View source for NPO Energomash

{{Distinguish|Energomash}}
{{short description|Russian rocket engine manufacturer}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NPO Energomash
| logo = NPO_Energomash_logo.png
| logo_size =
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| native_name = НПО Энергомаш имени академика В. П. Глушко
| native_name_lang =  ru  <!-- Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. "fr" for French. For multiple names in different languages, use {{lang|[code]|[name]}}. -->
| romanized_name = NPO Energomash named after “V. P. Glushko”
| former_name =  OKB-456
| type = 
| traded_as = 
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| industry = [[Aerospace industry]]<br>[[Space industry]]<br>[[Defense industry]]<br>[[Rocket engine]]s
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| founded = ({{Start date and age|1946}}) [[Khimki]], [[Soviet Union]]            <!-- if known: {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} in [[city]], [[country]] -->
| founder = [[Valentin Glushko|Valentin Petrovich Glushko]]            <!-- or: | founders = -->
| defunct =             <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| hq_location_city = [[Moscow region]]
| hq_location_country = [[Russia]]
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| products = {{ublist|Rocket engines |[[RD-170]]|[[RD-180]]|Launch vehicles|Ballistic missiles}}
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| num_employees = 5500 (2009) 
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| parent = [[Roscosmos State Corporation|Roscosmos]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Производитель ракетных двигателей в России - О компании АО "НПО Энергомаш"|url=http://engine.space/about/openinfo/|website=Engine.space|access-date=7 May 2017|language=ru|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505050819/http://engine.space/about/openinfo/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| slogan =              <!-- or: | slogans = -->
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| website =            {{URL|http://www.npoenergomash.ru/ |Official Website}} <!-- or: | homepage = --><!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| footnotes = 
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}}
[[File:RD-170 rocket engine.jpg|thumb|right|Model of the RD-170 Engine developed by NPO Energomash.]]
'''NPO Energomash''' "V. P. Glushko" is a major Russian rocket engine manufacturer. The company primarily develops and produces [[Liquid rocket engine|liquid propellant rocket engines]]. Energomash originates from the [[OKB|Soviet design bureau]] '''OKB-456''', which was founded in 1946. NPO Energomash acquired its current name on May 15, 1991, in honor of its former chief designer [[Valentin Glushko]].

Energomash is noted for its long history of large scale [[liquid oxygen|LOX]]/Kerosene engine development. Notable examples are the [[RD-107]]/[[RD-108]] [[engine]]s used on the [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] and [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] rocket families, and the [[RD-170]], [[RD-171]] and [[RD-180]] engines used on the [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]], [[Zenit (rocket)|Zenit]] and [[Atlas V]] launch vehicles.

{{asof|2013|07}}, the company remained largely owned by the [[Government of Russia|federal government of Russia]], but [[RSC Energia]] owned approximately 14% of the total shares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://izvestia.ru/news/553886|title=Сергей Недорослев не смог заработать на ракетных двигателях|author=Иван Чеберко|work=Известия|date=18 July 2013 |access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> {{asof|2009}}, NPO Energomash employed approximately 5500 workers at its headquarters in [[Khimki]], Moscow and its satellite facilities in [[Samara, Russia|Samara]], [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], and [[St. Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/about/|title=Company|publisher=Npoenergomash.ru|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>

On 4 August 2016, the company announced that it would launch a new plant by December 2016.<ref>
 {{cite news
 |url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/press/pressrel/pressrel_2546.html
 |title=НПО Энергомаш готовится к запуску нового цеха.
 |work=NPO Energomash
 |date=2016-08-04
 }}</ref>

==History==
[[Valentin Petrovich Glushko]] was appointed chief designer of the newly founded OKB-456 design bureau on July 3, 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/astros/glushko.htm|title=Glushko|publisher=Astronautix.com|access-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209162245/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/glushko.htm|archive-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> The company was quickly tasked with the production of a Russian copy of the German V2 rocket engine, under the supervision of Glushko and 234 German designers added to the company in October, 1946.<ref>Raketensklaven {{ISBN|978-3-421-06635-0}}</ref><ref>Raketensklaven: Deutsche Forscher hinter rotem Stacheldraht {{ISBN|978-3-933395-67-2}}</ref> At the end of that year, OKB-456 took up residence in an aviation factory near the city of [[Khimki]], just outside Moscow. Here, the bureau constructed facilities to build and test fire its engines. The RD-100 performed admirably, and low-pressure LOX/Ethanol engine development continued, in the form of the RD-102 and RD-103. However, the development of high-pressure engine technology allowed propellants with a higher energy density to be used, and so LOX/Kerosene quickly replaced LOX/Ethanol as the propellant of choice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/about/history/|title=History|publisher=Npoenergomash.ru|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725135908/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/about/history/|archive-date=25 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2013, the Russian government began a major effort to [[nationalize|renationalize]] the Russian [[spaceflight|space]] sector, and created [[United Rocket and Space Corporation]] (URSC) to consolidate its space holdings.<ref name=pa20130830>{{cite news |last=Messier |first=Doug |title=Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/08/30/rogozin-interview-kommersant/ |access-date=2013-08-31 |newspaper=Parabolic Arc |date=2013-08-30 |archive-date=2017-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214193801/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/08/30/rogozin-interview-kommersant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
In December 2013 President Putin issued a [[Decree of the President of Russia|presidential decree]] setting up the URSC corporation. The decree stipulated that the corporation will take over manufacturing facilities.<ref name=rian20131202>{{cite web| url =http://en.ria.ru/russia/20131202/185217173/Putin-Signs-Decree-to-Establish-New-Space-Corporation.html |title=Putin Signs Decree to Establish New Space Corporation |date=2 December 2013 |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>
The industry reorganization continued into 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosorkk.ru/URSC.pdf|title=United Rocket and Space Corporation booklet|publisher=Rosorkk.ru|access-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092108/http://www.rosorkk.ru/URSC.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> with a [[Sberbank]] cooperation agreement.<ref name=sberbank20141001>
{{cite web |title=Sberbank of Russia and United Rocket and Space Corporation sign cooperation agreement |url=http://www.sberbank.ru/moscow/en/press_center/all/index.php?id114=200004568 |publisher=Sberbannk|access-date=14 November 2014 |format=Press release |date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

==Storable propellants and hypergols==
In 1954, the development and success of the LOX/Kerosene [[RD-107]] and RD-108 engines allowed the company to expand its engine development work further. The RD-214 engine, using a storable mixture of  [[Nitric Acid]] and Kerosene, was developed for ballistic missiles with a short readiness time requirement. The RD-214 was soon superseded by the RD-216 and later variants, which used a [[Hypergolic propellant|hypergolic]] combination of [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] and Nitric Acid. This line of development later led to the highly successful [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]/[[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] engines [[RD-253]] and RD-275 used on the [[Proton rocket|Proton]] launch vehicles – these were the most powerful hypergolic engine of its time, and remains in production to the current day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/engines/rd253.htm|title=RD-253|publisher=Astronautix.com|access-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002333/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd253.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==High pressure engines==
[[File:Soyuz TMA-9 launch.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[RD-107]] engines lifting a [[Soyuz-FG]] rocket.]]
The RD-107 and RD-108 engines developed from 1954-1957 were extremely reliable and widely used.  However, DB Energomash (renamed from the original OKB designation in 1967) saw great potential in the development of LOX/Kerosene engines with a higher chamber pressure.  This presented many challenges to the engine designers, most notably the development of a [[turbopump]] which could deliver enough propellant to keep the engine running at a pressure high enough to maintain combustion stability.  The resulting engine, developed in the early 1980s, was the [[RD-170]], which runs at a chamber pressure of {{convert|24.5|MPa|psi|abbr=off}}  and produces {{convert|7550|kN|lbf|abbr=off}} of thrust at a sea-level [[specific impulse]] of 309 sec, and {{convert|7903|kN|lbf|abbr=off}} of thrust at a vacuum [[specific impulse]] of 337 sec<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/rd-170.html|title=RD-170|publisher=Astronautix.com|access-date=3 June 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122054832/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd170.htm|archive-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> — one of the most efficient and powerful LOX/Kerosene engines in the world.

==Current work==
Variants of the RD-170 are still in use today on such vehicles as the [[Zenit 3SL]] used by [[Sea Launch]].  The modern [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rocket]] uses updated versions of the [[RD-107]] and RD-108 engines.  The [[RD-180]] engine, developed with [[Rocketdyne|Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne]] through the [[RD AMROSS]] partnership, is a direct descendant of the RD-170 line and is used as the propulsion system for the first stage of [[Atlas V]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ulalaunch.com/docs/product_sheet/AtlasProductSheetFINAL.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226213618/http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/product_sheet/AtlasProductSheetFINAL.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2009|title=Atlas V Product Sheet}}</ref>  The most current engine listed on the NPO Energomash website is the single-chamber [[RD-191]], developed for the [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara]] and Baikal launch vehicles.

NPO Energomash works with other Russian companies ([[Keldysh Research Center]] and [[Chemical Automatics Design Bureau|KBKhA]]), and in cooperation with European companies on the Volga rocket engine project.<ref>
{{cite news|title=Future European Reusable Propulsion Systems |url=http://www.lpre.de/resources/articles/Eur_lpre_evolution.pdf |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref>

The company continues to research and explore new engine concepts, such as the [[Tripropellant rocket|tripropellant]], bi-modal engines of the RD-700 family ([[RD-701]] and [[RD-701#RD-704|RD-704]]).<ref>
{{cite news|title=NPO Energomash |url=http://www.buran-energia.com/energia/moteur-fusee-rocket-engine-energomash.php |access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref>

On 1 June 2016, the company successfully tested first-stage engine named RD-181, a modified version of the [[RD-191]] for [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]].<ref>
 {{cite news
 |url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/press/pressrel/pressrel_2515.html
 |title=Огневое испытание двух двигателей РД-181 в составе первой ступени РН Antares.
 |work=NPO Energomash
 |date=2016-06-01
 }}</ref>

On 10 August 2016, the company successfully tested first-stage engine named PDU-99 "ПДУ-99" for [[RS-28 Sarmat]].<ref>
 {{cite news
 |url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/522950
 |title=Испытания тяжелой стратегической ракеты "Сармат" начнутся в ближайшее время.
 |work=[[Interfax]]
 |date=2016-08-10
 }}</ref>

== List of orbital launchers ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! width=160|[[spacecraft|Vehicle]]
! Origin 
! width=60 | Engine

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 1.
|[[Angara (rocket family)]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-191]]

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 2.
|[[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-170]]

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 3.
|[[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-107]]

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 4.
|[[Vostok (rocket family)]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-107]]

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 5.
|[[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-107| RD-107ММ]]

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 6.
|[[Polyot (rocket)|Polyot]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-107]]

|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
| 7.
|[[Kosmos (rocket family)]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-170]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 8.
|[[Soyuz (rocket family)]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[RD-107]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 9.
|[[Zenit (rocket family)]]
|{{RUS}} & {{UKR}}
|[[RD-171]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 10.
|[[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]]
|{{RUS}} & {{UKR}}
|[[RD-263]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 11.
|[[MAKS (spacecraft)]]
|{{RUS}} & {{UKR}}
|[[RD-701]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 12.
|[[Tsyklon]]
|{{UKR}}
|[[RD-252]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 13.
|[[Antares (rocket)]]
|{{USA}}
|[[RD-181]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 14.
|[[Atlas III]]
|{{USA}}
|[[RD-180]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 15.
|[[Atlas V]]
|{{USA}}
|[[RD-180]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"

| 16.
|[[Naro-1]]
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|[[RD-151]]
|- style="background:white;font-style:italic"
|}

==See also==
*[[United Rocket and Space Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng NPO Energomash website]

{{Roscosmos}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Npo Energomash}}
[[Category:NPO Energomash| ]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Companies based in Moscow Oblast]]
[[Category:Soviet and Russian space institutions]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of Russia]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Roscosmos divisions and subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Khimki]]
[[Category:Design bureaus]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of the Soviet Union]]