View source for Mount Merapi

{{Short description|Active stratovolcano in Central Java, Indonesia}}
{{About-distinguish|the mountain in Central Java|Mount Marapi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Merapi
| other_name = {{lang|jv|ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦩꦼꦫꦥꦶ}}<br>{{lang|id|Gunung Merapi}}
| photo = Cahaya Pertama Menyinari Puncak.jpg
| photo_caption = Mount Merapi, as of 2020
| elevation_m = 2910
| elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|vnum=263250|name=Merapi|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 1,356
| prominence_ref= <ref name="Gunung Bagging">{{cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html|title=Mount Merapi|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203045952/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| listing = Ribu
| translation = Mountain of Fire
| language = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| map = Indonesia Java
| relief = 1
| map_caption = Location in [[Java]]
| label_position = bottom
| region = 
| coordinates = {{coord|07|32|29|S|110|26|46|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age = 400,000 years
| last_eruption = Ongoing
}}
[[File:KITLV - 50H8 - Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm (1809-1864) - Mieling, C.W. - Mount Merapi (Gunung Merapi) - Colour lithography - 1853-1854.tif|thumb|Mount Merapi, colour lithograph, Junghuhn and Mieling, 1853–1854]]
'''Mount Merapi''' ({{langx|jv|ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦩꦼꦫꦥꦶ|Gunung Měrapi}}, {{langx|id|Gunung Merapi||Fire Mountain}}) is an [[Active volcano|active]] [[stratovolcano]] located on the [[border]] between the province of [[Central Java]] and the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]]. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately {{cvt|28|km}} north of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] city which has a population of 2.4 million. Thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as {{cvt|1700.|m|ft}} above [[sea level]].

Smoke can often be seen rising from the mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. A pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of [[Muntilan]], west of the volcano.<ref>{{in lang|id}} Kompas (Yogyakarta) President Soeharto Really Concern. Saturday, 26 November 1994.</ref> Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the [[2006 Yogyakarta earthquake|Yogyakarta earthquake]]. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it was designated as one of the [[Decade Volcanoes]], which are considered worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive [[Volcanic eruption|eruptions]] and proximity to densely populated areas.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010, [[2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi|Merapi erupted]] on its southern and southeastern slopes.<ref name="JakartaPost2010-10-25" /> A total of 353 people were killed over the next month, while 350,000 were forced to flee their homes;<ref name="Bitesize">{{cite web|title=Case study: Mount Merapi in 2010|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zww4nbk/revision/6|access-date=5 October 2021|publisher=[[BBC Bitesize]]|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005151245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zww4nbk/revision/6|url-status=live}}</ref> most of the damage was done by [[pyroclastic flows]], while heavy rain on 4 November created [[lahars]] which caused further damage. Most of the fissures had ceased erupting by 30 November, and four days later the official threat level was lowered.<ref name="bnpb">{{cite web|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=214|title=Update Gunung Merapi status on 30/11 to 12.00 WIB|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122110/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=214|url-status=dead}}</ref> Merapi's characteristic shape was changed during the eruptions, with its height lowered {{cvt|38|m}} to {{cvt|2930.|m}}.<ref name="Gunung Bagging" />

Since 2010, Merapi had experienced several smaller eruptions, most noticeably two [[phreatic eruptions]] which occurred on 18 November 2013 and 11 May 2018. The first and larger of these, caused by a combination of rainfall and internal activity, saw smoke issued up to a height of {{cvt|2,000.|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2013/12/30/tiga-gunung-indonesia-ini-bikin-dunia-terkaget-kaget|title=Tiga Gunung Indonesia Ini Bikin Dunia Terkaget-kaget|date=30 December 2013|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809094018/https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2013/12/30/tiga-gunung-indonesia-ini-bikin-dunia-terkaget-kaget|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been several small eruptions since the beginning of 2020,{{efn|The most recent eruptions so far were on 3 March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html|title=Merapi|website=volcanodiscovery.com|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182924/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 27 March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/03/27/indonesia039s-mt-merapi-spews-massive-ash-cloud|title=Indonesia's Mt Merapi spews massive ash cloud|website=The Star|date=27 March 2020 |location=Malaysia|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327140900/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/03/27/indonesia039s-mt-merapi-spews-massive-ash-cloud|url-status=live}}</ref> 7 January 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Riyadi|first=Slamet|date=7 January 2021|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews hot clouds, 500 evacuate|url=https://apnews.com/article/avalanches-asia-pacific-indonesia-c96846b0963ef668576cbecfc65c42ee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107063603/https://apnews.com/article/avalanches-asia-pacific-indonesia-c96846b0963ef668576cbecfc65c42ee|archive-date=7 January 2021|access-date=7 January 2021|work=Associated Press News}}</ref> 8 August 2021<ref name='August8' /> and 16 August 2021.<ref name='NDTV'>{{Cite news|date=16 August 2021|title=Indonesia Volcano Erupts, Blankets Villages in Ash|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indonesia-volcano-erupts-blankets-villages-in-ash-2511351|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816053816/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indonesia-volcano-erupts-blankets-villages-in-ash-2511351|url-status=live}}</ref>}} which are of great interest to volcanologists.

==Etymology==
The name ''Merapi'' is a compound of [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Mount Meru (mythology)|Meru]]'' meaning "mountain"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=meru|title=Sanskrit Dictionary|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914224702/https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=meru|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ''api'' which means "fire".{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Thus ''Merapi'' can be loosely translated as "Mountain of Fire" or "Fire Mountain".

==History==
{{Update|date=November 2020}}

===Geological history===
[[File:Prambanan Java243.jpg|thumb|right|Mount Merapi viewed from 9th-century [[Prambanan]] Hindu temple, built during [[Mataram Kingdom]] era]]
Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern [[Java]]. It is situated at a [[subduction]] zone, where the [[Indo-Australian plate]] is subducting under the [[Sunda plate]]. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia.<ref name="StraitsTimes" /> Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the out flowing [[lava]] emitted was [[basalt]]ic. Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous [[andesite|andesitic]] lavas often generating [[lava dome]]s. Dome collapse has often generated [[pyroclastic flow]]s, and larger explosions, which have resulted in [[eruption column]]s, have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gertisser|first1=R.|last2=Charbonnier|first2=S. J.|last3=Troll|first3=V. R.|last4=Keller|first4=J.|last5=Preece|first5=K.|last6=Chadwick|first6=J. P.|last7=Barclay|first7=J.|last8=Herd|first8=R. A.|year=2011|title=Merapi (Java, Indonesia): anatomy of a killer volcano|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00786.x|journal=Geology Today|language=en|volume=27|issue=2|pages=57–62|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00786.x|bibcode=2011GeolT..27...57G|s2cid=128763644|issn=1365-2451|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628174603/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00786.x|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in the latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows.
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Uitbarsting van de Merapi in 1930 TMnr 10003995.jpg|thumb|Merapi in 1930]]
The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with [[Volcanic ash|ash]]. The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the [[Hindu]] [[Kingdom of Mataram]]; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated.

===2006 eruption===
In April, increased [[seismicity]] at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of {{cvt|400|m|ft}}, compared to {{cvt|75|m|ft}} the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news/&articleid=269888|author=Sapa-dpa|title=Indonesian volcano ready to blow|work=Mail & Guardian|date=23 April 2006|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522023706/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=269888&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__international_news%2F|archive-date=22 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area<ref>{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Rachel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4971844.stm|title=Lava flows from Indonesia volcano|date=4 May 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4971844.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4767805.stm|title=Red alert for Indonesia volcano|date=13 May 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=29 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029054204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4767805.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft.<ref name="StraitsTimes" /> Activity calmed by the middle of May.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4985086.stm|title=Java volcano activity quietens|date=16 May 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221141241/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4985086.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 May, a [[2006 Yogyakarta earthquake|6.3 magnitude earthquake]] struck roughly {{cvt|50|km|mi}} southwest of Merapi,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Troll|first1=Valentin R.|last2=Chadwick|first2=Jane P.|last3=Jolis|first3=Ester M.|last4=Deegan|first4=Frances M.|last5=Hilton|first5=David R.|last6=Schwarzkopf|first6=Lothar M.|last7=Blythe|first7=Lara S.|last8=Zimmer|first8=Martin|year=2013|title=Crustal volatile release at Merapi volcano; the 2006 earthquake and eruption events|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12008|journal=Geology Today|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=96–101|doi=10.1111/gto.12008|bibcode=2013GeolT..29...96T|s2cid=128888819|issn=1365-2451|access-date=3 February 2021|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035134/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12008|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the [[Yogyakarta]] region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-Indonesia-Earthquake.html Earthquake Leaves Thousands Dead in Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, NY Times, 27 May 2006 URL Accessed 27 May 2006</ref> The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Donoghue|first1=E.|last2=Troll|first2=V. R.|last3=Schwarzkopf|first3=L. M.|last4=Clayton|first4=G.|last5=Goodhue|first5=R.|date=January 2009|title=Organic block coatings in block-and-ash flow deposits at Merapi Volcano, central Java|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/organic-block-coatings-in-blockandash-flow-deposits-at-merapi-volcano-central-java/658564F6500003A2604466A0BF2A2503|journal=Geological Magazine|language=en|volume=146|issue=1|pages=113–120|doi=10.1017/S0016756808005359|bibcode=2009GeoM..146..113D|s2cid=129715352|issn=1469-5081|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107082410/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/organic-block-coatings-in-blockandash-flow-deposits-at-merapi-volcano-central-java/658564F6500003A2604466A0BF2A2503|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> a location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi.<ref>.[http://www.breakingnews.ie/2006/06/06/story262155.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180632/http://www.breakingnews.ie/2006/06/06/story262155.html|date=30 September 2007}}, BreakingNews.ie, 6 June 2006 URL Accessed 6 June 2006</ref> The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption.

===2010 eruption===
{{Main|2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi}}

[[File:Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the 2010 Eruptions of Mount Merapi.jpg|thumb|Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the 2010 eruptions]]

In late October, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (''Indonesian language''—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.

Observers at Babadan {{cvt|7|km}} west and [[Kaliurang]] {{cvt|8|km}} south of the mountain reported hearing an [[avalanche]] on 12 September. On 13 September, white plumes were observed rising {{cvt|800|m}} above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of {{cvt|0.1|mm}} to {{cvt|0.3|mm}} per day to a rate of {{cvt|11|mm}} per day on 16 September. On 19 September, earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4).<ref>'[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=weekly#Sep2010 Global Volcanism Program, SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports Merapi, 22–28 September 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804074541/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=weekly#Sep2010 |date=4 August 2020 }}. Retrieved 26 October 2010</ref> Lava from Mount Merapi in [[Central Java]] began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent [[volcanic eruption|eruption]].<ref name="Malik2010-10-24" />

On 25 October, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a {{cvt|10|km}} zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities.<ref name="thenews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/3748.htm|title=Indonesia volcano death toll rises to 25: officials|date=27 October 2010|work=The News International|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=25 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125084950/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/3748.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the [[magma]] had risen to about {{cvt|1|km|ft}} below the surface due to the seismic activity<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617502|title=Highest alert issued for Indonesia's Merapi volcano|publisher=BBC News|date=25 October 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=26 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026053613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617502|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872<ref name=bknpb1>{{cite news|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129|title=Rekor Baru Letusan Merapi|publisher=Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana-Indonesian Disaster Management Office|author=BNPB|language=id|date=9 November 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122335/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129|url-status=live}}</ref> on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101110/wl_afp/indonesiavolcano;_ylt=Atrp1gonuAiD7VkzJPv66p4Bxg8F;_ylu=X3oDMTJvMjhlczhoBGFzc2V0A2FmcC8yMDEwMTExMC9pbmRvbmVzaWF2b2xjYW5vBHBvcwMyNQRzZWMDeW5fcGFnaW5hdGVfc3VtbWFyeV9saXN0BHNsawNpbmRvbmVzaWF2b2w-|title=Indonesia volcano eruption slows|date=10 November 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Yahoo news|access-date=10 November 2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano|title=Death toll from Indonesian volcano rises to 153|publisher=Yahoo News per Associated Press|agency=Associated Press|date=9 November 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=12 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112220426/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano.<ref name="CVGHM PVMBG">{{cite web|url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:laporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49:merapi|title=Laporan aktivitas G. Merapi tanggal 18 November 2010 pukul 00:00 sampai dengan pukul 12:00 WIB-''Activity report Merapi on 18 November 2010 at 00:00 until 12:00&nbsp;pm''|date=18 November 2010|publisher=CVGHM (PVMBG)|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716132330/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94%3Alaporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49%3Amerapi|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jakarta Globe from Antara">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120|title=Indonesia's Merapi Back to Its Belching Ways, Spewing Rocks in New Direction|work=Jakarta Globe|date=17 November 2010|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119105652/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120|archive-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275.<ref name="thejakartapost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/18/death-toll-fromindonesia039s-volcano-climbs-275.html|title=Death toll from Indonesia's volcano climbs to 275|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-date=2 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120048/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/18/death-toll-fromindonesia039s-volcano-climbs-275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes.<ref name="thejakartaglobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410|title=Death Toll in Merapi Eruptions Climbs to 324|date=25 November 2010|work=Jakarta Globe|access-date=26 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127200930/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410|archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang.<ref name="thejakartaglobe" /> By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/indonesia-downgrades-danger-level-of-mount-merapi-1.582006|title=Indonesia downgrades danger level of Mount Merapi|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta|access-date=12 June 2010|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220035103/http://www.ctvnews.ca/indonesia-downgrades-danger-level-of-mount-merapi-1.582006|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. At 09.00&nbsp;am that day, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of {{cvt|2.5|km}} radius.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218|title=Status Merapi turun ke level3|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122143/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2018 eruption===

A [[phreatic eruption]] began on the morning of 11 May, prompting the evacuation of areas within a {{cvt|5|km|adj=mid}} radius of the volcano. [[Adisutjipto International Airport]] in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2018|title=Indonesia evacuates residents, shuts airport after Java volcano erupts|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-volcano/indonesia-evacuates-residents-shuts-airport-after-java-volcano-erupts-idUSKBN1IC0CI|work=Reuters|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511064309/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-volcano/indonesia-evacuates-residents-shuts-airport-after-java-volcano-erupts-idUSKBN1IC0CI|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Moses Ompusunggu|author2=Ganug Nugroho Adi|date=11 May 2018|title=Mount Merapi erupts, residents told to evacuate|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/11/mountain-merapi-erupts-residents-told-to-evacuate.html|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=11 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2018|title=Gunung Merapi erupts again|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/05/11/08351941/gunung-merapi-kembali-meletus|publisher=Kompas|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511220155/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/05/11/08351941/gunung-merapi-kembali-meletus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 November 2020|title=Merapi: Dome growth continues|url=http://www.volcanoes.de/2020/11/23/merapi-dome-growth-continues/|publisher=Marc Szeglat|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035142/http://www.volcanoes.de/2020/11/23/merapi-dome-growth-continues/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2021 eruption===

Eruptions started on 4 January causing evacuations of the Yogyakarta region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hundreds evacuated as Indonesian volcano spews hot clouds|date=7 January 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hundreds-evacuated-indonesia-s-mount-merapi-volcano-spews-hot-clouds-n1253330|access-date=7 January 2021|publisher=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193008/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hundreds-evacuated-indonesia-s-mount-merapi-volcano-spews-hot-clouds-n1253330|url-status=live}}</ref> The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia: Hundreds evacuated as Mount Merapi spews hot clouds|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/indonesia-hundreds-evacuated-as-mount-merapi-spews-hot-clouds|access-date=7 January 2021|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107135657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/indonesia-hundreds-evacuated-as-mount-merapi-spews-hot-clouds|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 March, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews ash, debris in new eruption|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-merapi-volcano-spew-ash-debris-eruption-yogyakarta-14505150|access-date=1 April 2021|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103508/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-merapi-volcano-spew-ash-debris-eruption-yogyakarta-14505150|url-status=live}}</ref> Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano.<ref name='August8'>{{Cite web|last=Riyadi|first=Slamet|date=9 August 2021|title=Indonesian volcano churns out fresh clouds of ash, lava|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-environment-and-nature-indonesia-5c915f2d217716c66b64147b669f8401|url-status=live|work=Associated Press News|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809220224/https://apnews.com/article/science-environment-and-nature-indonesia-5c915f2d217716c66b64147b669f8401}}</ref> On 16 August, the volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash.<ref name='NDTV' />

On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2&nbsp;km.<ref name="VOI 1">{{cite news|title=Merapi Launches Hot Clouds Fall For 2.2&nbsp;km To Bebeng River|url=https://voi.id/en/news/112441/merapi-launches-hot-clouds-fall-for-22-km-to-bebeng-river|access-date=9 December 2021|agency=VOI.id|date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209124056/https://voi.id/en/news/112441/merapi-launches-hot-clouds-fall-for-22-km-to-bebeng-river|url-status=live}}</ref> This comes just as [[2021 Semeru eruption|Mount Semeru erupted]] in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people.

===2023 eruption===
An eruption started on 11 March at around 12 p.m. local time ([[Western Indonesia Time]], GMT+7). A lava flow up to 7 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters high were observed. Local authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts, spews hot cloud|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-merapi-volcano-erupts-spews-hot-cloud-2023-03-11/|date=11 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|work=Reuters|first=Bernadette|last=Christina}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews hot clouds in new eruption|url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-merapi-volcano-eruption-a827c3f693666c467b298bac3355a166|date=11 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|work=Associated Press News|first=Slamet|last=Riyadi}}</ref>

===2024 eruption===
An eruption occurred on 19 January starting at 6:59&nbsp;a.m. local time, with six pyroclastic flows reaching up to 2 kilometers being recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mt. Merapi spews six hot cloud avalanches on Friday morning|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/303429/mt-merapi-spews-six-hot-cloud-avalanches-on-friday-morning|date=19 January 2024|access-date=21 January 2024|work=Antara}}</ref> On 21 January, the volcano emitted a lava flow up to 2 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters. Authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's Mount Merapi unleashes lava as other volcanoes flare up, forcing thousands to evacuate|url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-mount-merapi-eruption-e2b8803db1766d91b14da1173e4d9706|date=21 January 2024|access-date=21 January 2024|work=Associated Press News|first=Slamet|last=Riyadi}}</ref>

==Monitoring==
[[File:A selection of instruments used for monitoring volcanoes.jpg|thumb|This image shows some of the instruments deployed by the Deep Carbon Degassing Project in the vicinity of Mount Merapi in 2014.]]
Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. [[Seismology|Seismic]] monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until the present. The Babadan (northwest location), Selo (in the saddle between [[Mount Merbabu|Merbabu]] and Merapi), and [[Plawangan]] monitoring stations have been updated with equipment over the decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930 observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were moved into [[Kaliurang]] as a response to the threat of danger to the volcanological personnel at the higher point. This volcano is monitored by the [[Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project]].

The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of 8 [[seismograph]]s currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the [[hypocentre]]s of tremors and quakes.

A zone in which no quakes originate is found about 1.5&nbsp;km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the [[magma chamber|magma reservoir]] which feeds the eruptions.

Other measurements taken on the volcano include [[magnetism|magnetic]] measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the [[Deformation (volcanology)|inflation]] of the volcano caused when the magma chambers beneath it is filling up.

[[Lahar]]s (a type of [[mudflow]] of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard on the mountain, and are caused by [[rain]] remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits. Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high-[[frequency]] seismic signal. Observations have found that about 50&nbsp;mm of rain per hour is the threshold above which lahars are often generated.

== Check dam ==
There are about 90 units (30 percent) from the total 258 units of sand barriers (sabo) were damaged. The cost for recovery is about Rp 1 trillion ($116 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.indonesiafinancetoday.com/read/4688/Merapi-Sand-Barriers-Restoration-Need-Rp-1-T-|title=Merapi Sand Barriers Restoration Need Rp 1 T – Indonesia Finance Today|publisher=En.indonesiafinancetoday.com|date=26 April 2011|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522201228/http://en.indonesiafinancetoday.com/read/4688/Merapi-Sand-Barriers-Restoration-Need-Rp-1-T-|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sterile zone==
Following the 2010 eruption, three Indonesian government departments declared a prohibited zone in which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure is allowed in 9 villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/09/15/259708/289/101/-Sembilan-Dusun-Lereng-Merapi-Tetap-tidak-Boleh-untuk-Hunian|title=Sembilan Dusun Lereng Merapi Tetap tidak Boleh untuk Hunian|date=15 September 2011|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407123930/http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/09/15/259708/289/101/-Sembilan-Dusun-Lereng-Merapi-Tetap-tidak-Boleh-untuk-Hunian|url-status=live}}</ref>

==National park==
[[File:The peak of Merapi seen from Klangon.jpg|thumb|The peak of Merapi seen from Klangon.]]
In 2004, an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi was established as a [[List of national parks of Indonesia|national park]]. The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by [[The Indonesian Forum for Environment]], on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2004/07/10/walhi-sues-cabinet-minister-over-merapi-national-park.html P.C. Naommy:''Walhi sues Cabinet minister over Merapi National Park''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044209/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2004/07/10/walhi-sues-cabinet-minister-over-merapi-national-park.html |date=8 October 2012 }} in [[The Jakarta Post]] 7 October 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</ref> During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of the national park, meaning they would not have a house.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/05/04/many-still-reluctant-leave-merapi.html Slamet Susanto:''Many still reluctant to leave Merapi''] {{Webarchive  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920173443/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/05/04/many-still-reluctant-leave-merapi.html |date=20 September 2011 }} in [[The Jakarta Post]] 5 April 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</ref>

==Museum==
*Merapi Museum Center, [[Kaliurang]] Street Kilometer 25.7, [[Pakem]] subdistrict, [[Sleman]], [[Yogyakarta]]. A replica of Merapi's Post 2010 eruption has been created and Indonesian student visits to the museum has increased 30 percent since the latest eruption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/photos/16426/replica-of-merapi039s-post-2010-eruption|title=Pasca Letusan Merapi|access-date=25 April 2011|archive-date=20 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020230320/http://www.antaranews.com/en/photos/16426/replica-of-merapi039s-post-2010-eruption|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Mythology==
[[File:Blethrow merapi1.jpg|thumb|Merapi in July 2005. The constant smoke from its summit is said to come from two sacred armourers living under the mountain.]]
Merapi is very important to the [[Javanese people]], especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Troll|first1=Valentin R.|last2=Deegan|first2=Frances M.|last3=Seraphine|first3=Nadhirah|date=May 2021|title=Ancient oral tradition in Central Java warns of volcano–earthquake interaction|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12350|journal=Geology Today|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=100–109|doi=10.1111/gto.12350|bibcode=2021GeolT..37..100T|s2cid=236573835|issn=0266-6979|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Creation===
{{self-contradictory|date=November 2022}}
Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities.
It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, [[Java]] was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by [[Batara Guru]]) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred [[keris]] at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving a mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi."<ref name="Triyoga">{{cite book|title=Merapi dan Orang Jawa: Persepsi dan Kepercayaannya|last=Triyoga|first=Lucas Sasongko|year=2010|publisher=Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia|location=Jakarta|language=id|pages=50–52}}</ref>    {{better source needed|date=November 2022}}

===Spirit ''Kraton'' of Merapi===
The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits (''makhluk halus''). Villages near Merapi believe that one of the palaces (in [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ''[[Kraton (Indonesia)|kraton]]'') used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the [[Yogyakarta Sultanate]], complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals.
Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of [[ancestor]]s who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in the palace as royal servants (''abdi dalem''), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give [[Prophecy|prophecies]] or warnings.<ref name="Triyoga1">{{cite book|title=Merapi dan Orang Jawa: Persepsi dan Kepercayaannya|last=Triyoga|first=Lucas Sasongko|year=2010|publisher=Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia|location=Jakarta|language=id|pages=56–60}}</ref>

===Spirits of Merapi===
To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly take offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism|title=Mount Tourism&nbsp;– Mount Merapi|year=2008}}</ref> For the Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds a significant cosmological symbolism, because it forms a sacred north–south axis line between Merapi's peak and the [[Indian Ocean]], referred by locals as the Southern Ocean. The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the [[Tugu Yogyakarta]] monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along [[Malioboro]] street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across [[Keraton]] Yogyakarta (sultan's palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reaching Samas and Parangkusumo beach on the estuary of Opak river and the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Troll|first1=Valentin R.|last2=Deegan|first2=Frances M.|last3=Jolis|first3=Ester M.|last4=Budd|first4=David A.|last5=Dahren|first5=Börje|last6=Schwarzkopf|first6=Lothar M.|year=2015|title=Ancient Oral Tradition Describes Volcano–Earthquake Interaction at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geoa.12099|journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography|language=en|volume=97|issue=1|pages=137–166|doi=10.1111/geoa.12099|bibcode=2015GeAnA..97..137T|s2cid=129186824|issn=1468-0459|access-date=3 November 2020|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035139/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geoa.12099|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This sacred axis connected the [[hyang]]s or spirits of mountain revered since ancient times—often identified as "Mbah Petruk" by Javanese people—The Sultan of Yogyakarta as the leader of the Javanese kingdom, and [[Nyi Roro Kidul]] as the queen of the Southern Ocean, the female ocean deity revered by Javanese people and also mythical consort of Javanese kings.<ref>Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko (1991) Manusia Jawa dan gunung merapi : persepsi dan kepercayaannya Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press. {{ISBN|979-420-211-8}}, see also Khairuddin, H. (1995) Filsafat Kota Yogyakarta {{ISBN|979-499-180-5}} page 58 (in Indonesian) – Gunung Merapi sebagai terminal akhir dalam proses ''Sumbu Imajiner'' diyakini pula sebagai ''Surga pangratunan'', yang berasal dari kata ''antu'', yang artinya menanti, yakni menanti sevelum roh diinjinkan masuk surga, yaitu kembali kepada Sang Pencipta.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia|Volcanoes}}
*[[2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi]]
*[[List of volcanic eruptions by death toll]]
*[[List of volcanoes in Indonesia]]
*[[Decade Volcanoes]]

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|first1=François|last1=Beauducel|first2=François-Henri|last2=Cornet|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|year=2000|volume=105|issue=B4|pages=8193–8203|first3=Edi|last3=Suhanto|doi=10.1029/1999JB900368|publisher=AGU publications|title=Constraints on magma flux from displacements data at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia|bibcode=2000JGR...105.8193B|url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03596943/file/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%20Solid%20Earth%20-%202000%20-%20Beauducel%20-%20Constraints%20on%20magma%20flux%20from%20displacements%20data%20at.pdf}}
*Camus G, Gourgaud A, Mossand-Berthommier P-C, Vincent P-M, 2000. Merapi (central Java, Indonesia): an outline of the structural and magmatological evolution, with a special emphasis to the major pyroclastic events. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 139–163
*Charbonnier S J, Gertisser R, 2008. Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the 2006 eruption of Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia. J Volc Geotherm Res, 177: 971–982
*Gertisser R, Keller J, 2003. Temporal variations in magma composition at Merapi volcano (Central Java, Indonesia): magmatic cycles during the past 2000 years of explosive activity. J Volc Geotherm Res, 123: 1–23
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Ralf|editor1-last=Gertisser|editor2-first=Valentin R.|editor2-last=Troll|editor3-first=Thomas R.|editor3-last=Walter|editor4-first=I Gusti Made Agung|editor4-last=Nandaka|editor5-first=Antonius|editor5-last=Ratdomopurbo|title=Active Merapi Volcano: Geology, Eruptive Activity, and Monitoring of a High-Risk Volcano|date=2023|publisher=Springer|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-15039-5}}
*Lavigne F, Thouret J C, Voight B, Suwa H, Sumaryono A, 2000. Lahars at Merapi volcano, central Java: an overview. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 423–456
*Newhall C G, Bronto S, Alloway B, Banks N G, Bahar I, del Marmol M A, Hadisantono R D, Holcomb R T, McGeehin J, [[John N. Miksic|Miksic J N]], Rubin M, Sayudi S D, Sukhyar R, Andreastuti S, Tilling R I, Torley R, Trimble D, Wirakusumah A D, 2000. 10,000 years of explosive eruptions of Merapi volcano, central Java: archaeological and modern implications. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 9–50
*Siswowidjoyo S, Suryo I, Yokoyama I, 1995. Magma eruption rates of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia during one century (1890–1992). Bull Volc, 57: 111–116
*Thouret J-C, Lavigne F, Kelfoun K, Bronto S, 2000. Toward a revised hazard assessment at Merapi volcano, central Java. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 479–502
*Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko. 1991 ''Manusia Jawa dan Gunung Merapi – Persepsi dan Sistem Kepercayaannya'' Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press. {{ISBN|979-420-211-8}}
*Troll V R, Deegan F M, Seraphine N (2021) Ancient oral tradition in Central Java warns of volcano–earthquake interaction. Geology Today, 37:100–109; https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12350
*US Army, Corps of Engineers [[Army Geospatial Center]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agc.army.mil/Merapi/index.html|title=Army GeoSpatial Center – Merapi Volcano|publisher=United States Army|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313014005/http://www.agc.army.mil/Merapi/index.html|archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> webpage on the crisis of Mount Merapi, with data, citations, photographs and maps.
*Voight B, Constantine E K, Siswowidjoyo S, Torley R, 2000. Historical eruptions of Merapi volcano, central Java, Indonesia, 1768–1998. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 69–138
*Wirakusumah A D, Juwarna H, Loebis H, 1989. Geologic map of Merapi volcano, Central Java. Volc Surv Indonesia, 1:50,000 geol map

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist
|colwidth=30em
|refs=
<ref name="StraitsTimes">Merapi villagers defy orders to leave homes: The Straits Times</ref><!--needs help-->

<ref name="Malik2010-10-24">{{cite web|last=Malik|first=Candra|title=Mount Merapi's Swelling Signals Huge Eruption, Scientists Warn|date=24 October 2010|work=Jakarta Globe|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/mount-merapis-swelling-signals-huge-eruption-scientists-warn/403039|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027082344/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/mount-merapis-swelling-signals-huge-eruption-scientists-warn/403039|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="JakartaPost2010-10-25">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/25/merapi-spews-massive-lava-material.html|title=Merapi spews lava|date=25 October 2010|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=27 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028025851/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/25/merapi-spews-massive-lava-material.html|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikinews|Merapi roars, compulsory evacuation ordered}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Mount Merapi}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091215072427/http://tngunungmerapi.org/ Mount Merapi National Park]}} – Official site {{in lang|id}}
*[http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=4290 Double Disaster in Indonesia] – Video on the 2010 eruption & tsunamis
*[http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~beaudu/merapi.html Scientific studies carried on at Merapi]
*[http://www.lgp.cnrs.fr/spip/spip.php?article170 l'Atlas du Volcan Merapi, Indonésie/The atlas of Merapi volcano] {{Webarchive  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227210735/http://www.lgp.cnrs.fr/spip/spip.php?article170 |date=27 December 2017 }}
*[http://www.vulkane.net/en/volcanoes/merapi/merapi.html Mount Merapi on vnet]

{{Decade Volcanoes}}
{{National parks of Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mount Merapi| ]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia|Merapi]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes|Merapi, Mount]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Central Java|Merapi, Mount]]
[[Category:Mountains of Central Java|Merapi]]
[[Category:Decade Volcanoes|Merapi, Mount]]
[[Category:Landforms of the Special Region of Yogyakarta]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes of Indonesia]]
[[Category:National parks of Indonesia]]
[[Category:VEI-4 volcanoes]]
[[Category:21st-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:20th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:19th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:18th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:Sleman Regency]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Central Java]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Progo basin]]
[[Category:Opak-Oyo basin]]
[[Category:Bengawan Solo basin]]