View source for NGC 4945

{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Centaurus}}
{{Infobox galaxy
 | name             = NGC 4945
 | image            = Spiral Galaxy NGC 4945.jpg
 | image_scale      = 1.5
 | caption          = NGC 4945 image take by the [[MPG/ESO telescope|MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope]] at [[La Silla Observatory]]
 | alt              = <!-- alternative description when image is not visible -->
 | epoch            = [[J2000]]
 | pronounce        = 
 | constellation name = [[Centaurus]]
 | ra               = {{RA|13|05|27.279}}<ref name=Skrutskie_et_al_2006/>
 | dec              = {{DEC|-49|28|04.44}}<ref name=Skrutskie_et_al_2006/>
 | z                = 0.001868{{±|0.00002}}<ref name=de_Vaucouleurs_et_al_2016/>
 | h_radial_v       = {{val|563|3|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name="ned" />
 | gal_v            = <!--Galactocentric velocity (in km/s) -->
 | dist_pc          = {{cvt|000|±|00|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}{{hub|0.73}} <!-- comoving distance -->
 | dist_ly          = {{cvt|3.36|±|0.17|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name=Crowther_2013/>
 | group_cluster    = [[Centaurus A/M83 Group]]<ref name="karachentsevetal2002"/>
 | type             = SB(s)cd?edge<ref name=Crowther_2013/>
 | mass             = {{Val|1.4e11|1.4|0.7}}<ref name=Graham2008/>
 | mass_light_ratio = <!-- In solar units  -->
 | stars            = <!-- Estimate of the number of stars, usually in terms of the combined stellar mass: {{Val|#.#|e=#|ul=Solar mass}} -->
|size = 165,185 [[Light-Year|ly]] (50.67 [[kiloparsec|kpc]]) (estimated)<ref name = ned/>
 | appmag_v         = 9.3<ref name="ned" />
 | appmag_b         = <!-- Apparent magnitude in B band -->
 | absmag_v         = <!-- Absolute magnitude in V Band -->
 | mag_j            = <!-- IR magnitude in J Band -->
 | mag_h            = <!-- IR magnitude in H Band -->
 | mag_k            = <!-- IR magnitude in K Band -->
 | sbrightness      = <!-- Surface brightness per angular area, usually in mag/arcsec^2 -->
 | size_v           = {{Val|20.0|×|3.8|u=arcminute}}<ref name="ned" />
 | half_light_radius_pc        = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | half_light_radius_arcminsec = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | h1_scale_length_pc          = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | h1_scale_length_arcminsec   = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | xray_radius_pc              = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | xray_radius_arcminsec       = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | notes            = [[Seyfert 2 galaxy]]<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2002/>
 | names            = {{odlist | NGC=4945 | LEDA=45279 | Arp= | PGC=45279 | UGC= | C=83 }}<ref name="ned" /><ref name=SIMBAD/><ref name=Crowther_2013/>
 | references       = <!-- Use inline references where available -->
}}

'''NGC 4945''' is a widely-studied<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2002/> [[barred spiral galaxy]] in the [[constellation]] [[Centaurus]], visible near the [[optical double]] star [[Xi Centauri]].<ref name="docdb"/> It is also known as '''Caldwell 83'''. The galaxy was discovered by Scottish astronomer [[James Dunlop]] in 1826.<ref name=NASA/> It is located at a distance of approximately {{convert|3.36|Mpc|e6ly|order=flip|lk=on|abbr=out}} from the [[Milky Way]].<ref name=Crowther_2013/> NGC 4945 hosts one of the closest [[active galactic nuclei]] to Earth and is classified as a [[Seyfert 2 galaxy]].<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2002/>

NGC 4945 is one of the brightest galaxies of the [[Centaurus A/M83 Group]], a large, nearby [[group of galaxies]]. The galaxy is the second brightest galaxy in the subgroup centered on [[Centaurus A]].<ref name="karachentsevetal2002"/>
<ref name="karachentsev2005"/>

==Observations==
The [[Galaxy morphological classification|morphological classification]] of NGC 4945 is SB(s)cd?edge,<ref name=Crowther_2013/> indicating this is a barred spiral galaxy (SB) with no inner ring structure (s) and possibly loosely-wound spiral arms (cd?). It is inclined at an angle of 90° to the [[plane of the sky]], which means the [[galactic plane]] is being viewed edge-on.<ref name=Crowther_2013/> NGC 4945 is thought to be similar to the [[Milky Way Galaxy]], although the maximum rotation rate of {{val|180|u=km/s|p=~&nbsp;}} is lower.<ref name=Beltrand_et_al_2024/> It has a combined estimated mass of {{Val|1.4e11|1.4|0.7|ul=solar mass}}.<ref name=Graham2008/> The stellar mass of the galaxy is {{val|3.8|e=10|u=Solar mass}}, or 38 billion times the mass of the Sun.<ref name=Beltrand_et_al_2024/>

In 1964, this galaxy was classified as a radio source at the [[Parkes Observatory]].<ref name=Bolton_et_al_1964/> The nucleus was obscured in the optical band but was found to be a quite prominent source of infrared emission.<ref name=Shobbrook_Shaver_1967/> It is the third brightest galaxy in the [[IRAS]] point source catalogue, with most of the emission coming from the core.<ref name=Done_et_al_1996/> Most of the Galaxy shows a linear [[Galaxy rotation curve|rotation curve]], although the southwest region showed an infall suggestive of a bar.<ref name=Peterson_1980/>

[[File:Supermassive black hole caught playing with its food (potw2513a).jpg|thumb|left|Detailed study of the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, created with the help of the [[Very Large Telescope]]]]In 1979, strong H<sub>2</sub>O maser emission was detected from the central region.<ref name=Moorwood_Glass_1984/> The properties of the nuclear region are suggestive of both a [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert type galaxy]] and an intense [[starburst region]] with a complex structure.<ref name=Whiteoak_1986/> The active nucleus is heavily obscured by dust. These dust lanes approach the nucleus, forming a tightly-wound structure in the inner {{cvt|200|pc|ly|order=flip}}.<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2002/> [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]] emission from the nuclear region indicates a Type 2 Seyfert galaxy. It is a strong emitter of hard X-rays, second only to [[NGC 4151]],<ref name=Done_et_al_1996/> and likely harbors a [[supermassive black hole]].<ref name="sciday"/>

The starburst region is thought to be at least {{val|5|e=6}} years old and contributes at least half of the luminosity coming from the core.<ref name=Spoon_et_al_2000/> It is concentrated in the central {{cvt|100|pc|ly|order=flip}} and includes a conical cavity likely produced by supernovae-driven winds.<ref name=Wang_et_al_2004/> This is taking place in a region of dense [[molecular cloud]]s,<ref name=Cunningham_Whiteoak_2005/> forming a disk of dust and gas, along with many rich star clusters.<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2022/><ref name=Emig_et_al_2020/> A hot wind of gas from the nuclear region is carrying away {{val|1.6|u=solar mass}} per year.<ref name=Porraz_Barrera_et_al_2024/>

NGC 4945 was the first galaxy outside the [[Local Group]] to have stars resolved within its galactic halo. The halo mass is relatively large at {{val|3.5|e=9|u=solar mass|p=~&nbsp;}} and it is metal-rich, both of which are typical for a Milky Way-like galaxy. It appears to be counter-rotating compared to the main disk, suggesting the halo has been accreted. The mass of the dominant satellite accreted into the halo is {{val|1.5|e=9|u=solar mass|p=~&nbsp;}}, which is roughly the same as the [[Large Magellanic Cloud]].<ref name=Beltrand_et_al_2024/>

Two [[supernova]]e have been observed in NGC 4945. [[Type II-P supernova]] '''SN 2005af''' was discovered by CEAMIG/REA Supernovae Search on 8 February 2005, reaching a peak magnitude of 12.8.<ref name=Jacques_Pimentel_2005/><ref name=TNS_2005/><ref name=Pereyra_et_al_2006/> Type II-P supernova '''SN 2011ja''' was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 18 December 2011, and achieved a maximum magnitude of 14.<ref name=Monard_et_al_2011/><ref name=TNS_2011/> The progenitor star for 2011ja may have been massive at {{val|25|u=solar mass}} and located within a massive [[stellar cluster]].<ref name=Andrews_et_al_2016/>

==In popular culture==
"NGC 4945" is the title of a song by [[Brett Domino]] on the album ''Funk''.

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:NGC4945Location.png|The location of NGC 4945 (labelled in red)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|refs =

<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad
 | title=NGC 4945
 | access-date=2025-03-08
 | postscript=. | mode = cs2 }}</ref>

<ref name="ned">{{cite web
 | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
 | work=Results for NGC 4945
 | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
 | access-date=2006-11-25 }}</ref>

<ref name="docdb">{{cite web
 | title=NGC 4945
 | work=DOCdb :Deep Sky Observer's Companion – the online database
 | url=http://www.docdb.net/show_object.php?id=ngc_4945
 | access-date=2025-03-08 }}</ref>

<ref name="sciday">{{cite web
 | title=Milky Way's Not-So-Distant Cousin Likely Harbors Supermassive Black Hole
 | publisher=[[Science Daily]]
 | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090902112111.htm
 | access-date=2025-03-08 }}</ref>

<ref name=Graham2008>{{cite journal
 | title=Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values
 | last=Graham | first=Alister W.
 | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
 | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=167–175 | date=November 2008
 | doi=10.1071/AS08013 | arxiv=0807.2549
 | bibcode=2008PASA...25..167G | s2cid=89905 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2022>{{cite journal
 | title=An Infrared View of the Obscured AGN Environment in NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Gaspar | first1=G.
 | last2=Díaz | first2=R. J. | last3=Mast | first3=D.
 | last4=Agüero | first4=M. P. | last5=Schirmer | first5=M.
 | last6=Günthardt | first6=G. | last7=Schmidt | first7=E. O.
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | volume=163 | issue=5 | page=230 | year=2022
 | arxiv=2203.03678 | bibcode=2022AJ....163..230G | s2cid=247315251
 | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac5ea4 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="karachentsevetal2002">{{cite journal
 | title=New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group
 | first1=I. D. | last1=Karachentsev | first2=M. E. | last2=Sharina
 | first3=A. E. | last3=Dolphin | first4=E. K. | last4=Grebel
 | first5=D. | last5=Geisler | first6=P. | last6=Guhathakurta
 | first7=P. W. | last7=Hodge | first8=V. E. | last8=Karachentseva
 | first9=A. | last9=Sarajedini | first10=P. | last10=Seitzer
 | display-authors=4 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | date=2002 | volume=385 | issue=1 | pages=21–31
 | bibcode=2002A&A...385...21K
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020042| doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="karachentsev2005">{{cite journal
 | title=The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups
 | first=I. D. | last=Karachentsev
 | journal=Astronomical Journal
 | date=2005 | volume=129 | issue=1 | pages=178–188
 | bibcode=2005AJ....129..178K | s2cid=119385141
 | doi=10.1086/426368 | arxiv=astro-ph/0410065 }}</ref>

<ref name=Jacques_Pimentel_2005>{{cite journal
 | title=Possible Supernova in NGC 4945
 | last1=Jacques | first1=C. | last2=Pimentel | first2=E.
 | journal=International Astronomical Union Circular
 | date=2005 | issue=8482 | page=1
 | bibcode=2005IAUC.8482....1J }}</ref>

<ref name=TNS_2005>{{cite web
 | title=SN 2005af
 | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]]
 | website=Transient Name Server
 | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2005af
 | access-date=8 December 2024 }}</ref>

<ref name=Monard_et_al_2011>{{cite journal
 | title=Supernova 2011ja in NGC 4945 = PSN J13051112-4931270
 | last1=Monard | first1=L. A. G. | last2=Milisavljevic | first2=D.
 | last3=Fesen | first3=R. | last4=Pickering | first4=T.
 | last5=Romero-Colmenero | first5=E. | last6=Turatto | first6=M.
 | last7=Benetti | first7=S. | last8=Pastorello | first8=A.
 | last9=Valenti | first9=S. | last10=Bufano | first10=F.
 | last11=Tomasella | first11=L. | last12=Ryder | first12=S.
 | last13=Soderberg | first13=A. | last14=Stockdale | first14=C.
 | last15=Van Dyk | first15=S. | last16=Immler | first16=S.
 | last17=Weiler | first17=K. | last18=Panagia | first18=N.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams
 | date=2011| issue=2946| page=1
 | bibcode=2011CBET.2946....1M }}</ref>

<ref name=TNS_2011>{{cite web
 | website=Transient Name Server
 | title=SN{{nbsp}}2011ja
 | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]]
 | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2011ja
 | access-date=8 December 2024 }}</ref>

<ref name=Skrutskie_et_al_2006>{{cite journal
 | title=The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
 | last1=Skrutskie | first1=Michael F. | last2=Cutri | first2=Roc M.
 | last3=Stiening | first3=Rae | last4=Weinberg | first4=Martin D.
 | last5=Schneider | first5=Stephen E. | last6=Carpenter | first6=John M.
 | last7=Beichman | first7=Charles A. | last8=Capps | first8=Richard W.
 | last9=Chester | first9=Thomas | last10=Elias | first10=Jonathan H.
 | last11=Huchra | first11=John P. | last12=Liebert | first12=James W.
 | last13=Lonsdale | first13=Carol J. | last14=Monet | first14=David G.
 | last15=Price | first15=Stephan | last16=Seitzer | first16=Patrick
 | last17=Jarrett | first17=Thomas H. | last18=Kirkpatrick | first18=J. Davy
 | last19=Gizis | first19=John E. | last20=Howard | first20=Elizabeth V.
 | last21=Evans | first21=Tracey E. | last22=Fowler | first22=John W.
 | last23=Fullmer | first23=Linda | last24=Hurt | first24=Robert L.
 | last25=Light | first25=Robert M. | last26=Kopan | first26=Eugene L.
 | last27=Marsh | first27=Kenneth A. | last28=McCallon | first28=Howard L.
 | last29=Tam | first29=Robert | last30=Van Dyk | first30=Schuyler D.
 | last31=Wheelock | first31=Sherry L. | display-authors=1
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | date=February 1, 2006 | volume=131 | issue=2 | pages=1163–1183
 | bibcode=2006AJ....131.1163S | s2cid=18913331
 | doi=10.1086/498708 | doi-access=free | issn=0004-6256 }}</ref>

<ref name=Crowther_2013>{{cite journal
 | title=On the association between core-collapse supernovae and H II regions
 | last=Crowther | first=Paul A. 
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=428 | issue=3 | pages=1927–1943 | date=January 2013
 | doi=10.1093/mnras/sts145 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1210.1126
 | bibcode=2013MNRAS.428.1927C }}</ref>

<ref name=de_Vaucouleurs_et_al_2016>{{cite book
 | title=Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies
 | last1=de Vaucouleurs | first1=G. | last2=de Vaucouleurs | first2=A.
 | last3=Corwin | first3=H. G. Jr. | last4=Buta | first4=R. J.
 | last5=Paturel | first5=G. | last6=Fouqué | first6=P.
 | display-authors=1 | year=2016 | version=9
 | location=New York | publisher=Springer-Verlag
 | url=https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/all/rc3.html
 | access-date=2025-03-08 }}</ref>

<ref name=NASA>{{cite web
 | title=Caldwell 83
 | website=science.nasa.gov | date=10 September 2020 | publisher=NASA
 | url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/explore-the-night-sky/hubble-caldwell-catalog/caldwell-83/
 | access-date=2025-03-12 }}</ref>

<ref name=Beltrand_et_al_2024>{{cite journal
 | title=First resolved stellar halo kinematics of a Milky Way-mass galaxy outside the Local Group: The flat counter-rotating halo in NGC 4945
 | last1=Beltrand | first1=Camila | last2=Monachesi | first2=Antonela
 | last3=D'Souza | first3=Richard | last4=Bell | first4=Eric F.
 | last5=de Jong | first5=Roelof S. | last6=Gomez | first6=Facundo A.
 | last7=Bailin | first7=Jeremy | last8=Jang | first8=In Sung
 | last9=Smercina | first9=Adam | display-authors=1
 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
 | volume=690 | at=id. A115 | date=October 2024
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202450626 
 | arxiv=2406.17533 | bibcode=2024A&A...690A.115B }}</ref>

<ref name=Pereyra_et_al_2006>{{cite journal
 | title=Optical polarimetric monitoring of the type II-plateau SN 2005af
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Pereyra | first1=A.
 | last2=Magalhães | first2=A. M. | last3=Rodrigues | first3=C. V.
 | last4=Silva | first4=C. R. | last5=Campos | first5=R.
 | last6=Hickel | first6=G. | last7=Cieslinski | first7=D.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=454 | issue=3 | date=August 2006 | pages=827–831
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065207 
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0604511 | bibcode=2006A&A...454..827P }}</ref>

<ref name=Andrews_et_al_2016>{{cite journal
 | title=Early dust formation and a massive progenitor for SN 2011ja?
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Andrews | first1=J. E.
 | last2=Krafton | first2=Kelsie M. | last3=Clayton | first3=Geoffrey C.
 | last4=Montiel | first4=E. | last5=Wesson | first5=R.
 | last6=Sugerman | first6=Ben E. K. | last7=Barlow | first7=M. J.
 | last8=Matsuura | first8=M. | last9=Drass | first9=H.
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=457 | issue=3 | pages=3241–3253 | date=April 2016
 | doi=10.1093/mnras/stw164 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1509.06379
 | bibcode=2016MNRAS.457.3241A }}</ref>

<ref name=Gaspar_et_al_2002>{{cite journal
 | title=An Infrared View of the Obscured AGN Environment in NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Gaspar | first1=G.
 | last2=Díaz | first2=R. J. | last3=Mast | first3=D.
 | last4=Agüero | first4=M. P. | last5=Schirmer | first5=M.
 | last6=Günthardt | first6=G. | last7=Schmidt | first7=E. O.
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | volume=163 | issue=5 | at=id. 230 | date=May 2022
 | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac5ea4
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2203.03678 | bibcode=2022AJ....163..230G }}</ref>

<ref name=Shobbrook_Shaver_1967>{{cite journal
 | title=The nucleus of the southern spiral NGC 4945
 | last1=Shobbrook | first1=R. R. | last2=Shaver | first2=P. A.
 | journal=The Observatory
 | volume=87 | pages=169–170 | date=August 1967
 | bibcode=1967Obs....87..169S }}</ref>

<ref name=Bolton_et_al_1964>{{cite journal
 | title=The Parkes catalogue of radio sources, declination zone -20° to -60°
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Bolton | first1=J. G.
 | last2=Gardner | first2=F. F. | last3=Mackey | first3=M. B.
 | journal=Australian Journal of Physics
 | volume=17 | page=340 | date=September 1964
 | issue=3 | doi=10.1071/PH640340 | bibcode=1964AuJPh..17..340B }}</ref>

<ref name=Peterson_1980>{{cite journal
 | title=Observations of the kinematics of the excited gas in the late-type spiral galaxy NGC 4945
 | last=Peterson | first=C. J.
 | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
 | volume=92 | pages=397–408 | date=August 1980
 | doi=10.1086/130685 | bibcode=1980PASP...92..397P }}</ref>

<ref name=Moorwood_Glass_1984>{{cite journal
 | title=Infrared activity in Circinus and NGC 4945 : two galaxies containing luminous H2 O masers.
 | last1=Moorwood | first1=A. F. M. | last2=Glass | first2=I. S.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=135 | pages=281–288 | date=June 1984
 | bibcode=1984A&A...135..281M }}</ref>

<ref name=Whiteoak_1986>{{cite journal
 | title=NGC 4945 – a galaxy with a nucleus full of surprises
 | last=Whiteoak | first=J. B.
 | journal=Astronomical Society of Australia, Proceedings
 | volume=6 | issue=4 | year=1986 | pages=467–471
 | doi=10.1017/S1323358000018403 | bibcode=1986PASA....6..467W }}</ref>

<ref name=Done_et_al_1996>{{cite journal
 | title=NGC 4945: The brightest Seyfert 2 galaxy at 100 keV
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Done | first1=C.
 | last2=Madejski | first2=G. M. | last3=Smith | first3=D. A.
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters
 | volume=463 | page=L63 | date=June 1996
 | issue=2 | doi=10.1086/310056 | bibcode=1996ApJ...463L..63D }}</ref>

<ref name=Spoon_et_al_2000>{{cite journal
 | title=Mid-infrared ISO spectroscopy of NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Spoon | first1=H. W. W.
 | last2=Koornneef | first2=J. | last3=Moorwood | first3=A. F. M.
 | last4=Lutz | first4=D. | last5=Tielens | first5=A. G. G. M.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=357 | pages=898–908 | date=May 2000
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0003457 | bibcode=2000A&A...357..898S }}</ref>

<ref name=Wang_et_al_2004>{{cite journal
 | title=Dense gas in nearby galaxies. XVI. The nuclear starburst environment in NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Wang | first1=M.
 | last2=Henkel | first2=C. | last3=Chin | first3=Y. -N.
 | last4=Whiteoak | first4=J. B. | last5=Hunt Cunningham | first5=M.
 | last6=Mauersberger | first6=R. | last7=Muders | first7=D.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=422 | pages=883–905 | date=August 2004
 | issue=3 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20035722 
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0405346 | bibcode=2004A&A...422..883W }}</ref>

<ref name=Cunningham_Whiteoak_2005>{{cite journal
 | title=The nuclear molecular clouds of NGC4945
 | last1=Cunningham | first1=M. R. | last2=Whiteoak | first2=J. B.
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=364 | issue=1 | pages=37–46 | date=November 2005
 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09502.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2005MNRAS.364...37C }}</ref>

<ref name=Emig_et_al_2020>{{cite journal
 | title=Super star clusters in the central starburst of NGC 4945
 | last1=Emig | first1=Kimberly L. | last2=Bolatto | first2=Alberto D.
 | last3=Leroy | first3=Adam K. | last4=Mills | first4=Elisabeth A. C.
 | last5=Jiménez Donaire | first5=María J. | last6=Tielens | first6=Alexander G. G. M.
 | last7=Ginsburg | first7=Adam | last8=Gorski | first8=Mark
 | last9=Krieger | first9=Nico | last10=Levy | first10=Rebecca C.
 | last11=Meier | first11=David S. | last12=Ott | first12=Jürgen
 | last13=Rosolowsky | first13=Erik | last14=Thompson | first14=Todd A.
 | last15=Veilleux | first15=Sylvain | display-authors=1
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=903 | issue=1 | at=id. 50 | date=November 2020
 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abb67d
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2009.05154 | bibcode=2020ApJ...903...50E }}</ref>

<ref name=Porraz_Barrera_et_al_2024>{{cite journal
 | title=Hot Gas Outflow Properties of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 4945
 | last1=Porraz Barrera | first1=Natalia | last2=Lopez | first2=Sebastian
 | last3=Lopez | first3=Laura A. | last4=Foord | first4=Adi
 | last5=Nguyen | first5=Dustin D. | last6=Thompson | first6=Todd A.
 | last7=Mathur | first7=Smita | last8=Bolatto | first8=Alberto D.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=968 | issue=2 | at=id. 54 | date=June 2024
 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad4606 
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2312.08444 | bibcode=2024ApJ...968...54P }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Positive feedback, quenching, and sequential super star cluster (SSC) formation in NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Bellocchi | first1=E.
 | last2=Martín-Pintado | first2=J. | last3=Rico-Villas | first3=F.
 | last4=Martín | first4=S. | last5=Jiménez-Sierra | first5=I.
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
 | volume=519 | issue=1 | pages=L68–L73 | date=February 2023
 | doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac154 
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2211.17268 | bibcode=2023MNRAS.519L..68B }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=The extended H I halo of NGC 4945 as seen by MeerKAT
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Ianjamasimanana | first1=Roger
 | last2=Koribalski | first2=B. S. | last3=Józsa | first3=Gyula I. G.
 | last4=Kamphuis | first4=Peter | last5=de Blok | first5=W. J. G.
 | last6=Kleiner | first6=Dane | last7=Namumba | first7=Brenda
 | last8=Carignan | first8=Claude | last9=Dettmar | first9=Ralf-Jürgen
 | last10=Serra | first10=Paolo | last11=Smirnov | first11=Oleg M.
 | last12=Thorat | first12=Kshitij | last13=Hugo | first13=Benjamin V.
 | last14=Ramaila | first14=Athanaseus J. T. | last15=Maina | first15=Eric
 | last16=Maccagni | first16=Filippo M. | last17=Makhathini | first17=Sphesihle
 | last18=Andati | first18=Lexy A. L. | last19=Molnár | first19=Dániel Cs
 | last20=Perkins | first20=Simon | last21=Loi | first21=Francesca
 | last22=Ramatsoku | first22=Mpati | last23=Atemkeng | first23=Marcellin
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=513 | issue=2 | pages=2019–2038 | date=June 2022
 | doi=10.1093/mnras/stac936 
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2204.00637 | bibcode=2022MNRAS.513.2019I }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=ALMA imaging of a galactic molecular outflow in NGC 4945
 | last1=Bolatto | first1=Alberto D. | last2=Leroy | first2=Adam K.
 | last3=Levy | first3=Rebecca C. | last4=Meier | first4=David S.
 | last5=Mills | first5=Elisabeth A. C. | last6=Thompson | first6=Todd A.
 | last7=Emig | first7=Kimberly L. | last8=Veilleux | first8=Sylvain
 | last9=Ott | first9=Jürgen | last10=Gorski | first10=Mark
 | last11=Walter | first11=Fabian | last12=Lopez | first12=Laura A.
 | last13=Lenkić | first13=Laura | display-authors=1
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=923 | issue=1 | at=id.83 | date=December 2021
 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac2c08
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2109.10437 | bibcode=2021ApJ...923...83B }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Molecular line emission in NGC 4945, imaged with ALMA
 | last1=Henkel | first1=C. | last2=Mühle | first2=S.
 | last3=Bendo | first3=G. | last4=Józsa | first4=G. I. G.
 | last5=Gong | first5=Y. | last6=Viti | first6=S.
 | last7=Aalto | first7=S. | last8=Combes | first8=F.
 | last9=García-Burillo | first9=S. | last10=Hunt | first10=L. K.
 | last11=Mangum | first11=J. | last12=Martín | first12=S.
 | last13=Muller | first13=S. | last14=Ott | first14=J.
 | last15=van der Werf | first15=P. | last16=Malawi | first16=A. A.
 | last17=Ismail | first17=H. | last18=Alkhuja | first18=E.
 | last19=Asiri | first19=H. M. | last20=Aladro | first20=R.
 | last21=Alves | first21=F. | last22=Ao | first22=Y.
 | last23=Baan | first23=W. A. | last24=Costagliola | first24=F.
 | last25=Fuller | first25=G. | last26=Greene | first26=J.
 | last27=Impellizzeri | first27=C. M. V. | last28=Kamali | first28=F.
 | last29=Klessen | first29=R. S. | last30=Mauersberger | first30=R.
 | last31=Tang | first31=X. D. | last32=Tristram | first32=K.
 | last33=Wang | first33=M. | last34=Zhang | first34=J. S.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
 | volume=615 | at=id. A155 | date=July 2018
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732174 
 | arxiv=1802.09852 | bibcode=2018A&A...615A.155H }}</ref>
*{{cite journal | display-authors=1
 | title=Free-free and H42α emission from the dusty starburst within NGC 4945 as observed by ALMA
 | last1=Bendo | first1=G. J. | last2=Henkel | first2=C.
 | last3=D'Cruze | first3=M. J. | last4=Dickinson | first4=C.
 | last5=Fuller | first5=G. A. | last6=Karim | first6=A.
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=463 | issue=1 | pages=252–269 | date=November 2016
 | doi=10.1093/mnras/stw1659 
 | doi-access=free
 | arxiv=1607.02304 | bibcode=2016MNRAS.463..252B }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Submillimeter H2O Megamasers in NGC 4945 and the Circinus Galaxy
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Pesce | first1=D. W.
 | last2=Braatz | first2=J. A. | last3=Impellizzeri | first3=C. M. V.
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=827 | issue=1 | at=id. 68 | date=August 2016
 | doi=10.3847/0004-637X/827/1/68 
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1604.03789 | bibcode=2016ApJ...827...68P }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=The variable hard X-Ray emission of NGC 4945 as observed by NuSTAR
 | last1=Puccetti | first1=Simonetta | last2=Comastri | first2=Andrea
 | last3=Fiore | first3=Fabrizio | last4=Arévalo | first4=Patricia
 | last5=Risaliti | first5=Guido | last6=Bauer | first6=Franz E.
 | last7=Brandt | first7=William N. | last8=Stern | first8=Daniel
 | last9=Harrison | first9=Fiona A. | last10=Alexander | first10=David M.
 | last11=Boggs | first11=Steve E. | last12=Christensen | first12=Finn E.
 | last13=Craig | first13=William W. | last14=Gandhi | first14=Poshak
 | last15=Hailey | first15=Charles J. | last16=Koss | first16=Michael J.
 | last17=Lansbury | first17=George B. | last18=Luo | first18=Bin
 | last19=Madejski | first19=Greg M. | last20=Matt | first20=Giorgio
 | last21=Walton | first21=Dominic J. | last22=Zhang | first22=Will
 | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=793 | issue=1 | at=id. 26 | date=September 2014
 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/26 
 | arxiv=1407.3974 | bibcode=2014ApJ...793...26P }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=The nature of the Compton-thick X-ray reprocessor in NGC 4945
 | last=Yaqoob | first=Tahir
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=423 | issue=4 | pages=3360–3396 | date=July 2012
 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21129.x 
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1204.4196 | bibcode=2012MNRAS.423.3360Y }}
*{{cite journal | display-authors=1
 | title=The X-ray reflector in NGC 4945: a time- and space-resolved portrait
 | last1=Marinucci | first1=A. | last2=Risaliti | first2=G.
 | last3=Wang | first3=Junfeng | last4=Nardini | first4=E.
 | last5=Elvis | first5=M. | last6=Fabbiano | first6=G.
 | last7=Bianchi | first7=S. | last8=Matt | first8=G.
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
 | volume=423 | issue=1 | pages=L6–L10 | date=June 2012
 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01232.x 
 | doi-access=free
 | arxiv=1202.1279 | bibcode=2012MNRAS.423L...6M }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Detection of strongly processed ice in the central starburst of NGC 4945
 | last1=Spoon | first1=H. W. W. | last2=Moorwood | first2=A. F. M.
 | last3=Pontoppidan | first3=K. M. | last4=Cami | first4=J.
 | last5=Kregel | first5=M. | last6=Lutz | first6=D.
 | last7=Tielens | first7=A. G. G. M. | display-authors=1
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=402 | pages=499–507 | date=May 2003
 | issue=2 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030290 
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0302568 | bibcode=2003A&A...402..499S }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Atomic and molecular gas in the starburst galaxy NGC 4945
 | last1=Ott | first1=M. | last2=Whiteoak | first2=J. B.
 | last3=Henkel | first3=C. | last4=Wielebinski | first4=R.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=372 | pages=463–476 | date=June 2001
 | issue=2 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010505 
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0109190 | bibcode=2001A&A...372..463O }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Molecular gas conditions in NGC 4945 and the Circinus galaxy
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Curran | first1=S. J.
 | last2=Johansson | first2=L. E. B. | last3=Bergman | first3=P.
 | last4=Heikkilä | first4=A. | last5=Aalto | first5=S.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=367 | pages=457–469 | date=February 2001
 | issue=2 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20000462 | bibcode=2001A&A...367..457C }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=The elusive active nucleus of NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Marconi | first1=A.
 | last2=Oliva | first2=E. | last3=van der Werf | first3=P. P.
 | last4=Maiolino | first4=R. | last5=Schreier | first5=E. J.
 | last6=Macchetto | first6=F. | last7=Moorwood | first7=A. F. M.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=357 | pages=24–36 | date=May 2000
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0002244 | bibcode=2000A&A...357...24M }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=The distribution of H2O maser emission in the nucleus of NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Greenhill | first1=L. J.
 | last2=Moran | first2=J. M. | last3=Herrnstein | first3=J. R.
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=481 | issue=1 | pages=L23–L26 | date=May 1997
 | doi=10.1086/310643 
 | arxiv=astro-ph/9702220 | bibcode=1997ApJ...481L..23G }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Dense gas in nearby galaxies. VII. The active nucleus of NGC 4945
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Henkel | first1=C.
 | last2=Whiteoak | first2=J. B. | last3=Mauersberger | first3=R. 
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=284 | pages=17–27 | date=April 1994
 | bibcode=1994A&A...284...17H }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=The distribution of CO in NGC 4945
 | last1=Dahlem | first1=M. | last2=Golla | first2=G.
 | last3=Whiteoak | first3=J. B. | last4=Wielebinski | first4=R.
 | last5=Huettemeister | first5=S. | last6=Henkel | first6=C.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=270 | pages=29–42 | date=March 1993
 | bibcode=1993A&A...270...29D }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=NGC 4945: a postburst infrared galaxy
 | last=Koornneef | first=Jan
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=403 | page=581 | date=February 1993
 | doi=10.1086/172229 | bibcode=1993ApJ...403..581K }}
*{{cite journal
 | title=Large optical filaments of the galaxy NGC 4945
 | last=Nakai | first=Naomasa
 | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
 | volume=41 | pages=1107–1115 | year=1989
 | bibcode=1989PASJ...41.1107N }}
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{wikiSky}}
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020721.html APOD]: Nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 4945 (7/21/02)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090905065640/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2009/pr-31-09.html ESO]: The milkyway's nearby cousin (2/10/09)

{{Caldwell catalogue}}
{{Ngc50}}
{{Centaurus}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Sky|13|05|27.5|-|49|28|06|100000000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NGC 4945}}
[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Centaurus A/M83 Group]]
[[Category:Centaurus]]
[[Category:NGC objects|4945]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|45279]]
[[Category:Caldwell objects|083b]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1826]]
[[Category:Seyfert galaxies]]