View source for NGC 1365

{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Fornax}}
{{Infobox galaxy
 | name             = NGC 1365
 | image            = File:Portrait_of_the_Great_Barred_Spiral.jpg
 | caption          = NGC 1365 imaged by the [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory]]
 | alt              = <!-- alternative description when image is not visible -->
 | epoch            = [[J2000]]
 | constellation name = [[Fornax]]
 | ra               = {{RA|03|33|36.4}}<ref name="ned" />
 | dec              = {{DEC|-36|08|25}}<ref name="ned" />
 | z                = {{val|0.005457|0.000003}}<ref name="ned" />
 | h_radial_v       = {{val|1636|1|fmt=commas|ul=km/s}}<ref name="ned" />
 | gal_v            = <!--Galactocentric velocity (in km/s) -->
 | dist_pc          = {{cvt|23.1|+/-|1.6|Mpc|Mly|sigfig=4|abbr=on|lk=on|order=flip}}{{hub|0.6774}} <!-- comoving distance -->
 | dist_ly          = {{cvt|74|Mly|Mpc|sigfig=4|abbr=on|lk=on}}{{hub|0.6774}}<br/>(''[[Light-travel distance|Light-travel]]'')
 | group_cluster    = [[Fornax Cluster]]
 | type             = (R')SBb(s)b<ref name="ned">{{cite web
  | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  | work=Results for NGC 1365
  | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/
  | access-date=2006-11-21}}</ref>
 | mass             = <!-- In solar masses {{Val|0|e=0}} -->
 | mass_light_ratio = <!-- In solar units  -->
 | size             = {{cvt|61.85|to|94.08|kpc|ly|sigfig=4|abbr=on|lk=on|disp=x|<br /><small>(|)</small>|order=flip}}<br />(''[[Galaxy#Isophotal diameter|diameter]]; [[2MASS]] K-band total and ''D''<sub>25.5</sub> B-band isophotes'')<ref name=ned/>
 | stars            = <!-- Estimate of the number of stars -->
 | appmag_v         = 10.3<ref name="ned" />
 | appmag_b         = <!-- Apparent magnitude in B band -->
 | absmag_v         = <!-- Absolute magnitude in V Band -->
 | size_v           = {{val|11.2|x|6.2|ul=arcminute}}<ref name="ned" />
 | half_light_radius_pc        = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | half_light_radius_arcminsec = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | h1_scale_length_pc          = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | h1_scale_length_arcminsec   = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | xray_radius_pc              = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | xray_radius_arcminsec       = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | notes            = 
 | names            = {{odlist | NGC=1365 | name=Great Barred Spiral Galaxy| name2=ESO 358-G 017 | LEDA=13179  | PGC=13179<ref name="ned" /> | VV=825 | MCG=-06-08-026 | UGC=5887 }}
 | references       = <!-- Use inline references where available -->
}}

'''NGC 1365''', also known as the '''Fornax Propeller Galaxy'''<ref name="interstellarum">{{cite book|last1=Stoyan|first1=Ronald|last2=Schurig|first2=Stephan|title=interstellarum Deep Sky Atlas|publisher=Cambridge University Press; Oculum-Verlag GmbH|publication-place=Erlangen|date=2014|isbn=978-1-107-50338-0|oclc=920437579|url=http://www.deep-sky-atlas.com/}}</ref> or the '''Great Barred Spiral Galaxy''',<ref name="AVG">{{cite book 
 |last= Garlick
 |first= Mark A.
 |title= Astronomy: A Visual Guide
 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781552979587
 |url-access= registration
 |publisher= Firefly Books
 |date= 2004
 |isbn= 978-1-55297-958-7
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781552979587/page/293 293]
}}</ref> is a [[barred spiral galaxy| double-barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E22 m| 56 million]] [[light-year]]s away<ref>NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Lee (STScI), T. Williams (Oxford), PHANGS Team https://esawebb.org/images/weic2403f/</ref> in the [[constellation]] [[Fornax]].  It was discovered on 2 September [[1826]] by [[Scotland|Scottish]] astronomer [[James Dunlop]].<ref name="seg">{{cite web | url = https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc13a.htm#1365 | title = NGC 1365 | last = Seligman | first = Courtney | website = Celestial Atlas | access-date = 16 August 2024 }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
NGC 1365 is a large barred spiral galaxy in the [[Fornax cluster]]. Within the larger long bar stretching across the center of the galaxy appears to be a smaller bar that comprises the core, with an apparent size of about 50{{pprime}} × 40{{pprime}}.<ref name="NSOG">{{cite book 
 |last= Kepple
 |first= George Robert
 |author2=Glen W. Sanner
  |title= The Night Sky Observer's Guide
  |volume= 1
 |publisher= Willmann-Bell, Inc.
 |date= 1998
 |isbn= 978-0-943396-58-3
 |page=198
}}</ref> This second bar is more prominent in infrared images of the central region of the galaxy, and likely arises from a combination of dynamical instabilities of stellar orbits in the region, along with gravity, [[Density wave theory|density waves]], and the overall rotation of the disc. The inner bar structure likely rotates as a whole more rapidly than the larger long bar, creating the diagonal shape seen in images. 

The spiral arms extend in a wide curve north and south from the ends of the east–west bar and form an almost [[Ring galaxy|ring like]] Z-shaped halo.<ref name="NSOG" />  Astronomers think NGC 1365's prominent bar plays a crucial role in the galaxy's evolution, drawing gas and dust into a star-forming maelstrom and ultimately feeding material into the central black hole.<ref>{{cite web |title=APOD: 2018 December 28 - NGC 1365: Majestic Island Universe |url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap181228.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 July 2019 |date=28 December 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

NGC 1365, including its two outer spiral arms, spreads over around 300,000 light-years. Different parts of the galaxy take different times to make a full rotation around the core of the galaxy, with the outer parts of the bar completing one circuit in about 350 million years. NGC 1365 and other galaxies of its type have come to more prominence in recent years with new observations indicating that the Milky Way could also be a barred spiral galaxy. Such galaxies are quite common — two thirds of spiral galaxies are barred according to recent estimates, and studying others can help astronomers understand our own galactic home.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Elegant Galaxy in an Unusual Light |url=https://eso.org/public/news/eso1038/ |publisher=European Southern Observatory |access-date=28 July 2019 |language=en |date=22 September 2010}}  [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>

== Supernovae ==
Four [[Supernova|supernovae]] have been observed in NGC 1365:
* SN 1957C (type unknown, mag. 16.5) was discovered by H. S. Gates in October 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=NGC 1365: The Great Barred Spiral Galaxy {{!}} Constellation Guide|url=https://www.constellation-guide.com/ngc-1365-great-barred-spiral-galaxy/|access-date=2020-12-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1957C | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1957C | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
* SN 1983V ([[Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae|type&nbsp;Ic]], mag. 13.5) was discovered by [[Robert_Evans_(astronomer)|Robert Evans]] on November 25 1983,<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode= 1983IAUC.3895....1M| title= Supernova in NGC 1365| last1= Mattei| first1= J.| last2= Cragg| first2= T.| last3= Evans| first3= R.| journal= International Astronomical Union Circular| date= 1983| issue= 3895| page= 1}}</ref> and independently discovered by P. O. Lindblad and P. Grosbol on 27 November 1983.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode= 1983IAUC.3897....1L| title= Supernova in NGC 1365| last1= Lindblad| first1= P. O.| last2= Grosbol| first2= P.| journal= International Astronomical Union Circular| date= 1983| issue= 3897| page= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1983V | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1983V | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
* SN 2001du ([[Type_II_supernova|type II]], mag. 14) was discovered by Robert Evans on August 24 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supernova 2001du in NGC 1365|url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2001/sn2001du.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode= 2001IAUC.7690....1E| title= Supernova 2001du in NGC 1365| last1= Evans| first1= R.| last2= Bock| first2= G.| last3= Marples| first3= P.| last4= Garradd| first4= G. J.| last5= Salvo| first5= M.| last6= Schmidt| first6= B.| last7= Ashley| first7= M.| last8= Phillips| first8= A.| last9= Stubbs| first9= C.| last10= Francis| first10= P.| last11= Hale| first11= A.| journal= International Astronomical Union Circular| date= 2001| issue= 7690| page= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2001du | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2001du | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
* [[SN 2012fr]] ([[type Ia supernova|type&nbsp;Ia]], mag. 14.7) was discovered by [[Alain Klotz]] on October 27 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klotz|first1=A.|last2=Maury|first2=A.|last3=Childress|first3=M.|last4=Zhou|first4=G.|last5=Tucker|first5=B.|last6=Bayliss|first6=D.|last7=Scalzo|first7=R.|last8=Yuan|first8=F.|last9=Schmidt|first9=B.|last10=Buil|first10=C.|date=2012-10-01|title=Supernova 2012fr in NGC 1365 = Psn J03333599-3607377|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CBET.3275....1K|journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams|issue=3275|pages=1|bibcode=2012CBET.3275....1K}}</ref>

== Supermassive black hole ==
The central [[supermassive black hole]] in the [[active galactic nucleus|active nucleus]], which has a mass of about 2 million [[Solar mass|solar masses]] or half the mass of the Milky Way's central black hole [[Sagittarius A*]], rotates at close to the speed of light. These observations, announced in February 2013, were made using the X-ray telescope satellite [[NuSTAR]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Reynolds | first = Christopher | date = 2013 | title = Astrophysics: Black holes in a spin | journal = Nature | volume = 494 | issue = 7438 | pages = 432–433 | doi = 10.1038/494432a |bibcode = 2013Natur.494..432R | pmid=23446411| s2cid = 205076505 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>[https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1302/1302.7002.pdf - Unambiguous Determination of the Spin of the Black Hole in NGC 1365]</ref> 

==See also==
* [[NGC 1300]]
* [[NGC 1097]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<!--
<ref name="jensenetal2003">{{cite journal
  | author=Jensen, Joseph B. |display-authors=4  | author2=Tonry, John L. | author3=Barris, Brian J. | author4=Thompson, Rodger I. | author5=Liu, Michael C. | author6=Rieke, Marcia J. | author7=Ajhar, Edward A. | author8=Blakeslee, John P.
  | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations
  | journal=Astrophysical Journal
  |date=February 2003
  | volume=583
  | issue=2
  | pages=712–726
  | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J
  | doi=10.1086/345430
 |arxiv = astro-ph/0210129 |s2cid=551714 }}</ref>
-->

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|NGC 1365}}
*[http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1038/ An Elegant Galaxy in an Unusual Light] — [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]] press release 22 September 2010
*[http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1037a/ The Great Barred Spiral Galaxy]
*[http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9911/ Fine Details in a Barred Galaxy] — [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]] press release 27 February 1999
*[http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/34/ Starry Bulges Yield Secrets to Galaxy Growth] — [[Hubble Space Telescope]] press release October 6, 1999 01:00 PM (EDT)
*[http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic9902/ Starry bulges yield secrets to galaxy growth] Lars Lindberg Christensen, ESA/Hubble news release 6 October 1999
*[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2013/pr201307.html Supermassive Black Hole Spins Super-Fast] (Release No.: 2013-07 : February 27, 2013)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130306022348/http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/news/104/62/NASA-s-NuSTAR-Helps-Solve-Riddle-of-Black-Hole-Spin/d,news-detail NASA's NuSTAR Helps Solve Riddle of Black Hole Spin] [[NuSTAR]] Feb 27, 2013
*[http://xmm.esac.esa.int/external/xmm_science/x-ray-symposium/169257_gr_var1365.pdf EXTREME X-RAY VARIABILITY AND ABSORPTION IN NGC 1365] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218070053/http://xmm.esac.esa.int/external/xmm_science/x-ray-symposium/169257_gr_var1365.pdf |date=2014-12-18 }} [[XMM-Newton]]
*{{cite simbad|title=NGC 1365|access-date=2013-03-06}}
*[http://www.constellation-guide.com/ngc-1365-great-barred-spiral-galaxy/ NGC 1365 at Constellation Guide]


{{ngc15}}
{{Fornax}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NGC 1365}}
[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Seyfert galaxies]]
[[Category:Luminous infrared galaxies]]
[[Category:Fornax Cluster]]
[[Category:NGC objects|1365]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|13179]]
[[Category:Fornax]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Discoveries_by_James_Dunlop]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1826]]