]], as well as the [[Gomorrah (TV series)|TV series of the same name]].

Several episodes of the animated series ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' also have references/influences from Naples. The song "[[Santa Lucia (song)|Santa Lucia]]" played by Tom Cat in ''[[Cat and Dupli-cat]]'' has its origins in Naples. "[[Neapolitan Mouse]]" takes place in the same city.

The Japanese series [[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (TV series)|''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure''{{'}}s part 5]], Vento Aureo, takes place in the city.

Naples has appeared in episodes of TV serials such as ''[[The Sopranos]]'' and the 1998 version of ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (1998 miniseries)|The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', starring [[Gérard Depardieu]].

=== Tailoring ===
[[Neapolitan tailoring]] was born as an attempt to loosen up the stiffness of English tailoring, which did not suit the Neapolitan lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journal.styleforum.net/neapolitan-jacket-characteristics/ |website=journal.styleforum.net |author=Arianna Reggio |date=6 June 2017 |title=Your Guide to Neapolitan Jacket Characteristics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905043251/http://journal.styleforum.net/neapolitan-jacket-characteristics/ |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> The Neapolitan jacket is shorter, lighter, quarter-lined or unlined, and has no shoulder padding.

== Sport ==
[[File:Stadio San Paolo Serie A.jpg|thumb|The [[Stadio Diego Armando Maradona]]]]
[[File:Spaccanapoli Diego Armando Maradona Franco.jpg|thumb|Wall painting of Maradona]]

[[Association football|Football]] is by far the most popular sport in Naples. Brought to the city by the British during the early 20th century,<ref name="early history">{{cite news |url=http://napoli2000.etereanetwork.com/StoriaClub_Albori.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702133335/http://napoli2000.etereanetwork.com/StoriaClub_Albori.asp |archive-date=2 July 2007 |publisher=Napoli2000.com |title=Storia Del Club, by Pietro Gentile and Valerio Rossano |date=23 June 2007}}</ref> the sport is deeply embedded in local culture: it is popular at every level of society, from the ''scugnizzi'' ([[street children]]) to wealthy professionals. The city's best known [[football club (association football)|football club]] is [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]], which plays its home games at the [[Stadio Diego Armando Maradona|Stadio Maradona]] in [[Fuorigrotta]]. The club's stadium was renamed Stadio Diego Armando Maradona in honour of the Argentinian attacking midfielder who played for the club for seven years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Napoli's San Paolo stadium renamed to honour Maradona |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-italy-nap-maradona/napolis-san-paolo-stadium-renamed-to-honour-maradona-idUKKBN28E2QJ |access-date=27 April 2021 |publisher=Thomson Reuters |date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427152622/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-italy-nap-maradona/napolis-san-paolo-stadium-renamed-to-honour-maradona-idUKKBN28E2QJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The team plays in [[Serie A]] and has won the ''[[Scudetto]]'' four times, the [[Coppa Italia]] six times and the [[Supercoppa Italiana]] twice. The team has also won the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]],<ref name=calcionap>{{cite news |url=http://www.sscnapoli.it/static/content/Palmares-87.aspx |publisher=sscnapoli.it |title=Palmares |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723193222/http://www.sscnapoli.it/static/content/Palmares-87.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> and once named [[FIFA Player of the Century]] [[Diego Maradona]] among its players. Naples is the birthplace of numerous prominent professional footballers, including [[Ciro Ferrara]] and [[Fabio Cannavaro]]. Cannavaro was [[Italy national football team|captain of Italy's national team]] until 2010 and led the team to victory in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. He was consequently named [[FIFA World Player of the Year|World Player of the Year]].

Some of the city's smaller clubs include [[F.C. Sporting Neapolis Mugnano|Sporting Neapolis]] and [[Internapoli Camaldoli S.S.D.|Internapoli]], which play at the [[Stadio Arturo Collana]]. The city also has teams in a variety of other sports: [[Napoli Basket (2016)|Eldo Napoli]] represents the city in basketball's [[Serie A (basketball)|Serie A]] and plays in the city of [[Bagnoli]]. The city co-hosted the [[EuroBasket 1969]]. Partenope Rugby is the city's best-known [[rugby union]] side: the team has won the rugby union [[Serie A (rugby union)|Serie A]] twice. Other popular local sports include [[futsal]], [[water polo]], [[horse racing]], sailing, fencing, [[boxing]] and martial arts. The Accademia Nazionale di Scherma (National Academy and Fencing School of Naples) is the only place in Italy where the titles "Master of Sword" and "Master of [[Kendo]]" can be obtained.<ref name=fencing>{{cite news |url=http://www.accademianazionalescherma.it/ |title=Fencing |publisher=Accademia Nazionale di Scherma |date=12 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102061503/http://www.accademianazionalescherma.it/ |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}

===Twin towns and sister cities===
Naples is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:<ref name=gemel>{{cite web |title=Gemellaggi |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931 |website=comune.napoli.it |publisher=Napoli |language=it |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722204102/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931 |archive-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Gafsa]], Tunisia
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kragujevac]], Serbia
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Palma de Mallorca]], Spain
* {{flagicon|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece
* {{flagicon|CUB}} [[Santiago de Cuba]] and [[Santiago de Cuba Province]], Cuba
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilvaporetto.com/marsiglia-e-napoli-ufficializzato-il-gemellaggio-tra-due-capitali-mediterranee|title=Marsiglia e Napoli: ufficializzato il gemellaggio tra due capitali mediterranee|work=Il Vaporetto|language=it|date=2024-10-16|access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MDG}} [[Nosy Be]], Madagascar
* {{flagicon|PSE}} [[Nablus]], Palestine
* {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Limerick]], Ireland 
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sassari]], Italy
* {{Flagicon|IRQ}} [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraq<ref>[http://kurdpress.ir/Fa/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=43715 اعلام خواهرخواندگی سلیمانیه عراق و ناپل ایتالیا ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001019/http://kurdpress.ir/Fa/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=43715 |date=5 October 2013 }}, '''Kurdpress''' ''(Persian)'', 30 April 2013.</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Partnerships===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Sighetu Marmației]], Romania<ref name=gemel/>
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Călărași]], Romania<ref name=gemel/>
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary<ref name=gemel/>
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kagoshima]], Japan<ref name="Kagoshima twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/7siseijouhou/7-8kouryu/7-8-1simaitosi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108101040/http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/7siseijouhou/7-8kouryu/7-8-1simaitosi.html |archive-date=8 January 2013 |script-title=ja:姉妹・友好・兄弟都市 |trans-title=Sister, friendship or Twin cities |work=Kagoshima International Affairs Division |language=ja |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan<ref name="Azerbaijan twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html |title=Twin-cities of Azerbaijan |access-date=9 August 2013 |work=Azerbaijans.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809115218/http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|LIB}} [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], Lebanon{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], India<ref name="Kolkata twinnings">{{cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |title=A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms |access-date=17 November 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 November 2013 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723040319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms |archive-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1964)<ref name="Twin 1">[http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147 Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201150030/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147 |date= 1 December 2008 }}. City of Sarajevo. 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.</ref>
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}
* [[Neapolitan Mastiff]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Acton, Harold (1956). ''The Bourbons of Naples (1734–1825)''. London: [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]].
* Acton, Harold (1961). ''The Last Bourbons of Naples (1825–1861)''. London: Methuen.
* {{Cite book |last1=Buttler |first1=Michael |last2=Harling |first2=Kate |editor=Paul Mitchell |title=Naples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID0-PQAACAAJ |access-date=11 March 2010 |edition=Third |date=March 2008 |publisher=[[The Automobile Association|Automobile Association Developments]] Limited 2007 |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-7495-5248-0 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418070020/https://books.google.com/books?id=ID0-PQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* Chaney, Edward (2000). "Inigo Jones in Naples" in ''The Evolution of the Grand Tour''. London: [[Routledge]].
* De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fUvJCuQxmP0C The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882–1922]'', Wesport/London: Praeger, {{ISBN|0-275-96874-X}}
* Lowe, Keith (2025). ''Naples 1944: The Devil's Paradise at War''. New York: St. Martin's Press.
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Magnusson |editor1-first=Magnus |editor2-last=Goring |editor2-first=Rosemary |title=Cambridge Biographical Dictionary |isbn=0-521-39518-6 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK}}
* {{cite book |last=Scafetta |first=Nicola |author-link=Nicola Scafetta |title=Naples: the City of the Sun and Parthenope: the role of astronomy, mythology and Pythagoras in the urban planning of Neapolis |year=2024 |publisher=FedOA - Federico II University Press |isbn=978-88-6887-242-7 |url=http://www.fedoabooks.unina.it/index.php/fedoapress/catalog/book/562}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Naples|voy=Naples}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|it}}


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