View source for Name of Ukraine

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[[File:Південно-Східна Європа 1684.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Italian map of "European Tartaria" (1684). [[Dnieper Ukraine]] is marked as "Vkraine or the land of [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]]" (''Vkraina o Paese de Cosacchi di Zaporowa''). In the east there is "Vkraine or the land of [[Don Cossacks]], who are subject to [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovy]]" (''Vkraina overo Paese de Cosacchi Tanaiti Soggetti al Moscovita'').]]{{History of Ukraine}}

The earliest known usage of the name ''[[Ukraine]]'' ({{langx|uk|Україна|translit=Ukraina}} {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinɐ||Uk-Україна (2).oga}}, {{lang|uk|Вкраїна}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{Transliteration|uk|Vkraina}} {{IPA|uk|u̯krɐˈjinɐ|}}; {{langx|orv|Ѹкраина/Ꙋкраина|translit=Ukraina}} {{IPA|orv|uˈkrɑjinɑ|}}) appears in the [[Hypatian Codex]] of {{circa}} 1425 under the year 1187 in reference to a part of the territory of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref name="lito652"/>{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}}
The use of "the Ukraine" has been officially deprecated by the [[Ukrainian government]] and many English-language media publications.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844 |title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2012-06-07}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12 |title=Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=2013-12-09}}</ref><ref name=UKrW812991TU/>

''Ukraine'' is the official full name of the country, as stated in [[Ukrainian Declaration of Independence|its declaration of independence]] and [[Constitution of Ukraine|its constitution]]; there is no official alternative long name. From 1922 until 1991, ''Ukraine'' was the informal name of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] within the [[Soviet Union]] (annexed by Germany as {{lang|de|[[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]}} during 1941&ndash;1944). After the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917&ndash;1921, there were the short-lived [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and [[Ukrainian State]], [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|recognized]] in early 1918 as consisting of nine governorates of the former [[Russian Empire]] (without [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida]]'s [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]]), plus [[Chelm]] and the southern part of [[Grodno]] Governorate.<ref>{{Citation|last=Magocsi, Paul R.|title=Ukraine, a historical atlas|date=1985|pages=21|others=Matthews, Geoffrey J.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=0-8020-3428-4|oclc=13119858}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Further|Krajina#Etymology}}
Although the exact meaning of the word ''ukraïna'' or ''ukrajina'' as a whole is disputed, there is agreement that ''[[krajina]]'' is derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root *''krei'', meaning "to cut", with "edge" as a secondary meaning.{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} The [[Proto-Slavic]] word *''krajь'' generally meant "edge",{{sfn|Derksen|2008|p=244}} related to the verb *''krojiti'' "to cut (out)",{{sfn|Derksen|2008|pp=244–245, 248}} in the sense of "division", either "at the edge, division line", or "a division, region".{{sfn|Pivtorak|2001}} In [[Old Church Slavonic]], ''krai'' has been attested with the meanings of "edge, end, shore",{{sfn|Derksen|2008|p=244}} while [[Church Slavonic]] {{Slavonic|кроити}} (''kroiti''), {{Slavonic|краяти}} (''krajati'') could mean 'the land someone carved out for themselves' according to Hryhoriy Pivtorak (2001).{{sfn|Pivtorak|2001}} Derivatives in modern Slavic languages include variations of ''kraj'' or ''krai'' in a wide array of senses, such as "edge, country, land, end, region, bank, shore, side, rim, piece (of wood), area."{{sfn|Derksen|2008|pp=244–245}}

Originally, the word [[Uk (Cyrillic)|ѹ]]кра́ина (вкра́ина), from which the proper noun has been derived, formed in particular from the root -краи- (krai) and the prefix ѹ-/в-{{efn|The phenomenon of alternating ѹ (modern у) and в in prepositions and prefixes is inherent in the Ukrainian language, e.g. 'ѹ се лѣто'/'В лѣто ҂s҃ х к҃s' in [[Kyivan Chronicle]].<ref>{{Citation |title=украина |date=2023-04-05 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=украина&oldid=72606432 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=July 2024}}}} that later merged with the root due to [[Rebracketing|metanalysis]].

The ambiguity occurs due to the [[Polysemy|polysemous]] nature of the root край, as it may mean either ''a boundary/edge of a certain area'' or ''an area defined by certain boundaries,''<ref>{{Citation |title=краи |date=2023-07-10 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=краи&oldid=75156489 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=край |date=2023-08-09 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=край&oldid=75595959 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=July 2024}} nevertheless the both meanings allow for the formation of a valid toponym. For instance, the country name ''Danmark'' is a composition ''Danish'' + ''boundary''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Danmark |date=2023-03-18 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Danmark&oldid=72091597 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Denmark |date=2023-08-04 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Denmark&oldid=75535454 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=July 2024}}

== History ==
=== ''Kievan Chronicle'' (Hypatian Codex) ''sub anno'' 1187 and 1189 ===
The oldest recorded mention of the word ''ukraina'' is found in the ''[[Kievan Chronicle]]'' under the year 1187,{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} as preserved in the [[Hypatian Codex]] written {{circa}} 1425 in an [[Old East Slavic]] variety of [[Church Slavonic]].{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} The passage narrates the death of {{ill|Volodimer Glebovich|uk|Володимир Глібович|ru|Владимир Глебович (князь переяславский)|pl|Włodzimierz II Glebowicz}}, [[prince of Pereyaslavl]]'{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} ({{Reign|1169|1187}}):{{efn|name=contextHeinrich|"On that journey Vladimir Glebovič fell ill with a grave illness, from which he (later) died. And they brought him on stretchers to his city, [[Pereiaslav|Perejaslavl']], and there he died [on 18 April] (...) And all the people of Perejaslavl' wept for him (...). The frontier (''Ukraina'') mourned a great deal for him."{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=423}}}}
[[File:Ukraine 1187 1189.png|thumb|Records in the [[Hypatian Codex]]:<br />
in 1187 as оукраина ''ukraina'' ([[nominative case|{{sc|'''nom'''}}]])<br />
in 1189 as оукраинѣ ''ukraině'' ([[dative case|{{sc|'''dat'''}}]])]]
{{cquote|ѡ нем же Ѹкраина много постона.<ref name="lito652">{{Cite web |title=Въ лЂто 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. Іпатіївський літопис |trans-title=In the year 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. The Hypatian Codex |author= |work=litopys.org.ua |date=1908 |access-date=14 July 2024 |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat28.htm |language=cu}}</ref> (''ō nem zhe Ukraina mnogo postona'').<br />"The frontier (''Ukraina'') mourned a great deal for him." (Lisa L. Heinrich, 1977){{efn|name=contextHeinrich}}<br />"The ''ukraïna'' groaned with grief for him." ([[Paul Robert Magocsi|Paul R. Magocsi]], 2010){{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}}}

In context, ''Ukraina'' referred to the territory of the [[Principality of Pereyaslavl]],{{efn|name=contextHeinrich}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} which was located between [[Kievan Rus']] heartland in the [[Middle Dnieper]] region to the west, and the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] to the southeast,{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=3}} which the Rus' chronicles customarily referred to as "the land of the [[Cumans|Polovtsi]]".{{efn|For example, ''sub anno'' 1177{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=368}} and 1190.{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=443}}}} "Ukraine" came to mean "steppe frontier" or "steppe borderland" in the Ukrainian, Polish and Russian languages thereafter.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}}

The next mention of ''ukraina'' in the same ''Kievan Chronicle'' occurs ''sub anno'' 1189,{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} which narrates how a certain Rostislav Berladnichich was invited by some, but not all, "men of Galich" (modern [[Halych]]), to take power in the [[Principality of Galicia]]:{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=437}}
{{cquote|еха и Смоленьска в борзѣ и приѣхавшю же емоу ко Оукраинѣ Галичькои и взя два города Галичькъıи и отолѣ поіде к Галичю.<ref name="lito652"/><br />"And he went in haste from Smolensk, and when he had come to the Galičan frontier," (''ukraině Galichĭkoi'') "he captured two Galičan cities. And from there he went to [the city of] Galič (...)." (Lisa L. Heinrich, 1977){{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=437}}}}

[[Serhii Plokhy]] (2015, 2021) connected the 1189 mention to that of 1187, stating that both referred to the same region: '''1187–1189'' A Kyivan chronicler first uses the word "Ukraine" to describe the steppe borderland from Pereiaslav in the east to Galicia in the west.'{{sfn|Plokhy|2021|p=448}}

=== Late Middle Ages ===
The ''Kievan Chronicle'' and subsequent ''[[Galician–Volhynian Chronicle]]'' in the Hypatian Codex mention ''ukraina'' again under the years 1189, 1213, 1280, and in 1282, where it is applied in various contexts.{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} In these decades, and the following centuries until the end of the Middle Ages, this term was applied to fortified borderlands of different principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: [[Halych-Volhynia]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}<ref name="Пономарёв"/> the [[Bug (river)|(Western) Buh region]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}<ref name="Пономарёв"/> [[Principality of Polotsk|Polatsk]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}
[[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]] etc.<ref name="Пономарёв">Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.</ref>{{rp|183}}<ref name="Острась">[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf Е. С. Острась. ЗВІДКИ ПІШЛА НАЗВА УКРАЇНА //ВІСНИК ДОНЕЦЬКОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ, СЕР. Б: ГУМАНІТАРНІ НАУКИ, ВИП.1, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104202/http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf |date=2013-11-01 }}</ref> According to [[Serhii Plokhy]] (2006), 'the [[Principality of Moscow|Muscovites]] referred to their steppe borderland as "Ukraine," while reserving different names for areas bordering on the settled territories of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[Kingdom of Poland]].'{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}}

=== Early modern cartography ===
{{Main|Cartography of Ukraine}}
[[File:Description d'Vkranie, qui sont plusieurs prouinces du royaume de Pologne. Contenuës depuis les confins de la Moscouie, iusques aux limites de la Transilvanie. - Ensemble leurs moeurs (IA descriptiondvkra00beau).pdf|thumb|page=7|Title page of [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan|Beauplan]]'s ''Description d'Ukranie'' (1660)]]
{{Commons category|Old maps of Ukraine by Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan}}

The [[Radziwiłł map]] of 1613 (formal title ''Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae''; originally published in 1603{{sfn|Braziūnienė|2019|p=63}}) was the first map to indicate the terms "Ukraine" and "[[Cossacks]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Serhii |last=Plokhy |chapter=Princes and Cossacks: Putting Ukraine on the Map of Europe |chapter-url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/princescossaksarticle.pdf?m=1607093596 |title=Seeing Muscovy Anew: Politics—Institutions—Culture. Essays in Honor of Nancy Shields Kollmann |editor-first1= Michael S. |editor-last1= Flier |editor-first2=  Valerie A. |editor-last2=Kivelson |editor-first3=  Erika |editor-last3=Monahan |editor-first4= Daniel |editor-last4=Rowland |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher= Slavica Publishers |year= 2017 |page=323 |isbn=978-0-89357-481-9}}</ref> In the mid-17th century, Franco-Polish cartographer [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]], who had spent the 1630s as a military engineer and architect designing and building fortifications in the region, played a significant role in popularising ''Ukraine'' as a name and a concept to a broader Western European audience, both through his maps and his writings.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|pp=316–318}} His 1648 map in Latin was titled ''Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina. Cum adjacentibus Provinciis'' ("General illustration of desert plains, in vernacular (speech) Ukraine. With adjacent Provinces."), thereby 'using the term "Ukraine" to denote all the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland that bordered on the uninhabited steppe areas (''campus desertorum'')'.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=316}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7100.ct000383/|title=Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina: Cum adjacentibus provinciis|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Beauplan's French-language publication of the second edition of ''Description d'Ukranie'' ("Description of Ukraine", the first edition dates from 1651<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Essar |first1=Dennis F. |last2=Pernal |first2=Andrew B. |date=1990 |title=The First Edition (1651) of Beauplan's Description d'Ukranie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036356 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=14 |issue=1/2 |pages=84–96 |jstor=41036356 |issn=0363-5570}}</ref>) defined ''Ukraine'' as "several provinces of the Kingdom of Poland lying between the borders of Muscovy and the frontiers of Transylvania".{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=316}} This book became wildly popular in Western Europe, and was translated into Latin, Dutch, Spanish and English in the 1660s to 1680s, and reprinted numerous times throughout the rest of the 17th century and the entire 18th century.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=316}} On another map,{{Which|date=July 2024}} published in [[Amsterdam]] in 1645, the sparsely inhabited region to the north of the [[Azov sea]] is called Okraina and is characterized to the proximity to the Dikoye pole ([[Wild Fields]]), posing a constant threat of raids of Turkic nomads ([[Crimean Tatars]] and the [[Nogai Horde]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

<gallery widths="250px" heights="200px">
File:Vkraina Radziwiłł map.jpg|''Vkraina'' and ''Kyovia'' on the 1613 [[Radziwiłł map]], with the "steppe fields" on "this" and "that" side of the "''Boristenus'' now Niepr river"
File:Tabula Geographica Ukrainska.jpg|1635 map by [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan|Beauplan]] called ''Tabula Geographica Ukrainska'' ("Ukrainian Geographical Table"). North is at the bottom.
File:Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina (1648).jpg|1648 map by [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan|Beauplan]] called ''Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina'' ("General illustration of desert plains, in vernacular Ukraine")
File:Kiovia Palatinatus. Beauplan 1664.jpg|1648 Beauplan map title: ''Ukrainæ pars, qvæ Kiovia palatinus Vulgo dicitur'' ("Part of Ukraine, called [[Voivodeship]] of Kiov in vernacular") 
File:Vkraina-Cosaques-Okraina small.png|Map of Eastern Europe by [[Vincenzo Coronelli]] (1690). The lands around [[Kyiv]] are shown as ''V(U)kraine ou pays des Cosaques'' ("Ukraine or the land of [[Cossacks]]").
</gallery>

=== Early modern Slavonic texts ===
[[File:Location Zaporizhian Host.png|thumb|[[Cossack Hetmanate]] according to the [[Treaty of Zboriv]] (1649). The Zaporozhian Cossacks would increasingly refer to this territory as "Ukraine" between 1649 and 1667.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|pp=318–319}}]]
By the 17th century, ''Ukraine'' was sometimes used to define various other, non-steppe borderlands, but the word received more commonly-used and eventually fixed meanings in the second half of the 17th century.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|pp=316–318}} After the south-western lands of former Rus' were subordinated to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]] in 1569, the territory from eastern [[Podillia]] to [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhia]] got the unofficial name Ukraina due to its border function to the nomadic [[Crimean Tatars|Tatar world]] in the south.<ref>Украина // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.</ref> A 1580 royal decree by [[Stefan Batory]] 'made mention of Ruthenian, Kyivan, Volhynian, Podolian, and Bratslavian Ukraine'.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}}
The Polish chronicler {{ill|Samuel Grądzki|pl}} (died 1672), who wrote about the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in 1660, explained the word ''Ukraina'' as the land located at the edge of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish kingdom]].{{efn|Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita.<ref>[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Украинское_движение_(Стороженко)/II] Andrey Vladimirovich Storozhenko (1925).</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2024|reason=very old and notoriously anti-Ukrainian pamphlet, see [[:ru:Украинское движение (книга)]].}}}} Thus, in the course of the 16th–18th centuries Ukraine became a concrete regional name among other historic regions such as [[Podillia]], [[Severia]], or [[Volhynia]]. It was used for the middle [[Dnieper River]] territory controlled by the [[Cossacks]].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|184}}<ref name="Острась" /> The people of Ukraina were called Ukrainians ({{Langx|uk|українці|translit=ukraintsi|label=none}}, or {{Langx|uk|українники|translit=ukrainnyky|label=none}}).<ref>Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. — С. 278.</ref>

[[File:De Rebvs Anno 1648. & 1649. contra Zaporovios Cosacos Gestis with name of Vkraine.png|thumb|''De Rebvs Anno 1648. & 1649. contra Zaporovios Cosacos Gestis'' - Chronicle of [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] written in 1651 by [[Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz]]. Vkraine used as the name of the land.]]
Later, the term Ukraine was used for the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] lands on both sides of the Dnieper, although it didn't become the official name of the state.<ref name="Острась" /> Nevertheless, in diplomatic correspondence between the Zaporozhian Host and the tsar of Muscovy, Cossack officials increasingly used the term "Ukraine" to denote the Cossack Hetmanate ever since [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]'s leadership.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=318}} A May 1660 set of negotiation instructions written by hetman [[Yurii Khmelnytsky]] defined "Ukraine" as the territory controlled by the Cossack state according to the [[Treaty of Zboriv]] (1649), thus making it a political rather than geographic term.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=318}} The scope of this Cossack political concept of Ukraine was remarkably different from that popularised by Beauplan (who was influenced by Polish traditions) around the same time; Beauplan's ''Vkrainie'' was first and foremost a set of voivodeships controlled by the Kingdom of Poland, characterised by their juxtaposition to the steppes as opposed to the rest of Poland.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=318}}

=== Modern period ===
From the 18th century on, Ukraine became known in the [[Russian Empire]] by the geographic term [[Little Russia]].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|183–184}} In the 1830s, [[Mykola Kostomarov]] and his [[Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in Kyiv started to use the name ''Ukrainians''.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} It was also taken up by [[Volodymyr Antonovych]] and the ''[[Chłopomania|Khlopomany]]'' ("peasant-lovers"), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the [[Ukrainophiles]] in [[Halychyna]], including [[Ivan Franko]]. The evolution of the meaning became particularly obvious at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} The term is also mentioned by the Russian scientist and traveler of Ukrainian origin [[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay]] (1846–1888). At the turn of the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions.<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} In the course of the political struggle between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identities, it challenged the traditional term Little Russia ({{Langx|ru|Малороссия|translit=Malorossiia}}) and ultimately defeated it in the 1920s during the [[Bolshevik]] policy of [[Korenizatsiia|Korenization]] and [[Ukrainization]].<ref name="2ident">Миллер, Алексей Ильич (Miller, Aleksey Ilyich), [http://www.bigyalta.com.ua/story/2681 Дуализм идентичностей на Украине] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730102538/http://www.bigyalta.com.ua/story/2681|date=2013-07-30}} // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96</ref><ref>Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}

== Interpretation ==
=== Interpretation as "borderland"===
{{Further|Krajina|March (territory)#Ukraine}}
[[File:Ukraina-1556.jpg|thumb|Excerpt from [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]] (Matthew 19:1) (1556) where the word ''ukrainy'' corresponds to 'coasts' ([[KJV Bible]]) or 'region' ([[NIV Bible]])]] 
Since the first known usage in 1187, and almost until the 18th century, in written sources, this word was used in the meaning of "border lands", without reference to any particular region with clear borders, including far beyond the territory of modern Ukraine. The generally accepted and frequently used meaning of the word as "borderland" has increasingly been challenged by revision, motivated by self-asserting of identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larissa M. L. Zaleska Onyshkevych, Maria G. Rewakowicz |title=Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317473787 |page=365}}</ref>

The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way in most etymological dictionaries,{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} such as [[Max Vasmer]]'s etymological dictionary of Russian;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141215/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 September 2007 | title=Invalid query }}</ref> [[Orest Subtelny]],<ref>Orest Subtelny. ''Ukraine: A History''. University of Toronto Press, 1988</ref> [[Paul Magocsi]],<ref>''A History of Ukraine''. University of Toronto Press, 1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}}</ref> [[Omeljan Pritsak]],<ref>''From Kyïvan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian nation'' (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.</ref> [[Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]],<ref>Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4</ref> [[Ivan Ohiyenko]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu04.htm|title=II. НАШІ НАЗВИ: РУСЬ — УКРАЇНА — МАЛОРОСІЯ. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови.|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> [[Petro Tolochko]]<ref name=":1">Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України». 1997</ref> and others. It is supported by [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]] in the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm|title=Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> and the Etymological dictionary of the [[Ukrainian language]] (based on that of Vasmer).<ref>Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. {{ISBN|978-966-00-0197-8}}.</ref>

=== Interpretation as "region, country" ===
{{Further|Kraj|Krai}}

Ukrainian scholars and specialists in Ukrainian and Slavic philology have interpreted the term ''ukraina'' in the sense of "region, principality, country",<ref>Шелухін, С. Україна — назва нашої землі з найдавніших часів. Прага, 1936.
Андрусяк, М. Назва «Україна»: «країна» чи «окраїна». Прага, 1941; Історія козаччини, кн. 1—3. Мюнхен. Ф. Шевченко: термін "Україна", "Вкраїна" має передусім значення "край", "країна", а не "окраїна": том 1, с. 189 в Історія Української РСР: У 8 т., 10 кн. — К., 1979.
</ref> "province", or "the land around" or "the land pertaining to" a given centre.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shkandrij|first=Myroslav|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180773067|title=Russia and Ukraine: literature and the discourse of empire from Napoleonic to postcolonial times|date=2001|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-6949-2|location=Montreal, Que.|pages=7|oclc=180773067}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Knysh|first=George|title=Rus and Ukraine in Mediaeval Times|publisher=Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in Canada|year=1991|location=Winnipeg|pages=26–27, 38 (note 88)}}</ref>

Linguist Hryhoriy Pivtorak (2001) argues that there is a difference between the two terms україна (''Ukraina'', "territory") and окраїна (''okraina'', "borderland"). Both are derived from the root ''krai, meaning'' "border, edge, end, margin, region, side, rim" but with a difference in preposition, ''U'' ([[wiktionary:оу#Old Church Slavonic|ѹ]])) meaning "at" vs. ''o'' ([[:wikt:о#Old Church Slavonic|о]]) meaning "about, around";  *''ukrai'' and *''ukraina'' would then mean "a ''separated'' land parcel, a ''separate'' part of a tribe's territory". Lands that became part of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] ([[Chernihiv Principality]], [[Siversk Principality]], [[Kyiv Principality]], [[Pereyaslavl Principality]] and most of [[Volyn Principality]]) were sometimes called Lithuanian Ukraina, while lands that became part of Poland ([[Halych Principality]] and part of Volyn Principality) were called Polish Ukraina. Pivtorak argues that ''Ukraine'' had been used as a term for their own territory by the [[Ukrainian Cossacks]] of the [[Zaporozhian Sich]] since the 16th century, and that the conflation with ''okraina'' "borderlands" was a creation of tsarist Russia.{{efn|{{lang|uk|Російські шовіністи стали пояснювати назву нашого краю Україна як «окраїна Росії», тобто вклали в це слово принизливий і невластивий йому зміст. З історією виникнення назви Україна тісно пов'язане правило вживання прийменників на і в при позначенні місця або простору}}. ("Russian chauvinists began to explain the name of our land Ukraine as "the outskirts [okraina] of Russia", that is, they put a derogatory and uncharacteristic meaning into this word. Closely related to the history of the name Ukraine is the rule of using the prepositions on and in to refer to a place or space."){{sfn|Pivtorak|2001}}}} Russian scholars contest this.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}  <!-- See talk page for discussion of the following reference: which has been countered{{clarify|date=June 2018}} by other historical sources of Russia.<ref>As an example can serve С. М. Середонин. Наказ кн. М. И. Воротынскому и роспись полкам 1572 года, "Записки имп. Русского археологического общества", т. VIII, вып. 1 и 2, полая серия. "Труды отделения русской и славянской археологии", кн. первая, 1895, СПб., 1896; см. предисловие, стр. 49 - 53, публикация, стр. 54 - 62. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ/XVI/1560-1580/Schlacht_Molodi/frametext.htm</ref> -->

==Official names==
Below are the names of the Ukrainian states throughout the 20th century:

* 1917–1920: [[Ukrainian People's Republic]];{{sfn|Encarta|2002}} controlled most of Ukraine, with the exception of [[Western Ukraine|West Ukraine]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
* April–December 1918: [[Ukrainian State]] ({{langx|uk|Українська Держава|Ukrainska Derzhava}}) or "Second Hetmanate",{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=520}} after the {{ill|Hetman Coup|uk|Гетьманський переворот (1918)}} (Гетьманський переворот){{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
* 1918–1919: [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] within West Ukraine; the [[Unification Act]] with UPR failed to be implemented{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
* 1919–1936: [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic]] ({{langx|uk|Українська Соціялїстична Радянська Република |Ukrainska Sotsiyalïstychna Radianska Republyka}}<ref>[[:uk:s:Конституція Української Соціялїстичної Радянської Републики|1921 Constitution of Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic]].</ref>)
* 1936–1941: [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]{{sfn|Encarta|2002}} ({{langx|uk|Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка|Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika}}<ref>[[:uk:s:Конституція (Основний Закон) Української Радянської Соціалістичної Республіки (1937.01.30)|1937 Constitution (Basic Law) of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]].</ref>)
* 1941–1944: There was no Ukrainian state under Nazi occupation ([[Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state|though one was declared]]); the territory was governed as [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] (RKU){{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
* 1941–1991: [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] ({{langx|uk|Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка|Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika}}{{sfn|Encarta|2002}})
* 1991–present: [[Ukraine]] ({{langx|uk|Україна|Ukraina}}{{sfn|Encarta|2002}})

==English definite article==
Ukraine is one of a few English country names traditionally used with the [[definite article]] ''the''.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Use of the article was standard before Ukrainian independence, but has decreased since the 1990s.<ref name="businessinsider.com"/><ref name=UKrW812991TU>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1991/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1991-49.pdf |title= The "the" is gone |page=5 |date=8 December 1991 |publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |access-date=5 February 2022 |quote=As of December 3, the Associated Press changed its style, alerting its editors, reporters and all who use the news service to the fact that the name of the Ukrainian republic would henceforth be written as simply "Ukraine"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Ukraine| publisher=[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]]| url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ukraine| access-date=2011-01-07}}</ref> For example, the [[Associated Press]] dropped the article "the" on 3 December 1991.<ref name="UKrW812991TU"/> Use of the definite article was  criticised as suggesting a non-sovereign territory, much like "[[Mount Lebanon#Political term|the Lebanon]]" referred to the region before its independence, or as one might refer to "[[the Midwest]]", a region of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title='Ukraine' or 'the Ukraine'? It's more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|access-date=11 August 2016|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/11/donald-trump-ukraine-video-link Trump discusses Ukraine and Syria with European politicians via video link], [[The Guardian]] (11 September 2015)</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/02/17/lets-call-ukraine-by-its-proper-name/#260980ce5d8b Let's Call Ukraine By Its Proper Name], [[Forbes]] (17 February 2016)</ref>{{efn|In British English, usage of "the Lebanon" lingered for decades after 1945, for instance in the title of a [[The Lebanon (song)|1984 single]] by the band [[The Human League]], or in remarks by Prime Ministers such as [[Margaret Thatcher]]<ref>{{cite web| title=House of Commons PQs| publisher=[[Margaret Thatcher Foundation]]| url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104968| access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref> and [[John Major]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Major's Commons Statement on the Gulf War – 17 January 1991 |date=17 January 1991 |url=https://johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1991/01/17/mr-majors-commons-statement-on-the-gulf-war-17-january-1991/ |publisher=John Major Archive |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>{{original research inline|date=July 2024}}{{primary source inline|date=July 2024}}}}

In 1993, the Ukrainian government explicitly requested that, in linguistic agreement with countries and not regions,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nerd's Guide to Russian Prepositions In and On|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/04/09/the-nerds-guide-to-russian-prepositions-in-and-on-a65158|location=Moscow|access-date=21 December 2021|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> the Russian [[preposition]] {{Langx|ru|в|translit=v|label=none}}, be used instead of {{Langx|ru|на|translit=na|label=none}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Граудина |first1=Л. К. |last2=Ицкович |first2=В. А. |last3=Катлинская |first3=Л. П |year=2001 |script-title=ru:Грамматическая правильность русской речи |trans-title=Grammatically Correct Russian Speech |language=ru |location=Москва |page=69 |quote=В 1993 году по требованию Правительства Украины нормативными следовало признать варианты в Украину (и соответственно из Украины). Тем самым, по мнению Правительства Украины, разрывалась не устраивающая его этимологическая связь конструкций на Украину и на окраину. Украина как бы получала лингвистическое подтверждение своего статуса суверенного государства, поскольку названия государств, а не регионов оформляются в русской традиции с помощью предлогов в (во) и из...}}</ref> and in 2012, the Ukrainian embassy in London further stated that it is politically and grammatically incorrect to use a definite article with ''Ukraine''.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Use of ''Ukraine'' without the definite article has since become commonplace in journalism and diplomacy (examples are the style guides of ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Guardian Style Guide: Section 'U'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u|location=London|access-date=1 June 2018|date=19 December 2008}}</ref> and ''[[The Times]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Times: Online Style Guide - U|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2941-581,00.html|location=London|website=[[The Times]]|date=16 December 2005|access-date=7 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411032949/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2941-581,00.html|archive-date=11 April 2007}}</ref>).

==Preposition usage in Slavic==
[[File:Vel'vyslanectvo Slovenskej republiky na Ukrajine.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Plaque on the wall of the [[List of diplomatic missions of Slovakia|Embassy of the Slovak Republic]] in Ukraine.<br />
In Slovak: ''na Ukrajine'' ("at Ukraine");<br />
in Ukrainian: ''v Ukrayini'' ("in Ukraine").]]

In the [[Ukrainian language]] both ''v Ukraini'' (with the preposition ''v'' - "in") and ''na Ukraini'' (with the preposition ''na'' - "on") have been used, although the preposition ''v'' is used officially and is more frequent in everyday speech.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Modern linguistic prescription in [[Russian language|Russian]] dictates usage of ''na'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/buro/hot10/ |title=Горячие вопросы |publisher=Gramota.ru |access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> while earlier official Russian language have sometimes used 'v',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/16932|title=Указ о назначении Черномырдина послом в Украину|access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref> just like authors foundational to Russian national identity.<ref>Незапно Карл поворотил / И перенес войну в Украйну.([https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Полтава_(Пушкин)/Песнь_третья])</ref> Similar to the definite article issue in English usage, use of ''na'' rather than ''v'' has been seen as suggesting non-sovereignty. While ''v'' expresses "in" with a connotation of  "into, in the interior", ''na'' expresses "in" with the connotation of "on, onto" a boundary (Pivtorak cites ''v misti'' "in the city" vs. ''na seli'' "in the village", viewed as "outside the city"). Pivtorak notes that  both Ukrainian literature and folk song uses both prepositions with the name ''Ukraina'' (''na Ukraini'' and ''v Ukraini''), but argues that only ''v Ukraini'' should be used to refer to the sovereign state established in 1991.{{sfn|Pivtorak|2001}} The insistence on ''v'' appears to be a modern sensibility,{{according to whom|date=July 2024}} as even authors foundational to Ukrainian national identity used both prepositions interchangeably, e.g. [[Taras Shevchenko|T. Shevchenko]] within the single poem ''V Kazemati'' (1847).<ref>
Мені однаково, чи буду / Я жить в Україні, чи ні. /  [...] /  На нашій славній Україні, /  На нашій – не своїй землі
("It is the same to me, if I will / live in [''v''] Ukraine or not. / [...] / In [''na''] our glorious Ukraine / in [''na''] our, not their land")
([poetyka.uazone.nethttp://poetyka.uazone.net/kobzar/meni_odnakovo.html poetyka.uazone.net])</ref>{{primary source inline|date=July 2024}}

The preposition ''na'' continues to be used with Ukraine in the [[West Slavic languages]] ([[Polish language|Polish]], [[Czech language|Czech]],  [[Slovak language|Slovak]]), while the [[South Slavic languages]] ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]]) use ''v'' exclusively.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Phonetics and orthography==
Among the western European languages, there is inter-language variation (and even sometimes intra-language variation) in the phonetic vowel quality of the ''ai'' of ''Ukraine'', and its written expression.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} It is variously:

* Treated as a diphthong (for example, English ''Ukraine'' {{IPAc-en||juː|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|n}})
* Treated as a pure vowel (for example, French ''Ukraine'' {{IPA|fr|ykʁɛn|}})
* Transformed in other ways (for example, Spanish ''Ucrania'' {{IPA|es|uˈkɾanja|}}, or Portuguese ''Ucrânia'' {{IPA|pt|uˈkɾɐnjɐ|}})
* Treated as two juxtaposed vowel sounds, with some phonetic degree of an approximant {{IPA|[j]}} between that may or may not be recognized phonemically: German ''Ukraine'' {{IPA|de-DE|ukʁaˈiːnə|}} (although the realisation with the diphthong {{IPA|[aɪ̯]}} is also possible: {{IPA|de-DE|uˈkʁaɪnə|}}). This pronunciation is represented orthographically with a [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]], or ''tréma'', in Dutch ''Oekraïne'' {{IPA|nl|ukraːˈ(j)inə|}}. This version most closely resembles the vowel quality of the Ukrainian word.

In Ukrainian itself, there is a "[[euphony]] rule" sometimes used in poetry and music which changes the letter У (''U'') to В (''V'') at the beginning of a word when the preceding word ends with a vowel or a diphthong.  When applied to the name Україна (''Ukraina''), this can produce the form Вкраїна (''Vkraina''), as in song lyric Най Вкраїна вся радіє (''Nai Vkraina vsia radiie'', "Let all Ukraine rejoice!").<ref>See for example, [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Rudnyc'kyj, J. B.]], Матеріали до українсько -канадійської фольклористики й діялектології / Ukrainian-Canadian Folklore and Dialectological Texts, Winnipeg, 1956</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Etymology of Rus and derivatives|Etymology of ''Rus’'' and derivatives]]
* [[List of etymologies of administrative divisions#Ukraine|List of etymologies of administrative divisions: "Ukraine"]]
* [[All-Russian nation]]
* [[Fuentes de Andalucía]], which renamed itself to Ukraine in 2022
* [[Little Russia]]
* [[Kyiv#Name|Kyiv]]
* [[Toponymy]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last = Andrusjak | first = M. | title = Nazva Ukrajina | publisher=[[Chicago]] | year =1951}}
* {{cite journal | last = Balušok | first = Vasyl’ | year = 2005 | title = Jak rusyny staly ukrajincjamy (How Rusyns became Ukrainians) | journal = Dzerkalo Tyžnja | volume = 27 | language = uk | url = http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080621225146/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ | archive-date = 2008-06-21 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Borschak | first = E. | title = Rus, Mala Rossia, Ukraina | journal = Revue des Études Slaves | volume = 24 | year = 1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Derksen |first=Rick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJFiAAAAMAAJ |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon |publisher=Brill |series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series |location=Leiden; Boston |date=2008 |pages=737 |isbn=978-90-04-15504-6 |oclc=179104910 }} [https://ia800909.us.archive.org/8/items/EtymologicalDictionaryOfTheSlavicInheritedLexicon_201310/179381168-Etymological-Dictionary-of-the-Slavic-Inherited-Lexicon.pdf Alt URL]
* {{cite journal| last=Dorošenko | first = D. | title=Die Namen 'Rus', 'Russland' und 'Ukraine' in ihrer historischen und gegenwärtigen Bedeutung | journal = Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes (Berlin) | language = de | year = 1931| doi = 10.1515/9783112676721-001 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Oekraïne; Pools-Russische Oorlog |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins |date=2002 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Encarta|2002}}}}
* {{cite journal | last = Gregorovich | first = Andrew | year = 1994 | title = Ukraine or 'the Ukraine'? | journal = Forum Ukrainian Review | volume = 90 | issue = Spring/Summer | url = http://www.infoukes.com/faq/the_ukraine/ }}
* {{Cite thesis |first=Lisa Lynn |last=Heinrich |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/19e194adba30c8370f27104300e74150/ |title=The Kievan Chronicle: A Translation and Commentary |type=PhD diss. |institution=Vanderbilt University |year=1977 |place=Nashville, Tennessee}} {{ProQuest|7812419}}
* {{cite book | first=Paul Robert | last=Magocsi | author-link = Paul Robert Magocsi| year = 1996 | title = A History of Ukraine | chapter = The name ‘Ukraine’ | pages = 171–72 | publisher = University of Toronto Press | location = Toronto | isbn = 0-8020-7820-6 }}
**{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC |title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples |year=2010 |pages=896 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7 |access-date = 26 January 2023 |archive-date = 23 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC |url-status = live}}
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |authorlink=Janet L. B. Martin |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Ohijenko | first = Ivan | author-link = Ivan Ohienko | title = Istorija ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy (History of the Ukrainian standard language) | publisher = Naša kul’tura i nauka | location = [[Kyiv]] | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1949 | url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm | pages = 98–105 | chapter = Naši nazvy: Rus’ – Ukrajina – Malorosija (Our names: Rus’ – Ukraine – Little Russia) | chapter-url = http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu04.htm | language = uk | isbn = 966-7821-01-3 }}
* {{cite book |first=Hryhoriy Petrovych |last=Pivtorak |title=Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов Pochodžennja ukrajinciv, rosijan, bilorusiv ta jichnich mov |trans-title=The Origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages |location=[[Kyiv]] |publisher=Akademia |year=2001 |language=uk |isbn=966-580-082-5 |url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivtorak.htm}}
*{{cite book |title=The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |authorlink=Serhii Plokhy |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-86403-9 |pages=10–15 |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606203420/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |authorlink=Serhii Plokhy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-QDQAAQBAJ |title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Revised Edition |publisher=Basic Books |date=2021 |orig-year=2015 |pages=432 |isbn=978-0-465-09346-5  |access-date=15 July 2024}}
* {{cite book | last = Rudnyc’kyj | first = Jaroslav B. | author-link = Jaroslav Rudnyckyj |author2=Volodymyr Sichynskyi  | title = Ent͡syklopedii͡a ukraïnoznavstva (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies) | chapter = Nazva Ukraïna (The name Ukraine) | volume = 1 | pages = 12–16 | publisher = [[Munich]]/[[New York City|New York]] | year = 1949 | chapter-url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm | author2-link = Volodymyr Sichynskyi }}
* [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Rudnyt͡s′kyĭ, I͡a. B.]] (1951), ''Slovo ĭ nazva {{'}}Ukraïna{{'}}'' in ''Onomastica'', v 1, Winnipeg: UVAN.
* {{cite journal | last = Šerech [=&nbsp;Shevelov] | first = Yury | title = An important work in Ukrainian onomastics | journal = Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | year = 1952}}
* {{cite book | last = Sičyns’kyj | first = V. | title = Nazva Ukrajiny. Terytorija Ukrajiny (The name of Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine) | publisher=[[Prague]]/[[Augsburg]] | year = 1944–1948 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Skljarenko | first=Vitalij | year=1991 | title=Zvidky pochodyt' nazva Ukrajina? (What is the origin of the name Ukraine?) | journal = Ukrajina | language = uk | volume = 1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Vasmer | first = Max | author-link = Max Vasmer | title = Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch | publisher = Winter | location = [[Heidelberg]] | year = 1953–58 | volume = 1–3 | language = de }} '''Russian translation:''' {{cite book | last = Fasmer | first = Maks | author-link = Max Vasmer | others = transl. Oleg N. Trubačev | title = Ėtimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka | publisher = Progress | location = [[Moscow]] | year = 1964–73 | volume = 1–4 | url = http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Braziūnienė|first=Alma|date=2019|title=LDK 1613 m. žemėlapio laidos: istoriografinis aspektas |url=https://epublications.vu.lt/object/elaba:39902311/|journal=Knygotyra|volume=72 |pages=62–89 |doi=10.15388/Knygotyra.2019.72.21|s2cid=199242255 |issn=0204-2061|doi-access=free}} 
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline|Ukraine}}

{{Ukraine topics}}
{{Europe topic|Name of|title=Names of European states and territories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Name Of Ukraine}}
[[Category:Country name etymology|Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ukrainian words and phrases|Ukraine]]
[[Category:Names of places in Ukraine|Ukraine]]