View source for NEET

{{Short description|Person who is not in education, employment, or training}}
{{about|the classification of people|other uses|Neet (disambiguation){{!}}Neet}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Proportion_of_youth_(aged_15-24_years)_not_in_education,_employment_or_training(Total).png|thumb|upright=1.9|Percentage of NEETs among 15- to 24-year-olds ([[International Labour Organization|ILO]] data, 2023)]]

A '''NEET''', an acronym for "'''Not in Education, Employment, or Training'''", is a person who is [[Unemployment|unemployed]] and not receiving an [[education]] or [[Vocational education|vocational training]]. The classification originated in the [[United Kingdom]] in the late 1990s, and its use has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[China]], [[Serbia]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]]. The NEET category includes the unemployed (individuals without a job and seeking one), as well as individuals outside the labour force (without a job and not seeking one). It is usually age-bounded to exclude people in old-age [[retirement]].

In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged between 16 and 24. In Japan, the classification comprises people aged between 15 and 34 who are not employed, not engaged in [[homemaking|housework]], not enrolled in school or work-related [[training]], and not seeking work.

A 2008 report by the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) said the unemployment and NEET rates for people aged 16–24 in the majority of OECD countries fell in the past decade, attributed to increased participation in education.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7JvA_t6UHIC&pg=PT29 ''OECD Employment Outlook 2008'']. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. 2008. p. 27.</ref>

NEET is to be distinguished from the newly coined NLFET rate ("Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training") used in the 2013 report on Global Employment Trends for Youth by the [[International Labour Organization]]. NLFET is similar to NEET but excludes unemployed youth (who are part of the labor force).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ose |first=Solveig Osborg |last2=Jensen |first2=Chris |date=2017-10-01 |title=Youth outside the labour force — Perceived barriers by service providers and service users: A mixed method approach |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740917302487 |journal=Children and Youth Services Review |volume=81 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.002 |issn=0190-7409|hdl=11250/2586712 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
{{see also|Education in the United Kingdom|Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom}}
Knowledge of the term spread after it was used in a 1999 report by the [[Social Exclusion Unit]] (SEU).<ref>Robson, Karen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QNwgeC_OqycC&pg=PT181 "The Afterlife of NEETs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330012050/https://books.google.com/books?id=QNwgeC_OqycC&pg=PT181|date=2017-03-30}}. pp. 181–. In: Attewell, Paul; Newman, Katherine S. (eds) (2010). ''Growing Gaps: Educational Inequality Around the World''. [[Oxford University Press]].

* Kraus, Katrin (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wG8rNpJR1PIC&pg=PA188 ''Work, Education and Employability'']. [[Peter Lang (publishing company)|Peter Lang]]. p. 188.
* For the report, see {{Cite web |title=Bridging the gap: New opportunities for 16-18 year olds not in education, employment or training |url=http://www.partnershipforyounglondon.org.uk/data/files/1419/bridging_the_gap_seu_1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331052447/http://www.partnershipforyounglondon.org.uk/data/files/1419/bridging_the_gap_seu_1999.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2012}}&nbsp;{{small|(2.53&nbsp;MB)}}. [[Social Exclusion Unit]]. July 1999. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011.</ref> Before this, the phrase "status zero", which had a similar meaning, was used. Andy Furlong writes that the use of the term NEET became popular partly because of the negative connotations of having "no status".<ref>Furlong, Andy. [http://wes.sagepub.com/content/20/3/553.short "Not a very NEET solution representing problematic labour market transitions among early school-leavers"] {{subscription required}}. ''[[Work, Employment & Society]]'' '''20''' (3): 553–569. September 2006.</ref> The classification is specifically redefined in other [[local government]] papers, such as "respondents who were out of work or looking for a job, looking after children or family members, on unpaid holiday or traveling, sick or disabled, doing voluntary work or engaged in another unspecified activity"; the acronym, however, has no agreed definition with respect to measurement, particularly in relation to defining economic inactivity. [[Karen Robson (sociologist)|Karen Robson]] writes that the classification has "virtually usurped discussions of "youth unemployment" in the UK literature".<ref name="Robson">Robson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QNwgeC_OqycC&pg=PT181 pp. 181–] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330012050/https://books.google.com/books?id=QNwgeC_OqycC&pg=PT181 |date=2017-03-30 }}.</ref> Scott Yates and Malcolm Payne say that initially there was a "holistic focus" on the NEET group by policy-makers which looked at the problems young people went through, but this changed as the NEET status became framed in negative terms—"as reflective of a raft of risks, problems and negative orientations on the part of young people".<ref name="Yates">Yates, Scott; Payne, Malcolm. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13676260600805671 "Not so NEET? A Critique of the Use of ‘NEET’ in Setting Targets for Interventions with Young People"] {{subscription required}}. ''[[Journal of Youth Studies]]'' '''9''' (3): 329–344. July 2006.</ref> NEET figures for England are published by the [[Department for Education]] (DfE).<ref>[http://www.education.gov.uk/16to19/participation/neet/a0064101/16-to-18-year-olds-not-in-education-employment-or-training-neet "16- to 18-year-olds not in education, employment or training (NEET)"]. [[Department for Education]]. 12 July 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110828060050/http://www.education.gov.uk/16to19/participation/neet/a0064101/16-to-18-year-olds-not-in-education-employment-or-training-neet Archived] 24 August 2011.
*For a list of DfE publications about NEETs, see: [http://www.education.gov.uk/researchandstatistics/statistics/statistics-by-topic/youthandadolescence/NEET "NEET"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907104256/http://www.education.gov.uk/researchandstatistics/statistics/statistics-by-topic/youthandadolescence/neet/ |date=2011-09-07 }}. [[Department for Education]]. Accessed 24 August 2011.</ref> The [[methodology]] used in calculating the number of NEETs aged 16–18 is different from that used for those aged 16–24. The first relies on a range of sources, the second on the [[Labour Force Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neet Statistics&nbsp;– Quarter Brief: August 2011 |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/osr13-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160514/http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/osr13-2011.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2011}}&nbsp;{{small|(202&nbsp;KB)}}. [[Department for Education]]. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See [http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/index.shtml webpage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160509/http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/index.shtml|date=2011-08-24}}.</ref>

A 2007 report commissioned by the [[Prince's Trust]] said almost a fifth of people aged 16–24 in [[England]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]] were NEETs; the proportion was lowest in [[Northern Ireland]] (13.8 percent).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cost of Exclusion: Counting the cost of youth disadvantage in the UK |url=http://www.princes-trust.org.uk/PDF/Princes%20Trust%20Research%20Cost%20of%20Exclusion%20apr07.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628064850/http://princes-trust.org.uk/PDF/Princes%20Trust%20Research%20Cost%20of%20Exclusion%20apr07.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011}}&nbsp;{{small|(1.57&nbsp;MB)}}. [[The Prince’s Trust]]. April 2007. p. 13. Accessed 24 August 2011. 24 August 2011.</ref> The second-quarter figures for 2011 showed that 979,000 people in England between 16 and 24 were NEETs, accounting for 16.2 percent in that age group.<ref>Cook, Chris. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/80195904-ce6c-11e0-b755-00144feabdc0.html "‘Neets’ account for 16% of young"]. ''[[Financial Times]]''. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026065035/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/80195904-ce6c-11e0-b755-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F80195904-ce6c-11e0-b755-00144feabdc0.html&_i_referer= Archived] 24 August 2011.

* For the brief, see: {{Cite web |title=Neet Statistics&nbsp;– Quarter Brief: August 2011 |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/osr13-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160514/http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/osr13-2011.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2011}}&nbsp;{{small|(202&nbsp;KB)}}. [[Department for Education]]. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See [http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/index.shtml webpage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160509/http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/STR/d001019/index.shtml|date=2011-08-24}}.</ref> Between 1995 and 2008, the proportion of NEETs aged 16–18 in England remained fairly stable at around 8–11 percent.<ref>"Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", p. 6.</ref> ''The Guardian'' reported in 2011 that, since 2003, there has been a 15.6 percent decrease in people aged 16–18 in employment, but a 6.8 percent increase in those in education and training.<ref>Shepherd, Jessica. [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/feb/24/young-people-neets-record-high "Record number of young people not in education, work or training"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927191706/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/feb/24/young-people-neets-record-high |date=2016-09-27 }}. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 24 February 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011.</ref> NEET figures tend to peak in the third quarter, when school and university courses are ending.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-14644613 "'Neet' youths figure at second-quarter high"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824191951/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-14644613 |date=2011-08-24 }}. [[BBC News]]. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011.</ref>

There is some stigma attached to the term NEET.<ref>"Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", pp. 8–9.</ref> Simon Cox of BBC News said the word is "the latest buzzword for teenage drop-outs".<ref>Cox, Simon. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4158696.stm "A 'Neet' solution"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316050546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4158696.stm |date=2006-03-16 }}. [[BBC News]]. Accessed 24 August 2011.
*See also: Abrams, Adam. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hgJ36aW3x4IC&pg=PA2 ''Learning to Fail: How Society Lets Young People Down'']. [[Routledge]]. 2010. p. 2.</ref> He says "Neets are 20 times more likely to commit a crime and 22 times more likely to be a teenage mum", and that [[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] has been called the country's "Neet capital".<ref name="Cox">Cox, Simon. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4158696.stm "A 'Neet' solution"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316050546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4158696.stm |date=2006-03-16 }}. [[BBC News]]. Accessed 24 August 2011.</ref> David Smith of ''The Times'' calls them "the yobs hanging around off-licences late into the night".<ref>Smith, David. [https://archive.today/20120914145503/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1290102.ece "Nobody Neets this lazy lot any more"]. ''[[The Times]]''. 7 January 2007. Accessed 25 August 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120713075718/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1290102.ece Archived] 24 August 2011.</ref> According to Colin Webster, NEETs commit disproportionately large amounts of [[crime in the United Kingdom|crime]]. Children with high levels of [[truancy]] and exclusions at school are likely to become NEETs.<ref>Webster, Colin (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6BLNahUnMG4C&pg=PA123 ''Understanding Race and Crime'']. [[Open University Press]]. pp. 123–124.</ref>

Several schemes and ideas have been developed to reduce the number of NEETs. One of the main goals of the [[Connexions (agency)|Connexions]] service, first piloted in 2001, is to reduce the number of NEETs.<ref name=Yates/> Most [[local government in the United Kingdom|local authorities]] have made a [[local area agreement]] to this end.<ref>[http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=13919780 "Rise of the NEETs"]. [[Local Government Improvement and Development]]. October 2009. Accessed 25 August 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110802021519/http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=13919780 Archived] 25 August 2011.</ref> As part of the 2004 [[Spending Review]], the [[Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)|Department for Education and Skills]] (DfES) had a [[public service agreement]] to reduce the proportion of NEETs from 9.6 percent in 2004 to 7.6 percent in 2010.<ref>"Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", pp. 6–7.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005010416/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/8/8/sr2004_ch07.PDF "Department for Education and Skills"]. ''2004 Spending Review: New Public Spending Plans 2005–2008''. [[HM Treasury]]. p. 87. Accessed 26 August 2011. 25 August 2011.</ref> Introduced in 2004–2005 the UK-wide [[Education Maintenance Allowance]] offers a means-tested weekly payment of up to £30 to young people continuing education past secondary school.<ref>Dawson, Catherine (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7eg-ylFP3AwC&pg=PA86 ''Learn While You Earn'']. [[Kogan Page Publishers]]. Chapters 12–15.</ref> In 2007 the government implemented a "September guarantee" that guaranteed all 16-year-old school leavers a suitable learning place in September, extended to 17-year-olds the following year.<ref>Lupton, Ruth; Heath, Natalie; Salter, Emma. "Education: New Labour's top priority". In: Hills, John; Sefton, Tom; Stewart, Kitty. (eds) (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tcwvM4sKEg8C&pg=PA82 ''Towards a More Equal Society?: Poverty, Inequality and Policy Since 1997'']. [[The Policy Press]]. p. 82.
*For the definition of "suitable", see: "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", p. 10.</ref> The "Young Person's Guarantee" was announced in the 2009 [[Budget of the United Kingdom|budget]], offering a guaranteed job, training, or work experience to 18- to 24-year-olds who have been on [[Jobseeker's Allowance]] for six months; it went live on 25 January 2010. It was announced in the 2010 budget that the scheme would end in March 2012, an extension of one year.<ref>Goujard, Antoine; Petrongolo, Barbara; Van Reenen, John. "The Labour Market For Young People". p. 47. In: Gregg, Paul; Wadsworth, Jonathan. (eds) (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YOgIih27uoEC&pg=PA47 ''The Labour Market in Winter: The State of Working Britain'']. [[Oxford University Press]].
*For when it went live, see: "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", p. 11.
*For the extension, see: Hopkins, Kathryn. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/mar/25/budget-2010-youth-jobs "Budget 2010: Jobs pledge for under-24s extended by a year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022212619/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/mar/25/budget-2010-youth-jobs |date=2015-10-22 }}. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 25 March 2010. Accessed 26 August 2011.</ref> 

In England, the [[Education and Skills Act 2008]], introduced requirements for those above school-leaving age in England (16) to either be in full-time (or part-time) work, or another form of post-16 education, such as college or university.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7080699.stm "School leaving age plans unveiled"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108211428/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7080699.stm |date=2007-11-08 }}. [[BBC News]]. 6 November 2007. Accessed 25 August 2011.
*Royal assent: [http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2007-08/educationandskills.html "Education and Skills Bill 2007-08"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508022344/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2007-08/educationandskills.html |date=2008-05-08 }}. parliament.uk. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*See also: [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/25/contents "Education and Skills Act 2008"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801034714/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/25/contents |date=2017-08-01 }}. legislation.gov.uk. Accessed 26 August 2011.</ref> These requirements are exclusive to England and do not apply anywhere else in the United Kingdom.

A number of [[further education]] colleges seek to enrol NEETs. For example, it was reported in 2005 that a course for NEETs at [[Bournemouth and Poole College]] had offered various sign-on incentives, and completion bonuses of a free [[iPod]] and £100 in cash.<ref name="Cox" />

The [[Scottish Government]] limits the NEET classification to those aged 16–19.<ref>"Literature Review of the NEET Group", p. 1.</ref>
<!-- Background, prevalence, correlations, solutions/response, not England -->

==Japan==
{{See also|Freeter}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2010}}

NEET is a distinct social policy category from that of [[freeter]], the classification for those working low-wage part-time jobs, although in practice thousands of young people move between these categories (i.e., from the status of non-employed young person to that of a part-time worker and back) each year.

The demographic prevalence of NEETs has been indicated in employment statistics. Japanese politicians expressed concern about the impact on the economy of the growth in the NEET population. The estimated size rose from 480,000 in September 2002 to 520,000 in September 2003, according to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Other surveys by the Japanese government in 2002 presented a much larger figure of 850,000 people who can be classified as NEET, of which 60% were people aged 25 to 34.<ref>Brinton, Mary (2011). ''Lost in Transition : Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</ref> It is therefore clear that the statistical number of NEETs depends greatly on the specific definition adopted, so all figures should be treated with caution.

When the NEET issue erupted in the Japanese media in 2004 and 2005, non-employed young people falling into this category were framed as lazy, work-shy, and voluntarily out of employment. This media portrayal was effective in arousing the concern of Japan's (conservative) middle aged population, but it led only to moderate support for new youth policies. Indeed, as argued by Toivonen in an empirical monograph that juxtaposes media and policy discourses with youth support practices, the most promising solutions to the NEET conundrum have been created by social entrepreneurs such as Kudo Kei and Iwamoto Mami rather than by MHLW policymakers or even scholars.<ref>Toivonen, Tuukka (2013). [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415670531/ ''Japan's Emerging Youth Policy: Getting Young Adults Back to Work''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227185127/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415670531/ |date=2013-12-27 }}. London, Routledge.</ref>

Unlike most Western European countries, [[Unemployment insurance in Japan|Japan's unemployment benefit]] terminates automatically after three to six months and there is a limited range of support for those with special needs. Many NEETs in Japan are thus inevitably supported by their parents or relatives, though some find their way to Youth Support Stations and other services designed and/or enacted by social enterprises, including many [[Nonprofit organization|NPOs]].

== Australia ==
A 2016 report by the [[OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) revealed that 580,000 young Australians (aged 15–29), or 11.8%, fall under the classification (for 2015).<ref name="OECD-AU">{{Cite report |url=https://www.oecd.org/australia/investing-in-youth-australia-9789264257498-en.htm |title=Investing in Youth: Australia |date=12 September 2016 |publisher=[[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |page=46}}</ref> The report also revealed that the number of NEETs has soared by 10,000 since the [[2008 financial crisis]] and now account for one in eight Australians between the ages of 15 and 29.<ref name=OECD-AU/>

==Canada==
[[Statistics Canada]] carried out the first comprehensive study into the state of NEETs in Canada in 2012. It was revealed that around 13% of Canadians between the ages of 15 and 29 fell into the category, a total of 904,000, the second lowest in the [[G7]] nations. out of the total 904,000 NEETs, around 513,000 were not looking actively for jobs. The study suggested that long-term unemployment was not necessarily due to wider disenchantment with the labour market but rather arose out of varying factors, and that 82% of the young people not in the labour force actually want to be placed in long-term employment. The study classified the Canadian NEET population not to be "in a high risk, negative state".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2012 |title=For almost a million young people: No job, no school |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/for-almost-a-million-young-people-no-job-no-school/article4204209/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>

According to a Labour Force Survey by Statistics Canada, the proportion of NEETs in Canada rose to 24% in 2020, coinciding with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunet |first=Sylvie |date=24 September 2020 |title=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the NEET (not in employment, education or training) indicator, March and April 2020 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/81-599-x/81-599-x2020001-eng.htm |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Statistics Canada}}</ref>

==Iberia and Latin America==
In Spain, Mexico, Argentina,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2010 |title=Los "Nini": jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1263244-los-nini-jovenes-que-ni-estudian-ni-trabajan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113142804/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1263244-los-nini-jovenes-que-ni-estudian-ni-trabajan |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |language=es }}</ref> Chile, Peru<ref>{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Oswaldo |last2=Gutiérrez |first2=Jesús |date=2020-09-02 |title=Los 'ninis' en el Perú: una generación golpeada por la pandemia |url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/peru/los-ninis-en-el-peru-una-generacion-golpeada-por-la-pandemia-por-oswaldo-molina-opinion-noticia/ |work=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]] |language=es }}</ref> and Uruguay, the term {{lang|es|ni-ni}} ('neither-nor') has become a popular equivalent of NEET. The term means {{lang|es|ni estudia, ni trabaja}} ('neither studies, nor works'). In Portuguese there is the equivalent term {{lang|pt|nem-nem}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Geração 'nem-nem' no Brasil é o dobro do que em países ricos |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/educacao/geracao-nem-nem-no-brasil-e-o-dobro-do-que-em-paises-ricos,900d8cf41b4f51c9c6d704b18d35b3ed89wfbrmc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602173929/https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/educacao/geracao-nem-nem-no-brasil-e-o-dobro-do-que-em-paises-ricos,900d8cf41b4f51c9c6d704b18d35b3ed89wfbrmc.html |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022 |language=pt }}</ref>

The term has become a controversial topic in Mexico, where the government feels that people who might be considered NEET are more likely to choose to join the organizations involved in [[drug trafficking]] in order to sustain their economical and personal needs, than they are to get a job or study. Some states and organizations in Mexico are creating work programs and scholarships to keep the NEET population away from [[drug cartel]]s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the World Bank estimates one in five people ages 15–24 are {{lang|es|ninis}}, 20 million in total, an increase of 2 million since 1992. The 2016 study notes that two thirds of {{lang|es|nini}} are women, mostly due to early marriage, teenage pregnancies, or both. It is noted that the number of male {{lang|es|ninis}} increased by 46% since 1992; males account for the entire increase of {{lang|es|ninis}} in the region. Male {{lang|es|ninis}} usually drop out of school to work low-paying jobs, and during periods of economic instability lose their jobs with little chance of returning to school.<ref name="wbnini">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Out of School and Out of Work: Risk and Opportunities for Latin America's ''Ninis'' |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22349/K8318.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181656/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22349/K8318.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Bank]] }}</ref>

In Mexico, {{lang|es|ninis}} statistically account for at least a quarter of increased homicides in high-crime areas during 2007–2012, but in lower-crime areas there is no association between {{lang|es|ninis}} and crime. The World Bank noted that as of 2010 in Latin America and the Caribbean, the number of {{lang|es|ninis}} is somewhat lower than the global average though much higher than in higher-income nations. Globally, of the 260 million {{lang|es|ninis}} counted in 2010 by the World Bank, the Middle East, North African and South Asian regions had the highest shares.<ref name="wbnini" />

==United States==
{{Main|Disconnected youth}}
Given the lasting effects caused by the [[Great Recession]], publications such as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' have published articles discussing the number of Americans that have qualified as NEETs, with approximately 15% of Americans under the age of 25 qualifying as such during the first quarter of 2011. Journalist Peter Gumbel wrote in late 2012 that NEETs are "especially prevalent in the U.S." and constitute a "marginalized group of young people" given U.S. state and local government difficulties in maintaining social services.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Youth Unemployment an Even Bigger Problem in U.S. than in Europe&nbsp;— TIME.com |url=https://business.time.com/2012/11/05/why-the-u-s-has-a-worse-youth-employment-problem-than-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110000941/http://business.time.com/2012/11/05/why-the-u-s-has-a-worse-youth-employment-problem-than-europe/ |archive-date=10 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

==European Union==
In 1995,<ref name="euractiv" /> the [[Leonardo da Vinci programme]] supported transnational mobility, skills and employability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van der Aa |first=Ruud |last2=van der Boom |first2=Eva |last3=Uwland |first3=Arjan |last4=Stuivenberg |first4=Mirjam |title=Final Evaluation of the Leonardo da Vinci II Programme (Annex to the Joint Report) 2008, S. 115 ff. |url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/evalreports/training/2007/joint/leonardo_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215173007/http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/evalreports/training/2007/joint/leonardo_en.pdf |archive-date=2011-12-15 |website=[[Europa.eu]]}}</ref> The programme was renewed until 2013.

In 2021,<ref name="euractiv">{{cite web |archive-date=2021-09-16 |url-status=live |title=ALMA, the EU's new programme to help young people find work abroad |first=Alexandra |last=Brzozowski |website=[[Euractiv.com]] |date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916152852/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/alma-the-eus-new-programme-to-help-young-people-find-work-abroad/ |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/alma-the-eus-new-programme-to-help-young-people-find-work-abroad/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU to launch work placement scheme for jobless youth – DW – 10/01/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-to-launch-alma-work-placement-scheme-for-jobless-youth/a-59374614 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> the [[European Commission]] launched the ALMA ("Aim, Learn, Master, Achieve") [[social inclusion]] initiative to facilitate the move from NEET status to education and employment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=An innovative approach towards youth inclusion: The ALMA initiative getting off the ground |url=https://regions-and-cities.europa.eu/programme/2023/sessions/2802 |website=[[Europa.eu]] |publisher=European Week of Regions and Cities}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Commission gives young people a stronger voice in EU policymaking as a legacy of the European Year of Youth &#124; EEAS |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/montenegro/commission-gives-young-people-stronger-voice-eu-policymaking-legacy-european-year-youth_en?s=225 |website=[[Europa.eu]]}}</ref> ALMA provides bespoke training for adults under 30 in their own country,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALMA: An active inclusion initiative for young people |url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1549&langId=en |website=[[Europa.eu]]}}</ref> and opportunities for training and mentoring in another EU country, for 2 to 6 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Young people from Moldova to participate in European Youth Year together with their peers from the EU |url=https://euneighbourseast.eu/news/latest-news/young-people-from-moldova-to-participate-in-european-youth-year-together-with-their-peers-from-the-eu/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Work Abroad with the ALMA Programme |url=https://youthforeurope.eu/work-abroad-with-the-alma-programme/}}</ref> It is operated along with the [[EURES]] network,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of the EURES network and ALMA initiative |url=https://www.ess.gov.si/en/partners/development-projects/implementation-of-the-eures-network-and-alma-initiative |website=[[Gov.si]]}}</ref> and with the cooperation of businesses, youth organisations and training centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to make ALMA work |url=https://european-social-fund-plus.ec.europa.eu/en/how-to-make-alma-work |website=[[Europa.eu]] |publisher=[[European Social Fund Plus]]}}</ref> The scheme began as a German government initiative called {{lang|de|Integration durch Ausbildung}} (IdA) in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=What is ALMA? |url=https://oportunitati-ue.gov.ro/en/program/initiativa-alma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507121219/http://oportunitati-ue.gov.ro/en/program/initiativa-alma/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |publisher=[[Government of Romania#Ministries|Ministry of Investments and European Projects (Romania)]]}}</ref>

== NEET rates in OECD countries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed"
|+Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.NEET.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103831/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.NEET.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>
!Country/territory
!Share (%)
!Year
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
|26.0
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Colombia}}
|24.0
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Costa Rica}}
|20.9
|2023
|-
| {{flag|Mexico}}
|18.3
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
|18.0
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Chile}}
|16.5
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|14.9
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|13.5
|2023
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|13.1
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|13.1
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|12.5
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|12.4
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|12.1
|2019
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|11.8
|2023
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|11.7
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|11.0
|2019
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|10.5
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|10.3
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|10.2
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|10.1
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|9.6
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|9.3
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|8.9
|2017
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|8.8
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|8.2
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|8.0
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}
|7.9
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|7.7
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|7.5
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|7.3
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|7.0
|2023
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|6.6
|2023
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
|5.5
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Norway}}
|5.4
|2023
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}
|4.7
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|4.3
|2019
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
|3.1
|2019
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}}
|{{N/a|unavailable}}
|{{N/A}}
|}

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Compulsory education}}
* {{annotated link|Disconnected youth}}
* {{annotated link|Discouraged worker}}
* {{annotated link|Emerging adulthood and early adulthood}}
* {{annotated link|Employment of autistic people}}
* {{annotated link|Ergophobia}}
* {{annotated link|Failure to launch}}
* {{annotated link|Hikikomori}}
* {{annotated link|Hong Kong Kids phenomenon}}
* {{annotated link|Job guarantee}}
* {{annotated link|N-po generation}}
* {{annotated link|Refusal of work}}
* {{annotated link|Satori generation}}
* {{annotated link|Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates}}
* {{annotated link|Tang ping}}
* {{annotated link|Waithood}}
* {{annotated link|Young night drifters}}
* {{annotated link|Youth unemployment}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite web |title=Literature Review of the NEET Group |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/77843/0018812.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191153/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/77843/0018812.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2012}}&nbsp;{{small|(622&nbsp;KB)}}. [[Scottish Executive]]. 2005. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/27175707/57078 HTML version].
*{{Cite web |title=Young people not in education, employment or training |url=http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/researchandlibrary/2009/11009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829120217/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/researchandlibrary/2009/11009.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2011 |access-date=26 August 2011}}&nbsp;{{small|(237&nbsp;KB)}}. [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]. 10 November 2009. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*[[Children, Schools and Families Committee]]. {{Cite web |title=Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmchilsch/316/316i.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724112855/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmchilsch/316/316i.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2017}}&nbsp;{{small|(1.2&nbsp;MB)}}. [[The Stationery Office]]. 8 April 2010. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011.

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|2}}
*[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmchilsch.htm "Children, Schools and Families Committee: Session 2009-10"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103830/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmchilsch.htm |date=2021-02-09 }}. parliament.uk. Accessed 25 August 2011.
*[http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s000938/index.shtml "Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England"]. [[Department for Education]]. 22 June 2010. Accessed 25 August 2011.
*{{Cite journal |last=Bynner |first=John |last2=Parsons |first2=Samantha |year=2002 |title=Social Exclusion and the Transition from School to Work: The Case of Young People Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) |journal=Journal of Vocational Behavior |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=289–309 |doi=10.1006/jvbe.2001.1868 |s2cid=144116273}}
*[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/08/30111605/16069 "Employability Framework for Scotland: Report of the NEET Workstream"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103821/https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20170701074158/www.gov.scot/Publications/2005/08/30111605 |date=2021-02-09 }}. [[Scottish Executive]]. June 2005. Accessed 25 August 2011.
*Eason, Gary. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7079780.stm "Neets are an unknown quantity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/7079780.stm |date=2021-02-09 }}. [[BBC News]]. 5 November 2007. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*Pemberton Simon. [http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=c0654 "Tackling the NEET generation and the ability of policy to generate a ‘NEET’ solution—evidence from the UK"]{{subscription required}}. ''[[Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy]]'' '''26''' (1): 243–259. 2008.
*Passey, Don; Williams, Sadie; Rogers, Colin. [http://www.e-learningcentre.co.uk/Resource/CMS/Assets/5c10130e-6a9f-102c-a0be-003005bbceb4/form_uploads/elearning_reengagement_neet_background.pdf "Assessing the potential of e-learning to support re-engagement amongst young people with Not in education, employment or training (NEET) status"]. [[Becta]]. April 2008. Accessed 25 August 2011.  25 August 2011.
*{{Cite web |title=Towards a NEET solution: tackling underachievement in young people |url=http://publicservices.cbi.org.uk/uploaded/Towards_a_neet_solution.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008205314/http://publicservices.cbi.org.uk/uploaded/Towards_a_neet_solution.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011}}&nbsp;{{small|(2.7&nbsp;MB)}}. [[Confederation of British Industry]]. October 2008. Accessed 25 August 2011.  25 August 2011. See [http://publicservices.cbi.org.uk/reports/00175/ webpage].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6ap17cmXpcC ''Off to a Good Start? Jobs for Youth'']. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].
*Richardson, Hannah. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/8539244.stm "Government 'to miss Neet target'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/8539244.stm |date=2021-02-09 }}. [[BBC News]]. 26 February 2010. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*[http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/nationalstudies/localgov/againsttheodds/pages/default.aspx "Against the odds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103835/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/audit-commission |date=2021-02-09 }}. [[Audit Commission (United Kingdom)|Audit Commission]]. July 2010. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*Roberts, Steven. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13676261.2010.489604 "Beyond ‘NEET’ and ‘tidy’ pathways: considering the ‘missing middle’ of youth transition studies"]{{subscription required}}. ''[[Journal of Youth Studies]]'' '''14''' (1): 21–39. 2011.

;Japan
*Inui, Akio. {{Cite web |title=Why freeter and NEET are misunderstood: Recognizing the new precarious conditions of Japanese youth |url=http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/download/200/260}}. ''[[Social Work and Society]]'' '''3''' (2): 244–251. 2005.
*[http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2004/041101.html "Over 90% of People Have a Sense of Crisis Regarding the NEET Issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713031235/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2004/041101.html |date=13 July 2012 }}. [[Nomura Research Institute]]. 1 November 2004. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*Nakamura, Akemi. [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040619f2.html "Being NEET not so neat for nation's youth"]. ''[[Japan Times]]''. 19 June 2004. Accessed 26 August 2011.
*Toivonen, Tuukka (University of Oxford) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09555803.2011.597055#.Ur0Q2WQW0s0 "‘Don't let your child become a NEET!’ The strategic foundations of a Japanese youth scare"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103829/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09555803.2011.597055#.Ur0Q2WQW0s0 |date=2021-02-09 }}. ''[[Japan Forum]]''. 4 Oct 2011. Free access article.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|NEET}}

{{Young adult development}}
{{Japanese social terms}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neet}}
[[Category:Unemployment]]
[[Category:Refusal of work]]
[[Category:Demographics]]
[[Category:Cultural generations]]