View source for Mosin–Nagant

{{short description|Imperial Russian five-shot, bolt-action military rifle}}
{{Redirect|Mosin}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Mosin–Nagant
| image              = Mosin-remove-bg.png
| caption            = Mosin–Nagant M1891 Dragoon from the collections at the [[Swedish Army Museum]]
| type               = [[Bolt-action rifle]]
| service            = 1891–present
| wars               = {{collapsible list
  | bullets = yes
  | title = List of conflicts
  | [[Russian conquest of Central Asia#1872–1895: The Eastern Mountains|Pamirs Occupation]]
  | [[Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)]]
  | [[Boxer Rebellion]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://centerofthewest.org/2016/10/14/small-arms-rifles-eight-nation-alliance/ | title=The Rifles of the Eight Nation Alliance| date=14 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/men-and-guns-of-the-1900-china-relief-expedition/ | title=Men And Guns Of The 1900 China Relief Expedition}}</ref>
  | [[Russo-Japanese War]]
  | [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]
  | [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
  | [[First Balkan War]]
  | [[Second Balkan War]]
  | [[Urtatagai conflict (1913)]]
  | [[World War I]]
  | [[Finnish Civil War]]
  | [[Estonian War of Independence]]
  | [[Russian Revolution]]
  | [[Russian Civil War]]
  | [[Polish–Soviet War]]
  | [[Mongolian Revolution of 1921]]
  | [[Turkish War of Independence]]
  | [[August Uprising]]
  | [[Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)]]
  | [[Northern Expedition]]
  | [[Chinese Civil War]]
  | [[Sino-Soviet conflict]]
  | [[Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)]]
  | [[Xinjiang Wars]]
  | [[Spanish Civil War]]
  | [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
  | [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
  | [[Soviet–Japanese border conflicts]]
  | [[Winter War]]
  | [[World War II]]
  | [[Continuation War]]
  | [[First Indochina War]]
  | [[Malayan Emergency]]<ref name=malay>{{cite web|url=http://17thdivision.tripod.com/thepeacethatwasnt/id7.html|title=Weapons of the Malay CTs 1948–1960|website=17thdivision.tripod.com}}</ref>
  | [[Korean War]]
  | [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]]
  | [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hungarian Revolution 1956 |url=https://archive.org/details/hungarianrevolut1956schm |url-access=limited |series=Elite |volume=148 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |first1=Erwin |last1=Schmidl |first2=László |last2=Ritter |date=10 November 2006 |isbn=978-1-84603-079-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hungarianrevolut1956schm/page/n23 45]}}</ref>
  | [[Portuguese Colonial War]]
  | [[Communist insurgency in Thailand]]
  | [[Angolan Civil War]]
  | [[Lebanese Civil War]]
  | [[North Yemen Civil War|Yemeni Civil War]]
  | [[Sino-Indian War]]
  | [[Laotian Civil War]]
  | [[Vietnam War]]
  | [[Cambodian Civil War]]
  | [[Ogaden War]]
  | [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]
  | [[Thai–Laotian Border War]]
  | [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan Civil War]]
  | [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
  | [[Iran–Iraq War]]
  | [[Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)]]
  | [[Yugoslav Wars]]
  | [[Georgian Civil War]]{{sfn|Small Arms Survey 2015|p=171}}
  | [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]
  | [[Iraq War]]
  | [[Libyan civil war (2011)]]
  | [[Syrian civil war]]
  | [[Libyan civil war (2014–2020)]]
  | [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<ref name="ares">{{cite report |last1=Ferguson |first1=Jonathan |last2=Jenzen-Jones |first2=N.R. |title=Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine, 2014 |date=November 2014 |publisher=[[Armament Research Services]] Pty. Ltd. |isbn=978-0-9924624-3-7 |url=https://armamentresearch.com/Uploads/Research%20Report%20No.%203%20-%20Raising%20Red%20Flags.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702025501/http://armamentresearch.com/Uploads/Research%20Report%20No.%203%20-%20Raising%20Red%20Flags.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Beckhusen |first1=Robert |title=How Ukraine’s arsenal matches up against the Russian-backed separatists’ |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/opinion/how-ukraines-arsenal-matches-up-against-the-russian-backed-separatists-idUS763341437/ |website=Reuters |publisher=Reuters |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
}}
| designer           = {{ubli
  | [[Sergei Ivanovich Mosin|Sergei Mosin]]
  | [[Leon Nagant]]<ref name="russian-mosin-nagant.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.russian-mosin-nagant.com/russian.html |title=Russian Section |website=Russian Mosin Nagant & Historic Military Firearms Page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715214604/http://www.russian-mosin-nagant.com/russian.html |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>
}}
| number             = c. 37,000,000 (Russia/Soviet Union){{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=70}}
| length             = {{ubli
  |{{convert|1232|mm|in|abbr=on}} (M91/30)
  |{{convert |1013|mm|in| abbr=on}} (carbines)
}}
| action             = [[Bolt-action]]
| image_size         = 300
| origin             = [[Russian Empire]]
| is_ranged          = yes
| used_by            = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
| design_date        = 1891
| manufacturer       = {{ubli
  | [[Tula Arsenal|Tula]]
  | [[Izhevsk Arsenal|Izhevsk]]
  | [[Sestroretsk|Sestroryetsk]]
  | [[Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault|Châtellerault]]
  | [[Remington Arms|Remington]]
  | [[New England Westinghouse Company]]
  | [[FB "Łucznik" Radom|Radom]]
  | [[Cugir Arms Factory|Cugir]]
}}
| production_date    = 1891–1973
| variants           = see ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
| weight             = {{ubli
  | {{convert|4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} (M91/30)
  | {{convert |3.4|kg|lb|1| abbr=on}} (M38)
  | {{convert |4.1|kg|lb|1|abbr =on}} (M44)
}}
| part_length        = {{ubli
  | {{convert|730|mm|in|abbr=on}} (M91/30)
  | {{convert |514|mm|in| abbr=on}} (carbines)
}}
| cartridge          = {{ubli
  | [[7.62×54mmR]]
  | [[7.62×53mmR]] (Finnish variants only)
  | [[7.92×57mm Mauser]] (Polish variants & German captures)
  | [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] (Austrian capture)
  | [[.30-06 Springfield]] (Bannerman rifles for the US civilian market)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/bannerman-30-06-mosin-nagant-video/ | title=Bannerman .30-06 Mosin Nagant| date=April 2013}}</ref>
}}
| velocity           = {{ubli
  | '''M91/30''':<br/>approx. {{convert| 865|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
  | '''M44''':<br/>approx. {{convert| 725| m/s|0|abbr=on}}
  | '''M38''': <br/> approx. {{convert|710|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
  | '''Carbines''':<br/>approx. {{convert| 800|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
}}
| range              = {{convert|500|m|yd|abbr=on}}, {{convert|850|m|yd|abbr=on}} with optical sights
| feed               = 5-round integral [[box magazine]], loaded with 5-round [[stripper clip]]s
| sights             = Rear: ladder, graduated from 100 m to 2,000 m (M91/30) and from 100 m to 1,000 m (M38 and M44); Front: hooded fixed post (drift adjustable) PU 3.5 and PEM scope also mounted
}}

The '''Mosin–Nagant''' is a five-shot, [[Bolt action|bolt-action]], [[Magazine (firearms)|internal magazine]]–fed military [[rifle]]. Known officially as the '''3-line rifle M1891''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Benedikt |first1=Joseph von |title=Mosin Nagant 'Three Line' Rifle M1891 |url=https://www.shootingtimes.com/editorial/mosin-nagant-three-line-rifle-m1891/372647 |access-date=25 July 2023 |work=Shooting Times |date=26 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> in Russia and the former Soviet Union as '''Mosin's rifle''' ({{langx |ru|винтовка Мосина}}, [[ISO 9]]: {{transliteration|ru|ISO|''vintovka Mosina''}}) and informally just '''mosinka''' ({{langx |ru|мосинка}}), it is primarily chambered for the [[7.62×54mmR]] [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]].

Developed from 1882 to 1891, it was used by the armed forces of the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Soviet Union]] and various other states. It is one of the most mass-produced military bolt-action rifles in history, with over 37 million units produced since 1891. In spite of its age, it has been used in various conflicts around the world up to the present day.

==History==
===Initial design and tests===
{{main|Fabrique d'armes Émile et Léon Nagant}}
During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]], Imperial Russian troops armed mostly with single-shot [[Berdan rifle]]s suffered heavy casualties against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] troops equipped with [[Winchester rifle#Model 1866|Winchester 1866 repeating rifles]], particularly at the bloody [[Siege of Pleven]]. This showed Russian commanders the need to modernize the general infantry weapon of the army.

Various weapons were acquired and tested by [[Main Missile and Artillery Directorate|GAU]] of the [[Ministry of War of the Russian Empire]], and in 1889 the [[Lebel Model 1886 rifle]] was obtained through semi-official channels from France. It was supplied together with a model of the [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] and bullet but without [[primer (firearms)|primer]] or [[smokeless powder]]. Those problems were solved by Russian scientists and engineers (the smokeless powder, for instance, was produced by [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] himself).{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 1889, three rifles were submitted for evaluation: Captain [[Sergei Ivanovich Mosin]] of the imperial army submitted his "3-line" [[caliber]] (.30 cal, 7.62 [[Millimeter|mm]]) rifle; Belgian designer [[Léon Nagant]] submitted a "3.5-line" (.35 caliber, 9&nbsp;mm) design; and a Captain Zinoviev submitted another "3-line" design (1 "[[Line (length)|line]]" = {{convert|1/10|in|2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, thus 3 lines = 7.62&nbsp;mm).

When trials concluded in 1891, the evaluators were split in their assessment. The main disadvantages of Nagant's rifle were a more complicated mechanism and a long and tiresome procedure of disassembling (which required special instruments—it was necessary to unscrew two fasteners). Mosin's rifle was mainly criticized for its lower quality of manufacture and materials, due to "artisan pre-production" of his 300 rifles. The commission initially voted 14 to 10 to approve Mosin's rifle. At this point the decision was made to rename the existing commission and call it ''Commission for creation of the [[small-bore]] rifle'' ({{lang|ru|Комиссия для выработки образца малокалиберного ружья}}), and to put on paper the final requirements for such a rifle. The inventors obliged by delivering their final designs. Head of the commission, General Chagin, ordered subsequent tests held under the commission's supervision, after which the bolt-action of Mosin's design was ordered into production under the name of ''3-line rifle M1891'' ({{lang|ru|трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года}}).{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The colloquial name "Mosin-Nagant" used in the [[Western world|West]] is persistent but erroneous, as established in 
[[#legaldispute|Nagant's legal dispute]].

===Technical detail===
Like the ''[[Gewehr 98]]'', the 1891 Mosin uses two front-locking lugs to lock up the action. However, the Mosin's lugs lock in the horizontal position, whereas the [[Mauser]] locks vertically. The Mosin bolt body is multi-piece whereas the Mauser is one piece. The Mosin uses interchangeable bolt heads like the [[Lee–Enfield]]. Unlike the Mauser, which uses a [[controlled feed]] bolt head in which the cartridge base snaps up under the fixed extractor as the cartridge is fed from the magazine, the Mosin has a [[push feed]] recessed bolt head in which the spring-loaded extractor snaps over the cartridge base as the bolt is finally closed similar to the ''[[Gewehr 1888]]'' and M91 [[Carcano]] or modern sporting rifles like the [[Remington 700]]. Like the Mauser, the Mosin uses a blade ejector mounted in the receiver. The Mosin bolt is removed by simply pulling it fully to the rear of the receiver and squeezing the trigger, while the Mauser has a bolt stop lever separate from the trigger.

Like the Mauser, the bolt lift arc on the Mosin–Nagant is 90 degrees, versus 60 degrees on the Lee–Enfield. The Mauser bolt handle is at the rear of the bolt body and locks behind the solid rear receiver ring. The Mosin bolt handle is similar to the [[Mannlicher–Schönauer|Mannlicher]]: it is attached to a protrusion on the middle of the bolt body, which serves as a bolt guide, and it locks protruding out of the ejection/loading port in front of a split rear receiver ring, also serving a similar function to Mauser's "third" or "safety" lug.

The rifling of the Mosin barrel is right turning (clockwise looking down the rifle) 4-groove with a twist of 1:9.5" or 1:10". The 5-round fixed metallic [[Magazine (firearms)|magazine]] can either be loaded by inserting the cartridges individually, or more often in military service, by the use of 5-round [[stripper clip]]s.{{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=68}}

===Initial production===
[[File:Rifles1905-2.jpg|thumb|left|Schematic of Model 1891 (top left)]]

The ''3-line rifle, Model 1891'', its original official designation, was adopted by the Russian military in 1891. Production began in 1892 at the ordnance factories of [[Tula Arsenal]], [[Izhevsk Arsenal]] and at Sestroryetsk Arsenal. An order for 500,000 rifles was placed with the French arms factory, {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault|Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Châtellerault]]}}.<ref name="7.62x54r.net">{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/Mosinprimer.htm |title=A Brief Overview of the Mosin Nagant Rifle |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=11 May 2011 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214212028/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/Mosinprimer.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Refinement===
There have been several refinements and variations of the original rifle, the most common being the M1891/30 (commonly referred to as "the 91/30" by shooters), which was a modernized design introduced in 1930. Some details were borrowed from Nagant's design. 
* One such detail is the attachment of the magazine spring to the magazine base plate. In Mosin's original design the spring was not attached to the base plate and, according to the Commission, could be lost during maintenance, rifle cleaning. 
* Another detail is the form of the [[stripper clip|clip]] that could hold five cartridges to be loaded simultaneously into the magazine.
* One more detail is the form of the interrupter, a specially designed part within the receiver, which helps prevent [[Firearm malfunction#Double feed (Type 3 Malfunction)|double feeding]]. The initial rifle proposed by Mosin lacked an interrupter, leading to numerous failures to feed. This detail was introduced in the rifle borrowing from Nagant's rifle. Although the form of the interrupter was slightly changed, this alteration was subsequently borrowed back by the Commission for the Model 1891. During the modernization of 1930, the form of the interrupter was further changed, from a single piece to a two-piece design, as the part had turned out to be one of the least reliable parts of the action. Only the clip for loading cartridges and the attachment of the magazine spring to the magazine base plate in subsequent models were designed by Nagant. Considering the rifle could be easily loaded without using a clip, one cartridge after another, the magazine spring attached to the magazine base plate is the only contribution of Nagant to all rifles after 1930.

===Nagant's legal dispute===
{{anchor|legaldispute}}Despite the failure of Nagant's rifle, he filed a patent suit, claiming he was entitled to the sum the winner was to receive. It appeared that Nagant was the first to apply for the international patent protection over the interrupter, although he borrowed it from Mosin's design initially.{{cn|date=February 2023}} Mosin could not apply for a patent since he was an officer of the Russian army, and the design of the rifle was owned by the Government and had the status of a military secret.

A scandal was about to burst out, with Nagant threatening he would not participate in trials held in Russia ever again and some officials proposing to expel Nagant from any further trials, as he borrowed the design of the interrupter after it was covered by the secrecy status given in Russia of that time to military inventions and therefore violated Russian law. Taking into consideration that Nagant was one of the few producers not engaged by competitive governments and generally eager to cooperate and share experience and technology, the Commission paid him a sum of 200,000 Russian rubles, equal to the premium that Mosin received as the winner. The rifle did not receive the name of Mosin, because of the personal decision taken by [[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III]], which was made based on the opinion of the Defence Minister [[Pyotr Vannovskiy]]: {{clarify|text=there are parts in this newly created design, invented by Colonel Rogovtzev, by Lt.-General Chagin's Commission, Captain Mosin and small-arms manufacturer Nagant, therefore it is only fair to call it the ''Russian 3-line rifle M1891''.<ref name=eren20>{{harvnb|Erenfeicht|Konstankiewicz|2016|p=20}}</ref>|reason= is this a direct quote? If so, it needs quotation marks. If not, it needs to be rewritten.|date=November 2022}}
The Tsar himself dashed the word "Russian" from this document with his own hand.<ref name=eren20/> The decision to pay off Nagant proved wise, as he remained the major contractor for the Russian Government, and the [[Nagant M1895]] revolver was subsequently adopted by the Russian army as its main sidearm.

However, in spite of the payment, Nagant attempted to use the situation for publicity, resulting in the name "Mosin–Nagant" appearing in the Western press.<ref name=eren20/>

From a technical point of view the rifle that came to be called "Mosin–Nagant" is the design proposed by Mosin as further amended by Mosin with some details borrowed from Nagant's design. Only since 1924 the rifle was officially named "Mosin's rifle" in the USSR, although some variants were still known only by their year of origin.<ref name=eren20/>

===Russo-Japanese War===
In 1889 Tsar Alexander III ordered the [[Imperial Russian Army]] to meet or exceed European standards in rifle developments with "rifles of reduced caliber and cartridges with smokeless powder".<ref>{{harvnb|Menning|1992|p=104}}</ref> The new weapons would entail "high velocities", exceeding {{convert|600|m/s|ft/s}} and would result in land battles both commencing and being capable of being fought at longer ranges, nearly two kilometers.<ref name="Menning p. 105">{{harvnb|Menning|1992|p=105}}</ref> The new Mosin rifles would replace the Berdan rifles then in use by the Russian army.

The Mosin rifle was first tested in combat in 1893, during clashes between Russian and Afghan troops in the Pamirs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Letov. |first=B. |script-title=ru:"Большая игра" на Памире. Как русские офицеры отбирали "крышу мира" у Британии |url=http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1139954760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230445/http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1139954760 |archive-date=2018-08-11 |website=centrasia.ru}}</ref>

The [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) was the rifle's first major conflict. By the time the war broke out in 1904, approximately 3.8 million had been built,<ref>{{harvnb|Lapin|2003|pp=83–84}}</ref> with over 1.5 million in the hands of the Russian [[cavalry]] and all of its reserves when hostilities commenced.<ref name="Menning p. 105"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kowner | first=Rotem |author-link=Rotem Kowner |year=2006 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00libg_334 |url-access=limited |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-4927-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00libg_334/page/n287 243]}}</ref>

Between the adoption of the final design in 1891 and the year 1910, several [[#Variants|variants]] and modifications to the existing rifles were made.

===World War I===
[[File:Defenders NGM-v31-p369-A.jpg|left|thumb|Russian Imperial infantry of World War I armed with Mosin–Nagant rifles]]
With the start of [[World War I]], production was restricted to the M1891 dragoon and infantry models for the sake of simplicity. Due to the desperate shortage of arms and the shortcomings of a still-developing [[Russian history, 1892–1917#Accelerated industrialization|domestic industry]], the Russian government ordered 1.5 million M1891 infantry rifles from [[Remington Arms]] and another 1.8 million from [[New England Westinghouse Company]] in the United States in 1915.<ref name="7.62x54r.net"/> Remington produced 750,000 rifles before production was halted by the 1917 [[October Revolution]]. Deliveries to Russia had amounted to 469,951 rifles when the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] ended hostilities between the [[Central Powers]] and now Soviet-Russia. Henceforth, the new Bolshevik government of [[Vladimir Lenin]] cancelled payments to the American companies manufacturing the Mosin–Nagant (Russia had not paid for the order at any time throughout the Great War).

[[File:111-SC-42421 - NARA - 55244047 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Arkhangelsk]], Russia, November 20, 1918. The U.S. [[339th Infantry Regiment (United States)|339th Infantry Regiment]], equipped with Mosin-Nagant rifles, is inspected by British General [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside|Edmund Ironside]], commander of the [[North Russia intervention]] Force.]]
With Remington and Westinghouse on the precipice of bankruptcy from the Communists' decision, the remaining 280,000 rifles were purchased by the [[United States Army]]. American and British expeditionary forces of the [[North Russia Campaign]] were armed with these rifles and sent to [[Murmansk]] and [[Arkhangelsk]] in the late summer of 1918 to prevent the large quantities of munitions delivered for Tsarist forces from being captured by the Central Powers. Remaining rifles were used for the training of U.S. Army troops. Some were used to equip U.S. [[National Guard]], [[Student Army Training Corps|SATC]], and [[ROTC]] units.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Mosin-Nagant in U.S. Service |last=Canfield |first=Bruce N. |date=July 2008 |magazine=[[American Rifleman]] |pages=51–73}}</ref> Designated "U.S. Rifle, 7.62mm, Model of 1916", these are among the rarest of American service arms. In 1917, 50,000 rifles were sent via [[Vladivostok]] to the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] in [[Siberia]] to aid in their attempt to secure passage to France.

Many of the New England Westinghouse and Remington Mosin–Nagants were sold to private citizens in the United States before World War II through the office of the Director of Civilian Marksmanship, the predecessor to the federal government's current [[Civilian Marksmanship Program]].

Large numbers of Mosin–Nagants were captured by [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] forces and saw service with the rear-echelon forces of both armies, and also with the [[Imperial German Navy]]. Many of these weapons were sold to Finland in the 1920s.

===Civil War, modernization, and wars with Finland===
During the [[Russian Civil War]], infantry and dragoon versions were still in production, though in dramatically reduced numbers. The rifle was widely used by all belligerents in the civil war. In 1924, following the victory of the [[Red Army]], a committee was established to modernize the rifle, which had by then been in service for over three decades. This effort led to the development of the Model 91/30 rifle, which was based on the design of the original dragoon version. The barrel length was shortened by {{convert|7|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The sight measurements were converted from [[Obsolete Russian units of measurement#Length|arshins]] to meters; and the front sight blade was replaced by a hooded post front sight less susceptible to being knocked out of alignment. There were also minor modifications to the bolt, but not enough to prevent interchangeability with the earlier Model 1891 and the so-called "Cossack dragoon" rifles.

[[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland was a Grand Duchy]] in the Russian Empire until 1917, so Finns had long used the Mosin–Nagant in service with the Imperial military. The rifle was used in the short [[Finnish Civil War]] and adopted as the service rifle of the new republic's army. Finland produced several [[#Finland|variants]] of the Mosin–Nagant, all of them manufactured using the receivers of Russian-made, American-made, French-made or (later) Soviet-made rifles. Finland also utilized a number of captured M91 and M91/30 rifles with minimal modifications. As a result, the rifle was used on both sides of the [[Winter War]] and the [[Continuation War]] during World War II. Finnish Mosin–Nagants were produced by [[SAKO]], Tikkakoski, and VKT, with some using barrels imported from Switzerland and Germany. In assembling M39 rifles, Finnish armorers reused "hex" receivers that dated back as far as 1891. Finnish rifles are characterized by Russian, French or American-made receivers stamped with a boxed SA, as well as many other parts produced in those countries and barrels produced in Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and Germany. The Finns also manufactured two-piece "finger splice" stocks for their Mosin–Nagant rifles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rawles.to/Pre-1899_FAQ.html |title=The Pre-1899 Antique Guns FAQ |website=Rawles.to |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032921/http://www.rawles.to/Pre-1899_FAQ.html |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>

In addition, the rifle was distributed as aid to [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] anti-[[Francisco Franco|Franco]] forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareSCWM9130s.htm |title=Spanish Civil War M91/30s |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060128160530/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareSCWM9130s.htm |archive-date=28 January 2006}}</ref> Spanish Civil War Mosins can be readily identified by the wire sling hangers inserted in the slots in the forearm and buttstock meant to take the Russian "dog collars" for Russian-style slings, so the rifles could accept Western European–style rifle slings.

===World War II===
At the beginning of the war, the Mosin–Nagant 91/30 was the standard-issue weapon of Soviet troops. Millions were produced in World War II for use by the largest mobilized army in history.

[[File:Mosin-Rifle-1891-30-Illustrated-Japanese-Military-Book-digidepo 1462798 0043.jpg|thumb|A book published by the Japanese Army Magazine in 1938, quoted a Soviet Red Army military adviser's conversation, talking about the Mosin-Nagant sniper rifles (with a PE or PEM scope), which were used by the Chinese military in the [[Battle of Shanghai|Battle of Shanghai (1937)]], caused great losses to the Japanese army.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1462798/1/43 |title=赤軍読本 |vauthors= |collaboration=陸軍画報社 |publisher=陸軍画報社 |year=1938 |publication-date=1938-03-10 |pages=44–45 |language=ja |trans-title=Red Army Reading book}}</ref>]]

The Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 was modified and adapted as a [[sniper rifle]] from 1932 onwards, first with mounts and scopes from Germany then with domestic designs ([[PE scope|PE]], PEM) from 1931; from 1942 it was issued with [[PU scope|3.5-power PU fixed focus scopes]]. It served quite prominently in the brutal [[Urban warfare|urban battles]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], such as the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], which made heroes of such [[sniper]]s as [[Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)|Vasily Zaitsev]], [[Lyudmila Pavlichenko]], [[Ivan Sidorenko]], and [[Roza Shanina]]. Finland also employed the Mosin–Nagant as a sniper rifle, with similar success with their own designs and captured Soviet rifles. For example, [[Simo Häyhä]] is credited with having killed 505 Soviet soldiers, many of whom fell victim to his Finnish M/28-30 derivative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/simohayha.asp |title=Simo Häyhä |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224035052/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/simohayha.asp |archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Häyhä did not use a scope on his Mosin. In interviews Häyhä gave before his death, he said that the scope and mount designed by the Soviets required the shooter to expose himself too much and raise his head too high, increasing the chances of being spotted by the enemy. In addition, scopes tended to reflect sunlight when moved side to side, which gave away a sniper's position.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2010/01/simo-hayha-white-death-sniped-over-542-soviet-soldiers-in-wwii/ |title=Simo Häyhä, 'White Death', Sniped Over 542 Soviet Soldiers In WWII |first=Daven |last=Hiskey |date=29 January 2010 |website=todayifoundout.com |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>

In 1935–1936, the 91/30 was again modified, this time to lower production time. The "hex" receiver was changed to a round receiver.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinReceiver.htm |title=Mosin Nagant Rifle Receiver Variations |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042706/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinReceiver.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> When war with Germany broke out, the need to produce Mosin–Nagants in vast quantities led to a further simplification of machining and a falling-off in finish of the rifles. The wartime Mosins are easily identified by the presence of tool marks and rough finishing that never would have passed the inspectors in peacetime.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} However, despite a lack of both aesthetic focus and uniformity, the basic functionality of the Mosins was unimpaired.

In addition, in 1938 a [[carbine]] version of the Mosin–Nagant, the M38, was issued. It used the same cartridge and action as other Mosins, but the barrel was shortened by {{convert|21.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} to bring the weapon down to an overall length of {{convert|101.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with the forearm shortened in proportion. The idea was to issue the M38 to troops such as [[combat engineer]]s, signal corps, and artillerymen, who could conceivably need to defend themselves from sudden enemy advances, but whose primary duties lay behind the front lines. Significantly, the front sight of the M38 was positioned in such a way that the Model 91/30's cruciform bayonet could not be mounted to the muzzle even if a soldier obtained one.

An increase in urban combat led directly to the development of the Model M44 Mosin. In essence, the M44 is an M38 with a slightly modified forearm and with a permanently mounted cruciform bayonet that folds to the right when it is not needed. It was an improvement on the Model 91/30, particularly for urban warfare; but few M44s saw combat on the Eastern Front.

By the end of the war, approximately 19.8 million Mosin–Nagant rifles had been produced.<ref>{{Cite book |title=When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler |last1=Glantz |first1=David M. |author-link1=David Glantz |last2=House |first2=Jonathan M. |author-link2=Jonathan House |name-list-style=amp |location=Lawrence, Kansas |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-70062-120-0 |page=306 |oclc=910239607}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:RIAN archive 640806 Soldiers train before going to front line.jpg|Soldiers of the Voroshilov Regiment training to use Mosin–Nagant rifles before going to the front line. Moscow, August 1941
File:Corporal Onni Ryyppö of the 44th Border Jäger Company, posing with his sniper rifle for the cameraman in the frontlines at Valkeasaari (Beloostrov), Karelian isthmus, 15 April 1942. (50258242472).jpg|Finnish Corporal Onni Ryyppö of the 44th Border Jäger Company, use a captured Mosin-Nagant sniper rifle with PEM scope in the frontlines at Valkeasaari (Beloostrov), Karelian isthmus, 15 April 1942
File:Ohlopkov and Kvachantiradze.jpg|Famous Soviet sniper duo [[Fyodor Okhlopkov]] and [[Vasilij Kvachantiradze]] use a Mosin-Nagant sniper rifle with PU scope
</gallery>

===Increased world-wide use===
[[File:Caracas, Canciller Ricardo Patiño participó en los actos de conmemoración de la muerte de Hugo Chávez (12960883923).jpg|thumb|[[Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela|Venezuelan National Militia]] armed with Mosin-Nagant rifles on parade in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]], on 5 March 2014]]
In the years after World War II, the Soviet Union ceased production of all Mosin–Nagants and withdrew them from service in favor of the [[SKS]] series carbines and eventually the [[AK-47|AK]] series rifles. Despite its increasing obsolescence, the Mosin–Nagant saw continued service throughout the Eastern bloc and the rest of the world for many decades to come. Mosin–Nagant rifles and carbines saw service on many fronts of the [[Cold War]], from [[Korean War|Korea]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] to [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and along the [[Iron Curtain]] in Europe. They were kept not only as reserve stockpiles, but front-line infantry weapons as well. Finland was still producing the M39 Mosin–Nagant in small numbers as late as 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinProduction.htm |title=Mosin Nagant Rifle Years of Production |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=2020-10-24 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418083751/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinProduction.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Virtually every country that received military aid from the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe during the Cold War used Mosin–Nagants at various times. Middle Eastern countries within the sphere of Soviet influence—Egypt, [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] fighters—have received them in addition to other more modern arms. Mosin–Nagants have also seen action in the hands of Soviet,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdGNW_4CTpk |title=Mosin Nagant rifles in Modern Warfare |website=YouTube |access-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604164652/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdGNW_4CTpk |archive-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghan]] and [[Mujahadeen]] forces in [[Afghanistan]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Afghan War]] of the 80s and the following [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|civil wars]] of the late 1980s and 90s. Their use in Afghanistan continued on well into the 1990s and the early 21st century by [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|Northern Alliance]] forces.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Use of the Mosin–Nagant has continued into the 21st century, with the rifle seeing action during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] with pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine.<ref name="ares"></ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Insight: Conscripts sent to fight by pro-Russia Donbas get little training, old rifles, poor supplies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/conscripts-sent-fight-by-pro-russia-donbas-get-little-training-old-rifles-poor-2022-04-04/ |website=Reuters |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

==Variants==
===Russia/USSR===
[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1891 - Ryssland - AM.032971.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 Infantry Rifle]]
* '''Model 1891 Infantry Rifle''' ({{langx|ru|пехотная винтовка образца 1891–го года}}): The primary weapon of Russian and Red Army infantry from 1891 to 1930. Between 1891 and 1910 the following modifications were made to the design of the rifle:
** Changed sights.
** Inclusion of a reinforcing bolt through the finger groove (due to the adoption of a higher velocity 147-grain pointed M1908 '[[Spitzer_(bullet)|spitzer]]' light ball round.)
** Elimination of the steel finger rest behind the trigger guard.
** New barrel bands.
** Installation of slot-type sling mounts to replace the more traditional swivels.

[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1891 Dragoon - Ryssland - AM.067668.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 Dragoon Rifle (Note that the bolt is in the unlocked position.)]]
* '''Dragoon Rifle''' ({{langx|ru|драгунская}}): Intended for use by [[Dragoons]]: {{convert|64|mm|in|abbr=on}} shorter and {{convert|0.4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} lighter than the M1891. The Dragoon rifle's dimensions are identical to the later M1891/30 rifle, and most Dragoon rifles were eventually reworked into M1891/30s. Most such rifles, known to collectors as "ex-Dragoons", can be identified by their pre-1930 date stampings, but small numbers of Dragoon rifles were produced from 1930 to 1932 and after reworking became impossible to distinguish from purpose-built M1891/30s.
* '''Cossack Rifle''' ({{lang|ru|казачья}}): Introduced for [[Cossack]] horsemen, it is almost identical to the Dragoon rifle but is sighted for use without a [[bayonet]]. These rifles were also issued without a bayonet.
* '''Model 1907 Carbine''': At {{convert|289|mm|in|abbr=on}} shorter and {{convert|0.95|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} lighter than the M1891, this model was excellent for cavalry, engineers, signalers, and artillerymen. It was stocked nearly to the front sight and therefore did not take a bayonet. It was produced until at least 1917 in small numbers.

[[File:Mosin nagant m9130 from cia.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30]]
[[File:Mosin-Nagant-9130.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 (1933)]]
[[File:Sniper Rifle Mosin 1891 30-fr.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Soviet Mosin–Nagant model 1891/30 sniper rifle with PU 3.5×21 sight]]
* '''Model 1891/30''' ({{lang|ru|винтовка образца 1891/30-го года, винтовка Мосина}}): The most prolific version of the Mosin–Nagant. It was produced for standard issue to all Soviet infantry from 1930 to 1945. Most Dragoon rifles were also converted to the M1891/30 standard. It was commonly used as a sniper rifle in [[World War II]]. Early sniper versions had a 3.87×30 [[PE scope|PE]] or PEM scope, a Soviet-made copy of a [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]] design, while later rifles used smaller, simpler, and easier-to-produce 3.5×21 [[PU scope]]s. Because the scope was mounted above the chamber, the bolt handle was replaced with a longer handled, bent version on sniper rifles (known to Mosin collectors and shooters as a "bent bolt") so the shooter could work the bolt without the scope interfering with it. Like the US [[M1903 Springfield|M1903A4 Springfield]] sniper rifle, the location of the scope above the receiver prevents the use of [[stripper clip]]s. Its design was based on the Dragoon rifle with the following modifications:
** Flat rear sights and restamping of sights in metres, instead of [[Obsolete Russian units of measurement|arshinii]].
** A cylindrical receiver, replacing the octagonal receiver (commonly called "hex", but actually having five octagonal top flats and a round bottom rather than three octagonal bottom flats. It has six "sides" but is neither hexagonal nor octagonal in normal use of those terms.) Early production 91/30s (from 1930 to 1936) and converted Dragoon rifles retained the octagonal receiver. These rifles are less common and regarded as generally more desirable by collectors.
** A hooded post front sight, replacing the blade on previous weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9130S.htm |title=Soviet M91/30 |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115020648/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9130S.htm |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Mosin-Nagant karbin m1938 Ryssland - AM.032891.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Mosin–Nagant Model 1938 Carbine]]
* '''Model 1938 Carbine''': A carbine based on the M1891/30 design that was produced from 1939 to 1945 at the Izhevsk arsenal and in 1940 and 1944 at Tula. They were intended for use by second-echelon and noncombatant troops. Very few M38 carbines were made in 1945 and are highly sought after by collectors. Essentially a M1891/30 with a shortened barrel and shortened stock (the M38 is 1000 millimeters (40&nbsp;in) in overall length versus 1230 millimeters (48&nbsp;in) overall length for the Model 91/30), this carbine did not accept a bayonet and was in fact designed so that the standard Model 91/30 bayonet would not fit it. However many M38 carbines were fitted into M44 stocks by the Soviets as a wartime expedient. M38s in the correct M38 stock command a premium over M38s in M44 pattern stocks. The M38 was replaced by the M44 carbine in 1944.<ref name="russian-mosin-nagant.com"/>
* '''Model 1944 Carbine''': This carbine was introduced into service in late 1944 (with 50,000 service-test examples produced in 1943) and remained in production until 1948. They were produced from 1943 to 1948 at the Izhevsk arsenal and only 1944 at Tula. Its specifications are very similar to the M1938, with the unique addition of a permanently affixed, side-folding cruciform-spike [[bayonet]]. A groove for the folded bayonet is inlet into the right side of the stock. From February 1944, this type of carbine was issued to Red Army infantry troops as a replacement for the standard rifle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |last2=Ness |first2=Leland S.| title=The Red Army Handbook 1939-1945 |publisher=Sutton |year=1998 |isbn=0750932090 |pages=190–191}}</ref> These were in use not only by the [[Soviet Union]], but also its various [[Eastern Bloc|satellite nations]].<ref name="russian-mosin-nagant.com"/> Many of these were counterbored post-war.
* '''Model 1891/59 Carbine''': Commonly called "91/59s," the M1891/59s were created by shortening M1891/30 rifles to carbine length, with rear sight numbers partially ground off to reflect reduced range. These rifles are almost clones of the M38 except for the ground off M91/30 rear sight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9159.htm |title=Soviet M91/59 |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=9 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409053557/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinM9159.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The "1891/59" marking on the receiver suggests the carbines were created in or after 1959. It was initially thought that Bulgaria or another Soviet satellite country performed the conversions in preparation for a Western invasion that never came. Recent evidence suggests that the M91/59 was indeed produced in Bulgaria from Soviet-supplied wartime production M91/30s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020|reason=What evidence? How recent?}} Total production of the 91/59 is uncertain; figures as low as one million and as high as three million have appeared in firearm literature.
* '''[[AV (rifle)|AV]]''': Soviet target rifle
* '''OTs-48/OTs-48K''': The OTs-48/OTs-48K (ОЦ-48К) sniper rifle was designed around 2000 in an attempt to make use of many surplus Mosin M1891/30 rifles which were still held in storage in Russia. Developed and manufactured "on order" by Central Design Bureau for Sporting and Hunting Arms (TSKIB SOO) in the city of Tula, this rifle is still in limited use by some Russian law enforcement agencies today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sniper-rifles/rus/ots48-e.html |title=OTs-48K sniper rifle (Russia) |website=Modern Firearms |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017000228/http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sniper-rifles/rus/ots48-e.html |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zonawar.ru/rash_guns/rg_vintovki_OTs-48_eng.html |title=OTs-48 and OTs-48K sniper rifles |website=Zonawar.ru |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915124207/http://zonawar.ru/rash_guns/rg_vintovki_OTs-48_eng.html |archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref>

===Estonia===
After the Estonian War of Independence, Estonia had around 120,000 M/1891s in stock, later the ''Kaitseliit'', the [[Estonian Defence League]], received some Finnish M28/30 rifles, a few modernised variants were also made by the Estonian Armory;
* '''M1933''' or 1891/33 was standard rifle of Estonian armed forces.
* '''M1938''': a further variant of M1933, 12,000 rifles.
* '''KL300''': a variant for Kaitseliit, 4,025 were made.
* '''M1935''' ''"Lühendatud sõjapüss M1935"'': "shortened rifle M1935" was a shortened variant of M1933 with 600mm barrel, 6,770 rifles.

===Finland===
[[File:Mosin Nagant M91.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 91]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M24.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard Model 24]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M27.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 27]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M27rv.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 27rv]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M28.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil GuardModel 28]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M28-30.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard Model 28–30]]
[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1939 - Finland - AM.006968.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|M/39 rifle]]
[[File:Jalkaväenkivääri m39 etuosa ja pistin.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard M/39 bayonet]]

Most Finnish rifles were assembled by [[SAKO]], Tikkakoski Oy, or VKT ([[Valtion Kivääritehdas]], State Rifle Factory, after the wars part of [[Valmet|Valtion Metallitehtaat (Valmet)]], State Metalworks). The Finnish cartridge [[7.62×53mmR]] is a slightly modified variation of the Russian [[7.62×54mmR]], and is considered interchangeable with 54R. However, the older version of the Finnish military cartridge was loaded with the S-type bullet that had nominal diameter of .308. In 1936 the Finnish Army fielded a new standard service cartridge intended for both machine guns and rifles. This new cartridge was loaded with a new bullet designed in 1934–the D-166, which had a nominal diameter of .310. The new service rifle m/39 was designed from the start around the D-166, thus it had nominal barrel diameter of .310.

[[Handloading|Handloaded]] cartridges for Finnish rifles should however use a {{convert|0.308|in|mm|1|adj=on}} [[bullet]] for use with other Finnish Mosin–Nagant variants instead of the {{convert|0.310|in|mm|1|adj=on}} one which gives best results in M/39, Soviet and most of other Mosin–Nagant rifles.
* '''M/91'''{{Anchor|Finn M91}}: When Finland achieved independence from Russia, over 190,000 Model 1891 infantry rifles were already stockpiled in the ex-Russian military depots within Finland. As a result, the rifle was adopted as the standard Finnish Army weapon, and surplus Mosin–Nagants were purchased from other European nations which had captured them during World War I.<ref name="Finland">{{cite book |title=Finland at War 1939–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/finlandatwar00jowe |url-access=limited |series=Elite |volume=141 |first1=Philip |last1=Jowett |first2=Brent |last2=Snodgrass |date=5 July 2006 |isbn=978-1-84176-969-1 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/finlandatwar00jowe/page/n46 46]–47}}</ref> These rifles were overhauled to meet Finnish Army standards and designated M/91. In the mid-1920s Tikkakoski made new barrels for m/91s. Later starting in 1940, Tikkakoski and VKT began production of new M/91 rifles. VKT production ceased in 1942 in favor of the newer M/39 rifle, but Tikkakoski production continued through 1944. The M/91 was the most widely issued Finnish rifle in both the Winter War and the Continuation War.<ref name="MN.net-M91">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M91inFinland.asp |title=M91 in Finland |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228024404/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M91inFinland.asp |archive-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/91rv'''{{Anchor|Finn M91rv}}: A cavalry rifle built from former Russian Model 1891 Dragoon rifles, modified with a sling slot based on the German [[Gewehr 98#Karabiner 98a|Karabiner 98a]]. The original Russian sling slots were also retained.<ref name="M91rv">{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareM91rv.htm |title=M91rv Cavalry Rifle |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214212633/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareM91rv.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''M/24'''{{Anchor|Finn M24}}: The "Lotta Rifle", the Model 24 or Model 1891/24 was the first large-scale Mosin–Nagant upgrade project undertaken by the Finnish Suojeluskunta ([[White Guard (Finland)|Civil Guard]]), and there were, in fact three separate variations of the rifle. Barrels were produced by [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG (Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft)]] and by a German consortium. Swiss-produced barrels could be found in both standard Mosin–Nagant 1891 contour and in a heavier contour designed for improved accuracy, while all German-produced barrels were heavy weight barrels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowser |first=Doug |date=1998 |title=Rifles of the White Death: A Collector's and Shooter's Guide to Finnish Military Rifles, 1918–1944 |location=McComb, MS |publisher=Camellia City Military Publications}}</ref> The initial contract for the SIG-produced barrels was let on April 10, 1923, and was for 3,000 new barrels produced with the original Model 1891 barrel contour. A subsequent contract for 5,000 additional heavier barrels, stepped at the muzzle end to accept the standard Mosin–Nagant bayonet, was let the next year. The German contracts, starting in 1924 and running to 1926, were all for the heavier, stepped barrels with two contracts: one for 5,000 barrels and a second for 8,000 barrels. The German-made barrels are marked {{lang|de|Bohler-Stahl}} on the under side of the chamber. All Model 24s are marked with the Civil Guard logo of three fir tree sprigs over a capital "S". All Model 24s are equipped with a coil spring around the trigger pin to improve the trigger pull and thus the accuracy of the rifle. The Model 24 was called the Lotta's Rifle ({{lang|fi|Lottakivääri}}) after the women's auxiliary of the Civil Guard, known as the [[Lotta Svärd]] which was instrumental in raising funds to purchase and repair or refurbish some 10,000 rifles.<ref name="MN.net-M24">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M24-Rifle.asp |title=The Finnish Civil Guards rifle-model of 1924 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010105057/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/M24-Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/27'''{{Anchor|Finn M27}}: The Model 27 was the Finnish Army's first almost complete reworking of the Model 1891, it was nicknamed {{lang|fi|Pystykorva}} ("[[spitz]]") for the front sight protector's resemblance to the upright ears of a spitz dog. The receiver and magazine of the 1891 were retained, but a new shorter-length heavy-weight barrel at {{convert|685|mm|in|abbr=on}} was fitted. The sights were modified. The receivers and bolts were modified with "wings" being fitted to the bolt connecting bars that fit into slots machined into the receivers. The stocks were initially produced by cutting down 1891 stocks and opening up the barrel channels to accommodate the heavier barrel. New barrel bands and nose caps were fitted and a new bayonet was issued. The modified stocks proved to be weak, breaking when soldiers practiced bayonet fighting or firing with the bayonet fitted. These and other problems resulted in a slow-down of production in the mid-1930s while solutions to problems were engineered and existing stocks of rifles were modified. Produced from mid-1927 to 1940, the Model 27 was the Finnish Army's main battle rifle in the Winter War.<ref name="MN.net-M27">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/The-Finnish-M27.asp |title=The Finnish M27 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818121722/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/The-Finnish-M27.asp |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>
* '''M/27rv'''{{Anchor|Finn M27rv}}: A cavalry carbine version of the M27 (rv is short for {{lang|la|ratsuväki}}, {{literal translation|mounted force}}), 2217 were made, and were assigned to the most elite Finnish cavalry units. As a result of their heavy use, nearly half were lost over the course of the Winter and Continuation Wars. Most of the surviving examples were deemed beyond repair and scrapped, with slightly over 300 still existing. This makes it the rarest of all Finnish Mosin–Nagant models.<ref name="MN.net-M27"/>
* '''M/28'''{{Anchor|Finn M28}}: A variant designed by the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]]. The M/28 differs from the Army's M/27 primarily in the barrel band design, which is a single piece compared to the M/27's hinged band, and an improved trigger design. Barrels for the M/28 were initially purchased from [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG]], and later from Tikkakoski and SAKO.<ref name="MN.net-M28">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M28-Rifle.asp |title=The M28 And M28/30 Civil Guards Rifles |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010104823/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/M28-Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/28–30'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-30}}: An upgraded version of the M/28. The most noticeable modification is the new rear sight design. The same sight was used in following M/39 rifle only exception being "1.5" marking for closest range to clarify it for users. According to micrometer measurements and comparison to modern Lapua D46/47 bullet radar trajectory data, markings are matched to Finnish Lapua D46/D46 bullet surprisingly accurately through whole adjustment range between 150&nbsp;m and 2000&nbsp;m.<p>The trigger was also improved by adding coil spring to minimize very long pre-travel. Following M/39 does not have this improvement. The magazine was also modified to prevent jamming. Magazines were stamped with "HV" ({{lang|fi|häiriövapaa}}, {{literal translation|jam free}}) letters in right side of rifle. Later M/39 uses identical design, but without the "HV" stamp. M/28–30 also have metal sleeve in fore-end of handguard, to reduce barrel harmonics change and to make barrel-stock contact more constant between shots and/or during environmental changes such as moisture and temperature. Later M/39 does not have this upgrade.</p><p>In addition to its military usage, approximately 440 M/28–30 rifles were manufactured by SAKO for use in the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships#Interwar period|1937 World Shooting Championships]] in Helsinki.</p><p>M/28–30 model, serial number 60974, was also used by [[Simo Häyhä]], a well-known [[Finnish people|Finnish]] sniper. M/28–30 was used as Civil Guards competition rifle before World War II, as was the case with Simo Häyhä's personal rifle. Therefore, rifles were built very well, with highest grade barrels available and carefully matched headspace. Häyhä's rifle was still at PKarPr (Northern Karelia Brigade) museum in 2002, then moved to an unknown place by the Finnish Army.<ref name="MN.net-M28-30">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/MosinNagant-M2830rifle-introduction.asp |title=The Finnish Model M28-30 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315092812/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/MosinNagant-M2830rifle-introduction.asp |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref></p>
* '''M/91–35''': A model proposed by the Finnish Army to replace both its M/27 and the White Guard's M/28 and M/28–30 rifles. The White Guard strongly objected to this plan, considering the M91/35 to have poor accuracy and excessive muzzle flash. It was never adopted, instead being supplanted by the M/39.
* '''M/39'''{{Anchor|Finn M39}}: nicknamed {{lang|fi|Ukko-Pekka}} after the former President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |title=The Model 1939 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613193239/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref> a compromise between the Army and White Guard, adopted so as to standardize Mosin–Nagant production. The M/39 was derived largely from the M/28–30, but included some alterations proposed by the Army. The M/39 also incorporated a semi-[[pistol grip]] into the stock, though some early examples used typical Mosin–Nagant straight stocks. Only 10 rifles were completed by the end of the [[Winter War]], but 96,800 were produced after the Winter War and used in the [[Continuation War]]. Small numbers were assembled from leftover parts in the late 1960s through 1973, bringing the total production to approximately 102,000.
* '''M/30'''{{Anchor|Finn M30}}: Tikkakoski produced improved, high-quality Model 1891/30 rifles in 1943 and 1944, designated M/30, using new barrels and parts from some of the almost 125,000 1891/30s captured in the Winter and Continuation Wars as well as 57,000 rifles bought from the Germans in 1944 (most of which were only suitable for use as parts donors). They were produced with both one- and two-piece stocks and either Soviet globe or Finnish blade foresights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/FinlandsM9130Rifle.asp |title=The Finnish Issue of the Mosin Nagant Model 91/30 (1891/1930) Rifle |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=19 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010075254/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/FinlandsM9130Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/56'''{{Anchor|Finn M56}}: An experimental 7.62×39mm version.
* '''M/28–57'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-57}}: A military target rifle for sporting purposes with [[diopter sight]]s, built in two variants from existing accurate M/28–30 rifles, a [[International Military Sports Council|CISM]] [[300 m standard rifle]] version, and a [[biathlon rifle|biathlon]] version with a purpose made stock, designated as '''M/28–57 H'''.<ref name="palokangas">{{cite book |last=Palokangas |first=Markku |year=1991 |title=Sotilaskäsiaseet Suomessa 1918–1988. II osa – Suomalaiset aseet |trans-title=Military Small Arms in Finland 1918–1988 |volume=II – Finnish Weapons |language=fi |location= |publisher=Suomen asehistoriallinen seura |isbn=978-951-25-0518-0}}</ref>{{rp|185–187}}
* '''M/27–66''' A military target rifle for CISM 300&nbsp;m standard rifle competition, which used existing receivers, bolts and triggers from M/27, but had the receiver walls reinforced, some bolt parts modified, new barrels and new target rifle stocks from walnut as well as diopter sights installed. Modification of the rifles was made by [[Valmet]]. Some were also equipped with scope bases to be used as sniper rifles, but without any further modifications from the standard model.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|187–188}}[[File:Kiikarikivääri 76.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|M/28–76 in sniper rifle configuration]]
* '''M/28–76'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-76}}: A dual purpose sniper rifle and target rifle for CISM 300 m standard rifle competition. They were modified from existing M/28–30 and M/28–57 rifles, using the M/28–30 barrel and sights (often with new barrels, but sometimes original from M/28–30) and new birch wood stocks of the same profile as the M/27–66. The target rifle version had a diopter rear sight added and a modified front sight, while the sniper rifle version had a scope base. Modification work for the rifles was carried out by Finnish Defence Forces {{lang|fi|Asevarikko 1}} ('Arsenal 1') in [[Kuopio]].<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|113–114,188–189}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estonianarms.com/2876.htm |title=The Finnish Mosin Nagant Model 28/76 Marksmanship Rifle |website=EstonianArms.com |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422143902/http://www.estonianarms.com/2876.htm |archive-date=22 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:7,62 Tarkkuuskivääri 85 Lippujuhlan päivä 2013.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.25|7.62 TKIV 85 sniper rifle]]
* '''M/85''': A more comprehensive modernisation based on the Mosin-Nagant action, which features an aluminium bedding block between the stock and the barreled action, attached to the stem of the barrel, while letting the receiver and further barrel float free of the stock. In addition to the changes to the stock, an entirely new trigger pack was designed and the [[lock time]] was shortened by removing the safety from the striker assembly of the bolt. The M/85 was built in two variants, the [[7.62 Tkiv 85|'''TKIV 85''']] sniper rifle, and a target rifle for CISM 300&nbsp;m standard rifle competition: the sniper rifle features a heavy barrel without iron sights and a birch wood stock with an adjustable cheek rest, a bipod and an enclosed fore-end with the upper handguard lifted off the barrel to free-float the barrel past the bedding block, whereas the target rifle features a lighter barrel, diopter sights and a walnut stock without the upper handguard. Although, for possible use in war, a spare sniper version stock was supplied with every target rifle. Modification of existing parts (receiver and bolt assembly) as well as production of new metal parts was carried out by Valmet, and the stocks were made and rifles assembled by FDF {{lang|fi|Asevarikko 1}}.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|114–117,189–190}}

===Czechoslovakia===
* '''VZ91/38 carbine''': Very similar to the M91/59, it is an M38-style carbine produced by cutting down Model 1891 infantry, dragoon, and Cossack rifles. Few of these carbines exist, and the reason for their creation remains unclear. Like the M44, they have a bayonet groove cut into the right side of the stock, despite there being no evidence that the VZ91/38 design ever included a bayonet. The front sight features a wide base similar to post World War II M44s.
* '''[[Vz. 54| Vz. 54 sniper rifle]]''': Based on the M1891/30, although it has the appearance of a modern sporting firearm. The VZ54 utilizes a Czech-made 2.5× magnification scope, as well as a unique rear sight. It also borrows some features from the [[Mauser]] design, such as locking screws and a [[Karabiner 98k|K98k]]-style front sight hood.
* '''VZ54/91 sniper rifle''': Updated version of the VZ54 sniper rifle. The VZ54/91 utilizes an adjustable biathlon style stock with fully adjustable comb and butt plate. A rail beneath the forearm accepts adjustable sling swivels as well as a bipod. A Soviet manufactured PSO-1 scope also used on the SVD Dragunov sniper rifle is mounted on a side plate. It retains the front and rear sights of the VZ54.

===China===
[[File:Chinese Type 53 carbine.jpg|thumb|A Chinese Type 53 carbine captured by US forces in Korea]]
* '''Type 53''': A license-built version of the post-war Soviet M1944 carbine. As many of the carbines imported to the United States are constructed of both local Chinese parts and surplus Soviet parts, there is much debate as to when this mixture occurred. Type 53s are found both with and without the permanently attached folding bayonet, though the former is far more common. The Chinese Type 53 carbine saw extensive service with the [[People's Liberation Army]] from 1953 until the late 1950s/early 1960s when the PLA went over to the [[SKS|Chinese Type 56 carbine]] and the [[Type 56 assault rifle|Chinese Type 56 assault rifle]]. Many Type 53 carbines were given to the [[Militia (China)|People's Militia]] in China and to [[North Vietnam]] (with many carbines ending up in the hands of the [[Viet Cong|National Liberation Front]] in [[South Vietnam]]) and to the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]] during the 1960s and 1970s. The [[Militia (China)|People's Militia]] used the Type 53 until 1982 when they were replaced with modern weapons. There is some evidence that the Type 53 carbine saw extensive use in the hands of the People's Militia during the years of the [[Great Leap Forward]] and the [[Cultural Revolution]] (with many members of the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] being armed and trained by both the People's Militia and the PLA during the Cultural Revolution). A significant number of Type 53 carbines were given to [[Albania]] and a few African countries as military aid by the Chinese during the 1960s. Some of these carbines appeared in the hands of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] during the late 1990s.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
*'''T53 Single Shot Initial Bullet Speed Testing Carbine''': This very rare variant in 7.62×39 was a purposely built single shot carbine chambered for the testing the 7.62×39 cartridge. The only known examples of this carbine have a barrel shank marking of 1960.11, indicating it was made in the November 1960 time frame. There are only two known examples of these carbines that were exported out of China to the USA. The carbine has a blued finish, 20.5" barrel, hooded post front sight, fixed rear sight, straight bolt handle, smooth wood handguard, straight grip shoulder stock with finger groove forend and smooth metal butt plate. The 7.62×39 cartridge is manually loaded into the chamber. The bolt is a standard Mosin–Nagant bolt with modified bolt head to center cartridge in chamber.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.m9130.info/models-guide | title=Soviet bolt action rifles and carbines models guide }}</ref>{{fcn|date=August 2024}}

===Hungary===
* '''Mosin–Nagant Model 1948 Infantry Rifle''' Gyalogsági Puska, 48.M (48.Minta): Produced by the FÉG (Fémáru- Fegyver- és Gépgyár Rt.) plant in Budapest, these high-quality versions of the Soviet Model 1891/30 were produced from 1949 to possibly as late as 1955. They are characterized by a high-quality finish and the marking of all parts with the "02" stamp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mosi48.htm |title=Mosin Nagant Model 1948 Infantry Rifle |website=Hungarian Mosin Nagant Rifles |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011182021/http://www.hungariae.com/Mosi48.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>
* {{lang|hu|italic=no|'''Fémaru- Fegyver- és Gépgyár'''}} (FÉG) manufactured a M1891 sniper version based on the 48 in the 1950s. This model was used extensively by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{harvnb|Lapin|2013|p=153}}</ref> [[File:Mosin pu hungarian M52.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Hungarian M/52 rifle with [[PU scope|PU 3.5× optics]]]]
* '''M/52''': A direct copy of the original Soviet Model 1891/30 sniper rifle. Identifying features include:
** Darkly blued steel and high quality machining.
** An "02" stamp on every component of the rifle, identifying it as manufactured in Hungary.
* '''M44 Pattern''': Domestically produced version of post war pattern Soviet M44 Carbine marked "02".

===Romania===
[[File:Mosin Nagant md. 1891 Romanian 1930 carbine.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Model 1891 Romanian 1930s carbine conversion]]
[[File:Romanian Mosin Nagant M44 carbine.png|thumb|upright=1.25|1954 [[Cugir Arms Factory|Cugir]]-produced M44 Mosin]]
* Triangular shaped markings, some with an arrow inside, on many components of the rifle. Normally three "R"'s surrounded by crossed stalks with leaves pointing outwards are on the top of the breech. Year stamps are quite visible. The trigger assembly is unique in the Romanian 91/30 and is adjustable. It is not interchangeable with other Mosins.
* '''1930s Carbine''': After the First World War, Romania captured a large number of Mosin-Nagants from Russia. Due to the need for more carbines, an order for 10.000 Mosin-Nagant carbine conversions was placed in the mid to late 1930s. The modifications added to the rifles included bent bolt handles, new rear sights, removal of the original muzzle, shortening of the barrel, as well as adding a metal housing to hold the bayonet. The carbines were kept in service after the Second World War as Romania became part of the [[Soviet bloc]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/romanian-1930s-mosin-carbine-conversion/|title=Romanian 1930s Mosin Carbine Conversion|author=Ian McCollum|work=[[Forgotten Weapons]]|date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
* '''M44 Pattern''': Domestically produced version of post war pattern Soviet M44 Carbine during the years 1953 to 1955. Variances to the Soviet pattern produced minor differences.
* '''Suppressed M44 Pattern''':<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/carabina-model-1944 |title=Carbine model 1944 |website=Rumania Military.ro |access-date=28 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101526/http://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/carabina-model-1944 |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Domestically produced adaptation of the M44, with a long integral suppressor and an LPS 4×6° TIP2 telescopic sight, same as the one used on the [[PSL (rifle)|PSL]] rifle. Only a small number were modified, for use with the USLA – a very small counter-terrorism unit of the [[Securitate]]
* '''M91/30 Pattern''': Domestically produced version Soviet pattern M91 during the year 1955. Some of the guns are marked "INSTRUCTIE" and held in reserve for a secondary line of defense in case of invasion. The Instructie mark is typically, but not always, accompanied by a broad red band on the buttstock. Some collectors do not consider these safe to fire, but most appear to be in good working order although well worn and somewhat neglected. The "EXERCITIU" mark is found on rifles that seem to have been used specifically for training purposes only. The "EXERCITIU" rifles are easily recognized by the black paint on the entire butt of the stock. They are not intended to be fired since the firing pin is clipped and many times parts critical to their proper function are missing.

===Poland===
{{main|Karabinek wz. 91/98/23}}
* '''wz. 91/98/23''': Conversion to the 7.92mm×57 Mauser cartridge, with a magazine modified to feed rimless cartridges. It used the original Russian spike bayonet.
* '''wz. 91/98/25''': Conversion to the 7.92mm×57 Mauser cartridge, with a magazine modified to feed rimless cartridges and a bayonet mounting bar to allow the use of Mauser 1898 bayonets.
* '''wz. 91/98/26''': Conversion to the 7.92mm×57 Mauser cartridge, with a magazine modified to feed rimless cartridges and a bayonet mounting bar to allow the use of Mauser 1898 bayonets. It has a modified two-piece ejector/interrupter similar to Mauser pattern rifles.
* '''wz. 44''': Domestically produced version of post war pattern Soviet M44 carbine, marked with the Polish "circle 11".
* '''wz. 48''': A Polish single shot military trainer modeled in the image of the Mosin–Nagant M38 carbine. Produced from 1948 until 1960, the wz48 was used to train Czech and Polish military cadets. It is chambered in [[.22 Long Rifle]].

===United States===
* '''Russian three-line rifle, caliber 7.62mm (.30 inches)''': Due to the desperate shortage of arms and the shortcomings of a still-developing domestic industry, the Russian government ordered 1.5 million M1891 infantry rifles from Remington Arms and another 1.8 million from New England Westinghouse in the United States. Most of these rifles were not delivered before the outbreak of the October Revolution and the subsequent signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] which ended hostilities between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia. When the Bolsheviks formed a new government, they defaulted on the Imperial Russian contracts with the American arsenals, with the result that New England Westinghouse and Remington were stuck with hundreds of thousands of Mosin–Nagants. The US government bought up the remaining stocks, saving Remington and Westinghouse from bankruptcy. The rifles in Great Britain armed [[Entente intervention in the Russian Civil War|the US and British expeditionary forces]] sent to [[North Russia Campaign|North Russia in 1918 and 1919]]. The rifles still in the US ended up being primarily used as training firearms for the US Army. Some were used to equip [[US National Guard]], SATC and [[ROTC]] units. Collectors have taken to calling these rifles, "U.S. Magazine Rifle, 7.62mm, Model of 1916", though no official source for this designation has ever been cited. Ordnance documents refer to the rifles as "Russian three-line rifle, caliber 7.62mm (.30 inches)".<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Ordnance Data |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |date=1918 |page=330}}</ref> In 1917, 50,000 of these rifles were sent via [[Vladivostok]] to equip the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] in Siberia to aid in their attempt to secure passage to France. During the interwar period, the rifles which had been taken over by the US military were sold to private citizens in the United States by the Director of Civilian Marksmanship, the predecessor agency to the current Civilian Marksmanship Program. They were sold for the sum of $3.00 each. If unaltered to chamber the US standard [[.30-06 Springfield]] rimless cartridge, these rifles are prized by collectors because they do not have the import marks required by law to be stamped or engraved on military surplus firearms brought into the United States from other countries

===Ukraine===
* '''{{ill|VM MP-UOS|uk|ВМ МП-УОС}}''': In 2015, the Ukrainian state-owned {{ill|Ukroboronservice|uk|Укроборонсервіс}} developed a modernized M1891/30 sniper rifle. It has an aluminum alloy and polymer composite stock,  detachable magazine, the [[Picatinny rail]] for mounting optical sights, a folding telescopic bipod, and can be fitted with a [[muzzle brake]] or [[Silencer (firearms)|suppressor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miles |date=2016-03-31 |title=Mosin Nagant PSR? |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/03/31/mosin-nagant-psr/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=thefirearmblog.com |language=en}}</ref> The prototype was demonstrated on 13 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |script-title=uk:Демонстрація Снайперської Гвинтівки ВМ МП-УОС |language=uk |url=http://uos.ua/press-center/novosti/demonstratsiya-snayperskoyi-gvintivki-vm-mp-uos |access-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151226/http://uos.ua/press-center/novosti/demonstratsiya-snayperskoyi-gvintivki-vm-mp-uos |archive-date=2015-11-23 }}</ref> On 18 March 2016, ten rifles were delivered for testing to the Sniper Training Center of the National Guard of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-20 |script-title=uk:Українським військовим передали першу партію експериментальної снайперської зброї (фото) : Новини УНІАН |language=uk |url=http://www.unian.ua/society/1294076-ukrajinskim-viyskovim-peredali-pershu-partiyu-eksperimentalnoji-snayperskoji-zbroji-foto.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320191104/http://www.unian.ua/society/1294076-ukrajinskim-viyskovim-peredali-pershu-partiyu-eksperimentalnoji-snayperskoji-zbroji-foto.html |archive-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Олександр Турчинов вручив гвинтівки нацгвардійцям 0621 (26221728026).jpg|VM MP-UOS, equipped with the muzzle brake. The characteristic bolt of the Mosin–Nagant can be seen.
File:Олександр Турчинов вручив гвинтівки нацгвардійцям 0673 (26181372731).jpg|Left side.
File:Високопосадовці оглянули новітні зразки зброї на полігоні Нацгвардії 9112 (22752399427).jpg|Equipped with a suppressor and detachable magazine.
</gallery>

==Civilian use==
Mosin–Nagants have been exported from Finland since the 1960s as its military modernized and decommissioned the rifles. Most of these have ended up as inexpensive surplus for Western nations.

In the USSR surplus military carbines (without bayonet) were sold as civilian hunting weapons.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Снабжение промысловиков спецодеждой и оружием |date=1969 |magazine=Охота и охотничье хозяйство |number=10 |page=3}}</ref> Also, the Mosin–Nagant action has been used to produce a limited number of commercial rifles, the most famous are the Vostok brand target rifles exported in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s chambered in the standard 7.62×54mmR round and in 6.5×54mmR, a necked-down version of the original cartridge designed for long range target shooting. Rifles in 6.5×54mmR use a necked-down 7.62×54mmR cartridge and were the standard rifle of the USSR's Olympic biathlon team until the International Olympic Committee revised the rules of the event to reduce the range to 50 meters and required all competitors to use rifles chambered in .22 LR.

A number of the Model 1891s produced by New England Westinghouse and Remington were sold to private citizens in the United States by the U.S. government through the Director of [[Civilian Marksmanship Program]] in the interwar period. Many of these American-made Mosin–Nagants were rechambered by wholesalers to the American [[.30-06 Springfield]] cartridge.

With the [[revolutions of 1989|fall of the Iron Curtain]], a large quantity of Mosin–Nagants have found their way onto markets outside of Russia as collectibles and hunting rifles. Due to the large surplus created by the Soviet small arms industry during World War II and the tendency of the former Soviet Union to retain and store large quantities of old but well-preserved surplus (long after other nations' militaries divested themselves of similar vintage materials), these rifles (mostly M1891/30 rifles and M1944 carbines) are inexpensive compared to other surplus arms of the same era.

==Users==
[[File:Mosin-Nagant Users.png|thumb|A map with current users of the Mosin–Nagant in blue and former users in red.]]

===Current users===
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{flag|Angola}}: Acquired from the People's Republic of China.<ref name="MR">{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Chinese-T53Carbine.asp |first=Brent |last=Snodgrass |title=The Chinese Type 53 Mosin Nagant Carbine |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219091309/http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Chinese-T53Carbine.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}: The first M1891s were received from the Russian Empire in the 1890s.{{sfn|Lapin|2007|p=100}} Bulgaria received new rifles in the 1950s.{{sfn|Lapin|2007|p=101}} They are still in use by the 101st Alpine Regiment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/news/rigorous-training-creates-friendships/article_dc273646-5363-11ea-9a68-57c0d478943b.html |first=Stephen |last=Cumby |title=Rigorous training creates friendships |website=Fort Hood Sentinel |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221131730/http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/news/rigorous-training-creates-friendships/article_dc273646-5363-11ea-9a68-57c0d478943b.html |archive-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cambodia}}: Acquired from the People's Republic of China during the Cold War.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Chinese-T53Carbine.asp |title=The Chinese Type 53 Carbine |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219091309/http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Chinese-T53Carbine.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cuba}}: Acquired from the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China during the Cold War.<ref name="MR"/>
* {{flag|Egypt}}: Acquired from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.<ref name="Variations">{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/USSR/variations_of_the_rifles_mosin.asp |title=Variations of the Rifles Mosin-Nagant |first=Karl-Heinz |last=Wrobel |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219085813/http://mosinnagant.net/USSR/variations_of_the_rifles_mosin.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}: [[7.62 TKIV 85]] sniper rifles built on the Mosin-Nagant action.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|114–117,189–190}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://puolustusvoimat.fi/en/equipment#/asset/view/id/227 |title=SNIPER RIFLE 7.62 TKIV 85 |website=puolustusvoimat.fi |publisher=[[Finnish Defence Forces]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240312210504/https://puolustusvoimat.fi/en/equipment%23/asset/view/id/227 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other variants have been removed from service as obsolete and sold off.
* {{flag|Georgia}}: Inherited after [[1991 Georgian independence referendum|independence in 1991]]. It saw use as a sniper rifle in the Armed Forces since 1991 to 2004, replaced by more modern weapons, now used as a ceremonial weapon.<ref name ='SAS 2003'>{{cite book |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2003.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112154702/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2003.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2003/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2003-Chapter-06-EN.pdf |chapter=Dangerous Supply: Small Arms and Conflict in the Republic of Georgia |title=Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |author=Small Arms Survey |page=197 |author-link=Small Arms Survey}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://salw-guide.bicc.de/en/weapon/view/12 |title=Mosin-Nagant Rifle Mod. 1891 |website=Small Arms and Light Weapons Guide}}</ref>
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: Used by the [[Indonesian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] for training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rmol.id/read/2018/11/17/366719/Coba-Senapan-Tua-Rusia-|title=Coba Senapan Tua Rusia|website=rmol.id|date=17 November 2018|access-date=4 May 2021|language=id}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iraq}}<ref name ='SAS 2012 10'>{{cite book |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html |chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-10-EN.pdf |chapter=Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia |title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2012 |author=Small Arms Survey |pages=320–321 |isbn=978-0-521-19714-4 |author-link=Small Arms Survey |access-date=2018-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002411/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html |archive-date=2018-08-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}: Inherited from the Soviet Union after [[Independence Day (Kazakhstan)|independence]].<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>
* {{flag|Laos}}: Received from [[China]], [[North Vietnam]], and the [[Soviet Union]].
* {{flag|Mongolia}}
* {{flag|Namibia}}
* {{flag|Russia}}: Ceremonial use.{{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=76}} Minor use has been seen in the Russo-Ukrainian War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 21 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-21 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sofrep.com/news/russian-and-ukrainian-conscripts-from-donbas-fighting-ukraine-with-mosin-nagant-rifles-from-the-1800s/ | title=Russian and Ukrainian Conscripts from Donbas Fighting in Ukraine with Rifles from the 1800s | date=5 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="ares"></ref>
* {{flag|Somalia}}
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
* {{flag|Ukraine}} (selected security detachments of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]): Some were used by pro-government militias during the War in Donbas.<ref>{{lang|uk|italic=no|Наказ Міністерства внутрішніх справ України "Про організацію службової діяльності цивільної охорони Державної служби охорони при МВС України" No. 1430 від 25.11.2003}} [Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine "On the organization of civil service activities of the State Protection Service at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine" No. 1430 of 25 November 2003].</ref>{{sfn|Galeotti|2019|page=53}}
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flag|Venezuela}}: Used by the [[National Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela]] as their standard-issue rifle.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Venezuela, Maduro puts Mosins on parade in show of force : |url=https://www.guns.com/news/2017/08/28/in-venezuela-maduro-puts-mosins-on-parade-in-show-of-force-photos |website=Guns.com |access-date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==== Non-state users ====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}}: Seen being used during the [[War in Donbas]] and during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=donukrmosin>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170953/https://sofrep.com/news/russian-and-ukrainian-conscripts-from-donbas-fighting-ukraine-with-mosin-nagant-rifles-from-the-1800s/ Russian and Ukrainian Conscripts from Donbas Fighting in Ukraine with Rifles from the 1800s]</ref>
*{{flagicon image|}} [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.calibreobscura.com/the-xhemati-alban-sniper-squad-and-weapons/ |title=The Albanian Sniper Squad in Syria and their Weapons |date=December 12, 2018 |website=Calibreobscura.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201064337/https://www.calibreobscura.com/the-xhemati-alban-sniper-squad-and-weapons/|archive-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|Luhansk People's Republic}}: Seen being used during the [[War in Donbas]] and the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Mosin–Nagants with [[PU scope]]s have also been seen used by snipers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sofrep.com/news/russian-and-ukrainian-conscripts-from-donbas-fighting-ukraine-with-mosin-nagant-rifles-from-the-1800s/ | title=Russian and Ukrainian Conscripts from Donbas Fighting in Ukraine with Rifles from the 1800s | date=5 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKRkwU8YQy4 | title=Mosin nagant rifle in Donbass #Ukraine #war #2022 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=7 July 2022 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sendero Luminoso.svg}} [[Shining Path]]: Acquired from the People's Republic of China.<ref name="MR"/>
* {{flag|Syrian National Coalition}}{{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=77}}
{{div col end}}

===Former users===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}: Acquired sometime in the 1930s by the Afghan Army. The M44 variant was used by the former Afghan Honor Guard.<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* {{flagicon|Albania|1946}} [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|Albania]]<ref name="Mosin Variants">{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRef01.htm |title=Mosin Nagant Master Model Reference |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=2011-02-19 |archive-date=2017-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716010943/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRef01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/8mm_blindee_converted_mosin_naga.asp |title=8mm Blindee Converted Mosin Nagants |first=Kevin |last=Carney |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219091323/http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/8mm_blindee_converted_mosin_naga.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[First Republic of Armenia]]: Inherited from the Russian Empire upon independence in 1918.<ref name="Greek-Turk">{{cite book |title=Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22 |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=501 |first=Philip |last=Jowett |date=20 July 2015 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-47280-684-0 |page=47}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} Captured during World War I,<ref name="mosinnagant.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Captured-Mosin-Nagants1.asp |title=Captured Mosin Nagant Rifles |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613193101/http://www.mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Captured-Mosin-Nagants1.asp |archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref> sold to Finland in the 1920s.{{Sfn|Lapin|2007|p=100}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}: Inherited from the Soviet Union both during [[Independence Day (Azerbaijan (1918))|independence in 1918]] and after [[Day of Restoration of Independence (Azerbaijan)|independence in 1991]].
* {{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|1912}}: Supplied by the USSR or White Russians during [[Warlord Era]], most to either the [[National Revolutionary Army|NRA]] or to warlord armies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Warlord Armies 1911–1930 |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=463 |first=Philip |last=Jowett |date=10 September 2010 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing|Osprey]] |isbn=978-1-84908-402-4 |page=21}}</ref>
* {{flag|People's Republic of China}}: Received Mosin variant rifles from the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s. M44 carbines were used by the [[People's Volunteer Army]] in the [[Korean War]].<ref name="Mosin Variants"/> A licensed copy of the M44 carbine (Type 53) was produced in China for the PLA and the People's Militia. Also used by the "Forest Protection Police", a predecessor to the {{Ill|People's Armed Police Forestry Corps|zh|中國人民武裝警察部隊森林部隊}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-22 |title=回顾武警森林部队70年：曾被誉为“红孩儿敢死队” |trans-title=Revisiting the 70 years history of the PAP Forestry corps; Once nicknamed the "Fearless red boys" |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2038220 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: Briefly used Model 1891s from the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] until switching to Mauser variants after the First World War. After the [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état|Soviet-backed coup in 1948]], Czechoslovakia began converting M91 rifles to M91/38 carbines in the late 1950s. The Czechs developed a Mosin derivative sniper rifle known as the Vz.54 sniper rifle.<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>
* {{flag|Estonia}}: Inherited Model 1891s from the Russian Empire after [[Estonian War of Independence|independence]]. Estonia acquired Finnish variants such as the M28/30 and domestically produced Estonian variants such as the Model 1891/33 and Model 1891/38 until [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet annexation]].<ref name="Estonia">{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/TheUseOfTheMosinNagantInEstonia.asp |title=The Estonian Use Of The Mosin Nagant Line Of Rifles/Carbines |first=Brent |last=Snodgrass |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219085028/http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/TheUseOfTheMosinNagantInEstonia.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Ethiopia|1975}}: In 1912,  despite the protests of Russia, several thousand captured Russian rifles were purchased by the Ethiopian army from Japan; those were in extremely poor technical condition.<ref>Tsypkin G. V. {{lang|ru|Эфиопия в антиколониальных войнах}} [''Ethiopia in the anti-colonial wars'']. Moscow: Nauka, 1988. p. 217. {{ISBN|5-02-016406-2}}.</ref> received some M44 carbines during the [[Ogaden War]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ethiopian military rifle cartridges: Part 2: From Mauser to Kalashnikov |last=Scarlata |first=Paul |magazine=Shotgun News |date=March 1, 2009 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ethiopian+military+rifle+cartridges%3A+Part+2%3A+from+Mauser+to...-a0195134991}}</ref>
*{{flag|French Third Republic}}:{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The [[Châtellerault]] arsenal produced 500,000 Model 1891s from 1892 to 1895 under contract to the Russian Empire to speed up Russia's rearmament.<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>
* {{flag|East Germany}}:<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>{{sfn|Lapin|2007|pp=127–128|p=}} The M44 variant (designated the Karabiner 44) was used by the Grenztruppen and KdA in the 50s and 60s. 
* {{flag|German Empire}}: Captured during World War I, sold to Finland in the 1920s.{{sfn|Lapin|2007|pp=125–126|p=}}
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Large stockpiles of Soviet weapons were captured during [[Operation Barbarossa]] and designated as the Gewehr 252–256 series.{{sfn|Lapin|2007|p=127}}
* {{flag|Grenada}}: Type 53s were reported by US Marines after the [[Invasion of Grenada]].<ref name="MR"/>
* {{flag|Guatemala}}: M91 and M91/30 rifles were supplied by the CIA during the 1954 coup; reportedly they were obtained through Interarmco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The military rifle cartridges of Guatemala |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+military+rifle+cartridges+of+Guatemala.-a0261731332 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> 
* {{flag|Honduras|1866}}: Surplus Mosins converted to 30-06 were bought from the Bannerman firm shortly before WW2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The military rifle cartridges of Honduras from Cortez to zelaya. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+military+rifle+cartridges+of+Honduras+from+Cortez+to+zelaya.-a0270283844 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Hungary}}: Produced M91/30s acquired from the Soviet Union from 1950 to 1954 as well as M44 and PU sniper variants. They were used during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>
* {{flag|Israel}}: Used by [[Haganah]].<ref name="Israeli Mosins">{{cite web |url=https://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/rifles/israeli-k98-rifles/ |title=Israeli K98: How the Jewish State Acquired German Rifles After WWII |access-date=19 May 2020 |first1=Darrin |last1=Weaver |website=Tactical Life |date=5 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418220853/https://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/rifles/israeli-k98-rifles/ |archive-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: Captured some on the Italian Front of World War I. Received some from Austria-Hungary as war reparations from World War I before they were sold to Finland.{{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=33}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} [[Italian Resistance Movement|Italian resistance]]: Later used by [[Italian Resistance Movement|partisans]] during the [[Italian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gianluigi |first1=Usai |last2=Riccio |first2=Ralph |title=Italian partisan weapons in WWII |date=January 28, 2017 |publisher=Schiffer Military History |isbn=978-0-76435-210-2 |page=160}}</ref>
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Stockpiles of M1891 rifles were captured from the Imperial Russian Army during the [[Russo-Japanese War]], and from the [[Red Army]] during the [[Japanese intervention in Siberia]]. Many were converted to single shot training rifles.<ref name="Captured rifles">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Captured-Mosin-Nagants1.asp |title=Captured Mosin-Nagant Rifles |access-date=19 October 2012 |first1=Kevin |last1=Carney |first2=Robert W. |last2=Edwards |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613193101/http://www.mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Captured-Mosin-Nagants1.asp |archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[File:UCK KLA.svg|25px]] [[Kosovo Liberation Army]]: Used the Type 53 rifle.<ref name="MR"/>
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}: Inherited from the Soviet Union after [[Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)|independence]].
* {{flag|Latvia}}: Inherited large amounts of Model 1891s from the former Russian Empire after [[Latvian War of Independence|independence]]. Domestically produced Model 1891/30s in small quantities before the [[Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940|Soviet annexation]].<ref name="Variations"/>
* {{flag|Libya|1969}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+military+rifle+cartridges+of+Libya.-a0300062836 |title=The military rifle cartridges of Libya |last1=Scarlata |first1=Paul |date=August 2012 |magazine=[[Shotgun News]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg|size=23px}} [[Malayan Communist Party]]: Small numbers were donated by the Soviet Union.<ref name="malay" />
* {{flag|Mali}}: [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]]<ref name ='SAS 2005'>{{cite book |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109192749/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 9, 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2005/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2005-Chapter-06-EN.pdf |chapter=Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones |title=Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |author=Small Arms Survey |page=166 |isbn=978-0-19-928085-8 |ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2015}}|author-link=Small Arms Survey}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mexico|1916}}: 5,000 U.S.-made rifles received after World War I.{{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=38}}
* {{flagcountry|Principality of Montenegro}}:<ref name="Rifles">{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/serbmosin.asp |title=The Serbian & Montenegrin Model 1891 Three Line Rifles |first1=John P. |last1=Sheehan |first2=Kevin |last2=Carney |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219091522/http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/serbmosin.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> 40,000 bought in 1898–1905, standard rifle during the [[First Balkan War]]. Locally known as 'moskovka'.<ref>{{cite book |title=Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912–13: The priming charge for the Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/armiesbalkanwars00jowe|url-access=limited |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=466 |first=Philip |last=Jowett |date=20 April 2011 |isbn=978-1-84908-418-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/armiesbalkanwars00jowe/page/n15 15], 24}}</ref>
* {{flag|North Korea}}{{sfn|Lapin|2007|p=129}}<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/nkor.pdf |title=North Korea Country Handbook |date=May 1997 |page=A-81 |publisher=[[Marine Corps Intelligence Activity]] |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111733/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/nkor.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>{{sfn|Lapin|2007|pp=130–132|p=}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}: Used at the end of World War I.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ball |first=Robert W. D. |title=Mauser Military Rifles of the World |year=2011 |location=Iola, Wisconsin |publisher=Gun Digest Books |isbn=978-1-44022-892-6 |page=304}}</ref> Captured from Soviets during World War II, also received as aid after joining the allies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I: Romanian World War II: Small Arms: Pusti Si Pistolul Mitraliera |via=Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/PART+I:+ROMANIAN+WORLD+WAR+II:+SMALL+ARMS:+PUSTI+SI+PISTOLUL...-a0598128492 |access-date=2022-12-19 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Romania|1965}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>{{Sfn|Lapin|2007|pp=132–133|p=}}
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}}<ref name="Rifles"/>{{sfn|Lapin|2007|p=100}}
* {{flagicon|Spain|1931}} [[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]]: Sent from Mexico and the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Harriman|2016|pp=38–40|p=}}
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name="Mosin Variants"/>
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}: Used between 1914 and the 1940s. It saw action in [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|World War I]] (captured rifles) and the [[Turkish War of Independence|War of Independence]] (Soviet-supplied rifles).{{sfn|Lapin|2007|pp=134–135|p=}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Turk-Mosins.asp |title=Mosin–Mausers And The Nation of Turkey |first=Terence |last=Lapin |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219091620/http://mosinnagant.net/global%20mosin%20nagants/Turk-Mosins.asp |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}: Used during the [[Siberian intervention]].<ref name="Captured rifles"/>
* {{flag|United States|1912}}: Produced by [[Remington Arms]] and [[New England Westinghouse Company]] under contract as the 3 line rifle, Model of 1916, initially for Imperial Russian forces. Following the fall of the Tsar, the remaining rifles armed the [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]], [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps|JROTC]], and [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|SATC]], as well as American soldiers during the [[North Russia intervention]] to prevent rifles from falling into Bolshevik hands.{{sfn|Harriman|2016|pp=33–37|p=}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russian-mosin-nagant.com/global.html |title=Global Use of the Mosin Nagant Rifle |website=Russian Mosin-Nagant.com |access-date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223020017/http://www.russian-mosin-nagant.com/global.html |archive-date=23 February 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: Formerly used by the [[Việt Minh]],<ref>{{cite book |title=French Foreign Légionnaire vs Viet Minh Insurgent: North Vietnam 1948–52 |series=Combat |volume=36 |first=Martin |last=Windrow |date=20 September 2018 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-47282-891-0 |pages=24, 42}}</ref> the [[Viet Cong]],<ref name="Ezell">{{cite book |title=Personal Firepower |first=Edward Clinton |last=Ezell |publisher=Bantam Books |year=1988 |series=The Illustrated History of the Vietnam War |volume=15 |oclc=1036801376 |url=https://archive.org/details/personalfirepowe00ezel|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/personalfirepowe00ezel/page/18 18], 135 |isbn=9780553345490}}</ref> and the [[People's Army of Vietnam|North Vietnamese Army]].{{sfn|Harriman|2016|p=72}}<ref name="MR"/> The M44/Type-53 carbines were known as ''K44'' or ''red stock'' rifles and a detachable grenade launcher, the ''AT-44'', was designed.<ref name="NVA">{{cite book |title=North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75 |series=Warrior |volume=135 |first=Gordon L. |last=Rottman |date=10 February 2009 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=9781846033711 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC21CwAAQBAJ |pages=28–29}}</ref> The North Vietnamese Army also used the M1891/30 modified as a sniper rifle.<ref name="Ezell"/>
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref name="Variations"/>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Russian weaponry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |first=Doug |last=Bowser |title=Rifles of the White Death}}
*{{cite book |title=The Mosin-Nagant Rifle |series=Weapon |volume=50 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |first=Bill |last=Harriman |date=20 October 2016 |isbn=9781472814159}}
* Kokalis, Peter G. (2003.) "White Death." ''The Shotgun News Treasury Issue Volume 4''. Primedia Publishing.
* {{cite book |last=Lapin |first=Terence W. |date=2003 |title=The Mosin–Nagant Rifle |edition=3rd |location=Tustin, California |publisher=North Cape Publications |isbn=1-882391-21-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Lapin |first=Terence W. |date=2007 |title=The Mosin–Nagant Rifle |edition=4th |location=Tustin, California |publisher=North Cape Publications |isbn=978-1-882391-21-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Lapin |first=Terence W. |date=2013 |title=The Mosin–Nagant Rifle |edition=6th |location=Tustin, California |publisher=North Cape Publications |isbn=978-1-88239121-9}}
* {{cite journal |first=Chuck |last=Lewis |title=Military Heritage |date=October 2005 |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=26–27, 70–71 |issn=1524-8666 |title-link=Military Heritage |journal=Civil War Quarterly}}
* {{cite book |last=Menning |first=Bruce W. |title=Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-253-33745-3}}.
* {{cite book |first=Markku |last=Palokangas |date=1991 |language=fi |title=Sotilaskäsiaseet Suomessa 1918–1988 |trans-title=Military Small Arms in Finland 1918–1988 |publisher=Suomen asehistoriallinen seura |isbn=978-951-25-0518-0}}
* {{cite web |url=http://molot.biz/product/ko91-30.php |title=Current Mosin–Nagant rifles being produced |website=Molot |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624131144/http://www.molot.biz/product/ko91-30.php |archive-date=24 June 2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Erenfeicht |first1=Leszek |last2=Konstankiewicz |first2=Andrzej |date=2016 |title=Karabiny Mosin |trans-title= Mosin rifles |language=pl |location=Warsaw |publisher=Edipresse Polska |series=Wielki Leksykon Uzbrojenia Wrzesień 1939 |volume=84 |isbn=978-83-7945-308-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Galeotti |first1=Mark |title=Armies of Russia's War in Ukraine |date=27 June 2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-3345-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW90DwAAQBAJ |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

{{Clip-fed firearms}}
{{WWIRussianArms}}
{{WWIAus-HunInfWeaponsEquipment}}
{{WWIIUSSRInfWeapons}}
{{WWIIFinInfWeaponsNav}}
{{WWIIChineseInfantryWeapons}}
{{Weapons of Hungary}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mosin-Nagant}}
[[Category:7.62×53mmR rifles]] <!-- Finnish variants -->
[[Category:7.62×54mmR rifles]]
[[Category:7.92×57mm Mauser rifles]] <!-- Polish variants and German caapture -->
[[Category:8×50mmR Mannlicher rifles]] <!-- Austrian capture -->
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1891]]
[[Category:Clip-fed firearms]]
[[Category:Early rifles]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles]]
[[Category:Rifles of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles of Russia]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:World War I Russian infantry weapons]]
[[Category:Russo-Japanese war weapons of Russia]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Cold War firearms of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Rifles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:World War II rifles]]
[[Category:Silenced firearms]]<!-- Suppressed M44 Pattern -->