View source for Nachmanides

{{Short description|13th century Catalonian rabbi and scholar}}
{{about|the medieval Catalan rabbi|the physician and philosopher also known as [[Maimonides]]|Rambam|other uses|Ramban (disambiguation)|Founder of Breslov Hasidism|Nachman of Breslov}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region = [[Jewish philosophy]]
|era    = [[Medieval philosophy]]
|image      = Nahmanides painting.jpg
|caption    = 21st-century artistic depiction<br>of Nachmanides in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]
|name            = Nachmanides<br><small>Moses ben Nahman</small>
|birth_date      = 1194
|birth_place     = [[Girona]], [[Crown of Aragon]] (''present-day [[Spain]]'')
|death_date      = 1270
|death_place     = [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
|main_interests   = [[Religious law]]
|notable_ideas    =
|influences      =
|influenced      =
}}
{{Jewish philosophy|expanded=Medieval}}

'''Moses ben Nachman''' ({{langx|he|מֹשֶׁה בֶּן־נָחְמָן}} ''Mōše ben-Nāḥmān'', "Moses son of Nachman"; 1194–1270), commonly known as '''Nachmanides'''<ref>Now also found in the form '''Nahmanides''' {{IPAc-en|n|ə|ˈ|m|æ|n|ᵻ|d|iː|z|,_|n|ɑː|x|ˈ|m|ɑː|n|ᵻ|d|iː|z}}.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|n|æ|k|ˈ|m|æ|n|ᵻ|d|iː|z}}; {{langx|el|Ναχμανίδης}} ''Nakhmanídēs''), and also referred to by the acronym '''Ramban''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɑː|m|'|b|ɑː|n}}; {{Script/Hebrew|רמב״ן}}) and by the contemporary nickname<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alberch i Fugueras |first1=Ramon |last2=Aragó |first2=Narcís-Jordi |date=1994 |title=The Jews in Girona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gc4tAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Diputació de Girona |page=27 |isbn=9788480670333}} "He was called Moises, named after the great desert leader: but the people of Girona, amongst whom he had good friends, knew him as Bonastruc de Porta."</ref> '''Bonastruc ça Porta''' ({{IPA|ca|ˌbɔnəsˈtɾuk sə ˈpɔrtə|lang}}; literally "[[Mazel tov|Mazel Tov]] near the Gate", see {{wikt-lang|ca|astruc}}), was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, [[Jews of Catalonia|Catalan]] [[rabbi]], [[philosophy|philosopher]], [[physician]], [[Kabbalah|kabbalist]], and [[Jewish commentaries on the Bible|biblical commentator]]. He was raised, studied, and lived for most of his life in [[Girona]], [[Catalonia]]. He is also considered to be an important figure in the re-establishment of the [[Jewish]] community in [[Jerusalem]] following its [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|destruction]] by the [[Crusaders]] in 1099.

==Name==
"Nachmanides" ({{lang|grc|Ναχμανίδης}}) is a [[Greek language|Greek]]-influenced formation meaning "son of Nahman." He is also commonly known by the Hebrew [[acronym]] {{script|Hebr|<nowiki>רמב</nowiki>[[gershayim|״]]<nowiki>ן</nowiki>}} (Ra-M-Ba-N, for ''<u>R</u>abbeinu <u>M</u>ōšeh <u>b</u>ēn-<u>N</u>āḥmān'', "Our Rabbi Moses son of Nahman"). His [[Catalan language|Catalan]] name was {{lang|ca|Bonastruc ça Porta}} (also written {{lang|ca|Saporta}} or {{lang|ca|de Porta}}), literally "[[Mazel tov|Mazel Tov]] near the Gate."

==Biography==
Nachmanides was born in [[Girona]] in 1194, where he grew up and studied (hence he is also called ''Mosheh ben Nahman Gerondi'', or "Moses son of Nahman the Gironan"), and died in the [[Land of Israel]] about 1270.<ref>Bar Ilan CD-ROM</ref> He was a descendant of Isaac ben Reuben of [[Barcelona]] and cousin of [[Jonah Gerondi]] (Rabbeinu Yonah).<ref name="auto">Encyclopaedia Judaica | second edition | vol 14 | pg 741</ref><ref name="jewishencyc">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11129-moses-ben-nahman-gerondi|title=MOSES BEN NAḤMAN GERONDI - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> Among his teachers in [[Talmud]] were [[Judah ben Yakar]] and Nathan ben Meïr of [[Trinquetaille]], and he is said to have been instructed in [[Kabbalah]] (Jewish mysticism) by his countryman [[Azriel of Gerona]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=AZRIEL (EZRA) BEN MENAHEM (BEN SOLOMON) | author= [[Kaufmann Kohler]] & [[Isaac Broydé]]| encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2224&letter=A | access-date=2006-10-08}}</ref> who was in turn a disciple of [[Isaac the Blind]].

{{tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:lightgreen;|Yakar| |Natan| |Azriel|Yakar=[[Judah ben Yakar]]|Natan=[[Natan ben Meir]]|Azriel=[[Azriel of Gerona]]}}
{{tree chart| |`|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|'|}}
{{tree chart| | | | |Nachmanides| | | | |Nachmanides='''Nachmanides'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=background:lightblue;| | | | |Rshb| | |Rshb=[[Shlomo ibn Aderet]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}

<!-- {{legend|lightgreen|Teachers}}
{{legend|lightblue|Students}} -->

According to the responsa of [[Shlomo ibn Aderet]]<ref>Section 1, responsa 120 and 167</ref><ref name="auto"/> Nachmanides studied [[medicine]]. During his teens he began to get a reputation as a learned Jewish scholar. At age 16, he began his writings on [[halakha|Jewish law]]. In his ''Milhamot Hashem'' (Wars of the Lord) he defended [[Isaac Alfasi|Alfasi]]'s decisions against the criticisms of [[Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona]]. These writings reveal a conservative tendency that distinguished his later works — an unbounded respect for the earlier authorities.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

In the view of Nachmanides, the wisdom of the rabbis of the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]], as well as the [[Geonim]] (rabbis of the early medieval era) was unquestionable. Their words were to be neither doubted nor criticized. "We bow," he says, "before them, and even when the reason for their words is not quite evident to us, we submit to them" (''Aseifat Zekkenim'', commentary on ''Ketubot''). Nachmanides' adherence to the words of the [[rishonim|earlier authorities]] may be due to piety, or the influence of the northern French Jewish school of thought. However, it is thought that it also may be a reaction to the rapid acceptance of [[greek philosophy|Greco-Arabic philosophy]] among the Jews of Spain and [[Provence]]; this occurred soon after the appearance of [[Maimonides]]' ''[[Guide for the Perplexed]]''. This work gave rise to a tendency to allegorize Biblical narratives, and to downplay the role of miracles. Against this tendency Nachmanides strove, and went to the other extreme, not even allowing the utterances of the immediate disciples of the Geonim to be questioned.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

== Attitude toward Maimonides ==
Called upon, about 1238, for support by [[Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier]], who had been excommunicated by supporters of [[Maimonides]], Nachmanides addressed a letter to the communities of [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], in which Solomon's adversaries were severely rebuked. However, the great respect he professed for Maimonides (though he did not share the latter's views), reinforced by innate gentleness of character, kept him from allying himself with the anti-Maimonist party and led him to assume the role of a conciliator.<ref name="jewishencyc"/> Maimonides was 58 years old when Nachmanides was born.

In a letter addressed to the French rabbis, he draws attention to the virtues of Maimonides and holds that Maimonides' [[Mishneh Torah]] – his Code of Jewish Law – not only shows no leniency in interpreting prohibitions within Jewish law, but may even be seen as more stringent, which in Nachmanides' eyes was a positive factor. As to Maimonides' ''[[Guide for the Perplexed]]'', Nachmanides stated that it was intended not for those of unshaken belief, but for those who had been led astray by the non-Jewish philosophical works of [[Aristotle]] and [[Galen]]. (Note that Nachmanides's analysis of the ''Guide'' is not the consensus view of modern scholars.) "If," he says, "you were of the opinion that it was your duty to denounce the Guide as heretical, why does a portion of your flock recede from the decision as if it regretted the step? Is it right in such important matters to act capriciously, to applaud the one to-day and the other tomorrow?"<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

To reconcile the two parties, Nachmanides proposed that the ban against the philosophical portion of Maimonides's Code of Jewish law should be revoked, but that the ban against public study of the ''Guide for the Perplexed'', and against those who rejected allegorical interpretation of the Bible, should be maintained and even strengthened.

Due to the existence of three variant editions of Nachmanides' letter, there is some debate as to the contents of his proposed resolution. The Savaral manuscript reads as follows:

{{Blockquote
|text=Let a royal command issue forth from you as you become a single group and a lasting bond to destroy an upraised arm, to excommunicate, ban, and place under a curse every tongue speaking arrogantly which God will destroy, one who mocks the ''[[Aggadah|aggadot]]'' or opens his mouth against the ''[[Asmachta (Talmudical hermeneutics)|asmakhtot]]'', and those who engage in the study of the [[The Guide for the Perplexed|Guide]] in groups. For the great rabbi and author [[Maimonides]] has commanded not to publicize nor explicate it.
|source=''Cultures in Collision and Conversation: Essays in the Intellectual History of the Jews, p. 122'' (2011)
}}

This compromise, which might have ended the struggle, was rejected by both parties in spite of Nachmanides' authority.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

==''Iggeret ha-Kodesh''==
[[File:Ramban Synagogue IMG 0025.JPG|thumb|Nachmanides's letter to his son displayed on the Ramban synagogue in Jerusalem]]
The book ''Iggeret ha-Kodesh'' (אגרת הקודש - The Holy Epistle) on the topics of marriage, holiness, and sexual relations was commonly attributed to Nachmanides, who supposedly wrote it for his son as a wedding gift. However, modern scholarship attributes it to a different author, perhaps Rabbi [[Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/iggeret-ha-kodesh|title=Iggeret Ha-Kodesh - Jewish Women's Archive|website=jwa.org|date=12 July 2021 }}</ref>

In this book, the author criticizes Maimonides for stigmatizing man's sexual nature as a disgrace to man. In the view of the author, the body with all its functions being the work of God, is holy, and so none of its normal sexual impulses and actions can be regarded as objectionable.

== Views on death, mourning and the resurrection ==
In Nachmanides's ''Torat ha-Adam'', which deals with mourning rites, burial customs, etc., Nachmanides sharply criticizes writers who strove to render man indifferent to both pleasure and pain. This, he declares, is against the Law, which commands man to rejoice on the day of joy and weep on the day of mourning. The last chapter, entitled ''Shaar ha-Gemul'', discusses reward and punishment, resurrection, and kindred subjects. It derides the presumption of the philosophers who pretend to a knowledge of the essence of [[God]] and the [[angel]]s, while even the composition of their own bodies is a mystery to them.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

For Nachmanides, divine [[revelation]] is the best guide in all these questions, and proceeds to give his views on [[Jewish eschatology|Jewish views of the afterlife]]. He holds that as God is eminently just, there must be reward and punishment. This reward and punishment must take place in another world, for the good and evil of this world are relative and transitory.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

Besides the animal [[Soul (spirit)|soul]], which is derived from the "Supreme powers" and is common to all creatures, man possesses a special soul. This special soul, which is a direct emanation from God, existed before the creation of the world.<ref name="jewishencyc"/> Through the medium of man it enters the material life; and at the dissolution of its medium it either returns to its original source or enters the body of another man. This belief is, according to Nachmanides, the basis of the [[levirate marriage]], the child of which inherits not only the name of the brother of his fleshly father, but also his soul, and thus continues its existence on the earth. The resurrection spoken of by the prophets, which will take place after the coming of the Messiah, is referred by Nachmanides to the body. The physical body may, through the influence of the soul, transform itself into so pure an essence that it will become eternal.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

{{blockquote|In this world, the Sages apprehend through the Holy Spirit seven sefirot [. . .] In the Days of the Messiah the eighth sefirah will be apprehended, and they [the Sages] hint to it. In the World to Come, the apprehension will be complete with all ten sefirot, and they allude to them|”Shaar ha-Gemul”, Nachmanides}}

Nachmanides thinks that at the coming of Messiah the knowledge is deeper and also the [[Kabbalah]] may be known with Holy Spirit with ten [[Sefirot]] while before this the Holy Spirit could achieve only seven Sefirot. Ten Sefirot include [[Chokhmah]], [[Binah (Kabbalah)|Binah]] and [[Keter]] also with the seven because thinking with Messiah is very strong and all truth must be really known.

{{blockquote|…since we must be closer than they [the Sages] to the End, and perhaps even really close given the long duration of the exile that has already passed, perhaps the decree decreed upon him [Daniel] to conceal it has lapsed, because the underlying reason for it is null, namely, that “it pertains to far-off days” (Dan 8:26). Because he said “many will wander (yeshotetu) and knowledge will increase” (Dan 12:4), it is hinted to us from here that we may contemplate (le-shotet) the End in this book and increase the opinions about it. When he says, “but the enlightened will understand” (Dan 12:10), we learn that when the End approaches, the enlightened will understand these hints<ref>Moshe Halbertal. “Nahmanides. Law and Mysticism” Yale University Press, New Haven & London 2020 ISBN 978-0-300-14091-0 (p. 287)</ref>|Nachmanides}}

Nachmanides gives much importance to the messianic era, especially in relation to the end of the 4 exiles, the last of which is that of Edom identified in Rome. He considers many prophecies of the [[Tanakh]] concerning the Messiah and in particular the [[Book of Daniel]]: here he considers the exact moment before the messianic revelation while admitting not to be completely aware of what should happen in every detail. It is however evident that divine knowledge will be widely spread and this has always been a topic of debate even among the Jewish wise men (the Chakhamim) following the prophets and the rabbis of the [[Talmud]].

== Commentary on the Torah ==
Nachmanides' commentary on the [[Torah]] (five books of Moses) was his last work, and his most well known. He frequently cites and critiques [[Rashi]]'s commentary, and provides alternative interpretations where he disagrees with Rashi's interpretation. He was prompted to record his commentary by three motives: (1) to satisfy the minds of students of the Law and stimulate their interest by a critical examination of the text; (2) to justify the ways of God and discover the hidden meanings of the words of Scripture, "for in the Torah are hidden every wonder and every mystery, and in her treasures is sealed every beauty of wisdom"; (3) to soothe the minds of the students by simple explanations and pleasant words when they read the appointed sections of the Pentateuch on Sabbaths and festivals.<ref name="jewishencyc"/> His exposition, intermingled with [[aggadah|aggadic]] and [[kabbalah|mystical]] interpretations, is based upon careful [[philology]] and original study of the Bible.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

His commentary on the creation of the world describes the heavens and the earth being created out of a noncorporeal substance:
{{blockquote|Now listen to the correct and clear explanation of the verse in its simplicity. The Holy One, blessed be He, created all things from absolute non-existence. Now we have no expression in the sacred language for bringing forth something from nothing other than the word bara (created). Everything that exists under the sun or above was not made from non-existence at the outset. Instead He brought forth from total and absolute nothing a very thin substance devoid of corporeality but having a power of potency, fit to assume form and to proceed from potentiality into reality. This was the primary matter created by G-d; it is called by the Greeks hyly (matter). After the hyly He did not create anything, but He formed and made --things with it, and from this hyly He brought everything into existence and clothed the forms and put them into a finished condition.<ref>''Ramban (Nachmanides) Commentary on the Torah, Trans. by [[Charles Ber Chavel|Dr. Charles B. Chavel]], (New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1971), p.23''</ref>}}

As in his preceding works, he vehemently attacks the [[Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]], especially [[Aristotle]], and frequently criticizes Maimonides' [[exegesis|biblical interpretations]]. Thus he assails Maimonides' interpretation of Gen. 18:8,<ref>In his "Ma'amar Tehiyyat Hametim" ("Treatise on Resurrection"), Maimonides dismisses as "utter fools" anyone who believes that the three angels who visited Abraham's tent actually "ate" the "curd, and milk, and the calf" that Abraham had prepared for them, despite the explicit language of the text. Instead, Maimonides takes a rationalist approach that, because angels are incorporeal, they do not consume food like ordinary man, and thus it only "appeared" that they were eating, or that Abraham had a prophetic vision of the angels eating. See Fred Rosner, trans., ''Moses Maimonides' Treatise on Resurrection'' (Rowman & Littlefield ed. 2004), {{ISBN|978076575954-2}}, p. 27.</ref> asserting that Maimonides' preferred understanding is contrary to the evident meaning of the Biblical words and that it is sinful even to hear it. While Maimonides endeavored to reduce the [[miracle]]s of the Bible to the level of [[nature|natural phenomena]], Nachmanides emphasizes them, declaring that "no man can share in the Torah of our teacher Moses unless he believes that all our affairs, whether they concern masses or individuals, are miraculously controlled, and that nothing can be attributed to nature or the order of the world." See further on this debate under [[Divine Providence#In Jewish thought|Divine Providence]]. [[David Berger (historian)|David Berger]] has argued that Nachmanides did subscribe to the existence of a natural order.<ref>''Cultures in Collision and Conversation'' by [[David Berger (historian)|David Berger]], (Academic Studies Press, 2011), pp.129-151</ref>

Next to belief in [[miracle]]s Nachmanides places three other beliefs, which are, according to him, the [[Jewish principles of faith]], namely, the belief in [[creationism|creation out of nothing]], in the [[omniscience]] of God, and in [[divine providence]].

Nachmanides, in this commentary, often fiercely criticized Rabbi [[Abraham ibn Ezra]], particularly regarding ibn Ezra's negative attitude towards [[Kabbalah]].<ref name="jewishencyc"/> Nevertheless, he had tremendous respect for ibn Ezra, as is evidenced in his introduction to the commentary.

Over time, Nachmanides updated his commentary in at least 250 places, particularly after moving from Spain to the Land of Israel. These updates are attested to in different versions of his commentary which survived in manuscript.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alhatorah.org/Commentators:Ramban%27s_Updates|title=Commentators:Ramban's Updates – AlHaTorah.org|website=alhatorah.org}}</ref>

== Disputation of Barcelona, 1263 ==
{{Main|Disputation of Barcelona}}

Nachmanides, first as rabbi of [[Girona]] and later as chief rabbi of [[Catalonia]], seems to have led a largely untroubled life. When well advanced in years, however, his life was interrupted by an event which made him leave his family and his country and wander in foreign lands. This was the religious disputation in which he was called upon to defend his faith in 1263. The debate was initiated by a [[Pablo Christiani]], a Jewish convert to Christianity, who had been sent by the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[Master of the Order of Preachers|Master General]], [[Raymond de Penyafort]], to King [[James I of Aragon]], with the request that the king order Nachmanides to respond to charges against Judaism.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

Pablo Christiani had been trying to make the Jews convert to Christianity. Relying upon the reserve his adversary would be forced to exercise due to fear of offending the feelings of the Christians, Pablo assured the King that he would prove the truth of Christianity from the Talmud and other rabbinical writings. Nachmanides answered the order of the King, but asked that complete [[freedom of speech]] should be granted. For four days (July 20–24) he debated with Pablo Christiani in the presence of the King, the court, and many churchmen.<ref>{{cite book|title=כתבי הרמב"ן|author=הרמב"ן |publisher=מוסד הרב קוק}}</ref><ref name="jewishencyc"/>

The subjects discussed were:<ref name="jewishencyc"/>
# whether the [[Messiah]] had appeared;
# whether the Messiah announced by the [[Prophet]]s was to be considered as divine or as a man born of human parents
# whether the Jews or the Christians were in possession of the true faith.

Christiani argued, based upon several [[Aggadah|aggadic]] passages, that the [[Pharisee]] sages believed that the Messiah had lived during the Talmudic period, and that they ostensibly believed that the Messiah was therefore [[Jesus]]. Nachmanides countered that Christiani's interpretations were distortions; the rabbis would not hint that Jesus was Messiah while, at the same time, explicitly opposing him as such. He further said that if the sages of the Talmud believed that Jesus was the messiah then most certainly they would have been Christians and not Jews, and the fact that the sages of the Talmud were Jews is beyond dispute. Nachmanides proceeded to provide context for the proof-texts cited by Christiani, showing that they were most clearly understood differently than as proposed by Christiani. Furthermore, Nachmanides demonstrated from numerous biblical and talmudic sources that traditional Jewish belief ran contrary to Christiani's postulates.

Nachmanides argued that the Biblical prophets regarded the future messiah as a human, a person of flesh and blood, and not as divine, in the way that Christians view Jesus. He stated that their promises of a reign of universal peace and justice had not yet been fulfilled, that since the appearance of Jesus, the world had been filled with violence and injustice, and that among all denominations the Christians were the most warlike.

<blockquote>[... it seems most strange that... ] the Creator of Heaven and Earth resorted to the womb of a certain Jewish lady, grew there for nine months and was born as an infant, and afterwards grew up and was betrayed into the hands of his enemies who sentenced him to death and executed him, and that afterwards... he came to life and returned to his original place. The mind of a Jew, or any other person, simply cannot tolerate these assertions. You have listened all your life to the priests who have filled your brain and the marrow of your bones with this doctrine, and it has settled into you because of that accustomed habit. [I would argue that if you were hearing these ideas for the first time, now, as a grown adult], you would never accept them.</blockquote>

He noted that questions of the Messiah were of less dogmatic importance to Jews than most Christians imagine. The reason given by him for this bold statement was that it was more meritorious for the Jews to observe the precepts under a Christian ruler, while in exile and suffering humiliation and abuse, than under the rule of the Messiah, when every one would perforce act in accordance with the Law.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

As the disputation seemed to turn in favor of Nachmanides, the Jews of Barcelona, fearing the resentment of the Dominicans, entreated him to discontinue; but the King, whom Nachmanides had acquainted with the apprehensions of the Jews, desired him to proceed. The controversy was therefore resumed, and concluded in what was considered a complete victory for Nachmanides, who was dismissed by the King with a gift of three hundred gold pieces as a mark of his respect.<ref name="jewishencyc"/> The King remarked that he had never encountered a man who, while yet being wrong, argued so well for his position. An alternative text reproduced by [[Julius Eisenstein]] in his Otzar Vicuchim (quoted by [[Charles Ber Chavel]] in his edition of the collected writings of Nachmanides) has the king saying that he never saw a man with no legal training argue a case so successfully.

The Dominicans, nevertheless, claimed the victory, and Nachmanides felt obligated to publish the text of the debates. From this publication Pablo selected certain passages which he construed as blasphemies against Christianity and denounced to the head of his order, [[Raymond of Penyafort|Raymond de Penyafort]]. A capital charge was then instituted, and a formal complaint against the work and its author was lodged with the King. James was obliged to entertain the charge, but, mistrusting the Dominican court, called an extraordinary commission, and ordered that the proceedings be conducted in his presence. Nachmanides admitted that he had stated many things against Christianity, but he had written nothing which he had not used in his disputation in the presence of the King, who had granted him freedom of speech.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

The justness of his defense was recognized by the King and the commission, but to satisfy the Dominicans, Nachmanides was sentenced to exile for two years and his pamphlet was condemned to be burned. He may also have been fined, but this was lifted as a favor to Benveniste ça Porta, who according to some authorities<ref>Graetz, Geschichte der Juden Vol. VII, pp.&nbsp;440–441; Chazan, Barcelona and Beyond, p.&nbsp;199</ref> was Nachmanides' brother. The Dominicans, however, found this punishment too mild and, through [[Pope Clement IV]], they seem to have succeeded in turning the two years' exile into perpetual banishment.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

Other scholars<ref>Mayer Kayserling JQR Review 8, 1896, p.&nbsp;494</ref> believe that the identification of Bonastruc ça Porta with Nachmanides is incorrect. If so, then there were actually two people who were found to be blasphemous in the same time period and location.

== In Jerusalem ==
Nachmanides left Aragon and sojourned for three years somewhere in Castille or in the southern part of the [[Kingdom of France]].<ref name="jewishencyc"/> In 1267, seeking refuge from Christian persecution in Muslim lands,<ref>p. 73 in Jonathan Sacks (2005) ''To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility''. London: Continuum ({{ISBN|9780826480392}})</ref> he made [[aliyah]] to [[Jerusalem]]. There he established a synagogue in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] that exists until the present day, known as the [[Ramban Synagogue]]. Nachmanides then settled at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], where he was very active in spreading Jewish learning, which was at that time very much neglected in the Holy Land. He gathered a circle of pupils around him, and people came in crowds, even from the district of the Euphrates, to hear him. [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]] were said to have attended his lectures, among them Aaron ben Joseph the Elder, who later became one of the greatest [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] authorities (although [[Heinrich Graetz|Graetz]] writes that there is no veracity to that). It was to arouse the interest of the local Jews in the exposition of the Bible that Nachmanides wrote the greatest of his works, the above-mentioned commentary on the Torah.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

[[File:Ramban St sign, Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A street in Jerusalem bears his name]]
Although surrounded by friends and pupils, Nachmanides keenly felt the pangs of exile. "I left my family, I forsook my house. There, with my sons and daughters, the sweet, dear children I brought up at my knees, I left also my soul. My heart and my eyes will dwell with them forever." During his three-year stay in the [[Holy Land]], Nachmanides maintained a correspondence with his native land, by means of which he endeavored to bring about a closer connection between Judea and Spain. Shortly after his arrival in Jerusalem, he addressed a letter to his son Nahman, in which he described the desolation of the Holy City, where there were at that time only two Jewish inhabitants—brothers, dyers by trade. In a later letter from Acre he counsels his son to cultivate humility, which he considers to be the first of virtues. In another, addressed to his second son, who occupied an official position at the Castilian court, Nachmanides recommends the recitation of the daily prayers and warns above all against immorality.<ref name="jewishencyc"/>

==Death and burial==
Nachmanides died in the Holy Land after having passed the age of seventy<ref name="jewishencyc"/> or seventy-six. Different traditions suggest that he was buried in [[Haifa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/111857/jewish/Ramban.htm|title=Ramban (Rabbi Moses ben Nachman - "Nachmanides") - 4954-5029; 1195-1270|website=www.chabad.org}}</ref><ref name="jewishencyc"/> [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Hebron]], or in the [[Cave of the Ramban]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trip-to-jerusalem.com/rambans-cave/|title=Ramban's Cave - Trip to Jerusalem|access-date=2017-12-16|archive-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014957/http://trip-to-jerusalem.com/rambans-cave/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Works ==
Nachmanides, as above, was a leading Torah scholar of the Middle Ages, authoring [[Rabbinic literature#Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries|major commentaries on Torah and the Talmud]]. Further, as a ''[[posek]]'', he wrote stand-alone works on ''[[Halachic]]'' topics, as well as works on mysticism, science and philosophy.

===Commentary on Torah===
{{further|Jewish commentaries on the Bible|Mikraot Gedolot}}
[[#Commentary_on_the_Torah|As detailed above]], Ramban's commentary on the Torah, "Bi'ur" or ''Perush 'al ha-Torah'', is considered a leading work in the ''genre''; 
it was his last, and his best known.
As outlined, he often critiques earlier commentaries - especially [[Rashi]], [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]] and [[Rambam]] - and incorporates [[kabbalistic]] teachings. This commentary also reflects his love of ''[[Eretz Yisrael]]''.<ref>[[Sefaria]]: [https://www.sefaria.org/Ramban_on_Genesis?tab=contents Ramban on Genesis]</ref>

===Talmudic commentary===
{{further|Talmud#Commentaries}}
Ramban's major work on the [[Talmud]] is referred to as ''[[Chiddush]]ei haRamban''.  
The commentary reflects his depth of knowledge and his deep respect for the legal authorities that came before him.<ref>[[Sefaria]]: [https://www.sefaria.org/Chiddushei_Ramban_on_Berakhot?tab=contents Chiddushei Ramban on Berakhot]</ref>
It is not structured as running commentary on the Talmud; instead it focuses on specific parts of the [[Sugya|Talmudic discussion]].<ref name="Leibowitz"/>
In approach, it fully utilizes the [[Tosafist]] dialectical style, and systematically integrates this with the [[Sephardic law and customs#Law|classic Sephardic teachings]]. 
<ref name="Leibowitz">Aryeh Leibowitz (2018). [https://www.torahmusings.com/2018/05/later-rishonim-v-rambans-talmud-commentary/ Ramban’s Talmud Commentary]</ref>
It thus bears a distinct similarity to the writings of the [[Tosafists]]; here, though, it will often provide a different perspective on a variety of issues.
It is also heavily influenced by the [[Hachmei Provence|teachings of Provence]].

===Other works===
Nachmanides was a leading and prolific scholar; his output, as outlined, spanned ''[[Halacha]]'', mysticism, science and philosophy.

*Nachmanides' known halakhic works - after the model of Isaac Alfasi<ref name="jewishencyc"/> - are:<ref name="jewishencyc"/>
** ''Mishpetei ha-Cherem'', the laws concerning excommunication, reproduced in ''Kol Bo''
** ''Hilkhot Bedikkah'', on the examination of the lungs of slaughtered animals, cited by [[Shimshon ben Tzemach Duran]] in his ''Yavin Shemu'ah''
** ''Torat ha-Adam'', on the laws of mourning and burial ceremonies, in thirty chapters, the last of which, entitled ''Sha'ar ha-Gemul'', deals with eschatology (Constantinople, 1519, and frequently reprinted).
*Nachmanides' writings in the defense of [[Simeon Kayyara]] and [[Isaac Alfasi|Alfasi]] also belong in the category of his Talmudic and halachic works. These writings are:<ref name="jewishencyc"/>
** ''Milhamot HaShem'', defending Alfasi against the criticisms of [[Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona]] (published with the "Alfasi", Venice, 1552; frequently reprinted; separate edition, Berlin, 1759)
** ''Sefer ha-Zekhut'', in defense of Alfasi against the criticisms of [[Abraham ben David]] (RABaD; printed with Abraham Meldola's ''Shiv'ah 'Enayim'' Leghorn, 1745; under the title ''Machaseh u-Magen'', Venice, 1808)
** ''Hassagot'' (Constantinople, 1510; frequently reprinted), in defense of [[Simeon Kayyara]] against the criticisms of Maimonides' ''[[Sefer Hamitzvot]]'' (Book of Precepts).<ref name="jewishencyc"/>
*Ethical, mystical and philosphic works:<ref name="jewishencyc"/>
**''Derashah'', sermon delivered in the presence of the King of Castile
**''Sefer ha-Ge'ulah'', or "Sefer Ketz ha-Ge'ulah", on the time of the arrival of [[Mashiach|the Messiah]] (in [[Azariah dei Rossi]]'s ''Me'or 'Enayim Imre Binah,'' ch. xliii., and frequently reprinted)
**''Iggeret ha-Musar'', ethical letter addressed to his son (in the "Sefer ha-Yir'ah," or "Iggeret ha-Teshuvah," of Jonah Gerondi)
**''Iggeret ha-Chemdah'', letter addressed to the French rabbis [[Mishneh Torah#Critics and criticism|in defense of Maimonides]] (with the "Ta'alumot Chokmah" of Joseph Delmedigo)
**''Vikkuach'', religious controversy with [[Pablo Christiani]] (in the "Milchamot Chovah")
**''Perush Iyyov'', commentary on [[Book of Job|Job]]

A collection of [[Responsa#In Judaism|responsa]] are also commonly attributed to Nachmanides; they may in fact have been written by his student [[Shlomo ibn Aderet]].<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Teshuvot_haRashba_Meyuchas_LehaRamban Teshuvot haRashba Meyuchas LehaRamban]; see [[Beit Yosef (book)|Beit Yosef]]'s introduction to the Tur for a discussion of authorship</ref>
''Sodot HaTefilah'', a Hebrew manuscript ascribed to Nachmanides, is similarly likely by [[Eleazar of Worms]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Joshua|author-link=Joshua Trachtenberg|chapter=HEBREW SOURCES IN MANUSCRIPT|chapter-url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/jms41.htm|title=Jewish Magic and Superstition|location=Philadelphia|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=2004|orig-date=Originally published 1939|isbn=9780812218626|page=322|access-date=Feb 9, 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Girona Synagogue]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Caputo, Nina, ''Nahmanides in Medieval Catalonia: History, Community and Messianism''. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008. Pp.&nbsp;384.
* Joseph E. David, Dwelling within the Law: Nahmanides' Legal Theology, Oxford Journal of Law and Religion (2013), pp.&nbsp;1–21.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nahmanides}}
{{EB1911 poster|Nachmanides}}
* [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2013/12/29/nahmanides-rabbi-moshe-ben-nahman/ Video Lecture on Nachmanides] by [[Henry Abramson|Dr. Henry Abramson]]
* [http://www.pirchei.com/specials/ramban/ramban.htm Iggeres HaRamban - Nachmanides's letter to his son]
* [https://archive.today/20130103233259/http://www.mysefer.com/product.asp?numPageStartPosition=901&P_ID=3550&strPageHistory=search&strKeywords=&strSearchCriteria=&PT_ID=107 Igeres Haramban - An Eleven Step Program]
*[https://purl.pt/16559 Perush Ha-Torah - Comentário do Pentateuco, Lisboa, 1489], at the National Library of Portugal

{{Rishonim}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nachmanides| ]]
[[Category:13th-century Catalan rabbis| ]]
[[Category:13th-century rabbis in Jerusalem| ]]
[[Category:1194 births]]
[[Category:1270 deaths]]
[[Category:Authors of books on Jewish law]]
[[Category:Bible commentators]]
[[Category:Jewish apologists]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish philosophers]]
[[Category:Jewish refugees]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Kabbalists]]
[[Category:Rabbis from Girona]]
[[Category:Philosophers from Catalonia]]
[[Category:13th-century Catalan Jews]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Judaism]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Authors of works on the Talmud]]