View source for NGC 1316

{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Fornax}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = Fornax A
| image = Ngc1316 hst.jpg
| caption = NGC 1316 imaged by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
| credit= 
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| type = (R')SAB(s)0<sup>0</sup><ref name="ned" />
| ra = {{RA|03|22|41.7}}<ref name="ned" />
| dec = {{DEC|-37|12|30}}<ref name="ned" />
| dist_ly = [[1 E23 m|62.0 ± 2.9]] [[light-year|Mly]] (19.0 ± 0.9 [[parsec|Mpc]])<ref name="jensenetal2003" /><ref name="Feldmeier06" />{{Ref_label|A|a|none}}
| z = 1760 ± 10 km/[[second|s]]<ref name="ned" />
| appmag_v = 9.4<ref name="ned" />
| size_v = 12′.0 × 8′.5<ref name="ned" />
| size = ~333,000 [[Light-Year|ly]] (101.89 [[parsecs|kpc]]) (estimated)<ref name="ned" />
| constellation name = [[Fornax]]
| notes = Very bright at radio 1.4&nbsp;GHz
| names = Fornax A, 3FHL J0322.6-3712e, WMAP J0322-3711, AM 0320-372, GSC 07026-00055, WMAP J0322-3712, APG 154, IRAS 03208-3723, PKS 0320-374, [CAC2009] S0373  CTA 23, IRAS F03207-3723, PKS 0320-37, [CHM2007] HDC 234 J032241.78-3712295, DUGRS 357-001, 1Jy 0320-374, PMN J0321-3658, [CHM2007] LDC 249 J032241.78-3712295, 1E 0320.7-3722, 1Jy 0320-373, PSCz Q03208-3723, [FWB89] Galaxy 479, 2E 761, 1Jy 0320-37, RR95 75a, [KFM98] 5, 2E 0320.7-3723, LEDA 12651, RX J032242-37125, [LB2005] NGC 1316 X1, ESO 357-22, 2MASX J03224178-3712295, RX J0322.7-3712, [VDD93] 28, ESO-LV 357-0220, MCG-06-08-005, 1RXS J032241.8-371239, [WCO2009] J032152-370824, FCC 21, MOST 0320-373, SGC 032047-3723.2, 2FGL J0322.4-3717, MRC 0320-373, VSOP J0322-3712, 3FGL J0322.5-3721, MSH 03-3-01, WMAP 138<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=ngc+1316&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id|title = NGC 1316}}</ref>
}}

'''NGC 1316''' (also known as '''''Fornax A''''') is a [[lenticular galaxy]] about 60 million [[light-year]]s (18.4&nbsp;million [[parsecs]]) away in the [[constellation]] [[Fornax]]. It is a [[radio galaxy]] and at 1400 [[MHz]] is the fourth-brightest [[Radio wave|radio]] source in the sky.<ref name="schweizer80" />

==Structure and formation==
In the late 1970s, François Schweizer studied [[NGC 1316]] extensively and found that the galaxy appeared to look like an [[elliptical galaxy]] with some unusual [[Cosmic dust|dust]] lanes embedded within a much larger [[Common envelope|envelope of stars]].  The outer envelope contained many ripples, loops, and arcs.  He also identified the presence of a compact disk of gas near the [[Galactic Center|center]] that appeared inclined relative to the stars and that appeared to rotate faster than the stars (the mass-to-light ratio run in the center of NGC 1316 resembles that of many other giant ellipticals).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shaya|first1=E. J.|last2=Dowling|first2=D. M.|last3=Currie|first3=D. G.|last4=Faber|first4=S. M.|last5=Ajhar|first5=E. A.|last6=Lauer|first6=T. R.|last7=Groth|first7=E. J.|last8=Grillmair|first8=C. J.|last9=Lynd|first9=R.|last10=O'Neil|first10=E. J. Jr.|date=1 June 1996|title=Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera Images of NGC 1316 (Fornax A)|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.2212S|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=111|page=2212|doi=10.1086/117955|issn=0004-6256|arxiv=astro-ph/9603056|bibcode=1996AJ....111.2212S|s2cid=119337718}}</ref> Based on these results, Schweizer considered that NGC 1316 was built up through the merger of several smaller galaxies. Such merger events may have fueled the central [[supermassive black hole]], that has a mass estimated in 130–150&nbsp;million of [[solar mass]]es<ref name="Nowak2008" /> with gas, causing the galaxy to become a [[radio galaxy]].  He also states that NGC 1316 is comparable to the giant elliptical galaxies found in the centers of other [[cluster of galaxies|clusters of galaxies]].<ref name="schweizer80" /> Using spectroscopy of its brightest [[globular cluster]]s, the merger is estimated to have occurred ~3&nbsp;billion years ago.<ref name="Goudfrooij2001" /> NGC 1316 spans about 50 000 light-years.<ref name="APOD Jan2021" /> It has been proposed too that NGC 1316 may be a galaxy in evolution that eventually will become a [[Sombrero galaxy|Sombrero]]-like system dominated by a large [[Galactic bulge|bulge]].<ref name="Freeman2012" />

==Companions and environment==

[[File:ESO Fornax Galaxy Cluster.jpg|thumb|left|The Fornax galaxy cluster with NGC 1316 (large, near middle)]]

NGC 1316 is located within the [[Fornax Cluster]], a [[cluster of galaxies]] in the constellation [[Fornax]].  However, in contrast to [[Messier 87]], which is a similar [[elliptical galaxy]] that is located in the center of the [[Virgo Cluster]], NGC 1316 is located at the edge of the Fornax Cluster.<ref name="ferguson89" />

NGC 1316 appears to be interacting with [[NGC 1317]], a small spiral galaxy to the north.  However, that small spiral galaxy does not appear to be sufficiently large enough to cause the distortions seen in the structure of this galaxy.<ref name="schweizer80" />

==Distance estimates==

At least two methods have been used to estimate the distance to NGC 1316: [[surface brightness fluctuation]] (SBF) in 2003<ref name="jensenetal2003" /> and [[planetary nebula luminosity function]] (PNLF) in 2006.<ref name="Feldmeier06" />  Being a lenticular galaxy, it is not suitable to apply the [[cepheid variable]] method{{why|date=December 2022}}.  Using SBF, a distance estimate of 20.0 ± 1.6 [[parsec|Mpc]]<ref name="jensenetal2003" /> was computed.  Using PNLF, 45 [[planetary nebula]] candidates were located and a distance estimate of 17.9 {{±|0.8|0.9}} Mpc was computed.<ref name="Feldmeier06" />  Averaged together, these two distance measurements give a combined distance estimate of 62.0 ± 2.9 Mly (19.0 ± 0.9 Mpc).{{Ref_label|A|a|none}}

==Supernovae==
NGC 1316 has hosted four [[supernova]]e:
* SN 1980N ([[type_Ia_supernova|type{{nbsp}}Ia]], mag. 14) was discovered by Marina Wischnjewsky on 30 November 1980.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1980IAUC.3548....1M| title=Supernova in NGC 1316| last1=Maza| first1=J.| last2=Wischnjewsky| first2=M.| journal=International Astronomical Union Circular| date=1980| issue=3548| page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1980N | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1980N | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> This is sometimes [[Stars_named_after_people#Names_not_approved_by_the_IAU|referred to]] as "Wischnjewsky's Supernova."
* SN 1981D (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 12.7) was discovered by [[Robert_Evans_(astronomer)|Robert Evans]] on 9 March 1981.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1981IAUC.3583....1C| title=Supernova in NGC 1316| last1=Cragg| first1=T.| last2=Evans| first2=R.| last3=Maza| first3=J.| journal=International Astronomical Union Circular| date=1981| issue=3583| page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1981D | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1981D | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
* SN 2006dd (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 15) was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 19 June 2006.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2006CBET..553....1M| title=Supernova 2006dd in NGC 1316| last1=Monard| first1=L. A. G.| journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams| date=2006| issue=553| page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2006dd | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006dd | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
* SN 2006mr (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 15.6) was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 5 November 2006.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2006CBET..723....1M| title=Supernova 2006mr in NGC 1316| last1=Monard| first1=L. A. G.| last2=Folatelli| first2=G.| journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams| date=2006| issue=723| page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2006mr  | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006mr | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Feldmeier06" /><ref name="Rochester Supernova" /> For a brief period, both SN 2006dd and SN 2006mr were visible at the same time.<ref>{{cite web
	| url = https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2006/index.html
	| title = Bright Supernovae - 2006
	| last = Bishop
	| first = David
	| website = Rochester Astronomy
	| access-date = 8 December 2024
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Centaurus A]] 
* [[Messier 87]]
* [[NGC 1097]]

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
<ol type="a">
<li>{{Note_label|A|a|none}}average(20.0 ± 1.6, 17.9 {{±|0.8|0.9}}) = ((20.0 + 17.9) / 2) ± ((1.6<sup>2</sup> + 0.8<sup>2</sup>)<sup>0.5</sup> / 2) = 19.0 ± 0.9</li>
</ol>
{{Refend}}

== Citations ==

{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="ned">{{cite web
  | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  | work=Results for NGC 1316
  | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
  | access-date=2006-07-10 }}</ref>
<ref name="schweizer80">{{cite journal
  | author=F. Schweizer
  | title=An Optical Study of the Giant Radio Galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A)
  | journal=Astrophysical Journal
  | date=1980
  | volume=237
  | pages=303–318
  | bibcode=1980ApJ...237..303S
  | doi=10.1086/157870}}</ref>
<ref name="Nowak2008">{{cite journal
  | author=NOWAK N. |display-authors=4  | author2=SAGLIA R.P. | author3=THOMAS J. | author4=BENDER R. | author5=DAVIES R.I. | author6=GEBHARDT K.
  | title=The supermassive black hole of Fornax A.
  | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
  | date=2008
  | volume=391
  |issue=4 | pages=1629–1649
  | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.391.1629N
  | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13960.x|doi-access=free |arxiv = 0809.0696 |s2cid=16677289 }}</ref>
<ref name="Goudfrooij2001">{{cite journal
  | author=Goudfrooij, Paul | author2=Alonso, M. Victoria | author3=Maraston, Claudia | author4=Minniti, Dante
  | title=The star cluster system of the 3-Gyr-old merger remnant NGC 1316: clues from optical and near-infrared photometry
  | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
  |date=November 2001
  | volume=328
  | issue=1
  | pages=237–256
  | bibcode=2001MNRAS.328..237G
  | doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04860.x| doi-access=free |arxiv = astro-ph/0107533 | s2cid=11981354 }}</ref>
<ref name="Freeman2012">{{cite journal
  | author= McNeil-Moylan, E. K. | author2=Freeman, K. C. | author3=Arnaboldi, M. | author4=Gerhard, O. E..
  | title= Planetary nebula kinematics in NGC 1316: a young Sombrero
  | journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics
  | date=2012
  | volume=539
  | bibcode = 2012A&A...539A..11M 
  | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117875 | pages=A11|arxiv = 1201.6010 | s2cid=54215156 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rochester Supernova">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2006/sn2006dd.html|title=Supernova 2006dd and 2006mr in NGC 1316|website=www.rochesterastronomy.org|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
<ref name="ferguson89">{{cite journal
  | author=H. C. Ferguson
  | title=Population studies in groups and clusters of galaxies. II – A catalog of galaxies in the central 3.5 deg of the Fornax Cluster
  | journal=Astronomical Journal
  | date=1989
  | volume=98
  | pages=367–418
  | bibcode=1989AJ.....98..367F
  | doi=10.1086/115152
| doi-access=free
  }}</ref>
<ref name="Feldmeier06">{{cite journal
  | author=Feldmeier, John J. | author2=Jacoby, George H. | author3=Phillips, Mark M.
  | title=Calibrating Type Ia Supernovae using the Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function I. Initial Results
  | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
  |date=2007
  | bibcode=2007ApJ...657...76F
  | doi=10.1086/510897
  | volume=657
  | issue=1
  | pages=76–94
|arxiv = astro-ph/0611231 | s2cid=17109095 }}</ref>
<ref name="jensenetal2003">{{cite journal
  | author=Jensen, Joseph B. |display-authors=4  | author2=Tonry, John L. | author3=Barris, Brian J. | author4=Thompson, Rodger I. | author5=Liu, Michael C. | author6=Rieke, Marcia J. | author7=Ajhar, Edward A. | author8=Blakeslee, John P.
  | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations
  | journal=Astrophysical Journal
  |date=February 2003
  | volume=583
  | issue=2
  | pages=712–726
  | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J
  | doi=10.1086/345430
 |arxiv = astro-ph/0210129 |s2cid=551714 }}</ref>

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<ref name="APOD Jan2021">{{APOD|date=25 January 2021|title=Central NGC 1316: After Galaxies Collide}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* {{APOD |date=25 January 2021 |title=Central NGC 1316: After Galaxies Collide}}
* {{APOD |date=22 February 1999 |title=After Galaxies Collide}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184654/http://www.spacetelescope.org/bin/images.pl?searchtype=freesearch&string=+1316 NGC 1316 at ESA/Hubble]

{{Sky|03|22|41.7|-|37|12|30|67000000}}
{{ngc15}}
{{Fornax}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NGC 1316}}
[[Category:Lenticular galaxies]]
[[Category:Shell galaxies]]
[[Category:Fornax Cluster]]
[[Category:Fornax]]
[[Category:NGC objects|1316]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|12651]]
[[Category:Arp objects|154]]