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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}{{Music of Indonesia}}
{{Culture of Indonesia}}

[[Indonesia]] is a country with many different [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|tribes and ethnic groups]], and its music is also very diverse, coming in hundreds of different forms and styles. Every region has its own culture and art, and as a result traditional music from area to area also uniquely differs from one another. For example, each traditional type of music is often accompanied by its very own [[Dance of Indonesia|dance]] and [[theatre]]. Contemporary music scene have also been heavily shaped by various foreign influences, such as America, Britain, Japan, Korea, and India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia - Geography |url=https://countrystudies.us/indonesia/28.htm |website=Country Studies }}</ref>

The music of [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Bali]], [[Flores]] ([[Lesser Sunda Islands]]) and other islands have been well documented and recorded,
and further research by Indonesian and international scholars is also ongoing. The music in Indonesia predates historical records, various [[Native Indonesian]] tribes often incorporate chants and songs accompanied with musical instruments in their rituals. The contemporary '''music of Indonesia''' today is also popular amongst neighbouring countries, such as [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Brunei]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040717220719/http://myindo.com/story/125.asp MyIndo KC Ismail: Muzik Indonesia lebih progresif dari muzik Malaysia (in Malay)]</ref>

In general, traditional music and songs of Indonesia comprise a strong beat and harmony with strong influence from Indian, Java, Arabic, Chinese and Malay classical music. The influence is strongly visible in the popular traditional music genre of [[Dangdut]].<ref name="Cambridge Indonesian Music">{{Cite news|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/music-of-indonesia-edited-by-yampolsky-philip-volume-13-kalimantan-strings-volume-14-lombok-kalimantan-banyumas-littleknown-forms-of-gamelan-and-wayang-volume-15-south-sulawesi-strings-volume-16-music-from-the-southeast-sumbawa-sumba-timor-volume-17-kalimantan-daya-ritual-and-festival-music-volume-18-sulawesi-festivals-funerals-and-work-volume-19-music-of-maluku-halmahera-buru-kei-volume-20-indonesian-guitars-washington-dc-smithsonianfolkways-19971999-eight-compact-discs-with-liner-notes-bibliography/515B88178AA85C63DD86E51C4D8F163A|title= Music of Indonesia|last= Philip Yampolsky|website=Cambridge.org|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref><ref name="The Indonesia Music">{{Cite news|url= https://www.guidetotheworldofmusic.com/articles/people-and-places/the-music-of-indonesia/|title= The Indonesia Music|date=2020-04-13|website=guidetotheworldofmusic.com|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref><ref name="Indoensia.travel Music">{{Cite news|url= https://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/trip-ideas/get-fascinated-by-these-5-unique-traditional-indonesian-musical-instruments-while-you-stay-at-home|title= Get Fascinated by these 5 Unique Traditional Indonesian Musical Instruments While You Stay at Home|date=2020-04-13|website=indonesia.travel|language=id|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref>

== Musical instruments ==
[[File:Musician Borobudur.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Musicians performing musical ensemble, The 8th century bas-relief of [[Borobudur]] Temple, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]
The musical identity of Indonesia as we know it today began as the [[Bronze Age]] culture migrated to the Indonesian archipelago in the 2nd-3rd century BC.<ref>[http://www.asiasound.com/content/Learn/Timelines/indonesia Asia Sound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904123320/http://www.asiasound.com/content/Learn/Timelines/indonesia |date=4 September 2011 }}</ref> Traditional musics of Indonesian tribes often uses percussion instruments, especially [[gong]]s and [[gendang]] ([[drum]]s). Some of them developed elaborate and distinctive musical instruments, such as [[sasando]] string instrument of [[Rote Island|Rote island]], [[angklung]] of [[Sundanese people]], and the complex and sophisticated [[gamelan]] orchestra of [[Java]] and [[Bali]].

Indonesia is the home of [[gong chime]], gong chime is a generic term for a set of small, high-pitched bossed pot gongs. The gongs are ordinarily placed in order of pitch, with the boss upward on cords held in a low wooden frame. The frames can be rectangular or circular (the latter are sometimes called "gong circles"), and may have one or two rows of gongs. They are played by one to four musicians, each using two padded sticks to strike them. They are an important instrument in many Indonesian musical ensembles, such as [[gamelan]], [[kulintang]], and [[talempong]].

===Gong===
{{Main|Gong}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gong hangend aan een standaard onderdeel van gamelan Slendro TMnr 500-26a.jpg|thumb|right|360px|Indonesian [[kempul]] gong.]]
Gong is a mainly metallic [[percussion instrument]] family in various sizes originating from Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, it is usually used by ''[[gamelan]]'' ansambel.

=== Bonang and talempong ===
{{Main|Bonang|Talempong}}
[[File:Talempong - Sumatra Barat.jpg|thumb|right|[[Talempong]] performance]]
[[Bonang]] is an instrument from gong family in the gamelan device. Talempong is a traditional instrument of the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] of [[West Sumatra]] with shape almost the same as the bonang. Talempongs can be made of brass, but some are made of wood and stone. Talempongs are played by being hit using a wooden rod or a stick. Talempong is usually used to accompany dance or welcoming performances, such as the typical [[Tari Piring]], [[Pasambahan dance|Tari Pasambahan]], Tari Alang, Tari Suntiang Pangulu and Tari Gelombang. Talempong is usually performed with an accordion accompaniment, a type of organ supported and played with the right hand played by the player. In addition to the accordion, instruments such as [[saluang]], [[Kendhang|gandang]], serunai and other traditional Minangkabau instruments are also commonly played with talempong.

=== Kulintang ===
{{Main|Kulintang}}
[[File:National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka - Gambang.jpg|thumb|left|Replica of a kulintang musical instrument, similar to the [[Gambang (instrument)|Gambang]].]]
Kolintang or kulintang is a [[bronze]] and wooden percussion instrument native to eastern Indonesia and also The [[Philippines]]. In Indonesia it is particularly associated with [[Minahasa people]] of [[North Sulawesi]], however it also popular in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] and [[Timor]]. The instrument consist of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, horizontally laid upon a frame arranged in order of pitch with the lowest gong found on the players' left.<ref name=Canave-Dioquino >{{cite web
 | last = Canave-Dioquino
 | first = Corazon
 | year = 2007
 | url = http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/comarticles.php?artcl_Id=155
| title = Philippine Music Instruments
 | work = Articles on Culture & Arts
 | publisher = National Commission For Culture and the Arts
| access-date = 22 February 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060117211206/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/comarticles.php?artcl_Id=155 |archive-date = 17 January 2006}}</ref> The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame, creating an entire kulintang set called a "pasangan".<ref name=Aga>{{cite web
 |last        = Butocan
 |first       = Aga M.
 |year        = 2006
 |url         = http://www.freewebs.com/kulintang/palabunibunyan.htm
 |title       = Palabunibunyan
 |work        = Kulintang and the Maguindanaos
 |access-date  = 22 February 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118205335/http://www.freewebs.com/kulintang/palabunibunyan.htm
 |archive-date = 18 January 2008
}}</ref>

The main purpose for kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a professional, folk level.<ref name=Otto>Otto, Steven W.. "Repertorial Nomenclature in Muranao Kolintang Music." Asian Music Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 123-130.</ref> This music is unique in that it is considered a public music in the sense everyone is allowed to participate.<ref name=Cadar2>Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America." ''Asian Music'' 27(1996): 131-146.</ref> Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate.<ref name=Kalanduyan1>Kalanduyan, Danongan S. "Maguindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance, Contexts, and Social Functions." Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3-18.</ref> These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary.<ref name=Cadar1>Cadar, Usopay H.. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society." ''Asian Music'' Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 80-103.</ref> Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more.<ref name=Gaerlan>Gaerlan, Barbara. Philippine Muslim Kulintang: Music of Modernization. 1991.</ref>
Kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music, primarily in the way the latter constructs melodies within a framework of skeletal tones and prescribed time interval of entry for each instruments. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.

=== Angklung ===
{{Main|Angklung}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Meisjes met angklungs TMnr 20018432.jpg|thumb|[[Angklung]] performance]]
Angklung is a [[bamboo]] musical instrument native to [[Sundanese people]] of [[West Java]]. It is made out of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame. The tubes are carved so that they have a distinctive resonant pitch when being vibrated. Each angklung only plays one note.<ref>{{cite book | last = Spiller | first = Henry | year = 2004 | title = Gamelan: The Traditional Sounds of Indonesia, Volume 1 | page = 140 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 9781851095063 | quote = Angklung has become a veritable symbol of Sundanese culture}}</ref>
This musical instrument made of bamboo is played by shaking it. The sound of the Angklung is generated from the impact of bamboo tubes. It has a distinctive sound that vibrates in a composition of 2, 3, to 4 notes in each size.

Angklung existed before the Hindu era in Indonesia. In the days of the [[Sunda kingdom|Sundanese kingdom]] (12th to 16th centuries), Angklung became a musical instrument that was always used in various events or celebrations, especially traditional events in farming. At that time, Angklung was played as worship of "[[Dewi Sri]]", namely the Goddess of Rice or the Goddess of Fertility to be given blessings to the plants she planted and also to prosper in life. Not only that, during the Sundanese kingdom, Angklung was also used as a trigger for the spirit of war.

The types of bamboo that are commonly used as musical instruments are black bamboo (awi wulung) and ater bamboo (awi temen), which when dry are whitish yellow. Each note (barrel) is produced from the sound of the bamboo tube in the form of a blade (wilahan) for each bamboo segment from small to large. Each bamboo size has a different pitch. [[UNESCO]] designated the ''angklung'' a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] on 18 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/unesco-to-declare-indonesias-angklung-world-heritage/400274 |title=Unesco to Declare Indonesia's Angklung World Heritage |newspaper=The Jakarta Globe |date= 8 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Suling ===
{{Main|Suling|Saluang}}
[[File:Suling bambu.jpg|thumb|left|Boy playing suling]]
Suling is the [[Sundanese language|Sundanese word]] for seruling the word of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], which means 'flute'. Made from bamboo, Indonesian flutes are always end blown and vary in size. The fingering position changes the wavelength of sound resonance inside the suling's body. Depending on the distance of nearest hole to the suling's head, different notes can be produced. The airflow speed also can modify the tone's frequency. A note with twice frequency can be produced mostly by blowing the air into suling's head's hole with twice speed. Generally, the shorter the suling the higher the pitch. This simple suling produces tunes or melodies that have traditionally been interpreted as the sound of joyful learning. There are many regions in Indonesia that use suling as a traditional instrument and have different local names for it. In [[Java]], [[Sunda Islands|Sunda]], and [[Bali]], this instrument is commonly called suling, in Minang it is called [[saluang]], in Toraja, it is called Lembang flute, in Halmahera, it is called bangsil, and in West Nusa Tenggara it is called silu. Suling is an Indonesian bamboo ring flute which is used in various traditional musical ensemble performances, including [[gamelan]], [[gambus]], and [[dangdut]]. This flute is made of a long, thin-walled bamboo tube called tamiang and a thin rattan band encircles the mouthpiece.

=== Kacapi suling ===
{{Main|Kacapi suling}}
[[File:Kacapi Suling.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] men playing the Kecapi suling]]
Kacapi suling is a type of [[instrumental music]] that is highly improvisational and popular in parts of [[West Java]] that employs two instruments, [[kecapi|kacapi]] (zither) and [[suling]] (bamboo flute). It is related to [[tembang sunda]]. The rhythmic strains of the kecapi are slow in tempo, produced by strings that blend into soft music when combined with the melody of the suling or melismatic vocals. The [[kacapi]] is a traditional [[zither]] of [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] musical instrument derived from the Chinese {{lang|zh-Latn|[[guzheng]]}}, and similar to the Japanese ''[[Koto (instrument)|koto]]'', the Mongolian {{lang|mn-Latn|[[yatga]]}}, the Korean {{lang|ko-Latn|[[gayageum]]}}, the Vietnamese {{lang|vi|[[đàn tranh]]}} and the Kazakh [[jetigen]], and [[suling]] is a [[bamboo flute]].

=== Kendang ===
{{Main|Kendang|Gendang beleq}}
[[File:Raiyani Muharramah Gendang beleq DSCF8502a.jpg|thumb|left|Gendang beleg performance in Lombok, [[West Nusa Tenggara]].]]
Kendang or Gendang is a two-headed drum used by peoples from [[Indonesian archipelago]]. Among the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], or [[Balinese people]]s, the kendang has one side larger than the other, with the larger, lower-pitched side usually placed to the right, and are usually placed on stands horizontally and hit with the hands on either side while seated on the floor. Amongst groups like the Balinese both sides are of equal size, and are played on either one or both sides using a combination of hands and/or sticks. Among the [[Makassarese people|Makassarese]], the Ganrang drums have much more importance, with it considered the most sacred of all musical instruments, comparable to gongs in Java.

One of the best known variations of the Kendang is the Gendang beleq. Gendang beleq is a traditional music from [[Lombok]] island, [[Indonesia]]. The name ''gendang beleq'' is a [[Sasak language]] term, which means "''big drum (big [[gendang]])''",<ref>{{Cite book
  | first = Solichin |last=Salam
  | title = Lombok pulau perawan: sejarah dan masa depannya
  | publisher = Kuning Mas
  | year = 1992
  | pages = 85
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h8RwAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> as the performance is about a group of musicians playing, dancing and marching with their traditional instruments, centered on two big drum (''gendang''). The drum is made from a wood frame with [[goat]] skin drum-head. The wood is selected from woods which is hard yet light. In a Gendang beleq performance, the drummers carry and play gendang and dance a dramatic and confrontational duet. The drummers play interlocking tune with their large drums. Aside from able to play their instruments, the players must have the agility and stamina to perform the dance and marching with their instrument.

=== Sasando ===
{{Main|Sasando}}
[[File:Alat Musik Sasando.jpg|thumb|Man playing sasando]]
Sasando is a plucked string instrument native of [[Rote Island|Rote]] island of [[East Nusa Tenggara]]. The parts of sasando are a [[bamboo]] cylinder surrounded by several wedges where the strings are stretched, surrounded by a bag-like fan of dried ''lontar'' or palmyra leaves ([[Borassus flabellifer]]), functioned as the resonator of the instrument.

=== Tapanuli ogong ===
{{main|Tapanuli ogong}}
Musical performance from Tapanuli area of [[North Sumatra]]. Tapanuli ogong is a form of [[dance music]] played with a type of [[lute]], [[trumpet]] and [[flute]].

[[File:Uyau Moris.JPG|thumb|Man playing Sape]]

=== Sape Dayak ===
{{Main|Sapeh}}
The '''sapeʼ''' ('''sampek''', '''sampeʼ''', '''sapek''') is a traditional [[lute]] of the [[Kenyah people|Kenyah]] and [[Kayan people (Borneo)|Kayan]] community who live in the longhouses that line the rivers of [[East Kalimantan]], [[West Kalimantan]] and [[North Kalimantan]]. Sape' are carved from a single bole of wood, with many modern instruments reaching over a metre in length. Technically, the sape is a relatively simple instrument, with one string carrying the melody and the accompanying strings as rhythmic drones. In practice, the music is quite complex, with many ornamentations and thematic variations.

== Traditional genres ==
[[File:Ohlala sinden.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Javanese women singing with [[Sindhen]] style]]
The diverse world of Indonesian music genres was the result of the musical creativity of its people, and also the subsequent cultural encounters with foreign musical influences into the archipelago. Next to distinctive native form of musics, several genres can traces its origin to foreign influences; such as gambus and qasidah from Middle Eastern Islamic music, keroncong from Portuguese influences, and dangdut with notable Hindi music influence.

=== Folk music ===
[[File:SambaSunda Quintett in Cologne (0244).jpg|thumb|[[SambaSunda]] music performance, featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments.]]
Indonesian regional folk pop musics reflects the diversity of [[Indonesian culture]] and [[Native Indonesian|Indonesian ethnicity]], mostly use [[Languages of Indonesia|local languages]] and a mix of western and regional style music and instruments. Indonesian folk music is quite diverse, and today embraces pop, rock, house, [[Indonesian hip hop|hip hop]] and other genres, as well as distinct Indonesian forms. There are several kinds of "ethnic" pop music, generally grouped together as ''Pop Daerah'' (regional pop). These include [[Pop sunda]], Pop Minang, Pop Batak, [[Pop melayu|Pop Melayu]], Pop Ambon, Pop Minahasa and others. Other than featuring the legacy of ''Lagu Daerah'' (regional traditional songs) of each regional cultures, the musician might also create some new compositions in their own native language.

=== Gamelan ===
{{Main|Gamelan}}
[[File:Asian Civilisations Museum, Empress Place 19, Aug 06.JPG|thumb|left|360px|Javanese gamelan in [[Asian Civilisations Museum]], Singapore]]
[[File:Bali_xylophone.ogg|thumb|left|360px|Gamelan xylophone solo.]]
The most popular and famous form of Indonesian music is probably [[gamelan]], an ensemble of tuned [[percussion instrument]]s that include [[metallophone]]s, [[drum]]s, [[gong]]s and [[spike fiddle]]s along with [[bamboo]] [[flute]]s. Similar ensembles are prevalent throughout Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia, however gamelan is originated from [[Java]], [[Bali]], and [[Lombok]].

[[File:Indra Swara gamelan.jpg|thumb|right|The Sundanese Degung gamelan performance in [[Museo Nacional de las Culturas]] Mexico, [[Indra Swara]] group.]]
In the Central Java, gamelan is intricate and meticulously laid out. The central melody is played on a metallophone in the centre of the orchestra, while the front elaboration and ornamentation on the melody, and, at the back, the gongs slowly punctuate the music. There are two tuning systems. Each gamelan is tuned to itself, and the intervals between notes on the scale vary between ensembles. The metallophones cover four octaves, and include types like the [[slenthem]], [[demung]], [[saron panerus]] and [[balungan]]. The soul of the gamelan is believed to reside in the large gong, or [[gong ageng]]. Other gongs are tuned to each note of the scale and include [[ketuk]], [[kenong]] and [[kempul]]. The front section of the orchestra is diverse, and includes [[rebab]], [[suling]], [[siter]], [[bonang]] and [[gambang (instrument)|gambang]]. Male choruses ([[gerong]]) and female ([[pesindhen]]) [[Solo (music)|solo]] vocalists are common. With the arrival of the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonisers, a number system called [[kepatihan notation|kepatihan]] was developed to record the music. Music and dance at the time were divided into several styles based on the main courts in the area—[[Surakarta]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Pakualaman]] and [[Mangkunegaran]].

Gamelan from eastern Java is less well-known than central or western parts of the island. Perhaps most distinctive of the area is the extremely large gamyak drum. In West Java, formerly [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], has several types of gamelan. [[Gamelan Degung]], [[gamelan salendro]] and [[tembang sunda]] are three primary types. The [[Osing language|Osing Javanese]] minority in eastern Java are known for social music for weddings and other celebrations called [[gandrung]], as well as [[angklung]], played by young amateur boys, which is very similar to Balinese gamelan.

[[File:Gamelan Sekaten Kanjeng Kiai Guntur Madu dalam Acara Sekaten di Yogyakarta.jpg|thumb|left|Gamelan Sekaten Kanjeng Kiai Guntur Madu (One of Some Javanese Sacred Gamelan) is usually beaten every day for a week during the [[Sekaten]] celebration at the [[Keraton Yogyakarta]].]]
In Indonesia, gamelan often accompanies dance, ''[[wayang]]'' puppet performances, or rituals and ceremonies. Typically players in the gamelan will be familiar with dance moves and poetry, while dancers are able to play in the ensemble.<ref>For a discussion of dance in Central Java in Surakarta, see Ganug Nugroho Adi, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/30/dancing-mangkunegara.html Dancing at the Mangkunegara'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 30 May 2012.</ref> In ''[[wayang]]'', the ''[[dhalang|dalang]]'' (puppeteer) must have a thorough knowledge of gamelan, as he gives the cues for the music. Gamelan can be performed by itself&nbsp;– in "''klenengan''" style, or for radio broadcasts&nbsp;– and concerts presentation are common in national arts conservatories founded in the middle of the 20th century.<ref>Broughton, Simon, et al., eds. ''World Music: The Rough Guide''. London: The Rough Guides, 1994. {{ISBN|1-85828-017-6}}. Page 419–420.<!--ibid later--></ref>

[[File:Bali Lion Dance.jpg|thumb|right|Gamelan ensemble (or [[Beleganjur|gambelan]] in Balinese term) accompanying [[Barong (mythology)|barong]].]]
Gamelan's role in rituals is so important that there is a Javanese saying, "It is not official until the gong is hung".<ref name="B420">Broughton, 420</ref> Some performances are associated with royalty, such as visits by the [[sultan of Yogyakarta]]. Certain gamelans are associated with specific rituals, such as the ''[[Gamelan Sekaten]]'', which is used in celebration of ''[[Mawlid an-Nabi]]'' ([[Muhammad]]'s birthday). In Bali, almost all religious rituals include gamelan performance. Gamelan is also used in the ceremonies of the [[Catholicism in Indonesia|Catholic church in Indonesia]].<ref>Lindsay, 45</ref> Certain pieces are designated for starting and ending performances or ceremonies. When an "ending" piece (such as "[[Udan Mas]]") is begun, the audience will know that the event is nearly finished and will begin to leave. Certain pieces are also believed to possess magic powers, and can be used to ward off evil spirits.<ref name="B420"/>

=== Tembang Sunda ===
[[Tembang sunda]], also called "seni mamaos cianjuran", or just cianjuran, is a form of sung poetry which arose in the colonial-era of [[Cianjur]]. It was first known as an aristocratic art; one cianjuran composer was R.A.A. Kusumahningrat (Dalem Pancaniti), ruler of [[Cianjur]] (1834–1862). The instruments of Cianjuran are kacapi indung, kacapi rincik and [[suling]] or bamboo flute, and [[rebab]] for [[salendro]] compositions. The lyrics are typically sung in free verse, but a more modern version, [[panambih]], is metrical. It is usually the drums.

=== Jaipongan ===
[[File:Jaipongan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jaipongan]] dance performance]]
[[Jaipongan]] is a very complex rhythmic dance music from the [[Sundanese people]] of western Java. The rhythm is liable to change seemingly randomly, making dancing difficult for most listeners. Its instruments are entirely Sundanese, completely without imported instruments. It was invented by artists like [[Gugum Gumbira]] after [[Sukarno]] prohibited [[rock and roll]] and other western genres in the 1960s.

=== Gambus ===
[[Gambus]] literally means ''[[oud]]'', referring to a type of [[lute]] or 12-string pear-shaped [[guitar]], is the Middle-Eastern-derived Islamic vocal and instrumental music. These traditions began to be incorporated throughout many areas of Indonesia by the 16th century.

=== Qasidah modern ===
[[Qasidah]] is an ancient [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for religious poetry accompanied by chanting and percussion. Qasidah modern adapts this for pop audiences. It is used to denote a type of orchestra and the music it plays, believed to be introduced by Muslim settlers from [[Yemen]]. Qasidah modern were derived from Islamic pop, adding local dialects and lyrics that address Indonesian contemporary issues. Though popular among Arabs in Indonesia, it has gained little popularity elsewhere. One of the oldest [[qasidah modern]] musical groups in Indonesia is [[Nasida Ria]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0408/20/bud02.htm | title=Grup Kasidah Nasida Ria Tetap Eksis | trans-title=Nasida Ria group still exists | language=id | work=Suara Merdeka | date=20 August 2004 | access-date=22 December 2011 | last=Nursanti | first=Ida | ref={{harvid|Nursanti 2004, Grup Kasidah Nasida}} | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111603/http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0408/20/bud02.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The contemporary form of Islamic Middle Eastern-influenced music in Indonesia is exemplified by the band [[Debu (group)|Debu]], that feature a [[sufism]] approach on music to spread their message.

=== Nasheed ===
In Indonesia, as a predominantly Muslim country, many singers perform tradisional or contemporary ''[[nasheed]]'', a genre of Islamic vocal music, either primarily or in addition to their repertoire.

=== Kroncong ===
[[File:Waldjinah met Orkes Keroncong Bintang Surakarta Tong Tong Fair.jpg|thumb|[[Keroncong]] singer, [[Waldjinah]] in a kroncong performance at the 55th [[Tong Tong Fair]] at The Hague in 2013.]]
{{Main|Kroncong}}
[[Kroncong]] (alternative spelling: [[Keroncong]]) has been evolving since the arrival of the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who brought [[Europe]]an instruments. By the early 1900s, it was considered a low-class urban music. This changed in the 1930s, when the rising Indonesian film industry began incorporating kroncong. And then even more so in the mid- to late 1940s, it became associated with the [[Indonesian National Revolution|struggle for independence]].

Perhaps the most famous [[song]] in the kroncong style is "[[Bengawan Solo (song)|Bengawan Solo]]", written in 1940 by [[Gesang Martohartono]], a [[Surakarta|Solonese]] musician. Written during the [[Japanese Imperial Army]] occupation of the island in [[World War II]], the song (about the [[Bengawan Solo River]], Java's longest and most important river) became widely popular among the Javanese, and then later nationally when recordings were broadcast over the local radio stations. The song also became quite popular with the Japanese soldiers, and when they returned to [[Japan]] at the end of the war re-recordings of it (by Japanese artists) became best-sellers. Over the years it has been re-released many times by notable artists, mainly within Asia but also beyond (like [[Anneke Grönloh]]), and in some places it is seen as typifying Indonesian music. Gesang himself remains the most renowned exponent of the style, which although it is seen now as a somewhat starchy and "dated" form is still popular among large segments of the population, particularly the older generation.

After World War II and during Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) and afterwards, kroncong was associated with patriotism, since many of Indonesian poets and patriotic songs authors uses kroncong and somewhat jazz fusion as the genre of their works. The patriotic theme and romantic wartime romance was obvious in the works of [[Ismail Marzuki]], such as "[[Rayuan Pulau Kelapa]]", "[[Indonesia Pusaka]]", "Sepasang Mata Bola", "Keroncong Serenata" and "Juwita Malam". These patriotic songs can be sung in hymn or even in orchestra, but most often was sung in kroncong style known as ''kroncong perjuangan'' (struggle kroncong). The kroncong divas; Waldjinah, Sundari Sukoco and [[Hetty Koes Endang]], was instrumental in reviving the style in the 1980s.

=== Langgam Jawa ===
{{Main|Langgam jawa}}

There is a style of kroncong native to [[Surakarta|Surakarta (Solo)]] called langgam jawa, which fuses kroncong with the [[gamelan]] seven-note scale.

=== Gambang kromong ===
{{Main|Gambang kromong}}
[[File:Gambang Kromong Betawi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gambang kromong]], a music performed on melodic percussions and brass, is native of the Indonesian capital of [[Jakarta]].]]
Early in the 20th century, kroncong was used in a type of theatre called [[Komedi Stambul]]; adapted for this purpose, the music was called gambang kromong. [[Gambang kromong]] is quite prevalent in [[Betawi people|Betawi]] culture of Jakarta.

=== Tanjidor ===
[[Tanjidor]] is a traditional [[Betawi people|Betawi]] [[musical ensemble]] of Jakarta.<ref name="JP-ChineseNY">{{Cite web|title=From religious rituals to festive attractions: Indonesians prepare to celebrate Chinese New Year|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/24/from-religious-rituals-to-festive-attractions-indonesians-prepare-to-celebrate-chinese-new-year.html|date = 24 January 2020 |access-date=2020-07-13|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> The instruments used are almost the same as a military [[marching band]] and/or [[corps of drums]]/[[Drum and bugle corps (classic)|drum and bugle corps]], usually consists of [[tuba]] or [[sousaphone]], [[trumpet]], [[clarinet]], [[tambourine]] and drums.<ref name="Kompas-Tanjidor">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Mayor Jantje dan Tanjidor |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/09/11/1132535/Mayor.Jantje.dan.Tanjidor| date = 11 September 2009|access-date=2020-07-13|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> The term tanjidor was derived from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''tanger'' (playing music) and ''tangedor'' (playing music outdoors), subsequently adopted in [[Betawi language]] as ''tanji'' (music).<ref name="Kompas-Tanjidor"/> Other than Jakarta, tanjidor musical ensamble is also can be found in [[Pontianak]], [[West Kalimantan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-13|title=Grup Tanjidor yang Diperkuat Para Pemain Muda|url=https://pontianakpost.co.id/grup-tanjidor-yang-diperkuat-para-pemain-muda/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Pontianak Post|language=id-ID}}</ref>

== Contemporary genres ==
The contemporary music of Indonesia is diverse and vibrant.{{According to whom|date=April 2015}} Throughout its history, Indonesian musicians were open to foreign influences of various music genres of the world. American jazz was heavily marketed in Asia, and foxtrots, tangos, rumbas, blues and Hawaiian guitar styles were all imitated by Indonesian musicians.<ref name="worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com">[http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/indonesian_pop_731/en_US National Geographic Indonesian Pop Music] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104215103/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/indonesian_pop_731/en_US |date=4 January 2011 }}</ref> As the result, various genres were developed within Indonesian music frame: Indonesian pop, rock, gospel, jazz, R&B, and hip hop.

Indonesian music also plays a vital role in the Indonesian creative pop culture,{{According to whom|date=April 2015}} especially as the [[soundtrack]]s or theme songs of [[Cinema of Indonesia|Indonesian cinema]] and [[sinetron]]s (Indonesian TV drama). Indonesian film ''[[Badai Pasti Berlalu (film)|Badai Pasti Berlalu]]'' (1977) were also produced successful soundtrack hit with same title in the same year, the soundtrack was remade in 1999 with [[Chrisye]] as the main singer and rendered by [[Erwin Gutawa]] in orchestra style. In 2007 the film was remade again with a new soundtrack that still features same songs performed by younger generation artist. Another popular Indonesian coming of age teen movie ''[[Ada Apa Dengan Cinta]]'' (2002) also produced successful soundtrack hits with most songs written and performed by [[Melly Goeslaw]].

In the late 1990s, within Indonesian [[popular music]], contemporary Islamic songs were emerged, their performers made music as a tool for preaching. The main genres are [[nasheed]] ([[Aa Gym]]), Islamic rock ([[Ahmad Dhani]] and [[Dewa 19]]), and fusion style ([[Cak Nun]] and [[Kiai Kanjeng]]).<ref name="Knauth">{{citation |author=Knauth, Dorcinda Celiena |year=2010 |title=Performing Islam Through Indonesian Pipular Music, 2002–2007 |type=PhD Thesis |place=University of Pittsburgh |url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/9216/}}.</ref>

Today the Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity. Thanks to common culture and intelligible languages between [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malay]], Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Brunei]]. However, the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry. In 2008 Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/09/03/malaysian-music-industry-wants-indonesian-songs-restricted.html Malaysian music industry wants Indonesian songs restricted] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142202/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/09/03/malaysian-music-industry-wants-indonesian-songs-restricted.html |date=24 December 2009 }}</ref>

=== Orchestra and classical music ===
Western [[classical music]] reached Indonesia in the era of [[Dutch East Indies]] as early as the 18th century, but it was enjoyed only by a handful of wealthy Dutch plantation owners and officers in elite social clubs and ballrooms such as ''Societeit Harmonie'' in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] and ''Societeit Concordia'' in [[Bandung]]. De Schouwburg van Batavia (today Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) was designed as a concert hall in the 19th century. Classical music has been restricted to the refined, wealthy and educated high-class citizen, and never penetrated the rest of the population during the East Indies colonial era.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} The type of western-derived music that transcended the social barrier at that time was Kroncong, known as lower-class music.

An amateur group called ''Bataviasche Philharmonic Orchestra'' was established in Dutch colonial times. It became the [[NIROM]] orchestra when the radio broadcasting station Nederlandsch-Indische Radio Omroep Maatschappij was born in 1912. Today it is known as Jakarta Symphony Orchestra that has existed in the country's musical world for almost a century through its changing formats to suit prevailing trends and needs. In 1950, a merger of the Cosmopolitan Orchestra under Joel Cleber and the Jakarta Studio Orchestra under Sutedjo and Iskandar appeared as the Djakarta Radio Orchestra under Henkie Strake for classical repertoires, and the Jakarta Studio Orchestra led by Syaiful Bachri specialised in Indonesian pieces. In 2010 Jakarta Symphony Orchestra staged a comeback after a fairly long absence.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/06/jakarta-symphony-orchestra-returns.html Jakarta Symphony Orchestra returns]</ref> [[The Jakarta Symphony]] was emerged in '70s.

In the 1960s to 1980s classical music in Indonesia aired mainly by the national radio broadcasting service Radio Republik Indonesia ([[Radio Republik Indonesia|RRI]]) and the national TV station Televisi Republik Indonesia ([[TVRI]]) through their programs. During these decades, the classical orchestra mainly developed in universities as an extracurricular activity for students which included [[choir]]. In the 1990s the group of professional symphony orchestra start to take form, notably The Twilite Orchestra led by [[Addie MS]], was founded in June 1991, initially an ensemble with 20 musicians. The ensemble has developed since then into a full symphonic orchestra with 70 musicians, a 63-member Twilite Chorus, and a repertoire that ranges from [[Beethoven]] to [[The Beatles]].<ref>[http://www.twiliteorchestra.org/en.phtml?mode=About&CID=2Twilite Orchestra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004233453/http://www.twiliteorchestra.org/en.phtml?mode=About&CID=2Twilite |date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> The orchestra has played a role in promoting Indonesian music, especially in the preservation of national songs by Indonesian composers and traditional songs. Aided by the [[Victorian Philharmonic Orchestra]] with the Twilite Chorus, [[Addie MS]] re-recorded the Indonesian national anthem, [[Indonesia Raya]], by [[WR Supratman]] in its original orchestral arrangement by [[Jos Cleber]], as well as other Indonesian popular national songs in the album ''Simfoni Negeriku''.

The Indonesian composer who is considered most prominent and well known worldwide in the classical / contemporary music is [[Ananda Sukarlan]] (born 1968), with many orchestral works, chamber and instrumental. His most celebrated works are a series of virtuosic Rapsodia Nusantara for piano solo, with musical motifs based on Indonesian folktunes. He has written works for musicians such as from the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], violinist [[Midori Goto]] etc., and his works are widely performed worldwide

Today, major cities like [[Jakarta]], [[Bandung]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Medan]] and [[Batam]] are no strangers to orchestral music, with their own symphony groups. Jakarta, for instance, has its Nusantara Symphony Orchestra, the Twilite Orchestra and the Jakarta Chamber Orchestra.

Indonesia also has many patriotic songs that are used, played, and memorized by the population, some of these national songs are used during the colonial era of the [[Dutch East Indies]], [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese Occupation]], and today Indonesia. Many of these songs have been recorded using orchestral recordings on different albums such as 'Simfoni Negeriku' conducted by [[Addie MS]].

Among contemporary Indonesian musicians who associated with classical music are: the composers [[Ananda Sukarlan]] and [[Sinta Wullur]]; the pianists [[Hendry Wijaya]], [[Eduardus Halim]], [[Esther Budiardjo]], and [[Victoria Audrey Sarasvathi]]; the flautist [[Embong Rahardjo]]; the [[soprano]] singers [[Pranawengrum Katamsi]], [[Aning Katamsi]], and [[Isyana Sarasvati]] (she is also successful pop [[sentimental ballad]] vocalist).

=== Pop ===
{{Main|Indo pop}}
[[File:JKT48 Jak-Japan Matsuri Aitakatta.jpg|thumbnail|JKT48 performs at Jakarta–Japan Matsuri 2012]]
Indonesian pop music today, known simply as I-pop or Indo pop ("pop Indonesia") sometimes influenced by trends and recordings from West music,.<ref name="worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com"/> Although influences ranging from [[American pop]], [[British pop]], and also Asian [[J-pop]] are obvious, the Indonesian pop phenomenon is not completely derivative; it expresses the sentiments and styles of contemporary Indonesian life.

Koes Bersaudara later formed as [[Koes Plus]] is considered one of the pioneers of Indonesian pop and rock and roll music in the 1960s and 1970s. The American and British music influences were obvious in the music of Koes Bersaudara, [[The Beatles]] were known to be the main influences of this band. Several Indonesian musician were survived through decades and become Indonesian music legends, such as pop and ballad singers [[Iwan Fals]] and [[Chrisye]], as well as pop and [[dangdut]] maestro [[Rhoma Irama]]. One of the most influential Indonesian singers in pop music scene, especially during early 2000, is Agnes Monica, who had later known as [[Agnez Mo]].

In late 90s through 2000s, the popular pop/poprock bands include [[Slank]], [[Dewa 19]], [[Peterpan (band)|Peterpan]], [[Gigi (Indonesian band)|Gigi]], [[Sheila on 7]], [[Jamrud (band)|Jamrud]], [[Padi (band)|Padi]], [[Ungu]], [[Radja]], [[Letto]], [[D'Masiv]] and [[Nidji]], all of which tour regularly in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia and was featured on [[MTV Asia]].

Indonesian pop music from the 1980s until the 90s', known as ''[[Pop kreatif]]'', are commonly referred to as "Indonesian [[city pop]]", due to their perceived similarities to the Japanese genre. The Japanese city pop and ''Pop Kreatif'' genre themselves gained popularity among youngsters and amateur musicians in the late 2010s via the [[Internet]].

The most recent foreign influences on Indonesian pop music are influenced from Japanese pop. Several bands such as [[J-Rocks]] emulate Japanese pop culture. [[Girl group]]s are also spreading among boy bands, such as [[7icons]] and [[Cherrybelle]], as well as [[JKT48]] which is an offshoot of the Japanese [[AKB48]].

=== Rock ===
{{Main|Indonesian rock}}
{{See also|Indorock|Pop melayu}}
[[File:Peterpan2008-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Peterpan (band)|Peterpan]] performing in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia, in 2008]]
Just like pop music, Indonesian rock scene also was heavily influenced by the development of rock music in America. The most influential Indonesian rock bands were probably [[Panbers]], [[God Bless]] and [[D'Lloyd]] that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. In the late 1980s to mid-1990s several female rock singers popularly known as "Lady Rockers" were famous in Indonesia, such as [[Nicky Astria]], [[Nike Ardilla]], and [[Anggun]] who started her career in as a [[poprock]] singer in Indonesia before moving to France and pursue her international career. Other notable [[hard rock|hard]] and poprock bands include [[Slank]], [[Jamrud]], [[Dewa 19]], and [[Peterpan (band)|Peterpan]].

Some of Indonesian poprock bands are rekindled with their [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] roots and revived a genre called "[[Pop melayu]]" (Malay pop) and popular in the late 2000s. The pop Malay bands include [[Kangen Band]], [[Wali (band)|Wali]], Hijau Daun, Armada, Angkasa and [[ST 12]].

Metal bands also exist, such as the [[metalcore]] band [[Killing Me Inside]], [[Death Metal]] / [[Grindcore]] band [[Jasad (band)|Jasad]] and the [[Groove Metal]] / [[Metalcore]] band [[Burgerkill]]. Punk music scene also had steady underground success, with band like [[Pee Wee Gaskins (band)|Pee Wee Gaskins]], [[Superman Is Dead]], and [[Netral]] rose to mainstream. Notable act from ska music is [[Tipe-X]].

=== Dangdut ===
{{Main|Dangdut}}
[[File:Dangdut singer Yan Vellia.jpg|thumb|[[Dangdut]] performance]]
[[Dangdut]] is a popular semitraditional music genre of Indonesia which is partly derived of Indian, Arabic, and Malay music in the late 1960s in Jakarta city. It consists of melodious and harmonical music with the main [[tabla]] as the percussion beat especially in the classical dangdut versions. It was originally an Indonesian dance music that has spread throughout Southeast Asia, became the dominant pop style in the mid-1970s. Famous for its throbbing beat and the slightly moralistic lyrics that appeal to youth, dangdut stars dominate the modern pop scene. However dangdut—especially performed by female singers—also often featuring suggestive dance movements and naughty lyrics to appeal the larger audience. This development was strongly opposed by the conservative older generation dangdut artist.

Dangdut is based around the singers, and stars include [[Rhoma Irama]] and [[Elvy Sukaesih]] (the King and Queen of Dangdut), [[Mansyur S.]], [[A. Rafiq]], [[Camelia Malik]] and [[Fahmy Shahab]]; along with [[Cici Paramida]], [[Evie Tamala]], [[Inul Daratista]], [[Julia Perez]] and [[Dewi Perssik]] from younger generation.

=== Campursari ===
{{Main|Campursari}}
A musical fusion style of traditional Javanese music and [[dangdut]] that prevalent in [[Javanese people|Javanese]] cultural sphere, mainly [[Central Java]], [[Yogyakarta]] and [[East Java]], Perhaps its greatest current artist is [[Didi Kempot]]. In the western part of Java, the ''Sundanese Dangdut'' or Campursari version of the Sundanese was born and developed from traditional [[Jaipong]] music with a distinctive [[Kendang|drum beat]].

=== Experimental music ===
A significant [[experimental music]] scene has developed in Indonesia, with many acts combining traditional Indonesian vocal techniques and instrumentation with [[Avant-garde metal|metal]] and [[electronic music|electronic]] genres such as [[gabber]] and [[Ambient music|ambient]]. The experimental band [[Senyawa]] has achieved international success with these fusions. Labels such as Yes No Wave in [[Yogyakarta]] have been at the forefront of promoting the Indonesian experimental scene.

=== Gospel ===
[[Gospel music]] also has a big influence in Indonesia. Gospel music began to enter Indonesia in the 1980s when it was brought in by [[United States]] evangelical figures ([[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Movement]]). Gospel music itself experienced its peak of popularity in Indonesia in the 1991s, at which time [[:id:Franky Sihombing|Franky Sihombing]] created many [[Christian music|Christian spiritual songs]]. The entry of gospel music into Indonesia was not much sought after by music lovers in Indonesia, but it brought many changes to [[church music]]. Currently, many churches in Indonesia use gospel music as a means of their worship. Apart from that, there are also many famous Indonesian gospel musicians who release songs for Indonesian congregations as a means of [[evangelism]] and discipleship. Apart from that, there are also many well-known Indonesian gospel musicians such as [[Joy Tobing]], [[:id:Sidney Mohede|Sidney Mohede]], [[Sari Simorangkir]] and [[:id:Franky Sihombing|Franky Sihombing]] as well as church praise and worship team musicians such as [[:id:JPCC Worship|JPCC Worship]]. Gospel music in Indonesia has now expanded into a whole genre of Christian spiritual music.

In recent years, gospel music has also become increasingly popular among Indonesian people, especially Christians. Gospel music concerts held in Indonesia are always packed with gospel music fans from various circles, especially [[Christian revival|Christian revival meetings]]. Apart from that, Indonesian gospel music is also popular in churches in neighboring countries, such as [[Malaysia]], which is common because [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian]] is used in that country as an official language and as a language of instruction for worship, which has similar languages such as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] so it is closely related and in part mutually understandable.

=== Jazz fusion ===
Some of Indonesian musicians and bands were exploring the [[jazz]] music. Notable Indonesian jazz musicians include Jack Lesmana, Benny Likumahuwa, Benny Mustafa, Maryono, Bubi Chen [[Maliq & D'Essentials]]. Various other groups fuse contemporary westernised [[jazz fusion]] music with the traditional [[ethnic music]] traditions of their hometown. In the case of Krakatau and [[SambaSunda]], the bands from West Java, the traditional Sundanese kacapi suling and gamelan orchestra is performed alongside drum set, keyboard and guitars. The [[Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival]] is performed annually. The latest development of [[Jazz in Indonesia]] reflected with many Jazz Festivals being held every year.

=== Reggae ===
Since the 1970s, [[reggae]] is one of the most influential music in Indonesia, including a phenomenon of its fusion with [[dangdut]], regional pop and other popular genres. It involves such bands as Steven & Coconut Treez, Shaggydog, and Souljah, and singers [[Mbah Surip]], Amtenar, Dhyo Haw, Imanez, Nonk'Q Nongkray, and Tony Q Rastafara.

=== R&B ===
Currently, [[contemporary R&B]] is one of the most popular music genres developed by musicians in Indonesia. Both musicians who already have big reputations and newcomers present their own musical colors which are enough to help introduce R&B more widely so that it can be accepted by various groups of Indonesian society.

=== Hip hop ===
{{Main|Indonesian hip hop}}
In Indonesia, hip-hop music was generally first introduced by [[Benyamin Sueb]] and [[:id:Farid Hardja|Farid Hardja]]. Then, other hip-hop musicians also introduced hip-hop music to the public, such as Iwa-K and other hip-hop musicians.

In the 80s, when young people still loved rock music, Iwa-K started to get involved with rap music, a music genre that places more emphasis on chattering techniques than using musical instruments.

=== Funkot ===
{{Main|Funkot}}
Funkot is an [[electronic dance music]] genre of Indonesian origin that emerged in the 1990s.

=== Indie scene ===
{{See also|Senja (genre)}}
By the end of the 2000s decade, several indie bands such as [[Mocca (band)|Mocca]], [[White Shoes & the Couples Company]], and [[Efek Rumah Kaca]] emerged into the mainstream, providing soundtracks for film and subsequent tours in overseas territories. Upon entering the new decade (2010s), indie music broke into mainstream culture with its far greater appeal amongst adolescents due to its minimalist, melancholic sounds and age-related lyrics. The commercial breakthrough for its genre was led by [[Payung Teduh]], [[Fourtwenty]], [[Stars and Rabbit]], [[Danilla]], [[Banda Neira (band)|Banda Neira]], [[Barasuara]], and [[Fiersa Besari]].

===Notable contemporary artists===
* [[Agnez Mo]]
* [[Benyamin Sueb]]
* [[Bing Slamet]]
* [[Brian Imanuel|Brian Immanuel]] (Rich Brian)
* [[Chrisye]]
* [[Ebiet G. Ade]]
* [[Fariz RM]]
* [[Gesang]]
* [[Gombloh]]
* [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]]
* [[Harry Roesli]] (1950s–1970s)
* [[Iwan Fals]]
* [[Niki (singer)|Nicole Zefanya]] (Niki)
* [[Titiek Puspa]]
* [[The Tielman Brothers]], Eurasians originally from Indonesia who gained popularity in [[Europe]]. Their style is called [[Indorock]], after the colonial term used for Eurasians: [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], shortened to [[Indo people|Indo]].
* [[Rainych]]
* [[Stephanie Poetri]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Music|Indonesia}}
* [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia]]
* [[List of Indonesian musicians and musical groups]]
* [[List of Indonesian composers]]
* [[List of Indonesian rock bands]]
* [[List of Indonesian pop musicians]]
* [[List of Indonesian folk songs]]
* [[Minangkabau music]]
* [[Music of Bali]]
* [[Music of Java]]
* [[Music of Sumatra]]
* [[Music of Sunda]]
* [[Indonesian popular music recordings]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* Bass, Colin. "No Risk -- No Fun!". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 131–142. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-636-5}}
* Heaton, Jenny and Steptoe, Simon. "A Storm of Bronze". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 117–130. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-636-5}}

== Further reading ==

* ''[https://folkways.si.edu/music-of-indonesia-series Music of Indonesia] [Series].'' Ed. by Philip Yampolsky. Washington, DC: Smithsonian/Folkways, 1990–1999. 20 Compact Discs with Liner Notes. Bibliography.
** Vol. 1: Songs Before Dawn: Gandrung Banyuwangi.
** Vol. 2: Indonesian Popular Music: Kroncong, Dangdut, & Langgam Jawa. 
** Vol. 3: Music from the Outskirts of Jakarta: Gambang Kromong. 
** Vol. 4: Music of Nias & North Sumatra: Hoho, Gendang Karo, Gondang Toba.
** Vol. 5: Betawi and Sundanese Music of the North Coast of Java. 
** Vol. 6: Night Music of West Sumatra.
** Vol. 7: Music from the Forests of Riau and Mentawai. 
** Vol. 8: Vocal and Instrumental Music from East and Central Flores. 
** Vol. 9: Vocal Music from Central and West Flores. 
** Vol. 10: Music of Biak, Irian Jaya.
** Vol. 11: Melayu Music of Sumatra and the Riau Islands. 
** Vol. 12: Gongs and Vocal Music from Sumatra. 
** Vol. 13: Kalimantan Strings. 
** Vol. 14: Lombok, Kalimantan, Banyumas: Little-known Forms of Gamelan and Wayang. 
** Vol. 15: South Sulawesi Strings. 
** Vol. 16: Music from the Southeast: Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor. 
** Vol. 17: Kalimantan: Daya Ritual and Festival Music. 
** Vol. 18: Sulawesi: Festivals, Funerals, and Work. 
** Vol. 19: Music of Maluku: Halmahera, Buru, Kei. 
** Vol. 20: Indonesian Guitars.

== External links ==
* [http://www.folkways.si.edu/music-of-indonesia-series/smithsonian Music of Indonesia Series of 20 CDs by Smithsonian Folkways]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Indon%E9sie&debut=0&bool=AND Audio clips: Traditional music of Indonesia.] [[Musée d'ethnographie de Genève]]. Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xk2r BBC TV channel 3 Audio (60&nbsp;minutes): Music of Bali.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xk2b BBC Radio 3 Audio (60&nbsp;minutes): Java, Jakarta to Solo.] Accessed 25 November 2010.
* [http://www.istov.de/htmls/indonesia/indonesia_start.html The traditional music of Indonesia]
* [http://www.rajasawer.com Indonesian Fusion]
* [http://www.wholesalesarong.com/wholesale-bali-music-instrument.htm Various Types Of Indonesian Musical Instruments]
* [http://cnx.org/content/m15795/latest/ Listening to Balinese Gamelan: A Beginners' Guide from Connexions accessed 20/01/2012]

{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Music of Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Music of Indonesia}}
[[Category:Music of Indonesia| ]]