View source for Multinational Force in Lebanon

{{Short description|International peacekeeping force in Lebanon from 1982 to 1984}}
{{About|the U.S.-led tri-nation force|the U.N. peacekeeping force in Lebanon|UNIFIL}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name   = Multinational Force Beirut – Lebanon
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Force multinationale de sécurité à Beyrouth}}<br/>{{native name|it|Forza Multinazionale in Libano}}
| battles     = [[Lebanese Civil War]]
| image       = {{photomontage
| photo1a     = Navy Amphibian, Beirut 1982.jpg
| photo1b     = Lebanese Army, Beirut, Lebanon 1982.jpg
| photo2a     = PLO office in sidon lebanon 1982.jpg
| photo2b     = Sandro Pertini con il contingente italiano 2.jpg
| photo3a     = Super Étendard launching from Foch (R99) off Lebanon 1983.JPEG
| photo5b     = French Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopters in Beirut 1983.jpg
| photo4a     = AH-1T SeaCobra in the outskirts of Beirut 1983.JPEG
| photo5a     = U.S. Marines on patrol in Beirut, April 1983.jpg
| photo5c     = ZiddonPt1982b.jpg
| photo3b     = Green Line, Beirut 1982.jpg
| size        = 210
| spacing     = 3
 }} 
| caption= Clockwise from top left: [[United States Navy]] [[LARC-V]] landing in [[Beirut]], September 1982; Lebanese Army in Beirut, 1982; [[President of Italy|Italian President]] [[Sandro Pertini]] in [[Lebanon]] during a visit to the [[Italian Armed Forces|Italian contingent]] in 1983; PLO office in [[Sidon]], 1982; Fighter jet taking off from French aircraft carrier ''[[French aircraft carrier Foch (R99)|Foch]]'' off the coast of Lebanon, 1983; French Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopters in Beirut, Lebanon, 1983; USMC [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|Bell AH-1T]] ''SeaCobra'' helicopter on patrol outside the city of Beirut, May 1983; U.S. Marines on patrol in Beirut, April 1983; Israeli troops in Sidon, August 1982; Green Line, Beirut 1982
| dates  = August 25, 1982 – March 31, 1984
| countries = {{USA}}<br />{{FRA}}<br />{{Flag|Italy|1946}}<br />{{UK}}
| role   = [[Peacekeeping]] mission<br />Interposition force<ref name="NATO">{{cite book|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/logi-en/1997/lo-503.htm|date=1997|title=NATO Logistics Handbook|publisher=NATO|chapter=Chapter 5: Logistic Support for Peace Support Operations|chapter-url=http://www.nato.int/docu/logi-en/1997/lo-503.htm|page=503}}</ref>
| garrison = Beirut, Lebanon
| commander1 = Col. James M. Mead<br />[[24th Marine Expeditionary Unit|32nd MAU]] (August – October 1982)<br />
Col. Thomas M. Stokes, Jr.<br />[[24th Marine Expeditionary Unit|24th MAU]] (October 1982 – February 1983)<br />
Col. James M. Mead<br /> [[22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit|22nd MAU]] (February – May 1983)<br />
Col. Timothy J. Geraghty<br /> [[24th Marine Expeditionary Unit|24th MAU]] (May – November 1983)<br />
[[31st Marine Expeditionary Unit|31st MAU]] (September – October 1983)<br />
BGen. Jim R. Joy<br /> [[22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit|22nd MAU]] (November 1983 – February 1984)
| commander1_label =  USMNF (Task Force 62)<br />
(August 1982 – February 1984)
| commander2 =Lt. Col. John de P. Ferguson<br />[[1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards]] (September 1983 – January 1984)
| commander2_label=British Forces<br />
(February 1983 – February 1984)
| commander3 = [[List of French paratrooper units|11th Airborne Division]], B. Gen. Jacques Granger (August – September 1982)<br />
[[11th Parachute Brigade (France)|11th Airborne Division]], B. Gen. Jacques Granger (September 1982 – January 1983)<br />
[[9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)|9th Marine Infantry Division]], BGen. Michel Datin (January – May 1983)<br />
[[31st Brigade (France)|31st Brigade]], B. Gen. [[Jean-Claude Coullon|Jean-Claude Coulon]] (May – September 1983)<br />
[[List of French paratrooper units|11th Airborne Division]], B. Gen. Francois Cann (September 1983 – January 1984)<br />
[[Troupes de marine|9th Marine Infantry Division]], B. Gen. Datin (February – March 1984)
| commander3_label=French Forces<br />
(August 1982 – March 1984)
| commander4 = [[Paratroopers Brigade Folgore]] and [[1st San Marco Regiment|San Marco Battalion]], B. Gen. Franco Angioni (August 1982 – January 1984)<ref name="B1">{{cite book|title=U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984|pages=161–162|location=Washington, D.C.|author=Frank, Benis M.|year=1987|publisher=History and Museums Division, USMC}}</ref>
| commander4_label=Italian Forces<br />
(August 1982 – January 1984)
| disbanded = March 1984
| identification_symbol={{Photomontage
 | photo2a = Mnf patch8283.jpg
 | photo2b = 029a.jpg
 | size= 180
 | text = 1982–83 Patch/Multinational Peacekeeping Force (II) Patch| color = transparent
 | border = 0
 | spacing = 4
 | text_background = transparent
}}
| identification_symbol_label = Patches
}}

The '''Multinational Force in Lebanon''' ('''MNF''') was an international [[peacekeeping]] force created in August 1982 following a 1981 [[United States|U.S.]]-brokered ceasefire between the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and [[Israel]]<ref name="State">{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1981-1988/lebanon|work=U.S. Department of State|publisher=Office of the Historian|title=The Reagan Administration and Lebanon, 1981–1984}}</ref> to end their involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War|conflict]] between [[Lebanon|Lebanon's]] pro-government and pro-[[Ba'athist Syria|Syria]]n factions. The ceasefire held until June 3, 1982, when the [[Abu Nidal Organization]] attempted to assassinate [[Shlomo Argov]], Israel's ambassador to [[United Kingdom|London]].<ref name="Galilee">{{cite web|title=The Lebanon War (1982)|work=Ynetnews|publisher=Yedioth Internet|date=November 30, 2008|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L3631005,00.html}}</ref> Israel blamed the PLO and three days later [[Operation Peace for Galilee|invaded]] Lebanon. [[Beirut|West Beirut]] was [[Siege of Beirut|besieged]] for seven weeks before the PLO acceded to a new agreement for their withdrawal. The agreement provided for the deployment of a Multinational Force to assist the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] in evacuating the PLO, [[Syria]]n forces and other foreign combatants involved in [[Lebanese Civil War|Lebanon's civil war]].

The four-nation MNF was created as an interposition force meant to oversee the peaceful withdrawal of the PLO.<ref name="Cut">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/02/07/when-reagan-cut-and-run|date=February 2, 2014|author=Zenko, Micah|author-link=Micah Zenko|title=When Reagan Cut and Run|work=Foreign Policy}}</ref> The participants included the U.S. Multinational Force (USMNF), which consisted of four different [[Marine Expeditionary Unit|Marine Amphibious Units]] (MAUs); British [[1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards|1st Queens Dragoon Guards]] armoured reconnaissance regiment; the 1st inter-arm [[Foreign Legion Command|Foreign]] and [[French Army|French]] [[Brigade]], 4 [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion Regiments]], 28 [[French Armed Forces]] regiments including [[List of French Paratrooper Units|French and Foreign paratroopers]], units of the [[National Gendarmerie]], Italian paratroopers from the [[Folgore Brigade]], [[infantry]] units from the [[Bersaglieri]] regiments and Marines of the [[San Marco Regiment]]. Additionally, the MNF was in charge of training various units of the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxwBSvgB4VYC |title=The History of the French Foreign Legion: From 1831 to the Present Day |first=David |last=Jordan |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59228-768-0 |page=103 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The relatively benign environment at the beginning of the mission gave way to chaos as the civil war re-escalated following the assassination of President-elect [[Bachir Gemayel|Bashir Gemayel]] in September 1982. Subsequent political and military developments on the ground caused the MNF to be viewed not as a peacekeeper, but as a belligerent.<ref name="Long">{{Cite report|author=Robert L. J. Long |date=December 20, 1983 |title=Report Of The DoD Commission On Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |display-authors=etal}}</ref> In early 1984, after it became apparent that the government of Lebanon was no longer able to impose its will on warring factions as they entered Beirut and hostilities renewed,<ref name="Long" /> the MNF ended its presence mission in Beirut and went offshore before completely leaving Lebanon in July of the same year in the aftermath of the October 1983 [[1983 Beirut barracks bombings|barracks bombing]] that killed 241 U.S. and 58 French servicemen.<ref name="B3">{{cite book|title=U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984|page=139|location=Washington, D.C.|author=Frank, Benis M.|year=1987|publisher=History and Museums Division, USMC}}</ref> It was replaced by the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL) already present in Lebanon since 1978.

== Mission ==
The mission of the multinational force was to ensure the withdrawal of all foreign forces; aid, support and train the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] to restore the sovereignty of the [[Lebanese Government]] at the request of the latter in [[Beirut]] and the promotion of national unity and reconciliation, along with strengthening all national institutions, including the army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of State Statement|date=September 13, 1982|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077200098;view=1up;seq=452}}</ref>

The [[United States Armed Forces|United States]], [[French Armed Forces|France]], [[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]] and [[British Armed Forces|the United Kingdom]] contributed to the peacekeeping operations<ref>[https://www.un.org/french/Depts/palestine/history4.shtml L'ONU et le Liban sur ''UN.org'']</ref> pursuant to the MNF mandate which reads as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=The MNF (multinational force) is to provide an interposition force at agreed locations and thereby provide the MNF presence requested by the Government of Lebanon to assist it and Lebanon's armed forces in the Beirut area. This presence will facilitate the restoration of Lebanese Government sovereignty and authority over the Beirut area and thereby further its efforts to assure the safety of persons in the area and to bring to an end the violence which has tragically recurred.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 23, 1982|title=Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/RR9_23_82.html}}</ref>}}

== Responsibilities, activities, and composition ==
Under its mandate, the MNF provided a multinational presence requested by the Lebanese Government to assist it and the Lebanese Armed Forces in the Beirut area. The MNF was not authorized to engage in combat but might exercise the right of self-defense. The USMNF followed a policy of active self-defense in response to attacks and to improve its security. In order to enhance the safety of MNF personnel, authority had been given to U.S. naval forces offshore to provide naval gunfire and air support against any units in Syrian-controlled parts of Lebanon firing into greater Beirut as well as against any units directly attacking MNF or U.S. personnel and facilities.

The MNF was composed of the following units, which perform the functions indicated at the request of the Lebanese Government. Their precise functions within the MNF mission have varied over time and continued to be subject to adjustment in light of changing circumstances.
* One U.S. Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) was ashore at Beirut International Airport as a 1,400-man force which also provided external-security troops at U.S. diplomatic facilities in the greater Beirut area. Additional elements of the MAU in reserve, mainly combat support and combat service support elements, were aboard amphibious ships offshore Beirut. Pending the conclusion of consultations with the Government of Lebanon and Western allies, this force would be redeployed as soon as conditions warranted, with a tentative goal of completion within 30 days. As noted above, U.S. military personnel then with the MNF would remain on the ground for the protection of their remaining personnel.
* Two Italian battalions were in a 1,400-man force in southwest Beirut and also help protect the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. The Italian Government had nearly completed the four-month process of returning the size of its force to that level from a high of 2,200 men. The Italians announced on Feb 8 their intention to withdraw further forces but to leave a portion of their MNF contingent to protect the camp areas.
* The French battalions served as a force in and near the port of Beirut. The French had returned approximately 460 personnel from the MNF to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in southern Lebanon, which left them at a level of 1,600 men, well above their original troop commitment.
* One British mechanised reconnaissance squadron of 100 men withdrew from their position east of Beirut International Airport on Feb 8 and embarked in a Royal Navy ship offshore until the situation clarifies.

In addition, each contingent of the MNF had naval and/or air support forces in the region.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/16/world/text-of-president-reagan-s-report-to-congress-on-the-marines-in-lebanon.html?pagewanted=all|title=TEXT OF PRESIDENT REAGAN'S REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE MARINES IN LEBANON|date=February 16, 1984|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:PhilipHabibMiddleEastCommission.jpg|thumb|left|Commission for [[Philip Habib]] for his trip as [[Special Representative]] of the President of the United States for the Middle East in 1982, signed by President [[Ronald Reagan]] and Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]].]]

[[File:Marine Barracks, Beirut 1982.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[United States Marine Corps]] barracks in Beirut, 1982]]

The United States had previously been [[Operation Blue Bat|involved]] in Lebanon during the [[1958 Lebanon crisis|1958 crisis]]. In the aftermath of the [[Suez Crisis]], Lebanese President [[Camille Chamoun]] faced an ordeal in 1956 when Muslim leaders demanded that he break relations with [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[France]], which had just attacked [[Egypt]] over rights to the [[Suez Canal]]. In May 1958 [[1958 Lebanon crisis|armed rebellion]] broke out in [[Beirut]], supported mostly by Muslim elements. In July, a [[14 July revolution|bloody coup]] in [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] overthrew the monarchy and established a military regime allied with [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Council of War|last=Rearden|first=Steven L.|page=195|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2015|isbn=978-1-5076-8395-8}}</ref> fearing a similar takeover by leftists with ties to [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] in his nation—where Muslim factions were opposed to the pro-Western government and demanding that Lebanon join the [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]-led, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-backed [[United Arab Republic]], Chamoun sent an urgent appeal for help to the American Government.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Camille Chamoun – president of Lebanon|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Camille-Chamoun|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The United States subsequently entered Lebanon with the announced purpose of both protecting American nationals and preserving the integrity and independence of the country in the face of internal opposition and external threats. 14,000 U.S. Marines and paratroopers were sent to Lebanon by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to keep the country from [[Eisenhower Doctrine|falling to Communism]]. President Chamoun left office in September after having completed his term and a successor had peacefully been selected.

In April 1975, an attempt on the life of [[Pierre Gemayel]], a prominent Maronite figure, sparked clashes between Palestinian and Christian militias and was widely seen as having set off the [[Lebanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pierre Gemayel, A Courtly Chieftain of Christians|date=August 30, 1984|author=Pace, Eric|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/30/obituaries/pierre-gemayel-a-courtly-chieftain-of-christians.html}}</ref> Further instability ensued when Israel [[1982 Lebanon War|invaded Lebanon]] in June 1982, the invasion targeted the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) bases in [[Beirut]].

As the capital city [[Beirut]] was besieged by the Israelis, U.S. special envoy [[Philip Habib]] negotiated with the warring parties for an end to the fighting and for the creation of an international peacekeeping force to oversee their evacuation. In August 1982, he was successful in bringing about an agreement for the evacuation of Syrian troops and PLO fighters from Beirut. The agreement also provided for the deployment of a three-nation Multinational Force during the period of the evacuation.

== Joint Security Evacuation Operations ==

=== Beirut I ===
[[File:Navy Amphibian, Beirut 1982.jpg|thumb|US Navy Amphibian arriving in Beirut, 1982]]
The [[French Armed Forces]] landed in [[Beirut]] on August 21, with the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] [[2nd Battalion, 8th Marines]] arriving on August 25 and the [[Italian Armed Forces]] [[2nd Bersaglieri Battalion "Governolo"]] on August 26. This initial force consisted of 850 [[United States Armed Forces|U.S.]], 860 [[French Armed Forces|French]], and 575 [[Italian Armed Forces|Italian]] troops and was tasked with securing Beirut's port through which the PLO would be evacuated by ship.<ref name="CimbalaForster2010">{{cite book|last1=Cimbala|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Forster|first2=Peter K.|title=Multinational Military Intervention: NATO Policy, Strategy and Burden Sharing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npcLdjpaP_sC&pg=PA36|access-date=August 19, 2011|date=April 10, 2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-0228-2|page=36}}</ref> The next morning, the first ship arrived in port to begin evacuating PLO and Syrian forces. By the end of the day, 1,066 PLO fighters had been allowed to pass through the Marine lines and reach the ship. Elsewhere in Beirut, the Italian and French were also facilitating the departure of the PLO and Syrians.

Over the course of the next 15 days, the evacuation went smoothly as the PLO streamed through the port facilities. The culminating event was the departure of PLO chairman, [[Yasser Arafat]], on Aug. 30. Escorted by French forces, Arafat's arrival at the port caused a huge crowd of well-wishers and media to congregate, Arafat was aboard the [[Tunis]]-bound merchant ship Atlantis. Consequently, the Multinational Force troop contingent reboarded to their respective [[Naval ships|ships]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] on September 9, after 15 days ashore in Beirut.

=== Operation DIODON: Lebanon 1982–1984 ===

{{Main|Operation Épaulard I}}
[[File:USMC-Lebanon82-12.jpg|thumb|right|200px| [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] of the [[22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit|32d Marine Amphibious Unit]] and [[French Foreign Legion|legionnaires]] of the [[2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment]] form a joint security guard during the evacuation of the PLO from [[Beirut]], Lebanon.]]

On August 19, 1982; the [[2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment]] succeeded following a request from the [[Lebanese Government]] to allow the departure of the Palestinian contingent from [[Beirut]]. Following the events of Sabra and Chatila; international consciences decided to put in motion a reinforced security force. Subsequently, the regiments and units of the [[French Armed Forces]] and [[List of French Paratrooper Units|French paratroopers]] relayed each other at [[Beirut]] to fulfill a mission of mediation and preservation of peace. Operating within the contingent of the multinational force at [[Beirut]] which counted already [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. troops]] based at the airport; [[Italian Armed Forces|Italian troops]] in southern Beirut, and [[British Armed Forces|British troops]] implanted near the tobacco manufacturing facility; the [[31st Brigade (France)]] reinforced by the [[1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment]] and a detachment of the [[17th Parachute Engineer Regiment]]<ref name="soldatsdefrance.fr">[http://www.soldatsdefrance.fr/Liban_r11.html] National Support Association for French and Foreign Soldiers in Operations</ref> assures security and confidence of trust in the greater Lebanon and Beirut.

On May 19, 1983; the first elements of the [[2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment]] disembarked within the cadre of the operation.<ref name="soldatsdefrance.fr" /> On September 26, 1983; the last participating contingents forming Operation DIODON leave [[Lebanon]]. France suffered one casualty, [[Master corporal|Caporal-Chef]] Vuillermet who died of his wounds.

=== Italcon mission 1982–1984 ===

[[File:2nd Bersaglieri Battalion in Lebanon 1982.jpg|thumb|right|360px|Italian troops of the [[2nd Bersaglieri Battalion "Governolo"]] on patrol with the Multinational Force in Lebanon in 1982]]

The 2,300-strong [[Italian Armed Forces|Italian]] Contingent (Italcon) landed in Beirut on September 24; it was made up of paratroopers from the [[Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore"]], troops drawn from the [[Bersaglieri]] battalions, Marines of the [[San Marco Regiment]], and the army's medical corp with a field hospital. The Italian area of responsibility was south of the city, near the refugee camps of Sabra, Shatila, and Burj al Barahinah.<ref name="B2" /> Italcon was commanded by Gen. Franco Angioni.

=== British Forces Lebanon (BRITFORLEB) 1982–1984 ===
The involvement of British forces in the Multinational Force was agreed by the UK Government on December 15, 1982. The American request for UK military support posed a dilemma for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher who was wary of entanglement in the complex conflict in Lebanon. However, she agreed to a small, limited commitment as a token effort to support the UK-US 'special relationship'. The contingent of BRITFORLEB, codenamed Operation Hyperion, was limited to an armoured reconnaissance squadron equipped with [[Ferret armoured car|Ferret]] armoured cars with, at most, 115 deployed personnel. British Forces were based in the East Beirut district of Regie Hadath. The contingent did not suffer any fatalities and was withdrawn, with the other multinational contingents, in February 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hughes|first=Dr Geraint|title=A Forgotten Intervention: Operation HYPERION and British Peacekeepers in Lebanon, 1982-1984.|url=https://defenceindepth.co/2017/09/04/a-forgotten-intervention-operation-hyperion-and-british-peacekeepers-in-lebanon-1982-1984/|access-date=November 25, 2021|website=Defence-in-Depth|date=4 September 2017 }}</ref> BRITFORLEB consisted of three squadron-sized rotations from armoured reconnaissance units: C Sqn (Feb-Aug 1983) and A Sqn (Aug-Dec 1983) from the [[1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards|1st Queens Dragoon Guards]], and A Sqn (Dec 1983-Feb 1984) of the [[16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=British Army Units from 1945 on|url=http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref>

== Beirut II ==
[[File:Checkpoint 4, Beirut 1982.jpg|thumb|Checkpoint 4, manned by [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] and [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese soldiers]] in the outskirts of [[Beirut]] in 1982.]]
In the aftermath of President-elect [[Bachir Gemayel|Gemayel's]] assassination on September 14, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] entered West Beirut, citing a need to prevent civil disorder.<ref name="State" /> While in Beirut Israeli troops allowed the [[Kataeb Party|Phalangist]]-affiliated [[Lebanese Forces]] (LF) to enter [[Shatila refugee camp|Sabra and Shatila]] to root out PLO cells believed located there, hundreds of Palestinian refugees were [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|killed]] in the process. This incident prompted U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] to organize a new Multinational Force (MNF) with France and Italy. On September 29, this new force entered Beirut, with about 1,200 troops. Their stated mission was to help the new Lebanese government and army with stability.
<br />
Lebanon's military predicament began during the last week of June 1982, when the [[Maronites|Maronite]]-dominated Lebanese Forces (LF) militia began to move steadily up the Beirut-Damascus highway toward Alayh, where it engaged militia elements of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP). The LF, in an effort to establish its presence in new areas, moved into Saida and the western fringes of the Shuf by the end of the month. It was in the Shuf, under the watchful eyes of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], that the LF and PSP maneuvered toward an inevitable confrontation. The significance of the LF advance is that it rekindled the Lebanese civil war.
<br />
The second deployment consisted of the 2nd Battalion 8th Marine Regiment and U.S. Army Soldiers. They were followed by the 3rd Battalion 8th Marines in October 1982. The Battalion Landing Team's headquarters was at [[Beirut International Airport]]. France's contingent of 1,500 paratroopers were based in the coastal part of West Beirut close to the [[Port of Beirut|seaport]], and the 1,400 Italian troops (paratroopers of the Folgore Brigade, Bersaglieri regiments and the San Marco Regiment) were based in the southern part of the city, where refugees are concentrated. In February 1983, United Kingdom armoured cars from 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards joined the MNF.<ref name="B2">{{cite book|title=U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984|page=24|location=Washington, D.C.|author=Frank, Benis M.|year=1987|publisher=History and Museums Division, USMC}}</ref>

== Beirut III ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
On November 3, 1982, the 24th MAU replaced the 32d MAU. By November 15, a [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] team had completed a survey of Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) capabilities and requirements. Marine Mobile Training Teams (MTT) from the USMNF began conducting individual and small unit training for the LAF at BIA. Training of a LAF rapid-reaction force by the USMNF began during the week of December 21. The last significant event of 1982 was the beginning of negotiations between Lebanon and Israel on December 28 calling for Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.
During the winter of 1982–1983, the MNF was successful in its mission. Though officially [[Neutral country|neutral]], the force was responsible for preventing attacks from various Lebanese factions and the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Army]]. The MNF increasingly came under fire from factions of the Lebanese Civil War. Foot and vehicle patrols were conducted routinely throughout Beirut in an effort to gather information and provide a visible presence demonstrating multinational force commitment to the people of Lebanon.

== Beirut IV ==
On February 15, 1983, the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines relieved the 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines in the U.S. sector. When harsh winter weather with low temperatures, high winds, and deep snows threatened Lebanese villages high in the mountains northeast of Beirut, the Marines were asked by the Lebanese Government on February 21 to provide a relief column to rescue Lebanese civilians stranded in Qatarba. The rescue mission was conducted February 22–24. Lt. Col. Don Anderson, the commander of Battalion Landing Team 2/6 led a column of nine thirty-ton amphibious tractors (AmTracs) and several wheeled vehicles across rugged mountain terrain, reaching Qatarba 16 hours after leaving the [[Beirut International Airport]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Hammel|first=Eric|title=The Root|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|location=San Diego, CA|year=1985}}</ref> The AmTracs created a landing zone by packing down deep snows so that additional food and heating fuel could be delivered to the village by helicopters.  Civilian casualties who could not be treated on-scene by the battalion medical team were airlifted out, while those needing less serious medical attention were evacuated to Beirut by AmTrac on February 24, 1983.<ref name="U.S. Marine Corps 1983">{{Citation|last=U.S. Marine Corps|title=Command Chronology of 2d Battalion, 6th Marines January-June 1983|publisher=Marine Corps University Archives|location=Quantico, VA|year=1983}}</ref>

On April 18, 1983, the U.S. [[embassy]] in West Beirut [[1983 United States Embassy bombing|was bombed]], killing 63 people. A suicide terrorist driving a van packed with 2,000 pounds of highly explosive [[pentaerythritol tetranitrate]] (PETN) crashed into the embassy lobby detonating the payload.<ref>{{Citation|last=Geraghty|first=Timothy|title=Peacekeepers at War|page=19|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|location=Dulles, VA|year=2009}}</ref> This attack was a clear sign of opposition to MNF presence. The embassy was located in the French sector, and French Marines immediately responded to provide security and begin rescue operations.  The French commander, Brig. Gen. Michel Datin placed his responding forces under the operational control of Col. James Mead, the MAU Commander.<ref>{{Citation|last=Geraghty|first=Timothy|title=Peacekeepers at War|page=20|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|location=Dulles, VA|year=2009}}</ref> Lt. Col. Don Anderson provided a reinforced rifle company (Company F) to take over security the embassy compound to enable rescue and recovery operations. Once recovery operations were concluded, a heavily reinforced rifle platoon from Company G was stationed at the embassy through the end of May 1983, when 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines was relieved by 1st Battalion, 8th Marines.<ref name="U.S. Marine Corps 1983" />

In April–May 1983 shuttle diplomacy on the part of U.S. State Secretary [[George P. Shultz]] was pivotal in finalizing the agreement between Israel and Lebanon, commonly known as the 'May 15 agreement,' which called for bilateral termination of the ongoing state of war between the two countries. The agreement was signed concurrently in [[Kiryat Shmona]], [[Israel]] and [[Khalde]]h, [[Lebanon]] on May 15, 1983.
In the summer of 1983, U.S. Marines at the airport were repeatedly shelled by members of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Lebanese Resistance Regiments|Amal]] and [[Progressive Socialist Party|Druze]] militias. Several marines were killed and others wounded. In response, the U.S. warships {{USS|Bowen}}, {{USS|Pharris}}, {{USS|Virginia|CGN-38|6}}, {{USS|John Rodgers|DD-983|6}}, {{USS|Moosbrugger}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navysite.de/dd/dd980.htm|title=USS Moosbrugger (DD 980)}}</ref> and {{USS|Arthur W. Radford}} shelled Amal and Druze positions near Beirut.

== Beirut V ==

{{further|topic=Druze advances|Mountain War (Lebanon)}}

On May 30, 1983, the 24th MAU relieved the 22d MAU. On June 25, USMNF personnel conducted combined patrols with the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|LAF]] for the first time. On July 14, a LAF patrol was ambushed by [[Druze]] militia elements, and from July 15 to 17, the LAF engaged the Shia Amal militia in Beirut over dispute involving the eviction of [[Shiite]] squatters from a schoolhouse. At the same time, fighting in the [[Chouf District|Shuf]] between the LAF and Druze militia escalated sharply. On July 22, Beirut International Airport was shelled with Druze mortar and artillery fire, wounding three U.S. Marines and causing the temporary closing of the airport.
<br />
On July 23, [[Walid Jumblatt|Walid Jamblatt]], leader of the predominantly [[Druze]] [[Progressive Socialist Party]] (PSP), announced the formation of a Syrian-backed "National Salvation Front" opposed to the May 17 Israel-Lebanon Agreement. In anticipation of an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] withdrawal from the Alayh and [[Chouf District|Shuf]] districts, fighting between the Druze and [[Lebanese Forces|LF]], and between the Druze and LAF, intensified during the month of August. Druze artillery closed the BIA between and August 10 and 16, and the Druze made explicit their opposition to LAF deployment in the Shuf. The LAF also clashed with the Amal militia in Beirut's western and southern suburbs.
<br />
As the security situation deteriorated, USMNF positions at BIA were subjected to increased fire. On August 10 and 11, an estimated thirty-five rounds of mortar and rocket fire landed on USMNF positions, wounding one Marine. On August 28, 1983, the USMNF returned fire for the first time. On the following day, USMNF artillery silenced a Druze battery after two Marines had been killed in a mortar attack. On August 31, the LAF swept through the Shia neighborhood of West Beirut, establishing temporary control over the area.
<br />
On September 4, Beirut International Airport was again shelled, killing two Marines and wounding two others. As the LAF moved slowly eastward into the foothills of the Shuf, accounts of massacres, conducted by Christians and Druze alike, began to be reported. On September 5, a Druze force, reportedly reinforced by PLO elements, routed the Christian LF militia at [[Bhamdoun|Bhamdun]] and all but eliminated the LF as a military factor in the Alayh District. This defeat obliged the LAF to occupy [[Souk El Gharb|Suq-Al-Gharb]] to avoid conceding all of the high ground overlooking Beirut International Airport to the Druze. USMNF positions were subjected to constant indirect fire attacks; consequently, counter-battery fire based on target acquisition radar data was employed. [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14]] tactical airborne reconnaissance missions were conducted for the first time on September 7. On September 8, naval gunfire from offshore destroyers was employed for the first time in defense of the USMNF.
<br />
The [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] determined that the successful defense of [[Souk El Gharb|Suq-Al-Gharb]] was essential to the safety of the USMNF. On September 14, an emergency ammunition resupply to the LAF was instituted. On September 19, Navy destroyers provided gunfire support of the LAF defenders at Suq-Al-Gharb. The battleship USS ''New Jersey'' arrived in Lebanese waters on September 25. A ceasefire was instituted that same day and Beirut International Airport reopened five days later. On October 1, 1983, Walid Jumblatt announced a separate governmental administration for the [[Chouf District|Shuf]] and called for the mass defection of all Druze elements from the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|LAF]]. Nevertheless, on October 14 the leaders of Lebanon's key factions agreed to conduct reconciliation talks in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].
<br />
By the end of September 1983, the situation in Lebanon had changed to the extent that not one of the initial conditions upon which the mission statement was premised was still valid. The environment clearly was hostile. The assurances the Government of Lebanon had obtained from the various factions were obviously no longer operative as attacks on the USMNF came primarily from extralegal militias, and the environment could no longer be characterized as peaceful.
<br />
The image of the USMNF, in the eyes of the factional militias, had become pro-Israel, pro-Phalange, and anti-Muslim. After the USMNF engaged in direct fire support of the LAF at [[Souk El Gharb|Suq-Al-Gharb]], a significant portion of the Lebanese populace no longer considered the MNF a neutral force.<ref name="Long" />

== Barracks bombing ==
{{Main|1983 Beirut barracks bombing}}
[[File:Beirutbarr.jpg|thumb|A mushroom cloud visible from 500 meters after the blast]]
[[File:Vice President George H.W. Bush Visiting the Site of the Beirut Barracks Bombing.jpg|thumb|Marine Gen. [[Paul X. Kelley|P.X. Kelley]] (left) and Col. Tim Geraghty (right) take Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]] on a tour around the site of the Beirut barracks bombing two days after the explosion.]]

The MNF suffered its greatest number of casualties on October 23 in an act of [[terrorism]], when [[Shia]] suicide bombers driving two [[truck bomb]]s loaded with the [[TNT equivalent|equivalent of six tons]] of [[TNT]] plowed into the U.S. and French barracks in two simultaneous attacks, killing 241 U.S. servicemen and 58 [[List of French paratrooper units|French paratroopers]]. The force of the explosion ripped the barracks compound building from its foundation, the building then imploded upon itself. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Forensic Laboratory personnel investigating the scene of the attack described the blast as the largest non-nuclear explosion they've witnessed.<ref name="Long" /> The FBI also concluded that, even if the truck had not reached the building, and had exploded instead on the roadway at a distance of {{convert|330|ft}} from the building, nearly the same amount of damage and a significant number of casualties still would have resulted. On October 26 as Vice President [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] visited Beirut, Company B positions took 15 mortar rounds over a two-hour period. They returned the fire with 21 rounds of high-explosive 81&nbsp;mm ammunition. Before the month was over, the MAU would suffer three more wounded, none of whom needed to be evacuated. A large congressional delegation arrived on October 29 and was briefed and given a tour of the MAU positions. Other high-level visitors toured the scene at the end of October and the beginning of November.<ref>{{cite book|title=U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984|pages=111–113|location=Washington, D.C.|author=Frank, Benis M.|year=1987|publisher=History and Museums Division, USMC}}</ref>
With this incident, the public began to question the wisdom of having the MNF in Lebanon and calls to withdraw from Lebanon grew louder. Nevertheless, President Reagan reasserted his commitment to seeing his foreign policy goals out in Lebanon.

Advance party from the 22d MAU arrived at Beirut on November 17. General Joy and his staff boarded the {{USS|Guam|LPH-9|6}}, where he relieved Colonel Faulkner as 22d MAU commander at approximately 11:00. In early November, before he took over command of the MAU, General Joy was in Beirut to survey the situation. He was directed a number of actions to enhance the security of the U.S. Multi-National Forces ashore in Lebanon. Among these was a requirement to reduce the size of the BLT and MAU headquarters ashore to an essential few, with the "non-essential" Marines relocated on board Phibron shipping.

== Beirut VI ==

Elements of BLT 2/8, fresh and eager after a successful operation in [[Operation Urgent Fury|Grenada]], began landing at Beirut International Airport on November 17. At that time, BLT 1/8 began to backload on Phibron 8 shipping. By 23:30 the next day, all members of the 24th MAU were re-embarked and ready to leave for home. Brigadier General Jim R. Joy, the 22d MAU commander, relieved Colonel Geraghty as commander of the U.S. contingent of the Multi-National Force, Beirut at 1000 on November 19, for the 22d MAU's third deployment to Lebanon, BLT 2/8 had the Marine infantry battalion reduced by 10 percent, to a strength of 43 officers and 779 enlisted Marines. Despite this reduction, the new battalions were given greater fire power. General Joy then threw the MAU's entire efforts into improving the safety and security of all troops ashore by constructing additional bunkers, improving existing positions, ensuring dispersion of units, and "fine-tuning the command and control capability of the MAU HQ." The fact that the turnover had gone so smoothly, in perfect weather, and without harassing fire from unfriendly elements, enabled the MAU to push ahead with its barrier and obstacle plan and to begin building a new MAU command post on November 19.

A [[Seabee]] site survey team had been at the airport for two days, November 17–19, to review the Marine positions and determine how they could be improved and made safer. Meanwhile, the MAU headquarters had been moved to the airport maintenance building just east of its previous site. The new BLT command post was now on a piece of land between the coastal highway and the southern end of the airport's north–south runway. Northeast–southwest runways, were the artillery battery emplacements. Two rifle companies (F and G) were dispersed on the eastern side of the northeast–southwest runway within several hundred yards of [[Lebanese Armed Forces|LAF]] and Shia positions near [[Khalde]]h, were the Marines were still subject to frequent sniper fire. Less than a week after November 23, General Joy again reported that he, his staff, and his commanders had dedicated their efforts to continuing the "presence" mission while doing their utmost to prevent a recurrence of the bombing and other terrorist actions. At the same time, he recognized that the terrorists might resort to such other tactics as mining the MAU area, and ambushing, kidnapping, or assassinating Marines. The MAU commander further reported that he had identified the Durrafourd Building, the U.S./U.K. Embassy, and the MAU/MSSG areas as the most likely terrorist targets, and that he had taken the steps he mentioned earlier to protect the Marines against terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AMH/XX/MidEast/Lebanon-1982-1984/USMC-Lebanon82/USMC-Lebanon82-9.html|title=US Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984 [Chapter 9]|last=Frank|first=Benis M.|year=1987|publisher=History and Museums Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps|access-date=May 25, 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Subsequent confrontations and withdrawal ==
[[File:LTV A-7E Corsair II of VA-15 and VA-87 on the flight deck of USS Independence (CV-62), 7 December 1983 (6381816).jpg|thumb|left|[[LTV A-7 Corsair II|Vought A-7E Corsair II]] aircraft of attack squadrons [[VFA-15|VA-15]] Valions and [[VFA-87|VA-87]] Golden Warriors of [[Carrier Air Wing Six]] (CVW-6) line the flight deck of the aircraft carrier {{USS|Independence|CV-62}} in December 1983]]

[[French Navy]] warplanes retaliated in November to the bombings by striking [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iranian Revolutionary Guard]]'s barracks in [[Baalbek]], in the [[Beqaa Valley|Bekaa Valley]], though it did minor damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/06/world/83-strike-on-lebanon-hard-lessons-for-us.html|title='83 Strike on Lebanon: Hard Lessons for U.S.|author=Trainor, Bernard E.|date=August 6, 1989|work=The New York Times}}</ref> At this time, tensions rose between [[Syria]] and the United States as Syrian [[anti-aircraft]] batteries fired on U.S. aircraft as they patrolled Lebanese airspace. This culminated in the first direct U.S. military involvement in Lebanon on December 4. After being fired upon by Syrian missiles, U.S. aircraft targeted Syrian missile batteries in the mountains east of Beirut. In the process, Syrian [[9K31 Strela-1]] or man-portable [[Strela 2]] surface-to-air missiles shot down two American planes, an [[A-6 Intruder]] and an [[A-7 Corsair]]. The pilot of the A-6, LT Mark Lange<ref>At the U.S. Naval Academy, in [[Alumni Hall (Navy)#Building features|Alumni Hall]], a music room was named for Lt. Lange, Class of 1979.</ref> (flying from [[USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)#1980s|USS John F. Kennedy]]), was killed; his Bombardier/Navigator, LT [[Bobby Goodman]], ejected and was captured by Syrian soldiers. Lt. Goodman was held for 30 days before his release was facilitated by [[Jesse Jackson]]. Lt. Lange's body was returned. From the A-7, the pilot, who was the commander of [[Carrier Air Wing One]], ejected and was rescued, although he suffered severe injuries.

On the same day, eight U.S. Marines were killed when Syrian-backed militias shelled the airport observation post.
[[File:USS New Jersey firing in Beirut, 1984.jpg|thumb|[[USS New Jersey (BB-62)|USS ''New Jersey'']] fires a salvo from her [[16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun|16 inch guns]] during a 1984 deployment off the coast of Beirut]]
In response to more fire, the battleship [[USS New Jersey (BB-62)|USS ''New Jersey'']] fired on Lebanon on December 14 and 15. Meanwhile, [[Yasser Arafat]] and his PLO left [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] on December 20 on five [[Greece|Greek]] ships bound for [[Tunisia]]. The MNF was targeted again by bombs on December 21, with a truck bomb killing a French soldier and 14 Lebanese outside a French military base, and a bomb killing four at a Western-owned bar.

The captured U.S. crewman, Lt. Bobby Goodman, was released on January 3, 1984, after negotiations with Reverend [[Jesse Jackson]]. At the same time, U.S. President Ronald Reagan was pressured for a troop withdrawal from Lebanon by [[US Congress|Congress]]. These calls were increased after the Lebanese [[Prime minister|PM]] and his cabinet resigned February 5. Shiite and Druze militiamen began fighting outside Beirut on February 6 and threw the capital into chaos. Reagan ordered the 1,700 Marines to begin withdrawing on February 7. The following day, February 8, the USS ''New Jersey'' was again called upon to fire its main battery, this time against Syrian and Druze positions in the Bekaa Valley. During this Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) mission, the "Big J" fired 288 rounds of its 16" projectiles. Thirty rounds hit a Syrian command post, killing the general commanding Syrian forces in Lebanon, and several of his senior officers.

The British were the first to withdraw, evacuating their forces by air with American assistance on January 2 after having a parade at their compound headquarters during which the portrait of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] was removed. The Italians pulled out next on February 20; the Marines followed on February 26. However, a contingient of Marines from BLT 3/8, the ground combat element of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit, remained in Beirut and provide the External Security Force at the U.S. Embassy until their withdrawal on July 31. The last French troops left on March 31.

According to a 2019 study, the collapse of the Lebanese national army in February 1984 was the primary motivating factor behind the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tnsr.org/2019/03/when-do-leaders-change-course-theories-of-success-and-the-american-withdrawal-from-beirut-1983-1984/|title=When Do Leaders Change Course? Theories of Success and the American Withdrawal from Beirut, 1983–1984|date=March 28, 2019|website=Texas National Security Review|access-date=April 11, 2019}}</ref>

== Casualties ==

=== United States ===
The [[United States]] lost 265 servicemen in Lebanon, all but nine in hostile incidents, 241 were killed in the barracks bombing. 159 were wounded.

=== France ===
[[France]] lost more than 89 soldiers out of which [[List of French paratrooper units|58 French Paratroopers]] in the barracks bombing<ref>Khoury, Hala. "Last French peacekeepers ready to leave Beirut." [[UPI]], March 31, 1984.</ref> and many other soldiers from [[List of French paratrooper units|French]] [[French Army|regular]] and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] regiments, mainly conducting combat operations, demining and training the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] along with the [[17th Parachute Engineer Regiment]].<ref name="soldatsdefrance.fr" />

=== Italy ===
The Italians lost two soldiers, both to hostile actions.<ref>Butturni, Paula. "Italians begin final pull-out from Beirut." UPI, February 19, 1984.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[1958 Lebanon crisis]]
* [[Hezbollah]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[:fr:Frédéric Pons (journaliste)|Frédéric Pons]], ''Les Paras sacrifiés, Beyrouth, 1983–1984'' (The Sacrificed Paras, Beyrouth, 1983–1984), [[Presses de la Cité]], Paris 1994.
* {{cite web|url=http://fas.org/irp/threat/beirut-1983.pdf|title=Report of the DOD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983 |date=December 20, 1983|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] }} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AMH/XX/MidEast/Lebanon-1982-1984/USMC-Lebanon82/index.html|title=U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984|last=Frank|first=Benis M.|year=1987|publisher=History and Museums Division, U.S. Marine Corps}}  {{PD-notice}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Multinational Force in Lebanon}}
* [https://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF129/CF-129.chapter6.html Lebanon: 1982–1984]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/usmnf.htm US Multinational Force – Lebanon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130616043649/http://www.beirutveterans.info/ BeirutVeterans.info]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509054924/http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civil3.html Timeline of mission]}}
* [http://www.beirut-memorial.org/memory/brtnames.html List of Marines Killed in Beirut Bombing – The Beirut Memorial Online]
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=39775 President Ronald Reagan reads eye-witness account of 1983 Beirut barracks bombing: text version], [[Media:Reagan Speech Beirut Bombing.ogv|video version]]

{{American conflicts}}

[[Category:1980s in Lebanon]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of France]]
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[[Category:Israeli–Lebanese conflict]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century]]
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