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{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Music of Ukraine}}
{{Culture of Ukraine}}
Ukrainian music covers diverse and multiple component elements of the music that is found in the Western and Eastern musical civilization. It also has a very strong indigenous [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] and [[Christians|Christian]] uniqueness whose elements were used among the areas that surround modern [[Ukraine]].<ref name="Int">{{cite web |title=III. Ukrainian wandering bards: kobzars, bandurysts, and lirnryks |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3 |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=[[Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] |access-date=12 March 2022 |date=2001}}</ref>

Ukraine is also the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former [[Russian Empire]], home to its first professional music academy, which opened in the mid-18th century and produced numerous early musicians and composers.<ref name="Nat">{{cite news |title=(untitled) |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Nat Geo Music |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005555/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

Modern Ukraine is situated north of the [[Black Sea]], previously part of the [[Soviet Union]]. Several of its ethnic groups living within Ukraine have their own unique musical traditions and some have developed specific musical traditions in association with the land in which they live.

== Folk music ==
{{main|Ukrainian folk music}}

Ukraine found itself at the crossroads of Asia and Europe and this is reflected within the music in a perplexing mix of exotic [[melisma]]tic singing with chordal harmony which does not always easily fit the rules of traditional Western European harmony.
The most striking general characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals. This is an indication that the major-minor system developed in Western European music did not become as entrenched in Ukraine.

Rhythmically the music rarely uses complex time-signatures, but compound meters are encountered, and the music can be extremely complex harmonically.

Harmonically three and even four part harmony had developed and was recorded in the central steppe regions of Ukraine, but was not in popular use in the mountain regions by the late 19th century.

*Ritual songs show the greatest tendency to preservation. They are frequently in recitative style, essentially [[monody|monodic]], based on notes in the range of a third or a fourth. An example of this style is the theme for the Shchedrivka "[[Shchedryk (song)|Shchedryk]]" known in the West as "[[Carol of the Bells]]".
*A large group of Ukrainian ritual melodies fall within a perfect fourth with the main central tone as the lowest note. Many of the ritual Easter melodies known as [[Haivky]] fall into this category. The [[tetrachord]]al system is also found in wedding and harvest songs. Folk dances often have melodies based on two tetrachords fused together.
*The pentatonic scale in [[anhemitonic]] form is common in spring songs known as [[Vesnianky]].
*The bulk of Ukrainian folk songs melodies are based on scales identical to mеdieval [[Modus (medieval music)|modes]], but differ in melodic structure. The [[Mixolydian]] and [[Dorian mode|Dorian]] modes are used more often than [[Ionian mode|Ionian]] and [[Aeolian mode|Aeolian]] modes. This is a feature of traditional paraliturgical [[Koliadka|Koliadky]].
*The augmented 2nd interval is found, as well as the raising of the fourth and seventh degree of the scale. It is often used for melodic expression. This melodic manner gives an effect that is described as adding severe tension or sadness in some Ukrainian songs. The phenomenon is not found in Russian folk songs and is thought to have been introduced or developed in the 17th century.

=== Vocal ===
[[File:Kobzars Kravchenko Dremchenko.jpg|thumb|The [[Kobzar]]s Kravchenko and Dremchenko (1902)]]
Ukrainian folk song singing style can be divided into a number of broad aesthetic categories.

1. Solo singing – primarily ritual songs including [[holosinnya]] sung at wakes.

2. Solo singing with instrumental accompaniment by professional itinerant singers known as [[kobzari]] or [[lirnyky]]. The highest form of development of this style of singing can be seen in the lyric historical folk epics known as ''[[Duma (epic)|dumy]]'' sung to the accompaniment of the [[bandura]], [[kobza]] or lira ([[lirnyk]]). ''Dumy'' were sung primarily in the dorian mode.

3. The third is an archaic type of modal "a cappella" vocal style in which a phrase sung by a soloist is answered by a choral phrase in 2- or 3- voice vertical [[polyphony]]/[[heterophony]]/harmony. The vocal inflection here is quite mediaeval in character, and some peculiarities of distinctly Ukrainian flavor are noticeable, such as parallel fifths and octaves, and several types of plagal cadences. This type of song, once dominant, after 1650 has ceded its hegemony to the newer tonal types, but can still be found in isolated villages. This style is evident in the "[[Koliadka]]" and "[[Shchedryk (song)|Shchedryk]]".

4. The other vocal styles are marked by the influences exerted by European music, by paraliturgical music of [[Dimitry of Rostov|Danylo Tuptalo]] and his circle in the early 18th century, and later by classical music and urban culture.

Ukrainian vocal music exhibits a wide variety of forms – monodic, heterophonic, homophonic, harmonic and polyphonic.

One of the most active proponents of Ukrainian vocal music is [[Nina Matviyenko]], along with recently established groups dedicated to the preservation of traditional polyphony such as  "Bozhychi", "Hurtopravci", "Volodar", "Korali" and "Drevo". Popular folk songs include:

*"[[Yikhav Kozak za Dunai]]"
*"[[Pidmanula Pidvela]]"
*"[[Nich Yaka Misiachna]]"
*"[[Shchedryk (song)|Shchedryk]]" – originally an ancient folk chant arranged by [[Mykola Leontovych]]
*''[[Zaporozhets za Dunaiem]]'' – comic opera based on popular folk song
*"[[Oi ne khody, Hrytsiu]]" – by popular folk artist [[Marusia Churai]]
*"[[Rozpriahaite Khloptsi Konei]]" – originally Ukrainian folk song
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2011}}

=== Instrumental ===
[[File:1989 CPA 6114.jpg|thumb|Soviet postage stamp depicting traditional Ukrainian musical instruments]]
Common traditional instruments include: the kobza ([[lute]]), bandura, [[torban]] (bass lute), [[violin]], [[basolya]] (3-string cello), the relya or [[Lyre|lira]] ([[hurdy-gurdy]]) and the [[cimbalom|tsymbaly]]; the [[sopilka]] (duct flute), [[floyara]] (open, end-blown flute), [[trembita]] (alpenhorn), [[Fife (musical instrument)|fife]], [[volynka]] (bagpipes); and the [[buben]] (frame drum), tulumbas (kettledrum), [[resheto]] (tambourine) and [[drymba]]/[[varhan]] (Jaw harp). Traditional instrumental ensembles are often known as troïstï muzyki (literally ‘three musicians’ that typically make up the ensemble, e.g. violin, sopilka and buben). When performing dance melodies instrumental performance usually includes improvisation.

The traditional dances of Ukraine include: the Kozak, [[Kozachok]], [[Tropak]], [[Hopak]], [[Hrechanyky]], [[Kolomyjka]] and [[Hutsulka]], [[Metelytsia]], [[Shumka (dance)|Shumka]], [[Arkan (dance)|Arkan]], [[Kateryna]] ([[La Mantovana|Kadryl]]) and [[Chabarashka]]. Dances originating outside the Ukrainian ethnic region but which are also popular include: the [[Polka]], [[Mazurka]], [[Krakowiak]], [[Csárdás]], [[Waltz]], [[Kamarinskaya]] and [[Barynya]]. Ukrainian instrumental and dance music has also influenced Jewish ("[[Hava Nagila]]" - "Let's Rejoice") and Gypsy music and much of it was included in the repertoire of itinerant [[Klezmer|klezmorim]].

Early in the 20th century, [[Pavlo Humeniuk]] of Philadelphia became famous in North America for his fiddle music.

==== Vocal-instrumental folk music and performers ====
[[File:Вересай Остап з дружиною.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ostap Veresai]], the most famous Ukrainian kobzar of the 19th century, and his wife.]]

Although most instrumental dance music in Ukraine can be sung to, there exist in Ukraine a group of professional folk musicians who sing to their own accompaniment. These itinerant musicians were generically called [[kobzar]]i (kobzar – singular), and accompanied their singing with the [[kobza]], [[bandura]], or [[lira]]. Although their origins stretch back to antiquity, their repertoire and customs directly date back to the 17th century in which they depict the period of the conflicts between the [[Cossacks|Kozaks]] and various foreign oppressors. There were many cases of those folk singers being blind which became a stereotype in the cultural memory.

==== Kobzari ====
The kobzari organized themselves into regional professional guild-like structures, known as a "[[Kobzars'kyj Tsekh|Kobzar Guild]]".

During Soviet era almost all of the traditional kobzari were killed, the bulk perishing during Stalin's "purges" during the 1930s. Even the instrument, kobza and bandura, were prohibited and confiscated, a practice of the Ukrainian [[ethnocide]] that continued after the fall of the [[Russian Empire]].

Under the inspiration of noted traditional bandurist [[Heorhy Tkachenko|Heorhiy Tkachenko]] a [[Kobzars'kyj Tsekh|Kobzar Guild]] was re-established in 1991 in Kyiv by [[Mykola Budnyk]] in order to revive and foster the ancient kobzar traditions. The Guild unites many singer-musicians in Ukraine and the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. Many of its members are not formally Conservatory trained.

=== Soviet-inspired folk music ===
With the establishment of the Soviet regime in Ukraine a policy based on [[state atheism]] was instituted which gradually grew to an intolerance to organized religion. Religious music was not supported by the regime and in time was purged from performance. Many aspects of classical music were also branded as being bourgeois and decadent.

A movement was started in the 20s for "Proletarian songs" – music of the working people. In time it was noticed that this music only catered for the working classes in the cities and did not take into account the large percentage of Ukrainian peasants living in village setting. As a consequence, songs of the village were also defined as being also from the working class. Resulting from this reclassification the Soviet government began to give significant support to this form of music. Hence, various "fakeloric" ensembles came into existence. After World War II huge resources continued to be given to support this style of music in order to displace the onslaught of mass culture from the West.

Numerous folk choirs were established such as the [[Veriovka folk choir]] directed by [[Hryhoriy Veryovka|Hryhoriy Veriovka]]. A stylized dance troupe was established by [[Pavlo Virsky]] based on a synthesis of ethnographic dance and ballet. Particularly popular were the numerous Bandurist Capellas. These particular pseudo-folk forms blending ethnographic materials in an art setting have also become popular in the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] in North America.

=== Bandura ===
In North America pseudo-folk or "reconstructive" bandurists such as [[Zinoviy Shtokalko]], [[Hryhory Kytasty|Hryhoriy Kytasty]], [[Julian Kytasty]], [[Victor Mishalow]], et al. have played a significant role in defining Ukrainian ethnicity in the New World, while fusing traditional musical material with new possibilities offered by contemporary instruments.

=== Music of non-Ukrainian ethnic minorities ===
Of the traditional musics of non-Ukrainian ethnic minorities living in Ukraine possibly the richest and most developed is that of Jewish music (including [[Klezmer]], [[Hazzan|cantorial]], [[Yiddish song|Yiddish-language folksongs]], and [[Yiddish theatre]] music) which can trace most of its origins to the Jewish [[Pale of Settlement]] and to South-western Ukraine. It is estimated that one third of the total Jewish population of Europe lived on Ukrainian ethnic territory at the turn of the 19th century. Therefore a number of Soviet and Russian Empire Jewish folklorists collected and documented Jewish music primarily in Ukraine, including [[S. Ansky]], [[Susman Kiselgof]], [[Moisei Beregovsky]], [[Joel Engel (composer)|Joel Engel]], and [[Sofia Magid]]. Many of these collected works are now in the possession of the [[Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine]].

[[Music of Russia|Russian music]] has also had a strong base for development in Ukraine. Many of the early performers on [[Russian folk instruments]] came from Ukraine and these performers often included Ukrainian melodies in their repertoire. The 4 string Russian [[domra]] continues to be used and taught in Ukraine despite the fact that it has been replaced by the 3 string [[domra]] in Russia proper.

=== Ukrainized versions and borrowed music ===
* [[Polonaise (dance)|Polonaise]]
* [[The Hills of Manchuria]] ({{langx|uk|На сопках Манчжурiї – Ми пам'ятаєм}})

== Classical music ==
[[File:Лисенко Микола.jpg|thumb|right|Mykola Lysenko]] [[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|thumbnail|[[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater|Odesa Opera House]]]]
Composers of Ukrainian ethnicity that lived in Ukraine during the 19th century are associated with the a national school of music that was influenced by Ukrainian folk tunes and texts. Non-Ukrainian composers who lived in territories that now form part of modern Ukraine, such as [[Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart|Franz Xavier Mozart]], [[Isaak Dunayevsky]], [[Rheinhold Gliere]], and [[Sergei Prokofiev]], rarely composed music that influenced in this way. Ukrainian-born composers who lived abroad, such as [[Dmytro Bortniansky]], [[Maksym Berezovsky]], [[Artemy Vedel]], [[Demetrius of Rostov|Dimitry of Rostov]], [[Mykola Fomenko]], [[Yuriy Oliynyk]], [[Zinoviy Lawryshyn]], [[Wasyl Sydorenko]], [[Mykola Roslavets]] and Dunayevsky, have had an influence upon Ukrainian classical music.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

=== Baroque music ===
During the Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. Much of the nobility was well versed in music with many [[Cossacks|Ukrainian Cossack]] leaders such as ([[Ivan Mazepa|Mazepa]], Paliy, Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the kobza, bandura, or torban.

In the course of the 18th century in the Russian Empire, court musicians were typically trained at the music academy in [[Hlukhiv]] and largely came from Ukraine. Notable performers of the era include [[Timofiy Bilohradsky|Tymofiy Bilohradsky]], who later studied the lute under [[Sylvius Leopold Weiss]] in Dresden; his daughter [[Yelizabetha Bilohradska|Yelyzaveta]], who was a famous operatic soprano; and [[Alexey Razumovsky|Oleksiy Rozumovsky]], a court bandurist and the [[morganatic]] husband of Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]].

The first professional music academy of the [[Russian Empire]] was established in Ukraine in [[Hlukhiv]] in 1738, the Hlukhiv Music Academy, where students were taught to sing and play violin and bandura from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers of the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated in [[Hlukhiv]] or having been closely associated with this music school.

=== Ukrainian nationalist movement in music ===
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During the 19th century, [[musical nationalism]] arose in Europe, characterized by an emphasis on national musical elements, and associated with the growth of national consciousness of European peoples. A Ukrainian nationalist movement in music appeared during the late 19th century. Ukrainian writers, poets, and professional musicians used [[folklore]] to arrange [[folk song]]s. The opening of the first professional theatres in [[Kyiv]] (1803) and [[Odesa]] (1810), which staged works on national themes, played an important role in the formation of Ukrainian [[opera]]. the first of which was ''[[Zaporozhets za Dunayem]]'' by [[Semen Hulak-Artemovsky]] (1863).

A key figure in the development of Ukrainian nationalist music during the 19th century was the composer, conductor and pianist [[Mykola Lysenko]],{{sfn|Helbig|Buranbaeva|Vanja|2009|p=147}} whose compositions include nine operas, and music for piano. He used Ukrainian poetry, including that of the poet [[Taras Shevchenko]]. In 1904, Lysenko opened the [[Russian Empire]]'s first Ukrainian music school in Kiev (now the {{Ill|Lysenko State Music and Drama Institute|uk|Музично-драматична школа Миколи Лисенка}}). He is credited with establishing a classical music tradition that was a blend of folk music and [[Musical form|classical music forms]].{{sfn|Helbig|Buranbaeva|Vanja|2009|p=147}}

Lysenko's work was continued by other composers, including [[Mykola Leontovych]], [[Kyrylo Stetsenko]], [[Yakiv Stepovy]], and [[Stanyslav Lyudkevych]].

=== Musical culture in the Ukrainian State (1918) ===
In the period of [[Ukrainian War of Independence|the Liberation War]] numerous Ukrainian artistic groups were created. The Government of the Ukrainian State has taken a consistent position in the field of cultural development, including music, as evidenced by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers on the mobilization of literary, scientific, artistic and technical forces of Ukraine. In particular, by the decree of Pavel Skoropadsky in 1918, the [[State Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine]], the Ukrainian State Chapel, the First and Second National Choirs were established. The Kyiv opera was named the Ukrainian Drama and Opera Theater, and a significant number of world-famous operas have been translated into Ukrainian.  Also in 1918, the Kobzar Choir was founded, which would later be revived as the State Bandura Chapel.

=== Soviet Romantic school ===
The arrival of Soviet authorities in Ukraine was marked by a number of tragic events. In 1921, Leontovych was killed by an agent of the [[Cheka]], and in 1928 the society in his memory were banned. Ukrainian art suffered the worst losses in the 1930s, during which the Soviet authorities exterminated several hundred bandura players, kobzars, and lyre players, and in 1938, musician and ethnographer [[Hnat Khotkevych]] was shot among other artists of the [[Executed Renaissance|"shot revival]]."

At the same time, the Soviet authorities opened a number of music institutions in various cities of Ukraine. In particular, these are opera and ballet theaters in [[Kharkiv]] (1925), [[Poltava]] (1928), [[Vinnytsia]] (1929), [[Dnipro|Dnipropetrovsk]] (1931), [[Donetsk]] (1941), choral and symphonic groups were organized. According to the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party "On the Restructuring of Literary and Artistic Organizations" in 1932, The Union of Soviet Musicians of Ukraine (later - "Union of Composers") was organized and entrusted with the functions of ideological control over compositions by Ukrainian composers.

Among Ukrainian composers of the Soviet period were Gliere, [[Borys Lyatoshynsky]], [[Lev Revutsky]], [[Mykola Vilinsky]], [[Anatoliy Kos-Anatolsky]], [[Andriy Shtoharenko]], [[Mykola Dremliuha]], [[Vitaly Kyreyko]].

=== Soviet modernist school ===
The 1960s are marked by the breakthrough of the Ukrainian school of composition on the world stage, the mastery of the latest trends in European musical culture. A group of Kyiv Avant-Garde artists is being formed in Kyiv, which includes composers such as [[Valentyn Silvestrov]], [[Leonid Grabovsky]], [[Vitaliy Godziatsky]], and [[Volodymyr Guba]]. The central figure in this group was the conductor Igor Blazhkov. As a result of differences with the retrograde tendencies of the official musical circles of the USSR, the members of the "Kyiv avant-garde" were subjected to various kinds of oppression.

In the 1970s and 1980s, composers became famous who expanded the traditional late Romantic style for Ukrainian music through the latest techniques of European modernism - [[Myroslav Skoryk]], [[Yevhen Stankovych]], [[Ivan Karabyts]], [[Lev Kolodub]], and others. Among composers of Ukrainian diaspora - [[Virko Baley]].

=== Post-independence ===
After Ukraine gained independence, any ideological barriers were removed and composers got an opportunity to experiment with different styles and genres. Festivals of avant-gard music such as [[Kyiv Music Fest]], [[Kontrasty]], [[Two Days and Two Nights of New Music]] were established. Among composers of new generation - [[Oleksandr Kozarenko]], [[Volodymyr Runchak]], [[Hanna Havrylets']], [[Ivan Nebesnyy]]. In 2000s experimental [[electronic music]] in Ukraine began to develop, the leader of this trend is [[Alla Zahaikevych]].

There are also musicians and ensambles that are difficult to categorize, such as
* [[Mariana Sadovska]] – avantgarde and folk singer and composer
* [[Roman Turovsky]] – [[Musical historicism|historicist]] lutenist-composer
* [[Dakha Brakha]]
* [[Dakh Daughters]]
* [[New Era Orchestra]] - a classical music orchestra that also plays contemporary music
* {{ill|HZV (music group)|uk|Хамерман знищує віруси}} - [[techno-punk]] with obscene lyrics 
* [[Zhadan i Sobaky]] - [[ska]]-[[punk music|punk]] with folk elements

There are also musicians in Ukraine (Kostyantyn Chechenya, Vadym Borysenko) and in diaspora (Volodymyr Smishkevych, [[Julian Kytasty]], [[Roman Turovsky]]) who have been preserving Ukrainian music of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Eras.

The Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton (UMCE) was founded in 1984 in [[Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada, and has performed at many events and festival both in Canada and internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukrainianmalechorus.ca/AboutUs/History/tabid/715/Default.aspx |title=Ukrainian Male Chorus > About Us > History |access-date=February 15, 2016 |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314150520/http://www.ukrainianmalechorus.ca/AboutUs/History/tabid/715/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="infoukes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoukes.com/newpathway/8-2012-Page-8-1.html|title=8-2012-Page-8-1|publisher=}}</ref> Performances include [[Expo '86]], the International Choral Festival, along with tours to [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], and Eastern Europe. Each year the UMCE hosts a Christmas concert, A Festive Mosaic.<ref name="todocanada">{{cite web|url=http://www.todocanada.ca/city/edmonton/event/festive-mosaic/|title=The Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton presents A Festival Mosaic|author=todocanada|work=To Do Canada}}</ref><ref name="pysankafestival.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.pysankafestival.com/Ukrainian-Male-Chorus-|title=Ukrainian Male Chorus – Ukrainian Pysanka Festival|work=Ukrainian Pysanka Festival}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yeglive.ca/events/ukrainian-male-chorus-of-edmonton/dec-6-2014/mcdougall-united-church|title=A Festival Mosaic feat. Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton at McDougall United Church (Edmonton) on December 6, 2014 – YEG Live|work=YEG Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnews.ca/video/1011553/ukrainian-male-chorus-of-edmonton|title=Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton|work=Global News}}</ref> The UMCE is also a member of the Alberta Choral Federation (ACF).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.albertachoralfederation.ca/edmonton_choirs.asp |title=Edmonton & Area Choirs |access-date=February 15, 2016 |archive-date=February 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223123417/http://www.albertachoralfederation.ca/edmonton_choirs.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The UMCE has also performed numerous times with the [[Edmonton Symphony Orchestra|Edmonton Symphony Orchestra (ESO)]] at the [[Winspear Centre]] in [[downtown Edmonton]].<ref name="infoukes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shareedmonton.ca/events/2015/12/05/a-festive-mosaic|title=A Festive Mosaic|author=Paramagnus Developments Inc.|work=ShareEdmonton}}</ref> As of 2016, the choir was conducted by Orest Soltykevych.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukrainianmalechorus.ca/AboutUs/Conductor/tabid/716/Default.aspx |title=Ukrainian Male Chorus > About Us > Conductor |access-date=February 15, 2016 |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314143246/http://www.ukrainianmalechorus.ca/AboutUs/Conductor/tabid/716/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/Ukrainian-Male-Chorus-celebrates-the-world-20151202|title=Ukrainian Male Chorus celebrates the world|author=Great West Newspapers, LP|work=St. Albert Gazette}}</ref> The UMCE has released four recordings, That Old Sheepskin Coat (1992), The Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton LIVE! (2002), Malanka Suite (2006), and Kateryna (2007).<ref name="pysankafestival.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukrainianmalechorus.ca/Discography/tabid/708/Default.aspx |title=Ukrainian Male Chorus > Discography |access-date=February 15, 2016 |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314142754/http://www.ukrainianmalechorus.ca/Discography/tabid/708/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Pop music ==
[[Pop music in Ukraine]] is Western influenced pop music in its various forms that has been growing in popularity in Ukraine since the 1960s. The 1970s saw the emergence of a number of folk rock groups such as [[Kobza (band)|Kobza]]. Major contributions were made by songwriter [[Volodymyr Ivasyuk]], [[Oleksandr Bilash]]. After Ivasyuk's death in 1979, developments in Ukrainian pop music almost ground to a halt. Even established folk-rock groups such as Kobza began to sing in Russian.

The revival of Ukrainian pop music emerged in 1990s after Ukraine gained an independence. The [[Chervona Ruta (festival)|Chervona Ruta Festival]] played an important role in popularisation and evolution of the modern Ukrainian song. In 2004 Ruslana was a first Ukrainian singer who won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|Eurovision Song Contest]].

Until the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] broke out in 2014, the [[Russian language]] was widely used by Ukrainian artists in order to also reach audiences outside Ukraine who could understand Russian.<ref name="Balduk">{{Cite news |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2438307-de-zomerhits-in-oekraine-gaan-dit-jaar-niet-over-de-liefde-of-de-zon |title=De zomerhits in Oekraïne gaan dit jaar niet over de liefde of de zon |trans-title=Ukraine's summer hits this year are not about love or the sun |author=Chiem Balduk |work=NOS.nl |date=25 July 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022 |language=nl}}</ref> Russian-language songs gradually lost popularity in Ukraine after 2014, while Ukrainian-language music experienced a surge; this trend accelerated when the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] began in February 2022.<ref name="Balduk"/> Muzvar music journalist Julian Novak stated in July 2022: 'Many popular artists have decided to switch to the Ukrainian language, and change their existing Russian-language repertoire to Ukrainian.'<ref name="Balduk"/> The war became an increasingly prominent theme in songs, with lyrics about consolation in trying times of losing loved ones and having to flee one's home and country, but also the courage to go on.<ref name="Balduk"/> New musical tracks from Ukraine also incorporated ever more elements of [[Ukrainian folklore]], such as the remake of a traditional lullaby by [[Eurovision Song Contest 2022]] winner "[[Stefania (song)|Stefania]]", and the use of the traditional flute.<ref name="Balduk"/>

==Popular Ukrainian songs==
[[File:Володимир Івасюк.jpg|thumb|Volodymyr Ivasiuk, author of "Chervona Ruta"]]
[[File:Ukrainian National Choir - "Shchedryk"; "Koza".png|thumb|A 1922 recording of "Shchedryk" by the [[Ukrainian Republic Capella|Ukrainian National Choir]]]]
* [[Cheremshyna]]
* [[Chervona Ruta (song)|Chervona ruta]]
* [[Two Colours (song)|Dva koliory]]
* [[Watching the sky and thinking a thought|Dyvlius' ya na nebo...]]
* [[Hej Sokoły|Hey, sokoly]]
* [[Hutsulka Ksenya (song)|Hutsulka Ksenia]]
* [[Mnohaya lita]]
* [[What a Moonlit Night|Nich yaka misiachna]]
* [[The Dream Passes by the Windows|Oy khodyt son kolo vikon]]
* [[Yes, My Darling Daughter|Oy ne khody, Hrytsiu]]
* [[Oy Vershe Miy, Vershe|Oy vershe miy, vershe]]
* [[Song about the Towel|Pisnia pro rushnyk]]
* [[A Duckling Swims in the Tisza|Plyve kacha]]
* [[The Wide Dniepr Roars and Moans|Reve ta stohne Dnipr shyrokyi]]
* [[Unharness the Horses, Guys|Rozpriahayte, khloptsi, koney]]
* [[Shchedryk (song)|Shchedryk]]
* [[Shum (song)|Shum]]
* [[Ty zh mene pidmanula]]
* [[Verbovaya Doshchechka|Verbovaya doshchechka]]
* [[Yak tebe ne liubyty, Kyieve mii!|Yak tebe ne liubyty...]]
* [[Yikhav Kozak za Dunai|Yikhav kozak za Dunay]]

== Other musicians and composers ==
===Ukrainian===
{{See|List of Ukrainian composers}}
* [[Semen Hulak-Artemovsky]]. 1813–1873. Opera composer, singer (baritone), actor, and dramatist, whose best known work is the [[comic opera]]  ''[[Zaporozhets za Dunayem]]''
* [[Mykola Leontovych]]. 1877–1921. Composer. Best known worldwide for his arrangement of Shchedryk, which became known in North America as "Carol of the Bells."
* [[Levko Revutsky]]. 1889–1977. Composer, teacher, and activist. Known for introducing Ukrainian music motives combined with western composing style.
* [[Dmytro Bortniansky]] [http://www.gmcc.ab.ca/nw/bort/about.htm]. 1751–1825. Ukrainian liturgical composer. Born Hlukhiv, Ukraine.
* [[Reinhold Gliere]]. 1875–1956. Composer. Born in Kyiv.
* [[Mykola Vilinsky]]. 1888–1956. Ukrainian classical composer and teaching professor.
* [[Oleksandr Bilash]]. Ukrainian classical and popular song composer. His best known song is Dva Kolery (Two Colors).
* [[Myroslav Skoryk]]. Ukrainian classical composer.
* [[Volodymyr Ivasiuk]]. 1949–1979. Ukrainian popular song composer. His best known song is Chervona Ruta.
* [[Valentin Silvestrov]] modern Ukrainian "minimalistic music" composer. His best known work is "Quiet songs" for bariton voice.
* [[Julia Gomelskaya]] 1964– Ukrainian contemporary composer of symphony, chamber, choir and vocal music.
* [[Svitlana Azarova]] 1976– Ukrainian composer of contemporary classical music
* [[Aleksandr Shymko]]
* [[Roman Miroshnichenko]] 1977– jazz-fusion guitarist, composer, producer. Independent Music Awards winner.
* [[Virko Baley]] Composer. Conductor of Las Vegas Symphony.
* [[Dmitri Tiomkin]] 1899–1979. Born Poltava, Ukraine. American film composer (Academy Award for score of movie ''High Noon'', also best song from that movie "Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darling"). A U.S.A. postage stamp was issued in his honor.
* [[Gary Kulesha]], [[Ukrainian-Canadian]] composer.
* [[Victor Mishalow]]
* [[Alexis Kochan]]
* [[Julian Kytasty]]
* [[Roman Turovsky]]
* [[Darka and Slavko]]
* [[DakhaBrakha]]
* [[Karol Szymanowski]], Polish composer, born in Ukraine.

=== Other composers ===
*[[Stepan Rak]], b. 1945, Prolific Czech composer and guitarist. "... identifies the village Chust in Ukraine as the place where the newborn infant, who was later christened as Stepan Rak, was found by Soviet soldiers in a bomb-wrecked house."
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] – [[Razumovsky Quartets]], Opus 59 No. 1-3, Air de la Petite Russe,
*[[Antonín Dvořák]] – [[Piano Trio No. 4 (Dvořák)|Piano Trio No. 4]] has the subtitle [[Dumky]].
*[[Alexander Glazunov]] – [[Hopak]]
*[[Reinhold Gliere]] – Ballet "Taras Bulba" based on Gogol's Novella 
*[[Mikhail Glinka]] – romances "Don't chirp the nightingale" ("''Не щебечи соловейку''") and "The wind is blowing loudly in the field" ("''Гуде вітер вельми в полі''"), both on Ukrainian lyrics by [[:uk:Забіла Віктор Миколайович|V. Zabila]].   
*[[Joseph Haydn]] – String quartet no. 20. opus 9 no. 2
*[[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] –  Trio op. 78 in A major
*[[Vanessa Lann]] – Two Ukrainian Folk Sketches for B-flat clarinet and piano

====Compositions with a Ukrainian<!-- "a Ukrainian" is correct as the letter 'U' is making a consonant sound (yew-krainian)--> connection====
[[File:Weber - Theme from 'Nine Variations sur un air russe', Op.40.ogg|thumb|[[Carl Maria von Weber]] - Theme from  "[[Ikhav Kozak za Dunaj|Schöne Minka]]"', Op.40]]
*[[Carl Maria von Weber]] –  Nine Variations on "[[Ikhav Kozak za Dunaj|Schöne Minka]]", op. 40 (1815), his longest set of variations.{{sfn|Hinson|Roberts|2013|p=1017}}
*[[Franz Liszt]] - ''[[Mazeppa (symphonic poem)|Mazeppa]]'' (first performed in 1854). Liszt's sixth [[symphonic poem]], ''Ballade d'Ukraine'', is based on the poem of the same title written by [[Victor Hugo]]. Mazeppa is a Ukrainian nobleman who became a [[Page (servant)|page]] at the [[Royal court|court]] of [[John II Casimir Vasa]], King of Poland. As punishment for having a love affair with the wife of a [[Podolia]]n [[count]], Mazeppa is tied naked onto a wild horse that heads toward Ukraine. The horse collapses and dies, and Mazeppa is saved by [[Cossack Hetmanate|Ukrainian Cossacks]], who then name him as their leader. Led by Mazeppa, the Ukrainians are victorious in battle.{{sfn|Walker|1970|p=106}}
[[File:Kum from The Fair at Sorochyntsi (Mussorgsky) by Kustodiev (1919, priv.coll).jpg|thumb|Kum from ''[[The Fair at Sorochyntsi]]'' by [[Mussorgsky]]]]
*[[Alexander Dargomyzhsky]] – "Kozachok" ("Cossack"), one of three orchestral works composed. Written in 1864, it was based on the [[Kozachok]], a traditional Ukrainian dance.<ref name="Zik">{{cite journal |last1=Zikanov |first1=K. |title=Satire, Empire and Chromaticism in Dargomyzhsky's Orchestral Fantasias |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Musical Association]] |date=2020 |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=265{{ndash}}316 |doi=10.1017/rma.2020.22 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|s2cid=228933223 }}</ref>
*[[Piotr Tchaikovsky]] – [[Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 2 in C minor]], composed in 1872 and named the "Little Russian" (Russian: Малороссийская, Malorossiyskaya) because of Tchaikovsky's use of Ukrainian folk themes.{{sfn|Holden|1995|p=87}} His [[opera]] ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazepa]]'' was based on [[Poltava (poem)|a poem]] by [[Alexander Pushkin]], which was set in Ukraine.{{sfn|Holden|1995|p=243}} The main [[Theme (narrative)|theme]] of the first [[Movement (music)|movement]] of the [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)|Piano Concerto No. 1]] is based on a popular Ukrainian folk song that was traditionally performed by wandering [[Lirnyk]]y, although without the original character of the tune.<ref name="Fro">{{cite web |last1=Frolova-Walker |first1=Marina |title=Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893): Piano Concerto No 1 in B flat minor, Op 23 |url=https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/tw.asp?w=W10153 |publisher=[[Hyperion Records]] |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Modest Mussorgsky]] – ''[[The Fair at Sorochyntsi]]'' (opera, unfinished at the time of Mussorgsky's death in 1881). The opera is based on [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s [[The Fair at Sorochyntsi (short story)|short story of the same name]], from his early (1832) collection of Ukrainian stories ''[[Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka|Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka]]''. It is set in [[Velyki Sorochyntsi]], in Ukraine. In Act 1, Cherevik and his friend sing a song based on an old Ukrainian folk tune.<ref name="Tar">{{cite Grove |last1 = Taruskin |first1 = Richard  |date = 2001 |title = Fair at Sorochintsï, The [Sorochinskaya yarmarka ('Sorochintsy Fair') |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002084 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*[[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] – the opening of the [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto No 3]] (1909) is based on an [[History of Christianity in Ukraine#Main religious groups|Orthodox church]] chant, although Rachmaninoff denied he was specifically influenced by anything.<ref name="Sch">{{cite web |last1=Schwarz |first1=Elizabeth |title=Program Notes: Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3 |url=http://www.orsymphony.org/concerts/0405/programnotes/classical2.html |publisher=Oregon Symphony |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420080410/http://www.orsymphony.org/concerts/0405/programnotes/classical2.html |archive-date=20 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Quincy Porter]] – ''Ukrainian Suite'' (1925) for [[string orchestra]]. A meticulously constructed and melodic piece based on a number of Ukrainian folk tunes, the ''Suite'' was written before Porter developed his mature style.{{sfn|Tawa|2001|p=319}}
*[[Sergei Prokofieff]] – wrote a five-act opera ''[[Semyon Kotko]]'' (1939). The opera is set in Ukraine in 1918.<ref name="Boo">{{cite web |title=Semyon Kotko |url=https://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails?musicID=4906 |publisher=[[Boosey & Hawkes]] |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Dmitri Kabalevsky]] –  A Ukrainian folk tune is incorporated into the first movement of Kabalevsky's Violin Concerto in [[C major]] (1948). which was "composed with young virtuosi in mind".<ref>{{cite web |title=A Change is Gonna Come |url=https://www.wilmingtonsymphony.org/program-notes/category/violin-concerto-in-c-major |publisher=Wilmington Symphony Orchestra |access-date=13 March 2022 |date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

==Scholarship==
The Polyphony Project, which is funded in part by the [[Creative Europe]] program of the [[European Union]], and which aims to "explore, preserve and present the living musical folklore of Ukrainian villages", has an online archive of Ukrainian folk music.<ref name="Pol">{{cite web |title=Polyphony Project: Online archive of musical folklore |url=https://www.polyphonyproject.com/en |publisher=Polyphony Project |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rock music in Ukraine|Rock Music in Ukraine]]
* [[Pop music in Ukraine|Pop Music in Ukraine]]
* [[Ukrainian hip hop]]
* [[Ukrainian metal]]
* [[Ukrainian folk music]]
* [[Torban]]
* [[Kobza]]
* [[Bandura]]
* [[Preservation of kobzar music]]
* [[Ensemble Nostri Temporis]]
* [[Zaporizhian March]]
* [[Trembita]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Helbig |first1=Adriana |last2=Buranbaeva |first2=Oksana |last3=Vanja |first3=Mladineo |title=Culture and Customs of Ukraine |date=2009 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-03133-4-363-6 |page=|via=[[Internet Archive]] |edition=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000helb/page/n5/mode/2up |chapter=Music |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000helb/page/147/mode/1up?view=theater}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hinson |first1=Maurice |last2=Roberts |first2=Wesley |title=Guide to the Pianist's Repertoire |date=2013 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-02530-1-023-0 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQDXAQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=Anthony |author1-link=Anthony Holden |title=Tchaikovsky: A Biography |date=1995 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-01401-7-225-6 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tchaikovsky0000hold/page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tawa |first1=Nicholas E. |title=From Psalm to Symphony A History of Music in New England |date=2001 |publisher=Northeastern University Press |location=Lebanon, New Hampshire |isbn=978-15555-3-491-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U6dLtsEoaoC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Alan |title=Franz Liszt: the man and his music |date=1970 |publisher=Taplinger |location=New York |isbn=978-08008-2-990-2 |pages=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/franzlisztman00walk/page/n7/mode/2up?q=mazeppa&view=theater}}

== Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Dutchak |first1=Violetta |last2=Cherepanyn |first2=Myron |last3=Bulda |first3=Maryna |last4=Paliichuk |first4=Iryna |last5=Fabryka-Protska |first5=Olga |title=Higher Academic Folk-Instrumental Music Education: Ukrainian Experience and Specifics of Development |journal=[[Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research]] |date=2021 |issue=1 (Special XV) |pages=103{{ndash}}108 |url=http://www.magnanimitas.cz/ADALTA/110115/PDF/110115.pdf |ref=none |issn=1804-7890}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kochan |first1=Alexis |last2=Kytasty |first2=Julian |editor1-last=Broughton |editor1-first=Simon |editor2-last=Ellingham |editor2-first=Mark |title=World Music |date=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |pages=|url-access=registration |edition=|volume=1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |ref=none |chapter=The Bandura Played On}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kononenko |first1=Natalie O. |title=Ukrainian Minstrels: Why the Blind Should Sing |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Abingdon, UK |isbn=978-13174-5-314-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgMXCgAAQBAJ |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mizynec |first1=Victor |title=Folk Instruments of Ukraine |date=1987 |publisher=Bayda Books |location=Doncaster, Australia |isbn=978-0-908480-19-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Turchyn-Duvirak |first1=Dagmara |editor1-last=Makaryk |editor1-first=Irene Rima |editor2-last=Tkacz |editor2-first=Virlana |title=Modernism in Kyiv: Jubilant Experimentation |date=2010 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |isbn=978-14426-4-098-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWknXDfsY6cC |ref=none |chapter=Kyiv, the 1920s, and Modernism in Music}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.polyphonyproject.com/en Polyphony Project] 
* [https://folk-ukraine.com/ Folk Songs of Ukraine]
* Public Domain scores of Ukrainian music on-line:
** [http://proridne.com Ukrainian songs]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20071231060753/http://lemko.org/lemko/spivanky/ Lemko songs]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041233/http://vasyltkach.com/ru/content/samples Samples and Pictures of Ukrainian Instruments]
* [http://www.orpheusandlyra.com/Mazepa.html Ukrainian baroque songs. Audio files]
* [http://orpheusandlyra.tripod.com/id18.html Ukrainian art songs. Audio files]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130206210015/http://www.orpheusandlyra.com/news.html Ukrainian tango songs. Audio files]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqdwQ4eCTHM ''Ukrainian Rhapsody – A journey into Ukrainian classical music''] with notes by Natalya Pasichnyk, from [[YouTube]]

{{Ukraine topics}}
{{Music of Europe}}

[[Category:Music of Ukraine| ]]