View source for NEEMO

{{short description|NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operation project}}
{{Infobox project
| name = NEEMO Program
| logo = NEEMO Program Seal.png
| image = Aquarius external.jpg
| caption = A NEEMO 11 crewmember works outside the undersea habitat "Aquarius"
| mission_statement = "To see what extreme environmental challenges astronauts may face in space, and to form solutions by using the ocean, as an equivalent environment on earth"
| commercial =
| type =
| location = Florida, United States
| owner = [[NASA]], [[Florida International University]], [[Aquarius (laboratory)|Aquarius Reef Base]]
| founder =
| established = {{Start date|2001}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.nasa.gov/mission/neemo/}}
}}

'''NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations''', or '''NEEMO''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/index.html|title=NEEMO - NASA Extreme Environment MIssion Operations|first=Sarah|last=Loff|date=Jun 24, 2015|website=NASA}}</ref> is a [[NASA]] [[analog mission]] that sends groups of astronauts, engineers and scientists to live in the [[Aquarius (laboratory)|Aquarius]] underwater laboratory, the world's only undersea research station, for up to three weeks at a time in preparation for future [[space exploration]].<ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/history.html|title=NEEMO History|access-date=November 21, 2011|publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|date=March 21, 2006|author=NASA}}</ref>

Aquarius is an [[underwater habitat]] {{convert|3.5|mi}} off [[Key Largo, Florida]], in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. It is deployed on the ocean floor next to deep coral reefs {{convert|62|ft}} below the surface.

NASA has used it since 2001 for a series of space exploration simulation missions, usually lasting 7 to 14 days, with space research mainly conducted by international [[astronaut]]s. The mission had cost about 500&nbsp;million U.S. dollars. The crew members are called [[aquanaut]]s (as they live underwater at depth pressure for a period equal to or greater than 24 continuous hours without returning to the surface), and they perform [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVAs]] in the underwater environment.<ref name="history" /> A technique known as [[saturation diving]] allows the aquanauts to live and work underwater for days or weeks at a time. After twenty four hours underwater at any depth, the human body becomes saturated with dissolved gas. With saturation diving, divers can accurately predict exactly how much time they need to decompress before returning to the surface. This information limits the risk of [[decompression sickness]]. By living in the Aquarius habitat and working at the same depth on the ocean floor, NEEMO crews are able to remain underwater for the duration of their mission.

For NASA, the Aquarius habitat and its surroundings provide a convincing analog for space exploration.<ref name="history" />
Much like space, the undersea world is a hostile, alien place for humans to live. NEEMO crew members experience some of the same challenges there that they would on a distant asteroid, planet (i.e. Mars) or Moon. During NEEMO missions, the aquanauts are able to simulate living on a spacecraft and test spacewalk techniques for future space missions. Working in space and underwater environments requires extensive planning and sophisticated equipment. The underwater condition has the additional benefit of allowing NASA to "weight" the aquanauts to simulate different gravity environments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/about_neemo.html|title=About NEEMO (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations)|first=Sarah|last=Loff|date=Jun 24, 2015|website=NASA}}</ref>

Until 2012, Aquarius was owned by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) and operated by the [[National Undersea Research Center]] (NURC) at the [[University of North Carolina at Wilmington|University of North Carolina–Wilmington]] as a [[marine biology]] study base.

Since 2013, Aquarius is owned by [[Florida International University]] (FIU).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.fiu.edu/coastlines-and-oceans/aquarius/|title=Medina Aquarius Program|first=Florida International University-Digital|last=Communications|website=environment.fiu.edu}}</ref> As part of the FIU Marine Education and Research Initiative, the Medina Aquarius Program is dedicated to the study and preservation of marine ecosystems worldwide and is enhancing the scope and impact of FIU on research, educational outreach, technology development, and professional training. At the heart of the program is the Aquarius Reef Base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.fiu.edu/coastlines-and-oceans/aquarius/about/|title=About|first=Florida International University-Digital|last=Communications|website=environment.fiu.edu}}</ref>

==Missions==

===NEEMO 1: October 21–27, 2001===
[[File:Aquarius floorplan.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Floorplan of Aquarius.]]
[[File:NEEMO-1.jpg|thumbnail|right|The first NEEMO crew, L–R: in front, Mike López-Alegría and Bill Todd, in back, Mike Gernhardt and Dave Williams]]
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Bill Todd]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="history 2">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030715215046/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2003|title=Behind the Scenes: Training - NEEMO History|author=NASA|date=February 27, 2006|publisher=NASA|access-date=March 23, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Michael L. Gernhardt]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Michael López-Alegría]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Dafydd Williams]], {{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]]

NURC Support Crew:
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Ryan Snow]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

=== NEEMO 2: May 13–20, 2002 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Edward Fincke|Michael Fincke]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="history 2"/><ref name="Fincke Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fincke.html|title=Astronaut Bio: Edward Michael "Mike" Fincke (06/2011)|author=NASA|date=June 2011|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 22, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Daniel M. Tani]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Sunita Williams]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Marc Reagan]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* Thor Dunmire {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Ryan Snow]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

=== NEEMO 3: July 15–21, 2002 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)|Jeffrey Williams]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="history 2"/><ref name="three">{{Cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=212 |title=Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment |author=NASA |date=April 21, 2011 |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024024749/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=212 |archive-date=October 24, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Gregory Chamitoff]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[John D. Olivas]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Jonathan Dory]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* Byron Croker {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* Michael Smith {{Flagicon|USA}}

=== NEEMO 4: September 23–27, 2002 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott Kelly]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="history 2"/><ref name="four">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/journals/4walheim2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030724124953/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/journals/4walheim2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2003|title=NEEMO 4 Journals|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=September 24, 2002|first=Rex|last=Walheim|author-link=Rex Walheim}}</ref><ref name="four2">{{Cite web|url=http://aquarius.uncw.edu/archive/2002/09_2002/journals.html|title=NEEMO 4 Journals|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=[[NOAA]]|date=May 17, 2010|author=NOAA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320230934/http://aquarius.uncw.edu/archive/2002/09_2002/journals.html|archive-date=March 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name="four3">{{Cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=213 |title=Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment |access-date=March 10, 2012 |publisher=NASA |date=April 21, 2011 |author=NASA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322172426/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=213 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Paul Hill (flight director)|Paul Hill]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Rex Walheim]]{{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Jessica Meir]]{{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* [[James Talacek]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Ryan Snow]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
[[File:NEEMO5.jpg|thumbnail|right|NEEMO 5 crew members are pictured in the bunkroom aboard the Aquarius research habitat. Top, L–R: Reisman, Hwang; Middle: Whitson, Anderson; Bottom: Talacek, Snow.]]

=== NEEMO 5: June 16–29, 2003 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Peggy Whitson]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="history 2"/><ref name="five">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/neemo5/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118020723/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/neemo5/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 18, 2004|title=NEEMO 5|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|year=2003|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="five2">{{cite web|url=http://aquarius.uncw.edu/archive/2003/06_2003/expd.htm|title=Aquarius - First Space Station Science Officer Leads Crew of Four NASA Aquanauts On 14-Day NOAA Aquarius Undersea Mission|date=May 17, 2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Wilmington|access-date=March 10, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212085025/http://aquarius.uncw.edu/archive/2003/06_2003/expd.htm|archive-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref><ref name="five3">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/journals/neemo5/5whitson4.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030715225822/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/journals/neemo5/5whitson4.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2003|title=NEEMO 5 Journals|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=June 19, 2003|first=Peggy|last=Whitson|author-link=Peggy Whitson}}</ref>
* [[Clayton Anderson]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Garrett Reisman]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Emma Hwang]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* [[James Talacek]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Ryan Snow]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

=== NEEMO 6: July 12–21, 2004 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[John Herrington]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="six">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/neemo6/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118020722/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/neemo6/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 18, 2004|title=NEEMO 6|access-date=February 26, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=August 3, 2004|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="six2">{{Cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=220&string=NEEMO%206&CURRENT_STRING2=NEEMO%206|title=Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment|access-date=February 26, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=September 6, 2011|author=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405052632/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=220&string=NEEMO%206&CURRENT_STRING2=NEEMO%206|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Nicholas Patrick]]{{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Douglas H. Wheelock]]{{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Tara Ruttley]]{{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* [[Craig B. Cooper]] {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* Joseph March, {{Flagicon|USA}} 
* [[Marc Reagan]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 7: October 11–21, 2004 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Robert Thirsk]] {{Flagicon|CAN}}, Commander<ref name="seven">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/neemo7/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030061213/http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/neemo7/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 30, 2004|title=NEEMO 7|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=October 13, 2004|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="seven2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/missions/neemo7/backgrounder_0809.asp |title=CSA - Neemo 7 Mission |access-date=March 10, 2012 |publisher=Canadian Space Agency |date=August 9, 2004 |author=Canadian Space Agency |author-link=Canadian Space Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309030159/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/missions/neemo7/backgrounder_0809.asp |archive-date=March 9, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="seven3">{{Cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=243&string=NEEMO%207&CURRENT_STRING2=NEEMO%207|title=Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=April 21, 2011|author=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405052428/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=243&string=NEEMO%207&CURRENT_STRING2=NEEMO%207|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Catherine Coleman]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Michael R. Barratt]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Craig McKinley (physician)|Craig McKinley]] {{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* [[James Talacek]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Billy Cooksey]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Bill Todd]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 8: April 20–22, 2005 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Michael L. Gernhardt]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, Commander<ref name="eight1">{{Cite web|url=http://aquarius.uncw.edu/archive/2005/04_2005/prof.htm |title=NEEMO 8 |access-date=February 25, 2012 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Wilmington]] |date=May 18, 2010 |author=NOAA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320230005/http://aquarius.uncw.edu/archive/2005/04_2005/prof.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="eight2">{{Cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=244 |title=Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment |access-date=February 25, 2012 |publisher=NASA |date=April 21, 2011 |author=NASA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322172127/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=244 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 }}</ref>
* [[John D. Olivas]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott Kelly]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* Monika Schultz {{Flagicon|USA}}

NURC Support Crew:
* [[Craig B. Cooper]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* Joseph March {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Bill Todd]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 9: April 3–20, 2006 ===
[[File:NEEMO 9.jpg|thumbnail|right|The NEEMO 9 crew: Left to right (rear): Broderick, Williams; front: Stott, Garan.]]
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Dafydd Williams]] {{Flagicon|CAN}}, Commander<ref name="nine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO9/index.html|title=NASA's Undersea Crew is Heads Above Water|access-date=September 23, 2011|publisher=NASA|year=2006|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="nine2">{{Cite web|url=http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/awards_pubs/news_view.php?news_id=34|title=NASA's NEEMO 9 Aquanaut Human Performance Study Begins|access-date=November 8, 2011|publisher=NASA|date=April 3, 2006|author=NASA}}</ref>
* [[Nicole P. Stott]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Ronald J. Garan Jr.]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Timothy J. Broderick]] {{Flagicon|USA}}, M.D.

NURC Support Crew:
* [[James F. Buckley]] {{Flagicon|USA}}
* Ross Hein {{Flagicon|USA}}
* [[Marc Reagan]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 10: July 22–28, 2006 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Koichi Wakata]], Commander<ref name="ten">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO10/index.html|title=NASA Uses Undersea Lab to Prep for Future Space Exploration |access-date=March 21, 2012|publisher=NASA|year=2006|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="ten2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO10/mission_journal_1.html|title=NASA - NEEMO 10 Mission Journal|access-date=March 21, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=July 22, 2006|author=NASA}}</ref>
* [[Andrew Feustel]]
* [[Karen L. Nyberg]]
* [[Karen Kohanowich]]

NURC Support Crew:
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]]
* [[Dominic Landucci]]
* [[Marc Reagan]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 11: September 16–22, 2006 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Sandra Magnus]], Commander<ref name="eleven">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO11/index.html|title=NEEMO 11|access-date=September 26, 2011|publisher=NASA|date=May 11, 2010|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="eleven2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/sep/HQ_06309_NEEMO_11.html|title=NASA Continues Space Exploration Research With Undersea Lab|access-date=November 8, 2011|publisher=NASA|date=September 1, 2006|author=NASA}}</ref>
* [[Timothy Kopra]]
* [[Robert L. Behnken]]
* [[Timothy Creamer]]

NURC Support Crew:
* Larry Ward
* Roger Garcia
* [[Marc Reagan]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 12: May 7–18, 2007 ===
[[File:NEEMO12 rover.jpg|thumbnail|right|NEEMO 12 aquanaut Broderick works with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), called Scuttle.]]
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper]], Commander<ref name="twelve">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO12/index.html|title=NEEMO 12|access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=May 17, 2007|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="twelve2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO12/topside_journal_1.html|title=NASA - NEEMO 12 Topside Journal| access-date=March 10, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=May 6, 2007|author=NEEMO 12 Topside Team}}</ref>
* [[José M. Hernández]]
* [[Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)|Josef Schmid]], M.D.
* [[Timothy J. Broderick]], M.D.

NURC Support Crew:
* [[Dominic Landucci]]
* [[James Talacek]]
* [[Marc Reagan]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 13: August 6–15, 2007 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Nicholas Patrick]], Commander<ref name="thirteen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/jul/HQ_07164_NEEMO_13.html|title=NASA Announces Next Undersea Exploration Mission Dates and Crew|access-date=February 3, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=July 24, 2007|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="thirteen2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nurc.net/blog/neemo-13/neemo-13-topside-report-training-week|title=NEEMO 13 Topside Report - Training Week|access-date=February 3, 2012|publisher=NURC|author=Topside Team|date=August 8, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509054152/http://www.nurc.net/blog/neemo-13/neemo-13-topside-report-training-week|archive-date=May 9, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Richard R. Arnold]]
* [[Satoshi Furukawa]]
* [[Christopher E. Gerty]]

NURC Support Crew:
* [[James F. Buckley]]
* [[Dewey Smith]]
* [[Marc Reagan]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 14: May 10–23, 2010 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Chris Hadfield]], Commander<ref name="fourteen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO14/index.html|title=NASA - NEEMO 14|access-date=March 18, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=July 9, 2010|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="fourteen2">{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.nurc.net/blog/category/neemo-14
 |title=Archive for the 'NEEMO 14' Mission
 |access-date=March 18, 2012
 |publisher=NURC
 |year=2010
 |author=Alexander, Aaron
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328135239/http://www.nurc.net/blog/category/neemo-14
 |archive-date=March 28, 2012
}}</ref><ref name="fourteen3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO14/topside_01.html|title=NASA - NEEMO 14 Topside Report No. 1, May 7, 2010
|access-date=March 18, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=May 7, 2010|author=NASA}}</ref>
* [[Thomas H. Marshburn]]
* [[Andrew Abercromby]]
* [[Steve Chappell]]

Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[James Talacek]]
* Nate Bender
* [[Bill Todd]], Mission Director

=== NEEMO 15: October 20–26, 2011 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Shannon Walker]], Commander<ref name="fifteen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/sep/HQ_11-309_NEEMO.html|title=NASA - NASA Announces 15th Undersea Exploration Mission Date And Crew|access-date=July 11, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=September 19, 2011|author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="fifteen2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO15/topside-reports.html|title=NASA - NEEMO 15 Topside Reports|access-date=March 18, 2012|publisher=NASA|date=October 27, 2011|author=NASA}}</ref>
* [[Takuya Onishi]]
* [[David Saint-Jacques]]
* [[Steve Squyres]]

Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[James Talacek]]
* Nate Bender

[[DeepWorker 2000]] [[submersible]] crew:
* [[Stanley G. Love]]<ref name="fifteen"/>
* [[Richard R. Arnold]]
* [[Michael L. Gernhardt]]

=== NEEMO 16: June 11–22, 2012 ===
[[File:NEEMO 16 crew at Aquarius.jpg|thumbnail|right|The NEEMO 16 crew: Left to right: Peake, Squyres, Brown, Yui, Metcalf-Lindenburger; inside habitat: Talacek.]]
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger]], Commander<ref name="sixteen">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/apr/HQ_12-116_NEEMO.html|title=NASA - NASA Announces 16th Undersea Exploration Mission Dates and Crews|author=NASA|date=April 16, 2012|publisher=NASA|access-date=April 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name="sixteen2">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.esa.int/astronauts/2012/04/29/neemo-16-in-search-of-an-asteroid/|title=NEEMO 16 - In search of an asteroid|last=Peake|first=Tim|author-link=Timothy Peake|date=April 29, 2012|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|access-date=May 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name="sixteen3">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/659661main_Topside-Report-MD02-Final.pdf|title=NEEMO 16 Mission Day 2 - Status Report|author=The NEEMO Mission Management and Topside Support Team|date=June 12, 2012|publisher=NASA|access-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Kimiya Yui]]
* [[Timothy Peake]]
* [[Steve Squyres]]

Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[James Talacek]]
* [[Justin Brown (aquanaut)|Justin Brown]]

[[DeepWorker 2000]] [[submersible]] crew:
* [[Stanley G. Love]]<ref name="sixteen4">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/blog/analogsfieldtesting/posts/post_1339938072178.html|last=Love|first=Stan|author-link=Stanley G. Love|title=Dr. Love's Underwater Blog: NEEMO 16|publisher=NASA|date=June 17, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212064732/http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/blog/analogsfieldtesting/posts/post_1339938072178.html|archive-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref><ref name="sixteen5">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/blog/analogsfieldtesting/posts/post_1339979223707.html|last=Squyres|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Squyres|title=NEEMO 16: EVA Divers and Subs|publisher=NASA|date=June 17, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121213181014/http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/blog/analogsfieldtesting/posts/post_1339979223707.html|archive-date=December 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name="sixteen6">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/blog/analogsfieldtesting/posts/post_1340021371063.html|last=Love|first=Stan|title=Dr. Love's Underwater Blog: Mobility and Stability with DeepWorkers|publisher=NASA|date=June 18, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621144157/http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/blog/analogsfieldtesting/posts/post_1340021371063.html|archive-date=June 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Flickr">{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/esastro_trainer/7414350644/|title=The NEEMO 16 Aquanauts meet the Men in Black|last=Stevenin|first=Hervé|date=June 19, 2012|publisher=[[Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)|Yahoo! Inc]]|access-date=July 13, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Steve Giddings]]
* [[Serena M. Auñón]]
* [[Bill Todd]]
* [[Michael L. Gernhardt]]
* [[Andrew Abercromby]]
* [[Steve Chappell]]

=== SEATEST II: September 9–13, 2013 ===
Space Environment Analog for Testing EVA Systems and Training<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-international-partners-plan-undersea-training-mission|title=NASA, International Partners Plan Undersea Training Mission|first=Mark|last=Garcia|date=Apr 13, 2015|website=NASA}}</ref>
( '''NEEMO 17''' ) Designation skipped<ref name="Bergin">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/06/neemo-returns-two-new-underwater-missions/|title=NEEMO returns with two new underwater missions|last=Bergin|first=Chris|date=June 11, 2014|publisher=[[NASAspaceflight.com|NASASpaceflight]]|access-date=June 24, 2014}}</ref>

NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Joseph M. Acaba]], Commander
* [[Kate Rubins]]
* [[Andreas Mogensen]]
* [[Soichi Noguchi]]

Aquarius Reef Base support crew:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyspeedblog.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/aquarius-seatest-ii-astronauts-emerge-from-a-successful-underwater-mission/|title=Aquarius SEATEST II – Astronauts emerge from a successful underwater mission|first=HySpeed|last=Computing|date=Sep 16, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]]
* [[Otto Rutten]]

=== NEEMO 18: July 21–29, 2014 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Akihiko Hoshide]], Commander
* [[Jeanette J. Epps]]
* [[Mark T. Vande Hei]]
* [[Thomas Pesquet]]
Professional habitat technicians, Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[James Talacek]]
* Hank Stark (FIU)

=== NEEMO 19: September 7–13, 2014 ===

[[File:NASA NEEMO 19 Aquanaut Crew.jpg|thumbnail|right|The NEEMO 19 crew: Left to right: Hansen, Stevenin, Mogensen, Bresnik; inside habitat: Hulsbeck, LaPete.]]
NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Randolph Bresnik]], Commander<ref name="Bergin"/>
* [[Andreas Mogensen]], Flight Engineer 1
* [[Jeremy Hansen]], Flight Engineer 2
* [[Hervé Stevenin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/EAC/Herve_Stevenin|title=Hervé Stevenin|website=www.esa.int}}</ref> Flight Engineer 3
Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]]
* [[Ryan LaPete]]

=== NEEMO 20: July 20 – August 2, 2015 ===
NASA Aquanaut Crew:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/40054892@N06/20061131081/|title=NEEMO 20 Crew (L to R) CDR Luca Parmitano (ESA), Serena Aunon (NASA), David Coan (NASA), Norishige Kanai, (JAXA), inside Aquarius Mark Hulsbeck (FIU) and Sean Moore (FIU)|date=Jul 20, 2015|via=Flickr}}</ref>
[[File:NASA NEEMO 20 Aquanaut Crew.jpg|thumb|right]]
* [[Luca Parmitano]], [[ESA]], commander
* [[Serena M. Auñón]], NASA
* David Coan, NASA EVA Management Office engineer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-prepares-for-future-space-exploration-with-international-undersea-crew|title=NASA Prepares for Future Space Exploration with International Undersea Crew|date=June 24, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Norishige Kanai]], [[JAXA]]

Professional habitat technicians, Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]] (FIU)
* Sean Moore (FIU)

NEEMO 20 mission objective was to simulate the time delays associated with sending and receiving commands between controllers on Earth and astronauts on Mars. Additional EVAs will simulate working on the surface of an asteroid, and the use of the DeepWorker submersible as an underwater stand-in for the [[Space Exploration Vehicle|Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/07/neemo-20-base-deep-space-communications/|title=NEEMO 20 to build knowledge base on delayed deep space communications, Chris Bergin, nasaspaceflight
|date=July 6, 2015}}</ref>

=== NEEMO 21: July 21 – August 5, 2016 ===
[[File:NASA_NEEMO_21_Aquanaut_Crew.jpg|thumb|NEEMO 21 crew members outside the Aquarius base]]
The NEEMO 21 mission was scheduled to begin July 18, 2016 and conclude August 3, 2016; however, the mission start was shifted to July 21, 2016 as a result of unfavorable weather conditions.

NASA Aquanaut Crew:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/aquanauts-splash-down-beginning-neemo-21-research-mission|title=Aquanauts Splash Down, Beginning NEEMO 21 Research Mission|last=Loff|first=Sarah|date=2016-07-22|access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref>
* [[Gregory R. Wiseman|Reid Wiseman]], NASA, Commander 1
* [[K. Megan McArthur|Megan McArthur]], NASA, Commander 2
* Marc O´Gríofa
* [[Matthias Maurer]], ESA
* Noel Du Toit
* Dawn Kernagis
Professional habitat technicians, Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* Hank Stark (FIU)
* Sean Moore (FIU)

=== NEEMO 22: June 18–27, 2017 ===

NASA Aquanaut Crew:
* [[Kjell N. Lindgren|Kjell Lindgren]], NASA, Commander
* [[Pedro Duque]], ESA
* Trevor Graff, NASA/Jacobs
* Dominic D'Agostino, USF
Professional habitat technicians, Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]] (FIU)
* Sean Moore (FIU)

=== NEEMO 23: June 10–22, 2019 ===

NASA all-female Aquanaut Crew:<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/nasa-scientists-and-astronauts-practice-space-mission-seafloor-180972744/#3gRkwJRekZ6hSUDv.99 |title=NASA Scientists and Astronauts Practice for Space Missions on the Seafloor |date=July 29, 2019|author=Emily Toomey |publisher=Smithsonian magazine}}</ref>
* [[Samantha Cristoforetti]], ESA, Commander
* [[Jessica Watkins]],  NASA astronaut candidate
* Csilla Ari D’Agostino, a neurobiologist at the University of South Florida
* Shirley Pomponi, Marine biologist at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute of Florida Atlantic University

Professional habitat technicians, Aquarius Reef Base support crew:
* [[Mark Hulsbeck]] (FIU)
* Tom Horn (FIU)

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Continental Shelf Station Two}}
* {{annotated link|SEALAB}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|NEEMO}}
* {{Official website|https://aquarius.fiu.edu/}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/ NEEMO missions]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720093622/http://aquarius.uncw.edu/live/ Live webcams (subject to mission availability)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030707083835/http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/support/training/neemo/index.html Behind the Scenes: NEEMO]

{{Human missions to Mars}}

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[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:Controlled ecological life support systems]]
[[Category:Human analog missions]]