View source for Multimedia Messaging Service

{{short description|Standard way to send messages}}
[[File:Ic mms 48px.svg|thumb|110x110px|MMS icon as it appears under an older version of Google Android]]
'''Multimedia Messaging Service''' ('''MMS''') is a standard way to send messages that include [[multimedia]] content to and from a [[mobile phone]] over a [[cellular network]]. Users and providers may refer to such a message as a '''PXT''', a '''picture message''', or a '''multimedia message'''.<ref name=":1" /> The MMS standard extends the core [[SMS]] (Short Message Service) capability, allowing the exchange of text messages greater than 160 characters in length. Unlike text-only SMS, MMS can deliver a variety of media, including up to forty seconds of video, one image, a [[slide show|slideshow]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The History of Multimedia Messaging (MMS) - MMS London |url=http://www.mmsworldlondon.com/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504004243/http://www.mmsworldlondon.com/history.htm |archive-date=2017-05-04 |access-date=2016-12-27 |website=www.mmsworldlondon.com}}</ref> of multiple images, or audio.

Media companies have utilized MMS on a commercial basis as a method of delivering news and entertainment content, and retailers have deployed it as a tool for delivering scannable coupon codes, product images, videos, and other information. On (mainly) older devices, messages that start off with text, as SMS, are converted to and sent as an MMS when an [[emoji]] is added.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-05 |title=Emoticons in texts can rack up huge bills |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-31148424 |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=It's 2023, so why does it cost 50c to send your mate an emoji? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/132980959/its-2023-so-why-does-it-cost-50c-to-send-your-mate-an-emoji |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.stuff.co.nz}}</ref>

The commercial introduction of MMS started in March 2002,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Le Bodic |first=Gwenaël |title=Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services: SMS, EMS and MMS |date=2005 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=0-470-01143-2 |edition=2nd |page=208}}</ref> although picture messaging had already been established in Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodson |first=Sean |date=2003-07-03 |title=The real picture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2003/jul/03/newmedia.gadgets |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> It was built using the technology of SMS<ref name=":0" /> as a captive technology which enabled service providers to "collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parks |first=Bob |date=October 2000 |title=Wired Magazine, The Big Picture - Philippe Kahn |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.10/kahn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326205210/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.10/kahn.html |archive-date=2006-03-26 |access-date=2006-04-20 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> MMS was designed to be able to work on the then-new [[GPRS]] and [[3G]] networks<ref name=":2" /> and could be implemented through either a [[Wireless Application Protocol|WAP]]-based or [[Internet Protocol|IP]]-based gateway.<ref name=":3" /> The [[3GPP]] and WAP Forum groups fostered the development of the MMS standard, which was then continued by the [[Open Mobile Alliance]] (OMA). 

== Technical description ==
MMS messages are delivered in a different way from SMS. The first step is for the sending device to encode the multimedia content in a fashion similar to sending a [[MIME]] message (MIME content formats are defined in the MMS Message Encapsulation specification). The message is then forwarded to the [[Mobile network operator|carrier's]] MMS [[store and forward]] server, known as the '''MMSC''' (Multimedia Messaging Service Centre). If the receiver is on a carrier different from the sender, then the MMSC acts as a relay, and forwards the message to the MMSC of the recipient's carrier using the Internet.<ref>[http://mbuni.org/userguide.shtml#Section_.1.1.1 "Overview of MMS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827125122/http://www.mbuni.org/userguide.shtml#Section_.1.1.1 |date=2009-08-27 }}, mbuni</ref>

Once the recipient's MMSC has received a message, it first determines whether the receiver's handset is "MMS capable" or not.  If it supports the standards for receiving MMS, the content is extracted and sent to a temporary storage server with an [[HTTP]] front-end. An SMS "control message" containing the [[URL]] of the content is then sent to the recipient's handset to trigger the receiver's [[Wireless Application Protocol|WAP]] browser to open and receive the content from the embedded URL. Several other messages are exchanged to indicate the status of the delivery attempt.<ref>[http://www.nowsms.com/documentation/ProductDocumentation/mms_notifications_and_content/Sending.htm "Sending MMS Notifications and Content"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925124936/http://www.nowsms.com/documentation/ProductDocumentation/mms_notifications_and_content/Sending.htm |date=2009-09-25 }}, now.sms</ref>  Before delivering content, some MMSCs also include a conversion service that will attempt to modify the multimedia content into a format suitable for the receiver. This is known as "content adaptation".
[[File:Samsung.Front.JPG|thumb|Older mobile phones, such as this [[Samsung D500]], usually required the manual setting up of the MMS capability]]
If the receiver's handset is not MMS capable, the message is usually delivered to a web-based service from where the content can be viewed from a normal web browser. The URL for the content is usually sent to the receiver's phone in a normal text message. This behavior is usually known as a "legacy experience" since content can still be received by the user.

The method for determining whether a handset is MMS capable is not specified by the standards. A database is usually maintained by the operator, and in it each [[MSISDN|mobile phone number]] is marked as being associated with a legacy handset or not. This method is unreliable, however, because customers can independently change their handsets, and many of these databases are not updated dynamically.

MMS does not utilize operator-maintained "data" plans to distribute multimedia content; they are used only if the user clicks links inside the message.

[[E-mail]] and web-based gateways to the MMS system are common. On the reception side, the content servers can typically receive service requests both from WAP and normal HTTP browsers, so delivery via the web is simple. For sending from external sources to handsets, most carriers allow a [[MIME]] encoded message to be sent to the receiver's phone number using a special e-mail address combining the recipient's public phone number and a special domain name, which is typically carrier-specific.

== Challenges ==
There are some challenges with MMS that do not exist with SMS:
[[File:Useless, useless, O2 (346988504).jpg|right|300px|thumb|Handset configuration can cause problems sending and receiving MMS messages.]]
* '''[[Content adaptation]]''':<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last=Coulombe|first=Stéphane|author2=Guido Grassel|title=Multimedia Adaptation for the Multimedia Messaging Service|journal=IEEE Communications Magazine|date=July 2004|volume=42|issue=7|pages=120–126|doi=10.1109/MCOM.2004.1316543|s2cid=4785100}}</ref> Multimedia content created by one brand of MMS phone may not be entirely compatible with the capabilities of the recipient's MMS phone. In the MMS architecture, the recipient MMSC is responsible for providing for ''content adaptation'' (e.g., image resizing, audio codec transcoding, etc.), if this feature is enabled by the mobile network operator.  When content adaptation is supported by a network operator, its MMS subscribers enjoy compatibility with a larger network of MMS users than would otherwise be available.
* '''Distribution lists''': Current MMS specifications do not include distribution lists nor methods by which large numbers of recipients can be conveniently addressed, particularly by content providers, called ''[[value-added service|Value-added service providers]]'' (VASPs) in [[3GPP]]. Since most SMSC vendors have adopted [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] as an ad-hoc method by which large distribution lists are transferred to the SMSC prior to being used in a bulk-messaging SMS submission, it is expected{{Clarify timeframe|date=March 2023}} that MMSC vendors will also adopt FTP.
* '''[[Bulk messaging]]''': The flow of ''peer-to-peer'' MMS messaging involves several over-the-air transactions that become inefficient when MMS is used to send messages to large numbers of subscribers, as is typically the case for VASPs. For example, when one MMS message is submitted to a very large number of recipients, it is possible to receive a ''delivery report'' and ''read-reply report'' for each and every recipient. Future MMS specification work is likely to optimize and reduce the transactional overhead for the bulk-messaging case.
* '''Handset configuration''': Unlike SMS, MMS requires a number of handset parameters to be set. Poor handset configuration is often blamed as the first point of failure for many users. Service settings are sometimes preconfigured on the handset, but mobile operators are now looking at new device management technologies as a means of delivering the necessary settings for data services (MMS, WAP, etc.) via [[over-the-air programming]] (OTA).
* '''[[WAP Push]]''': Few mobile network operators offer direct connectivity to their MMSCs for content providers.{{fact|date=January 2015}}  This has resulted in many content providers using WAP push as the only method available to deliver 'rich content' to mobile handsets.  WAP push enables 'rich content' to be delivered to a handset by specifying the URL (via binary SMS) of a pre-compiled MMS, hosted on a content provider's web server.  A consequence is that the receiver who pays WAP per kb or minute (as opposed to a flat monthly fee) pays for receiving the MMS, as opposed to only paying for sending one, and also paying a different rate.

Although the standard does not specify a maximum size for a message, 300 kB and 600 kB are the recommended sizes used by networks<ref>[https://www.gsmarena.com/glossary.php3?term=mms "MMS definition"], ''GSM Arena''</ref> for compatibility with MMS 1.2 and MMS 1.3 devices respectively. The limit for the first generation of MMS was 50 kB.<ref name=":3">{{cite web
 | url = https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~r91065/_log/2003-09-28/Resources/mms_composing_messages_rev_a2.pdf
 | title = MMS Developer's Guide
 | date = October 2001
 | publisher = [[Ericsson|Ericsson Mobility World USA]]
 | access-date = May 12, 2021
 | archive-date = 2021-09-25
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210925144522/https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~r91065/_log/2003-09-28/Resources/mms_composing_messages_rev_a2.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>

== Interfaces ==
{{main|MMS Architecture}}
[[File:MMSCNA.png|right|thumb|330px|MMSC Reference Architecture]]
* [[MMS Architecture#MM1|MM1]]: the 3GPP interface between MMS User Agent and MMS Center (MMSC, the combination of the MMS Relay & Server)
* [[MMS Architecture#MM2|MM2]]: the 3GPP interface between MMS Relay and MMS Server
* [[MMS Architecture#MM3|MM3]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and external servers
* [[MMS Architecture#MM4|MM4]]: the 3GPP interface between different MMSCs 
* [[MMS Architecture#MM5|MM5]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and [[GSM core network#Home location register (HLR)|HLR]]
* [[MMS Architecture#MM6|MM6]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and user databases
* [[MMS Architecture#MM7|MM7]]: the 3GPP interface between MMS VAS applications and MMSC 
* [[MMS Architecture#MM8|MM8]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and the billing systems
* [[MMS Architecture#MM9|MM9]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and an [[online charging system]]
* [[MMS Architecture#MM10|MM10]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and a message service control function
* [[MMS Architecture#MM11|MM11]]: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and an external transcoder

== Usage, decline and discontinuation ==
[[Verizon]] launched its MMS service in July 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-08 |title=Verizon Wireless launches easy-to-use picture messaging service |url=https://www.verizon.com/about/news/vzw/2003/07/pr2003-07-03 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.verizon.com |language=en}}</ref> Between 2010 and 2013, MMS traffic in the U.S. increased by 70% from 57 billion to 96 billion messages sent.<ref>{{cite web |title=CTIA's Annual Survey Says US Wireless Providers Handled 3.2 Trillion Megabytes of Data Traffic in 2013 for a 120 Percent Increase Over 2012 |url=http://www.ctia.org/resource-library/press-releases/archive/ctia-annual-survey-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723023447/http://www.ctia.org/resource-library/press-releases/archive/ctia-annual-survey-2013 |archive-date=2014-07-23 |access-date=2014-07-29 |website=www.ctia.org}}</ref> This is due in part to the wide adoption of [[smartphone]]s. However take-up of MMS never matched the widespread popularity of SMS text messaging.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chirgwin |first=Richard |date=7 May 2018 |title=Heir to SMS finally excites carriers, by making Google grovel |url=https://www.theregister.com/2018/05/07/what_is_rich_communication_services/ |website=The Register}}</ref> 

Due to lower cost and improved functionality provided by modern internet-based [[instant messengers]] such as [[WhatsApp]], [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], and [[Signal (messaging app)|Signal]], MMS usage has declined,<ref>https://www.theregister.com/2016/05/20/three_uk_mms_tarriffs/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> and it has been discontinued by several telcos since the early 2020s. Countries with [[Mobile network operator|operators]] that have discontinued MMS include: India (BSNL; from 1 November 2015),<ref>{{Cite news |title=BSNL to shutdown MMS from November 1 - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bsnl-to-shutdown-mms-from-november-1/articleshow/49596485.cms}}</ref> Philippines (Sun Cellular, Smart Communications, TNT; from 28 September 2018),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart, Sun to discontinue MMS by September » YugaTech - Philippines Tech News & Reviews |date=23 August 2018 |url=https://www.yugatech.com/news/smart-sun-to-discontinue-mms/}}</ref> Singapore (Singtel, M1, Starhub; from 16 November 2021),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Farewell, MMS: Messaging service set to end after mid-November - The Straits Times |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=6 September 2021 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/tech-news/farewell-mms-messaging-service-set-to-end-after-mid-november}}</ref> Kazakhstan (Kcell; from 6 May 2022),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kcell stops MMS service - Telecompaper |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/kcell-stops-mms-service--1423279}}</ref> Switzerland (Swisscom, Salt Mobile; from 10 January 2023),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goodbye MMS: Swisscom to phase out MMS service ... - Swisscom Community |url=https://community.swisscom.ch/t5/Mobile/Goodbye-MMS-Swisscom-to-phase-out-MMS-service-on-10-January-2023/td-p/698303}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salt. - MMS Discontinuation |url=https://www.salt.ch/en/help/mobile/MMS}}</ref> Germany (Vodafone; from 17 January 2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vodafone switches off the MMS - January 04, 2023 - MarketScreener |date=5 January 2023 |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/DEUTSCHE-TELEKOM-AG-444661/news/Vodafone-switches-off-the-MMS-42661616/}}</ref>

[[Rich Communication Services|RCS]] is intended to be the successor technology for MMS and SMS.
== See also ==
* [[Enhanced Messaging Service]] (EMS)
* [[Rich Communication Services]] (RCS)
* [[OTA bitmap]], a Nokia specification for picture messaging
* [[Mobile marketing]]
* [[Short code]]
* [[Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|MMS}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.openmobilealliance.org/Technical/release_program/mms_v1_3.aspx|title=Multimedia Messaging Service 1.3|publisher= Open Mobile Alliance|access-date=14 Jan 2009}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mmaglobal.com/bestpractices.pdf|title=Consumer Best Practices Guide for Cross-Carrier Mobile Content Programs (United States)|publisher=Mobile Marketing Association|access-date=14 Jan 2009|archive-date=17 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217045056/http://mmaglobal.com/bestpractices.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|author=Eicher, Richard|title=Advances in MMS offer interactive tools to mobile marketers|publisher=Mobile Marketer|date=13 Jan 2009|url=http://www.mobilemarketer.com/cms/opinion/columns/2440.html|access-date=14 Jan 2009}}
* {{cite web|author=Morrison, Diane See|title=BMW MMS Campaign Gets 30 Percent Conversion Rate|publisher=mocoNews.net|date=17 Sep 2008|url=http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-bmw-mms-campaign-gets-30-percent-conversion-rate/|access-date=14 Jan 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921003700/http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-bmw-mms-campaign-gets-30-percent-conversion-rate/|archive-date=21 September 2008|url-status=dead}}

{{Mobile phones}}
{{Open Mobile Alliance standards}}
{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:3GPP standards]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunication services]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications standards]]
[[Category:Open Mobile Alliance standards]]
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 2002]]