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{{Short description|Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan from 1888 to 1933}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Muhammad <br /> {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|محمد}}}}
| reign        = 29 April 1888 – 1 August 1933
| coronation   = 7 May 1888
| cor-type     = Installation
| succession   = [[Yamtuan Besar|Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan]]
| image        = Tuanku Muhammad Shah. The Tuanku Ja'afar Royal Gallery, Seremban.jpg
| caption      = Muhammad Shah, c. 1870s
| predecessor  = [[Antah of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Antah]]
| successor    = [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]]
| full name    = Tunku Muhammad ibni Tunku Antah (''at birth'')
| dynasty      = [[Pagaruyung]] – House of Yamtuan Raden
| issue        = Tunku Abdul Aziz <br> [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tunku Abdul Rahman]] <br> [[Tunku Laksamana Nasir|Tunku Laksamana Nasir Alam Shah]] <br> Tunku Muhammad Alam Shah
| father       = [[Antah of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Antah ibni Almarhum Tuanku Radin]]
| mother       = ''Cik'' Halima binti Uggoh
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1865|4|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[Seri Menanti]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[British Malaya]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1933|8|1|1865|4|25|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Seri Menanti]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Federated Malay States]], [[British Malaya]]
| date of burial = 
| place of burial = [[Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum]], [[Seri Menanti]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Malaysia]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Tuanku Sir Muhammad Shah ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|KCVO}} ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|توانكو سر محمد شاه ابن المرحوم توانكو انته}}; 25 April 1865 – 1 August 1933) was the seventh [[Yamtuan Besar]] of [[Seri Menanti]], and ruled from 1888 to 1933. During his reign, [[Negeri Sembilan]] came under British protection in 1889 and became a [[Federated Malay States|Federated Malay State]] in 1895.

In June 1887, he was declared as ''Yamtuan'' as recognised by British authority. Tuanku Muhammad re-established the traditional constitution with the four ''[[Undang]]s'' (Lawgivers) and, on 29 April 1898, he was duly elected by the four ''Undangs'' as Yang di-Pertuan Besar; the first election under the modern re-constituted Negeri Sembilan. He was installed on 7 May 1898<ref name="JRASSB46">{{cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Ernest Woodford |title=Election and Installation of Tungku Muhammad, C.M.G. Bin Tungku Antah, as the Yang Di Per Tuan Bĕsár, Negri Sembilan |journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1906 |volume=46 |pages=9–22 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofstrait461906roya/page/n27/mode/2up}}</ref> at [[Seri Menanti]].

He died in 1933 at the age of 68, having reigned for 45 years. He was buried at the [[Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum]].

He is regarded as the father of Negeri Sembilan's modernisation. After his death, an English school in [[Kuala Pilah (town)|Kuala Pilah]], [[Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tuanku Muhammad]] was renamed after him in his honour. This school is the second oldest school in Negeri Sembilan, along with its twin in [[Johor]], [[Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar]] and [[High School Batu Pahat]] were found in 1914 respectively.

Tuanku Muhammad was the first Yamtuan Besar to have received the title 'Sir' from [[Queen Victoria]]. He was also the longest-serving monarch of Negeri Sembilan in the state's history. He had also been involved in the [[Conference of Rulers|Durbar]] (Conference of Rulers) of [[Federated Malay States]], with [[Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah of Perak|Sultan Idris of Perak]], [[Abdul Samad of Selangor|Sultan Abdul Samad of Selangor]] and [[Ahmad Muʽazzam|Sultan Ahmad of Pahang]]. He is one of the Kings who founded the nation's first residential college, [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar|The Malay College]] in [[Kuala Kangsar]]. His son and great-grandson, [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Ja'afar]] would go on to study there as teenagers, who eventually become the first and tenth [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] respectively.

Tuanku Muhammad oversaw the building of both the [[Istana Seri Menanti#Istana Lama|Istana Lama]] (now the Royal Museum of Seri Menanti), and the [[Istana Seri Menanti#Istana Besar|Istana Besar]].

== Death ==
Tuanku Muhammad died on 1 August 1933, shortly before 3pm at the [[Istana Seri Menanti#Istana Lama|Istana Lama]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=BRYSON |first1=H. P. |last2=BLELLOCH |first2=I. W. |date=1936 |title=Record of the ceremonial followed at the death and funeral of Yang Di-pertuan Besar, Tuanku Muhammad, G.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., ibni al-Marhum Yam Tuan Antah, and at the proclamation of his son Tunku Abdu'l-Rahman as his successor. August the 1st and 3rd, 1933 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559864 |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=14 |issue=3 (126) |pages=272–279 |jstor=41559864 |issn=2304-7550}}</ref> Shortly after his death, his brother the [[Tunku Besar Burhanuddin]] summoned the ''[[Penghulu]]s'' of Luak Tanah Mengandung (the area around Seri Menanti), comprising the ''Dato''s of Ulu Muar, Jempol, Terachi and Gunung Pasir. This was then followed by a 22-gun salute.<ref name=":0" />

The four principal ''Lembaga''s of Ulu Muar then conveyed the news of his death to the four ''Undang''s.<ref name=":0" />

His body was left to lay in state the day after his death. He was buried on the third day after his death following the proclamation of his successor. The coffin was transported from the Istana on a specially-adapted lorry drawn by the ''Pegawai Sembilan-puluh sembilan,'' accompanied by the ''Orang Ampat Astana'' and the ''Ulama.'' The traditional Maharaja di-raja ceremonial carriage led the procession, carrying the Treasurer and dispensers of ''Sadaqah.'' The procession by the mourners was, in order: the newly-proclaimed Yang di-Pertuan Besar, [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]]; senior members of the royal family; the ''anak putra putri'' with the chiefs and representatives of other Rulers and of high government officials; other mourners; and the late-King's subjects. A 68-gun salute, corresponding to Tuanku Muhammad's life was fired.<ref name=":0" />

Tuanku Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest and the then-[[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|''Tunku Muda Serting'', Tunku Abdul Rahman]] as the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Besar, having been unanimously chosen by the four ''Undangs''.<ref name=":0" />

==Honours==
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}:
** [[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Honorary Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (CMG) (1 January 1894)
** [[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – '''Sir''' (3 June 1916)<ref name="KCMG">{{London Gazette|issue=29608|page=5557|supp=y|date=2 June 1916}}</ref>
** [[File:UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (KCVO) – '''Sir''' (10 July 1925)
** [[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – '''Sir''' (1 January 1931)<ref name="GCMG">{{London Gazette|issue=33675|page=5|supp=y|date=30 December 1930}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tuanku Muhammad Shah. The Tuanku Ja'afar Royal Gallery, Seremban.jpg|Tuanku Muhammad Shah. The Tuanku Ja'afar Royal Gallery, Seremban
File:KITLV_-_3607_-_Lambert_%26_Co.,_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Sir_Abdul_Samad,_Sultan_of_Selangor,_with_its_retinue_in_front_of_the_government_building_in_Singapore_-_1890-03-27.tif|Government House, Singapore on 27 Mar 1890: Yam Tuan Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan seated far right|alt=Government House, Singapore on 27 Mar 1890 : Yam Tuan Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan seated far right
File:CO 1069-505-03 (7893293674).jpg|Tuanku Muhammad Shah, 1897, seated centre
File:KITLV - 3608 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Members of the first meeting of the Federal Conference in Kuala Kangsar in Perak - 1897-07-14.tif|1st Malayan Durbar (Federal Conference) 14 July 1897 in Kuala Kangsar; YamTuan Muhammad Shah seated second from right
File:CO 1069-491-09 (7888096290) 01.jpg| H.H. The Yam Tuan of Negri Sembilan and other chiefs, 1903.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal House of Negeri Sembilan]]
[[Category:People from British Malaya]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century Malaysian politicians]]