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{{Short description|Precolonial polity in Manila}}
{{about|the ancient polity|the modern barangay|Namayan, Mandaluyong}}
{{use Philippine English|date=February 2023}}
{{use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔}} {{small|([[Baybayin]])}}
| conventional_long_name = Namayan
| common_name            = Namayan
| era                    = 
| status                 = [[Precolonial barangay]]<ref name="Scott1994"/> <br /> under the house<ref name="Huerta"/><br /> of Lakantagkan<ref name="Scott1994"/>{{rp|page=193}}
| status_text            = 
| empire                 = 
| government_type        = [[Feudalism]] under [[barangay state]] led by the house of Lakantagkan<ref name="Huerta"/><ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="JoaquinManila">Joaquin, Nick.  Manila My Manila: A History for the Young. City Government of Manila. Manila: 1990.</ref>
| p1                     = 
| flag_p1                = 
| p2                     = 
| flag_p2                = 
| s1                     = Captaincy General of the Philippines
| flag_s1                = Flag of New Spain.svg
| s2                     = Manila (province)
| flag_s2                = Flag of New Spain.svg
| year_start             = before the 11th century
| year_end               = 1571
| event_start            = 
| event_end              = Conquest by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]
| image_flag             = 
| flag                   = 
| flag_type              = 
| image_coat             = 
| symbol                 = 
| symbol_type            = 
| image_map              = Map of Namayan.png
| image_map_caption      = A map of Namayan (colored pink) under the rule of Lakantagkan. Locations like Dibag, Pinacauasan and Yamagtogon are missing. The location of Meycatmon and Calatondongan are unclear.
| capital                = [[Namayan, Mandaluyong]] or [[Santa Ana, Manila|Sapa]]
| currency               = [[Piloncitos]] and gold rings<ref name="OcampoPiloncitos"/>
| common_languages       = [[Old Tagalog]], [[Old Malay]]
| today                  = [[Philippines]]
}}

{{History of the Philippines}}

'''Namayan''' ([[Baybayin]]: Pre-Kudlit: {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜋᜌ}} or {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜉ}} (''Sapa''), Post-Kudlit: {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔}}), also called '''Sapa'''<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967">Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. ''Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines.'' Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. {{ISBN|0804804478}}</ref> and sometimes '''Lamayan''',<ref name="traveleronfoot"/> was an independent<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book  | last = Scott  | first = William Henry  | author-link = William Henry Scott (historian)  | title = Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society  | publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press  | year = 1994  | location = Quezon City  | isbn = 971-550-135-4  }}</ref>{{rp|page=193}} [[Ancient barangay|polity]]<ref name="PCDSPO2015">{{Cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila|title=Pre-colonial Manila|date=June 23, 2015|website=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library|series=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers|publisher=Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=March 9, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=April 27, 2017|ref=PCDSPO2015}}</ref><ref>Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.</ref> on the banks of the [[Pasig River]] in the [[Philippines]]. It is believed to have peaked in the 11th-14th centuries,<ref name="Fox1977"/> although it continued to be inhabited until the arrival of European colonizers in the 1570s.<ref name="Scott1994"/> 

Formed as a polity occupying several [[Barangay state|barangay]]s,<ref name="Huerta"/> it was one of several polities on the Pasig River just prior to the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonization of the Philippines]], alongside [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]], and [[Cainta (historical polity)|Cainta]].<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="Odal2000">{{cite book |author=Odal-Devora |first=Grace |title=The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson) |publisher=Unilever Philippines |year=2000 |pages=43–66}}</ref>

Archeological findings in Santa Ana have produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the Pasig River polities, pre-dating artifacts found within the historical sites of Maynila and Tondo.<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967"/><ref name="Fox1977">Fox, Robert B. and Avelino M. Legaspi. 1977. ''Excavations at Santa Ana. ''Manila: National Museum of the Philippines</ref><ref group=Notes>Tondo is mentioned in an even older document (the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]), however, providing earlier evidence of a polity named "Tondo", even if the artifact was found in a different site.{{URL|1="Postma1992"|2=Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203.}}</ref>

== Sources ==
Historians studying Namayan have the advantage of being able to draw both from written sources and from artifacts uncovered in controlled archeological digs.<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Fox1977"/>

The most prominent primary written sources regarding precolonial Namayan is "''Estado Geográfico, Topográfico, Estadístico, Histórico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostólica Província de San Gregorio Magno''", published in 1865 by Franciscan scholar Fr. [[Felix de Huerta]]. His description of Namayan included important details such as the extent of Namayan's territories, and the lineage of its rulers.<ref name="Huerta">{{cite book  | last = Huerta  | first = Felix, de  | author-link = Felix Huerta  | title = Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno  | publisher = Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia  | year = 1865  | location = Binondo }}</ref>

Controlled archaeological excavations conducted by the National Museum of the Philippines in the 1960s, meantime, produced artifacts from a pre-Hispanic grave site within the Santa Ana Church complex,<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967"/><ref name="Fox1977" /> providing important information about maritime trade around Southeast Asia and China from 12th to 15th century AD, as well as the elaborate mortuary practices of Namayan's inhabitants.<ref name="Fox1977" />

==Capital sites==
Three present-day locations are identified as the political centers of Namayan. Two of these are within the present-day [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]] district in [[Manila]], and Barangay [[Namayan, Mandaluyong|Namayan]] in [[Mandaluyong]] across the river from the other sites.

=== Namayan, Mandaluyong ===
Barangay [[Namayan, Mandaluyong|Namayan]] in Mandaluyong bears the name of the polity, and was believed to be the seat of power of Lakantagkan. However, it was incorporated into Santa Ana de Sapa as a [[barrio]] in 1578.<ref name="Huerta" />

=== Sapa ===
The site most associated with the Namayan polity is the town proper of Santa Ana, which grew around [[Santa Ana Church|Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish]]. This site did not become the main settlement until 1578, when [[Franciscan]] missionaries built the first church some distance from the original town. Locals referred to the site as "''Sapà.''"

''Sapà'' is the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] word for a small [[Stream|creek]]. Nearby bodies of water matching the description include what are now ''Estero de Tripa de Gallina'' ("Rooster’s Gut Estuary") and a smaller creek (Estero de Sta. Clara) in the vicinity of the present-day streets of Del Pan, Havana, and Tejerón. However, old Santa Ana was known for being "criss-crossed by brooks and creeks", any number of which could have been obscured by urbanization.

Christianised into ''Santa Ana de Sapa'', the name eventually encompassed the modern [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]] district of [[Manila]]. De Huerta notes that "this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of ''Sapa'' for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call ''Sapa'' and the name of the town itself."<ref name="Huerta"/>

=== Lamayan ===
Instead of the Sapa site, local traditions say that an area called ''Lamayan'' (Tagalog and Kapampangan for "the place where a [[Funeral wake|wake]] was held"), was situated on the banks of the Pasig itself. It was said to be the site of the ancient capital from which Lakantagkan and Buwan once ruled. It is still recognizable today, as a street in the area still bears its name.<ref name="traveleronfoot"/>

==Territory==
Namayan's territory has been described bordering [[Manila Bay]], the Pasig River, and [[Laguna de Bay]].<ref name="traveleronfoot"/> A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Fr. de Huerta, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 19th century.<ref name="Huerta"/>

Most are now districts or barangays within the modern [[Manila|City of Manila]]:<ref name="Huerta" />

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Namayan (Lakantagkan's seat of power; modern-day [[Namayan, Mandaluyong]])
*Sapa (now the district of [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]])
*Meycatmon (which literally means "a place with ''Catmon'' (''[[Dillenia indica]]'') trees")<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/Katmon.html|title = Katmon, illenia philippinensis, PHILIPPINE CATMON / Herbal Medicine / Philippine Alternative Meeicine / StuartXchange}}</ref>
*Calatondongan
*Dongos 
*Dibag
*Pinacauasan
*Yamagtogon 
*Meysapan (now within [[Ususan|Ususan, Taguig]])
*[[Malate]]
*Dilao ([[Paco, Manila|Paco]])
*[[Pandacan]]
*[[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]]
*[[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]]
*[[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]]
{{col div end}}
Four settlements are now separate [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] in and around [[Metro Manila]]:
{{div col}}
*San Juan del Monte (now [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]])
*San Felipe Neri (now [[Mandaluyong]])
*San Pedro de Macati (now [[Makati]])
*[[Taytay, Rizal]]
{{col div end}}

Administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of Namayan were recorded in 1578 as parts and ''visitas'' (satellite settlements) of Sta. Ana de Sapa.<ref name="traveleronfoot">{{cite web  | title = The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila  | work = Traveler on Foot: A Travel Journal  | date =May 12, 2008 | url = http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/05/12/the-kingdom-of-sapa-and-maytime-fiesta-in-sta-ana-of-old-manila/  | access-date = September 27, 2008 }}</ref>

{{Pre-hispanic History of the Philippines}}
A number of these settlements' names are no longer used today, but [[Philippine National Artist]] for Literature [[Nick Joaquin]], in his book "Manila My Manila: A History for the Young", says that Namayan's territories included what are now Santa Ana, Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan in Manila; Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, Taytay, and Parañaque.<ref name="JoaquinManila">Joaquin, Nick.  Manila My Manila: A History for the Young. City Government of Manila. Manila: 1990.</ref>

==Economic activities==
Huerta describes the original settlement in Santa Ana as a fishing village that had other industries including carpentry, masonry, piña (pineapple cloth) embroidery, ''[[tinapa|tinapá]]'', cigars, bricks, sugar and bread.<ref name="Huerta"/>

This contrasts sharply with the economic activities of the contemporaneous polities of Tondo and Maynila, which monopolized the influx of goods coming from China, and monopolized the re-sale of the same Chinese goods to other ports in the archipelago, respectively.<ref name="Scott1994"/>

===Gold as currency===
[[Image:Manila Mint Museum, PI Piloncitos.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A collection of Piloncitos.|center]]
The Namayans, like Tondo, used [[Piloncitos]], small gold [[ingot]]s some of the size of a corn kernel—and weighing from 0.09 to 2.65 grams. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, [[Bataan]] and the banks of the Pasig River.<ref name="OcampoPiloncitos">{{Cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/10991/%E2%80%98piloncitos%E2%80%99-and-the-%E2%80%98philippine-golden-age%E2%80%99|title='Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth R.|website=opinion.inquirer.net|date=August 30, 2011|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2017}}</ref>

Other than Piloncitos, the Namayans also used gold rings, or gold ring-like ingots, very similar to the first coins invented in the Kingdom of Lydia in the present-day Turkey. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html |title=Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic |access-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219181808/http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Rulers==
Fray Huerta also recorded the genealogy of Namayan's ruling family, tracing it to a ''Lacantagcan'' or Lakantagkan, (also spelled Lakan Tagkan or Lakan Takhan, separating Lakan and Tagkan), and his wife Bouan. Under the heading "''Santa Ana''", he records:
<blockquote>''"In origin of the natives of this town comes from a ruler (''"regulo"'') called Lacantagcan, and his wife named Bouan, lords (''"señores"'') of the Namayan territories [...] The first Christian name found in the genealogical tree of this great (''"gran"'') family is a certain Martin in this form. Martin, son of Calamayin: Calamayin, son of Laboy, Laboy, son of Palaba, and Palaba, firstborn son of the ruler (''"regulo"'') Lacantagcan and his wife Bouan."''<ref name="Huerta"/></blockquote>

Historian William Henry Scott notes that "Rajah Kalamayin" was the name of the ruler of Namayan at the point of colonial contact in the early 1570s,<ref name="Scott1994"/> and Huerta here records that his son was baptized "Martin" upon conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]]. Huerta only traces the genealogical tree of Lacantagcan back through Martin, and thus only mentions the eldest of Lacantagcan and Bouan's sons, Palaba.  The other four sons of Lacantagcan are not named, and no daughters are mentioned.

Huerta does go on, however, to mention that Lacantagcan had another male son, named Pasay, whose mother was a Bornean slave:

<blockquote>''"The said Lacantagcan, in addition to five children of his legitimate wife Bouan, had a bastard (''"bastardo"'') with a slave of Bornean lineage (''"esclava de casta bornea"''), called Pasay, who was the origin of the town known by the same name, for having fixed there his residence as landowner, supported by his father."''<ref name="Huerta"/></blockquote>

While Huerta thus definitively establishes that the rulers of Namayan and the settlement called Pasay were related, the precise nature of their relationship during the 1500s is unclear: Scott records that during that period, Pasay's rulers interacted with the Spanish themselves instead of "Rajah Kalamayin" speaking on their behalf.<ref name="Scott1994"/>

Some local oral traditions cite Lakantagkan's child Pasay as a daughter, bestowing her with the title "''Dayang-dayang''" ("princess"), such as the one cited by Dery (2001), about a princess named Pasay, who married [[Rajah Sulayman]] of Maynila.'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''' However, the descriptor "''bastardo''" (bastard), used by Huerta, is masculine in form.<ref name="Huerta"/>

Historian Grace Odal-Devora notes that Kapampangan oral histories also mention a "Sultana Kalangitan", described as "the Lady of the Pasig" who ruled the "Kingdom of Namayan." She is said to have been the grandmother of "Prinsipe Balagtas" (or Bagtas), and the legend says that the Kapampangan people are descended from him. Odal notes that this demonstrates the interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites.<ref name="Odal2000"/>
 	
=== Documented rulers of Namayan ===
The rulers of Namayan from the period of colonial contact (the 1570s) back to three prior generations, were documented by Franciscan Historian Fray Felix Huerta in the work ''Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico- religioso de la santa y apostólica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno'' ("Geographical, topographical, statistical, historical and religious state of the holy and apostolic province of St. Gregory the Great"), a record of the histories of Franciscan missions which is now a primary resource for local histories of [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Philippine municipalities]].<ref name="Scott1994"/>

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=5%, | Title
! width=5%, | Name
! width=25% | Notes
! width=5%  | Documented Period of Rule
! width=5%  | Primary Sources
|-
| ''Lakan''<ref name="Huerta"/>||'''Tagkan'''<ref name="Huerta"/> or '''Araw<ref name="Dery2001">{{cite book |last=Dery |first=Luis Camara |title=A History of the Inarticulate |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=971-10-1069-0 |location=Quezon City |pages=22 |language=}}</ref>'''|| Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin<ref name="Huerta"/> According to Nick Joaquin, Lakan Tagkan was the descendant of Prince Balagtas, who was the descendant of Emperor Soledan and Empress Sasaban of Sapa.<ref name="JoaquinManila" />{{rp|page=15}}According to Luis Camara Dery (2001), Lakantagkan was also called "Lakan Araw", and his wife Bouan was called "Ma-ilak" or "Maylac".'''<ref name="Dery20012">{{cite book |last=Dery |first=Luis Camara |title=A History of the Inarticulate |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=971-10-1069-0 |location=Quezon City |pages=10–21 |language=}}</ref>'''
| exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin<ref name="Huerta" />||Huerta 
|-
| ''Lakan''<ref name="Huerta"/>)||'''Palaba''' || Noted by Huerta<ref name="Huerta"/> as the "Principal Son" of Lakantagkan. || exact years not documented; two generations prior to   Kalamayin<ref name="Huerta"/>||Huerta 
|-
| ''Lakan''<ref name="Huerta"/>)  ||'''Laboy''' || Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Kalamayin.<ref name="Huerta"/> ||exact years not documented; one generation prior to Kalamayin<ref name="Huerta"/> ||Huerta 
|-
|''Lakan<ref name="Scott1994"/>''||'''Kalamayin'''|| Referred to by Scott (1994) as '''''Rajah Kalamayin'',''' described as the last ruler of Namayan before the Spanish period.<ref name="Scott1994" />
| immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact according to Scott ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1571–1575)<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref group="Notes">Kalamayin or Calamayin was not mentioned to be the ruler of Namayan who first encountered the Spaniards in Huerta's original work in 1865, but was assumed by William Henry Scott. All that is known was that Martin was the first person in the genealogy of the house of Namayan to be baptized with a Spanish name.</ref>
| Huerta 
|-
| (no title documented by Huerta<ref name="Huerta"/>) || '''''Martin'''''<nowiki>*</nowiki> || <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Huerta<ref name="Huerta"/> does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period'' || early Spanish colonial period ||Huerta 
|-
|}

=== Legendary rulers of Namayan ===
{{See also|List of ancient Philippine consorts}}
Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang Balagtas (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora and Luis Camara Dery,<ref name="Odal2000"/>'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''' as well as writers such as Nick Joaquin.<ref name="JoaquinManila"/>

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=5%, | Title
! width=5%, | Name
! width=25% | Notes
! width=5%  | Period of Rule
! width=5%  | Primary Sources
|-
| "''Princess''" or "''Lady''"''<br /><small>(term used in folk tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />)</small>'' || '''[[Empress Sasanban|Sasanban]]''' or '''Sasaban'''|| In folk tradition recounted by [[Nick Joaquin]] and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the [[Majapahit]] court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.<ref name="Odal2000" /><ref name="JoaquinManila" />{{rp|page=51}} 
According to the [[Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas]] cited by Luis Camara Dery (2001), a lady of Sapa who married Emperor Soledan and mother of Prince Balagtas.'''<ref name="Dery20013">{{cite book |last=Dery |first=Luis Camara |title=A History of the Inarticulate |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=971-10-1069-0 |location=Quezon City |pages=10–21 |language=}}</ref>'''
|Legendary antiquity<ref name="Odal2000" />||Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000<ref name="Odal2000" />), and folk tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" /><ref name="JoaquinManila" />
Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas (cited by Dery, 2001'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''')
|-
| ''Prince''<ref name="Odal2000" />''<br /><small>(term used in folk tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />)</small>'' || '''Bagtas''' or '''Balagtas''' || In '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.{{rp|page=51}}<br /> <br /> In '''Kapampangan<ref name="Odal2000" /> Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga"{{rp|pages=47,51}}<br /><br /> Either the son in law (''Batangueño Tradition'') or grandson (''Kapampangan Tradition'') of Kalangitan<ref name="Odal2000" /><br /> <br />In folk tradition recounted by [[Nick Joaquin]] and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of [[Majapahit]] who married Sasanban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan. According to Joaquin, Balagtas was the ancestor of Lakan Tagkan.<ref name="Odal2000" />{{rp|pages=47,51}} <ref name="JoaquinManila" />{{rp|page=15}}
According to the [[Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas]] cited by Luis Camara Dery (2001), a son of Emperor Soledan and Empress Sasanban of Sapa, who married Panginoan, daughter of Lontok and Kalangitan.'''<ref name="Dery20013" />'''
| Somewhere in 1335–1380 according to folk tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" /><ref name="JoaquinManila" />||Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and folk tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" /><ref name="JoaquinManila" />
Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas (cited by Dery, 2001'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''')
|-
| "''Princess''" or "''Lady''"''<br /><small>(term used in folk tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />)</small>'' || '''Panginoan''' || In '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married ''Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal''.{{rp|page=51}}<br /> <br />In '''Kapampangan<ref name="Odal2000" /> Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> who eventually married ''Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan''."{{rp|pages=47,51}}<br /> <br />In folk tradition recounted by [[Nick Joaquin]] and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of [[Majapahit]] in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan<ref name="Odal2000" />{{rp|pages=47,51}}<ref name="JoaquinManila" />
According to the [[Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas]] cited by Luis Camara Dery (2001), a daughter of Lontok and Kalangitan who married Prince Balagtas, son of the Emperor Soledan and Empress Sasanban of Sapa.'''<ref name="Dery20013" />'''
| Legendary antiquity<ref name="Odal2000" />||Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and folk tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" /><ref name="JoaquinManila" />
Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas (cited by Dery, 2001'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''')
|-
| ''Gat''{{attribution needed|date=May 2017}} || '''Lontok''' || In '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000"/> husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.<ref name="Odal2000"/>{{rp|page=51}} 
According to the [[Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas]] cited by Luis Camara Dery (2001), a son of Lakantagkan/Arao and Buwan/Maylac, who married Kalangitan of Pasig.'''<ref name="Dery20013" />'''
|Legendary antiquity<ref name="Odal2000"/> ||Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000<ref name="Odal2000"/>)
Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas (cited by Dery, 2001'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''')
|-
| ''Dayang''{{attribution needed|date=May 2017}} or ''Sultana''<ref name="Odal2000"/><ref group=Notes>The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "''This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites.''"</ref>  ||'''[[Dayang Kalangitan|Kalangitan]]'''<ref name="Odal2000"/>  || Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"<ref name="Odal2000" /> in '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' and "Ruler of Sapa" in '''Kapampangan Folk Tradition''' (as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />). <br /><br />Either the mother in law (''Batangueño Tradition'') or grandmother (''Kapampangan Tradition'') of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"<ref name="Odal2000" />
According to the [[Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas]] cited by Luis Camara Dery (2001), a lady of the Pasig who married Lontok, son of Arao and Maylac.'''<ref name="Dery20013" />'''
|Legendary antiquity<ref name="Odal2000"/> ||Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000<ref name="Odal2000"/>)
Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas (cited by Dery, 2001'''<ref name="Dery20013" />''')
|-
|}

==After colonization==
When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, [[Franciscan]] missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town. The result is that the present-day Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site.<ref name="Huerta"/> This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.<ref name="traveleronfoot"/>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Maynila (historical polity)]]
*[[Tondo (historical polity)]]
*[[Cainta (historical polity)]]
*[[Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas]]
*[[Hinduism in the Philippines]]
*[[History of the Philippines (900–1521)]]
*[[Tagalog people]]
*[[History of Luzon]]
{{col div end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

== References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web| title =History of Makati: PRE-SPANISH PERIOD| work =Makati City Portal| publisher =City Government of Makati| url =http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/contents/about_makati/makati_history/prespanish.htm| access-date =February 5, 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080328234953/http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/contents/about_makati/makati_history/prespanish.htm| archive-date =March 28, 2008}}
* Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños
* The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal
* {{cite web
 |last        = Quezon
 |first       = Manuel L. III
 |author-link  = Manuel L. Quezon III
 |title       = An Essential Experience
 |work        = The Long View
 |publisher   = Philippine Daily Inquirer
 |date        = May 19, 2008
 |url         = http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080519-137375/An-essential-experience
 |access-date  = April 1, 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132400/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080519-137375/An-essential-experience
 |archive-date = July 1, 2013
}}

{{Former and present states in the Philippines}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}
{{India-related topics in Philippines}}
{{Asia in topic|History of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namayan, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:1571 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Precolonial barangays]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Indianized kingdoms]]
[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history]]
[[Category:History of Metro Manila]]
[[Category:History of Luzon]]