View source for Movima language

{{Short description|Language isolate of Bolivia}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua movima|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Movima
| nativename       = {{lang|mzp|Chosineɬ di' mowi:maj}} <ref name="Katharina Haude 2006">{{cite web |url=http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/h/haude_k/gramofmo.pdf |title=A grammar of Movima |access-date=2008-10-22 |author=Katharina Haude |year=2006 |publisher=Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen}}</ref>
| states           = [[Bolivia]]
| region           = [[Beni Department]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|1,170|1}}
| date             = 2012
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = American
| family           = [[Language isolate]]
| nation           = [[Bolivia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/download/constitucion.pdf |title=Constitution of Bolivia, Article 5. I. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521023641/http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/download/constitucion.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-21 }}</ref>
| iso3             = mzp
| glotto           = movi1243
| glottorefname    = Movima
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Pueblos originarios de Bolivia.png
| mapcaption       = Map of indigenous groups in Bolivia, with Movima in light green
| ethnicity        = [[Movima people]]
}}

'''Movima''' is a language that is spoken by about 1,400 (nearly half) of the [[Movima people|Movima]], a group of Native Americans that resides in the [[Llanos de Moxos]] region of the [[Bolivia]]n Amazon, in northeastern Bolivia. It is considered a [[language isolate]], as it has not been proven to be related to any other language.

==Locations==
Movima is spoken in the locations of 18 de Noviembre, 20 de Enero, Bella Flor, Buen Día, Carmen de Iruyañez, Carnavales, Ipimo, Miraflores, Navidad, San Lorenzo, and the town of [[Santa Ana del Yacuma]].<ref name=e25/> The Movima community reported that there are approximately 500 adult speakers as of 2012.<ref name="Amazonian isolates 2">{{cite book |editor-last=Epps |editor-first=Patience |editor-last2=Michael |editor-first2=Lev |title=Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-11-043273-2}}</ref>{{rp|807}}

==Phonology==
Movima has five [[vowel]]s:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ The vowels of Movima
|-
! &nbsp; !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
{{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} more closely resemble {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, respectively, than the [[close-mid vowel]]s {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}}. Vowels have a phonemic length distinction, although some prosodic processes can lengthen otherwise short vowels. Movima does not have [[tone (linguistics)|tone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mov |title=WALS – Movima |access-date=2008-10-24 |work=World Atlas of Language Structures Online}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ The consonants of Movima
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| &nbsp;
!rowspan="2"|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="2"|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!rowspan="2"|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan="2"|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!rowspan="2"|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
!<small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Labialization|lab.]]</small>
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} ({{IPAlink|ɡ}})
| {{IPAlink|kʷ}}
|({{IPA link|ʔ}})
|-
!<small>[[implosive consonant|implosive]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|ɓ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɗ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Fricative]]
| ({{IPAlink|f}}) {{IPAlink|β}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
| {{IPAlink|jˀ}}
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

The plosive {{IPA|/p/}} is realized as {{IPA|[p]}} in the syllable onset but as {{IPA|[pʔᵐ]}} (which contrasts with the simple nasal phoneme {{IPA|/m/}}) in the coda. Similarly, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are realized as {{IPA|[tʔⁿ]}} and {{IPA|[ʔ<sup>ɤ</sup>]}} (i.e., as a [[glottal stop]] with a vocalic release), respectively, in the syllable coda.<ref name="Katharina Haude 2006"/> In vowel-initial words and between adjacent vowels, an epenthetic glottal stop appears.

The phonemes {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are only present in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] loanwords.

==Morphology==
In Movima, [[compound (linguistics)|compound]]ing and [[incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation]] are productive [[derivational morphology|derivational]] processes. [[Reduplication]] and [[affix]]ation, including some processes (such as the [[irrealis]] marker ''(k)a''') that resemble [[infix]]ation, are also common. Typical examples of [[inflection]], such as [[grammatical number|number]], [[grammatical case|case]], [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[grammatical mood|mood]], and [[grammatical aspect|aspect]], are not obligatorily marked in Movima.<ref name="Katharina Haude 2006"/> Many derivational processes can be applied to a single Movima word. The same morpheme may appear multiple times in one word this way, for instance, ''tikoy-na-poj-na'' "I make X kill Y."

==Vocabulary==
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Movima
|-
| one || sotaru
|-
| two || oira
|-
| three || taxra
|-
| tooth || söichlan
|-
| tongue || rulkua
|-
| hand || chopa
|-
| woman || kukya
|-
| water || tomi
|-
| fire || vé
|-
| moon || yekcho
|-
| maize || kuaxta
|-
| jaguar || rulrul
|-
| house || roya
|}

Further vocabulary:

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Movima
|-
| to sit || as
|-
| to stand || en
|-
| to come || jiwa
|-
| dust || vuskwa
|-
| Movima || mowi:maj
|-
| language || chonsineɬ
|-
| of || di'
|}

==See also==
*[[Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)]]

==Further reading==
*Judy, R. A.; Judy, J. (1962). Movima y castellano. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 1). Vocabularios Bolivianos. Cochabamba: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mov World Atlas of Language Structures information on Movima]
* [http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/ Lenguas de Bolivia] (online edition)
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/285 Movima] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])
* [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/movi1243 Movima DoReCo corpus] compiled by Katharina Haude. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.

{{Languages of Bolivia}}
{{language families}}
{{South American languages}}
{{Jesuit Missions of Moxos}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Movima Language}}
[[Category:Language isolates of South America]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area]]