View source for Mount Damavand

{{Short description|Highest volcano in Asia}}
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{{Infobox mountain
| name =Damavand
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| native_name = {{lang|fa|دماوند}}
| photo = 981012-Damavand-South-IMG 9861-2.jpg
| photo_caption = Mount Damavand, the south side,  [[Amol County|Amol]], Mazandaran province, Iran
| elevation_m = 5609
| elevation_ref = <ref>[http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions Geography of Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117111208/http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions |date=2015-01-17 }}</ref><ref name="peaklist"/>{{Disputed inline|text=elevation|Talk page section|date=February 2014}}<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-58750648-ni39-3.jpg 2009 U.S. military topographic mapping] gives {{convert|18,365|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} but states in the margin that all elevations are derived from [[SRTM]]. A [http://www.summitpost.org/detailed-map-of-central-alborz-mountains/189982/c-154322 summitpost map] is based on the Persian language 1999 Iranian government 1:50,000 mapping which plots two 5620 contour circles, with a 5628 m spot height for the highest spot on the crater rim (WNW side) and 5626 m for the highest point on the southeast side (and a 5610 m spot height in the due north position.)  This is supported by [[GPS]] [http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html evidence] and [[SRTM]] data.</ref>
| prominence_m = 4751
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/iran.html|title=Kuh-e Damavand – Iran Ultra Prominence|website=peaklist.org|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="peakbagger">{{cite pb|name=Damavand, Iran|id=10467}}</ref><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 12th]]</small>
| parent_peak = [[Mount Elbrus]]<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid=10467 Pona, Georgia – Key col for Damavand] peakbagger.com. Retrieved 29 January 2016</ref>
| listing = {{ubl|[[Volcanic Seven Summits]]|[[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]|[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]}}
| range = [[Alborz]] – [[Mazandaran]]
| country = Iran
| subdivision1_type = Province
| subdivision1 = [[Mazandaran province|Māzandarān]]
| subdivision2_type = County
| subdivision2 = [[Amol County|Amol]]
| map = Iran | map_caption = Location in Iran
| label_position = bottom
| coordinates   = {{coord|35.951|N|52.109|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=GVP/>
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age = 
| last_eruption = 5350 BC ± 200 years<ref name=GVP/>
| first_ascent = 905 by Abu Dolaf Kazraji<ref name="SummitPost">{{cite web|url=http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150400/damavand.html|title=SummitPost: Damavand|access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref>
| easiest_route = [[Hiking|Hike]]
}}
[[File:Damavand mountain and spring.jpg|thumb|Damavand from Polour Village [[Amol]]]]
'''Mount Damavand''' ({{langx|fa|[[wikt:دماوند|دماوند]]}} {{IPA|fa|dæmɒːvænd||Damavand pronounce.ogg}}) is a [[Volcano#Dormant|dormant]] [[stratovolcano]] and is the highest peak in Iran and [[Western Asia]], the [[List of volcanoes by elevation|highest volcano]] in Asia, and the 3rd highest volcano in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] (after [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] and [[Mount Elbrus]]), at an elevation of {{convert|5609|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iranclimbingguide.com/ |title=Home |website=iranclimbingguide.com}}</ref><ref name="Mountain Damavand">{{cite web|url=http://persiaport.com/en/attractions/mountain-damavand|title=Mountain Damavand|website=PersiaPort|access-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705003921/http://persiaport.com/en/attractions/mountain-damavand|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Kunlun Volcanic Group]] in [[Tibet]], higher than Damāvand, are not considered to be volcanic mountains.{{cn|date=July 2025}}}} Damāvand has a special place in [[Persian mythology]] and folklore. It is in the middle of the [[Alborz]] range, adjacent to ''Varārū'', ''Sesang'', ''Gol-e Zard'', and ''Mīānrūd''. It is near the southern coast of the [[Caspian Sea]], in [[Amol County]], Mazandaran Province, {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of the city of Tehran.<ref>''Microsoft Encarta World Atlas'', 2001, Microsoft Corporation</ref>
[[File:Damavand; Clear as crystal (3382067522).jpg|thumb|255x255px|View of Damavand peak [[Mazandaran]] from [[Tehran]]]]
[[File:Damavand from Mazandaran-Babol.jpg|thumb|257x257px|View of Damavand peak from [[Babol]] near [[Caspian Sea]]]]
[[File:Almighty Damavand دماوند پوشیده ازبرف ازدوراهی معدن کمردشت - panoramio.jpg|thumb|253x253px|View of Damavand peak from [[Lar River|Lar river]] [[Mazandaran]]]]
[[File:Inbound8331712065858174555.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Damavand peak from [[Dayr-e Gachin|Deir-e Gachin Caravansarai]] in [[Qom province|Qom]] desert]]
Mount Damāvand is the [[List of peaks by prominence|12th most prominent peak]] in the world and is part of the [[Volcanic Seven Summits]] mountaineering challenge.

==Symbolism and mythology==
Damavand is a significant mountain in [[Persian mythology]]. It is the symbol of Iranian resistance against despotism and foreign rule in Persian poetry and literature. In [[Zoroastrian]] texts and mythology, the three-headed dragon [[Zahhak|Aži Dahāka]] was chained within Mount Damāvand, there to remain until the end of the world. In a later version of the same legend, the tyrant [[Zahhak|Zahhāk]] was also chained in a cave somewhere in Mount Damāvand after being defeated by [[Kaveh the blacksmith|Kāveh]] and [[Fereydun|Fereydūn]].

The mountain is said to hold magical powers in the ''Shahnameh''. Damāvand has also been named in the Iranian legend of [[Arash (mythology)|Arash]] (as recounted by [[Bal'ami]]) as the location from which the hero shot his magical arrow to mark the border of [[Iran]], during the border dispute between Iran and [[Turan]]. The poem Damāvand by [[Mohammad Taghi Bahar|Mohammad Taqī Bahār]] is also one example of the mountain's significance in [[Persian literature]]. The first verse of this poem reads:

<blockquote>{{lang|fa|ای دیو سپید پای‌دربند}}<br />
{{lang|fa|ای گنبد گیتی، ای دماوند}}</blockquote>

<blockquote>''ey div-e sepid-e pāy-dar-band,<br />ey gonbad-e giti, ey Damāvand''</blockquote>

<blockquote> O white giant with feet in chains,<br />O dome of the world, O Damāvand.</blockquote>

Mount Damavand is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Iranian 10,000 [[Iranian rial|rial]] banknote.<ref>[http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx Central Bank of Iran]. Banknotes & Coins: [http://www.cbi.ir/page/1982.aspx 10000 Rials]. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.</ref>

The origins and meaning of the word "Damavand" are unclear, yet some prominent researchers{{who|date=March 2017}} have speculated that it probably means "The mountain from which smoke and ash arises", alluding to the volcanic nature of the mountain.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

[[File:Damavand Smoke Hole .jpg|thumb|Fumarole at {{convert|5550|m|ft}} elevation on the volcano's slope]]

==Geology==
===Setting and structure===
Mount Damavand rises within the [[Alborz]] range in northern Iran, separating the Iranian plateau to the south from the [[Caspian Sea]] in the north. This range rises as a result of the collision between the [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] and [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] [[tectonic plates]]. This collision is similar to the collision between the [[Indian Plate|Indian]] and Eurasian plates to the east (causing the [[Himalaya]] to rise) and does not usually create volcanic activity. Despite this, recent research suggests that a hot region created by the collision is what caused the volcano to rise.<ref name="Davidson" />

Seismic wave patterns from earthquakes around the volcano indicate that a [[magma chamber]] is present between {{convert|2|and|5|km|mi}} below the surface. This is separated into two areas - an inner region of hot, likely molten, magma between {{convert|3|and|4.5|km|mi}} depth that is surrounded by an area of dense cooled magma. The top of the chamber is believed to lie to the south of the summit, trending somewhat to the west with depth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shomali |first1=Z. Hossein |last2=Shirzad |first2=Taghi |title=Crustal structure of Damavand volcano, Iran, from ambient noise and earthquake tomography |journal=Journal of Seismology |date=January 2015 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=191–200 |doi=10.1007/s10950-014-9458-8|bibcode=2015JSeis..19..191S |s2cid=129297489 }}</ref>

Most volcanic activity originates from the summit area. A few flank vents have been noted, but these are largely on the upper slopes to the southwest and northeast of the summit. A secondary crater, termed Haji Dela, has some young lava flows {{convert|4|km|mi}} northeast of the summit.<ref name="Davidson" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghorbani |first1=Mansour |chapter=Young Volcanoes of Iran |title=The Geology of Iran: Tectonic, Magmatism and Metamorphism |series=Earth and Environmental Sciences Library |date=2021 |pages=277–319 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-71109-2_6|isbn=978-3-030-71108-5 |s2cid=235086218 }}</ref>

===Eruptive activity===
Volcanic activity in the Mount Damavand region first occurred in the [[Pleistocene]] almost 1.78 million years ago, but the current edifice began to be built around 600,000 years ago.<ref name="Davidson">{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Jon |last2=Hassanzadeh |first2=Jamshid |last3=Berzins |first3=Reinis |last4=Stockli |first4=Daniel F. |last5=Bashukooh |first5=Behrooz |last6=Turrin |first6=Brent |last7=Pandamouz |first7=Ali |title=The geology of Damavand volcano, Alborz Mountains, northern Iran |journal=  Geological Society of America Bulletin|date=January 1, 2004 |volume=116 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.1130/b25344.1 |bibcode=2004GSAB..116...16D |url=https://doi.org/10.1130/B25344.1 |access-date=25 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Its last eruption was around 5300 BCE in the [[Holocene]]. Its steep cone is formed of ash and [[lava]] flows mainly of [[trachyte]], [[andesite]], and [[basalt]]. Most eruptive activity appears to be lava flows, though some small [[pyroclastic flow]] deposits have been noted in drainages radiating from the mountain. One major explosive event is known to have erupted about 280,000 years ago.<ref name=GVP />

[[Quaternary]] lavas are directly on the [[Jurassic]] sediments.<ref>Geological Map of Iran, [[National Geoscience Database of Iran]], www.ngdir.ir</ref> The volcano is crowned by a small crater with sulfuric deposits. Despite the lack of historical eruptions, ongoing thermal activity at Mount Damavand suggests the volcano is not extinct.<ref name=GVP>{{cite gvp |1=232010|2=Damavand}}</ref> [[Subsidence]] at a rate of {{convert|5|mm|in}} per year and horizontal expansion at {{convert|6|mm|in}} per year was observed there between 2003 and 2008, but was gravity driven rather than a result of magmatic activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shirzaei |first1=M. |last2=Walter |first2=T.R. |last3=Nankali |first3=H.R. |last4=Holohan |first4=E.P. |title=Gravity-driven deformation of Damavand volcano, Iran, detected through InSAR time series |journal=Geology |date=March 2011 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=251–254 |doi=10.1130/G31779.1|bibcode=2011Geo....39..251S }}</ref>

===Thermal springs===
[[File:TopOfMountDamavand.ogg|thumb|upright=1.3|Fumaroles near the summit crater of Mount Damavand in May 2014]]
Mineral [[hot springs]] are mainly located on the volcano's flanks and at the base, giving evidence of volcanic heat comparatively near the surface of the earth. Hot springs at the base and on the flanks and [[fumaroles]] near the summit indicate a hot or cooling magma body still present beneath the volcano.<ref name=GVP /><ref name="Iranica">{{cite web |title=ĀB-E GARM |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ab-e-garm-warm-water |website=iranicaonline.org |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation |access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref> The area around the volcano is the most thermally active in Iran and the springs are being monitored to see if fluctuations in water volume and mineral content are useful in crude prediction of large regional earthquakes.<ref name="EQ">{{cite journal |last1=Mokhtari |first1=Mohammad |title=Earthquake prediction activities and Damavand earthquake precursor test site in Iran |journal=Natural Hazards |date=February 2010 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=351–368 |doi=10.1007/s11069-009-9375-2 |bibcode=2010NatHa..52..351M |s2cid=128613893 }}</ref>

The most important of these hot springs is [[Larijan Hot Spring]] in a village by the name of Larijan in the district of Larijan Amol in Lar Valley. The water from this spring is believed to be useful in the treatment of chronic wounds and skin diseases and is bottled for distribution throughout Iran. Near these springs there are public baths with small pools for public use.<ref name="Iranica" />

===Glaciers===
A few [[glacier]]s are present on the upper slopes of Damavand, the largest of which is Yakhar Glacier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moradi |first1=Anvar |last2=Maghsoudi |first2=Mehran |last3=Moghimi |first3=Ebrahim |last4=Yamani |first4=Mojtaba |last5=Rezaei |first5=Nasser |title=A Comprehensive Assessment of Geomorphodiversity and Geomorphological Heritage for Damavand Volcano Management, Iran |journal=Geoheritage |date=June 2021 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.1007/s12371-021-00551-1|bibcode=2021Geohe..13...39M |s2cid=233303860 }}</ref> During the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], the area covered by glaciation was much larger and the climatic snow line was between {{convert|600|and|1100|m|ft}} below what is seen in the present day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Noroozi |first1=Jalil |last2=Talebi |first2=Amir |last3=Doostmohammadi |first3=Moslem |chapter=The Alborz Mountain Range |title=Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia |series=Plant and Vegetation |date=2020 |volume=17 |pages=117–149 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_4|isbn=978-3-030-45211-7 |s2cid=226738400 }}</ref> The glaciers on Damavand as well as a few other isolated locations are the source of the few permanently flowing rivers in Iran.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghorbani |first1=Mansour |chapter=Nature of Iran and Its Climate |title=The Economic Geology of Iran |series=Springer Geology |date=2013 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5625-0_1|isbn=978-94-007-5624-3 }}</ref>

== Routes to the summit ==
[[File:Damavand Volcanic Crater.JPG|thumb|Damavand volcanic crater in August 2009]]

A major settlement for [[mountain climber]]s is the new Iranian Mountain Federation Camp in the village of [[Polour]], located on the southern side of the mountain.

There are at least 16 known routes to the summit,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sogol.com/WHP/IINFO/Ready%20%20INT/DAMAVAND%20MAP2.jpg |title=Map of Damavand |access-date=2007-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311121019/http://www.sogol.com/WHP/IINFO/Ready%20%20INT/DAMAVAND%20MAP2.jpg |archive-date=2007-03-11 }}</ref> with varying levels of difficulty. Some of them are dangerous and require ice climbing. The most popular route is the southern route which has steps and a camp midway called Bargah Sevom Camp/Shelter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://damavandmt.blogspot.com/search/label/Camp%2B3%2BBargah|title=Mount Damavand Guides}}</ref> at {{convert|4220|m|abbr=on}}. The Northeastern route is the longest and requires two days to reach the summit starting from the downhill village of Nāndal and a night stay at Takht-e Fereydoun (elevation {{convert|4300|m|abbr=on}}, a two-story shelter. The western route is noted for its sunset view. [[Simurgh]] (Sīmorgh/Sīmurgh) shelter in this route at {{convert|4100|m|abbr=on}} is a newly constructed two-story shelter. There is a frozen waterfall/icefall<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://damavandmt.blogspot.com/search/label/Icefall|title = Mount Damavand Guides}}</ref> ([[Persian language|Persian]] name Ābshār Yakhī) about {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} tall.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Geography==
[[File:MazandaranDamavand.PNG|thumb|center|350px|Map of [[Mazandaran|Māzandarān]] province showing the location of mount Damāvand in the south]]

{{Central Alborz}}
[[File:Damavand Cone - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A view of Damavand peak from [[Tehran]]]]

==Wildlife==

=== Fish ===
Damavand's [[Lake Tar|rivers]] have [[brown trout]] (''Salmo trutta'').<ref>Mohammadian, H. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Sepehr Publishing Center. Iran. 2000.</ref><ref>Yazdani, A. Lar the Paradise I Knew. Payam Resan Publishing Institute. 2010.</ref>

===Mammals===
[[Armenian mouflon]] (''Ovis orientalis'') and [[wild goat]] (''Capra aegagrus'') live in the region of Damavand Mts. [[Persian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus saxicolor'') and [[Syrian brown bear]] (''Ursus arctos syriacus'') also inhabit in this region. Smaller mammals include the [[Chionomys|snow vole]] (''Chionomys nivalis''), [[mouse-like hamster]] (''Calomyscus bailwardi'') and [[Afghan pika]] (''Ochoton rufescens'').<ref>Lay, D.M. A Study of the Mammals of Iran (Resulting From the Street Expedition ). Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago .1967.</ref><ref>Mohammadian, H. The Life of Alborz Red Sheep. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2008. {{ISBN|978-600-5038-00-2}}.</ref><ref>Mohammadian, H. Mammals of Iran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2005. {{ISBN|964-94487-9-9}}.</ref>

===Birds===
The [[Caspian snowcock]] (''Tetraogallus caspius'') lives at high altitudes. [[Golden eagle]] (''Aquila chrysaetos'') breeds in this area. [[Griffon vulture]]s (''Gyps fulvus'') are common. [[Chukar partridge]] (''Alectoris chukar'') has a high population and nests between stone and shrubs. [[Red-fronted serin]] (''Serinus pusillus''), [[linnet]] (''Carduelis cannabina''), [[snow finch]] (''Montifringilla nivalis''), [[rock sparrow]] (''Petronia petronia''), [[rock bunting]] (''Emberiza cia'') and [[horned lark]] (''Eremophila alpestris'') are native; in winter they come to the lower hillsides. In spring [[northern wheatear]] (''Oenanthe oenanthe''), [[rock thrush]] (''Monticola saxatilis''), and [[nightingale]] (''Luscinia megarhynchos'') come from [[Africa]] for breeding. [[Grey-necked bunting]] (''Emberiza buchanani''), [[black-headed bunting]] (''Emberiza melanocephala'') and [[common rosefinch]] (''Carpodacus erythrinus'') come from [[India]].<ref>Mohammadian, H. Mountain birds of Tehran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2008. {{ISBN|964-96358-9-0}}.</ref>

===Reptiles and amphibians===
[[Marsh frog]]s (''Rana ridibunda'') live in Lar riversides. [[Meadow viper]] (''Vipera ursinii''), [[blunt-nosed viper]] (''Macrovipera lebetina''), [[Iranian valley viper]] (''Vipera latifii'') and [[Caucasian agama]] (''Laudakia caucasia'') are among the reptiles of this mountainous region.<ref>Shahbazi, Y. Lar National Park Management Program. Natural Environment Department Library. 2004.</ref><ref>Mohammadian, H. Reptiles and Amphibians of Iran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2004. {{ISBN|964-94487-2-1}}.</ref>

===Flora===
[[File:Damavand poppies.jpg|thumb|From mid-May to mid-June the foothills of Damavand are covered in red poppies]]

On the southern slope of Damavand, there are remnants of wild pistachio trees (''[[Pistacia atlantica]]''). Along its riversides different kinds of ''Salix'' trees like willow (''[[Salix acomphylla]]'') and oleaster (''[[Elaeagnus angustifolia]]'') are found. Greek juniper (''[[Juniperus excelsa]]'') is common in the higher altitudes. On northern slopes, because of higher humidity, there are wild oak, beech, hornbeam and hazel trees like: Persian oak (''[[Quercus macranthera]]''), Oriental beech (''[[Fagus orientalis]]''), Eastern hornbeam (''[[Carpinus orientalis]]''), and Turkish hazel (''[[Corylus colurna]]'').<ref>Mozaffarian, V. Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Farhang Moaser Publishers. 2005. {{ISBN|964-8637-03-2}}.</ref> There are also many wild flowers such as mountain tulip (''[[Tulipa montana]]'') and Persian stone cress (''[[Aethionema grandiflorum]]''). At higher altitudes, shrubs tend to be sphere and cushion like, examples are : ''Astragalus'' species (''[[Astragalus microcephalus]]''), mountain sainfoin (''[[Onobrychis cornuta]]'') and prickly (''[[Acantholimon erinaceum]]''). Different kinds of grasses complete this alpine scene.<ref>Mozaffarian, V. Lar National Park Management Program. Natural Environment Department Library. 2004.</ref>
''[[Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica|Iris barnumiae demawendica]]'' (formerly ''Iris demawendica''), is found and named after the mountain.<ref name=Lynch>Richard Lynch {{Google books|grvYTul5CSUC|The Book of the Iris (1904)|page=115}}</ref><ref name=Wallis>{{cite web |title=Newsletter October 2009, Iran Caspian to Kopet Dag |first1=Dr |last1=Wallis |first2=Mrs |last2=Wallis |url=http://www.agscentralsussex.plus.com/2009-10.pdf |publisher=agscentralsussex.plus.com (The Alpine Garden Society) |access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

== Festival ==
In 2007 the [[Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization]] was in the process of renaming the [[Tirgan]] festival "Damavand National Day".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irandaily.ir/1385/2605/html/art.htm |title=Irna |access-date=2007-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070619021442/http://www.irandaily.ir/1385/2605/html/art.htm |archive-date=2007-06-19 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="120px">
File:030915-Damavand-Polour-IMG 3449-3.jpg|Damavand, Polour, December 2024
File:030915-Damavand-Polour-IMG 3449-4.jpg|Damavand, Polour, December 2024
File:030130-Polour-Damavand-IMG 5309-2.jpg|Mount Damavand
File:981012-Damavand-South-IMG 9861-2.jpg|Mount Damavand, January
File:990513-Damavand-IMG 4857-2.jpg|Damavand Summit
File:990513-Damavand-IMG 4854-2.jpg|Damavand Summit, Lar Lake
File:990512-Damavand-Sardagh-IMG 4818-2.jpg|Yaledagh, Mount Damavand
File:Mount Damavand in sunrise - view from Tochal summit, Iran 2017.jpg|Damavand west side, view from Tochal summit
File:نمای شهر تهران از بالا توسط هواپیما - panoramio.jpg|'''Aerial view of [[Tehran]] and Damavand'''
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Tirgan]]
* [[List of mountains in Iran]]
* [[List of peaks by prominence]]
* [[List of Ultras of West Asia]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Iran]]
* [[Lists of volcanoes]]
* [[Maranak]]
* [[Volcanic Seven Summits]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|26em}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Mount Damavand}}
* [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386g/iran.pdf U.S. Geological Survey]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ CIA: The World Factbook]
* {{cite opentopomap|Mount Damavand|35.95366|52.10974|2023-04-21}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/damavand|title=Damāvand|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}

{{Volcanic Seven Summits}}
{{Protected Areas of Iran}}
{{Highest points of Asia}}
{{Zoroastrianism}}
{{Mazandaran Province}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Amol County]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Five-thousanders of the Alborz|Damavand]]
[[Category:Highest points of countries|Damavand]]
[[Category:Holocene Asia]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes|Damavand]]
[[Category:Mountaineering in Iran|Damavand]]
[[Category:Mountains of Iran|Damavand]]
[[Category:Mountains of Mazandaran province|Damavand]]
[[Category:National symbols of Iran]]
[[Category:Places in Shahnameh]]
[[Category:Pleistocene Asia]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Dormant volcanoes|Damavand, Mount]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Iran|Damavand]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Amol]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mazandaran province]]
[[Category:Volcanic Seven Summits|Damavand]]