View source for Morningside Heights

{{Short description|Neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City}}
{{for|the neighborhood in Toronto|Morningside Heights, Toronto}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Morningside Heights
| settlement_type         = [[Neighborhoods in Manhattan|Neighborhood of Manhattan]]
| image_skyline           = West 116th Street - Morningside.jpg
| imagesize               = 300px
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = Residential buildings on West 116th Street opposite [[Columbia University]]
| image                   = <!-- other image (specify File: or Image: namespace) -->
| image_map               = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=y|frame-align=center|zoom=12|type=shape|from=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Morningside Heights.map}}<!--{{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=12|type=line|stroke-color=#000|stroke-width=1|id=Q748485}}-->
| map_caption             = Location in New York City
| coordinates             = {{coord|40|48|35|N|73|57|37|W|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = United States
| subdivision_type1       = State
| subdivision_name1       = New York
| subdivision_type2       = City
| subdivision_name2       = New York City
| subdivision_type3       = [[Borough (New York City)|Borough]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Manhattan]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Community boards of Manhattan|Community District]]
| subdivision_name4       = [[Manhattan Community Board 9|Manhattan 9]]<ref name="NYCPlanning">{{cite web|title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles|url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/9|publisher=New York City Department of City Planning|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
<!-- established --------------->
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| established_title1      =
| established_date1       =
| founder                 =
| named_for               =

<!-- area ---------------------->
| area_total_sq_mi        = 0.472
| area_footnotes          =<ref name="stats" />

<!-- population ---------------->
| population_footnotes    =<ref name="stats" />
| population_total        = 31,884
| population_as_of        = 2016
| population_density_km2  = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto -->
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_demonym      = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool -->
| population_note         =

<!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1      = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes =<ref name=PLP3A />
| demographics1_title1    = White
| demographics1_info1     = 46.0%
| demographics1_title2    = Hispanic
| demographics1_info2     = 23.5
| demographics1_title3    = Black
| demographics1_info3     = 13.6
| demographics1_title4    = Asian
| demographics1_info4     = 13.3
| demographics1_title5    = Others
| demographics1_info5     = 3.6

<!-- demographics (section 2) -->
| demographics_type2      = Economics
| demographics2_footnotes =<ref name="stats">"Morningside Heights neighborhood in New York". CityData.<!--http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Morningside-Heights-New-York-NY.html--></ref>
| demographics2_title1    = [[Median household income|Median income]]
| demographics2_info1     = $81,890

| timezone1        = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1      = −5
| timezone1_DST    = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST  = −4
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code      = 10025, 10027
| area_code_type   = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
| area_code        = [[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|212, 332, 646]], and [[Area code 917|917]]
| unit_pref        = Imperial
}}

'''Morningside Heights''' is a [[Neighborhoods in Manhattan|neighborhood]] on the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of [[Upper Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]. It is bounded by [[Morningside Drive (Manhattan)|Morningside Drive]] to the east, [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] to the north, [[110th Street (Manhattan)|110th Street]] to the south, and [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]] to the west. Morningside Heights borders [[Central Harlem]] and [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)|Morningside Park]] to the east, [[Manhattanville]] to the north, the [[Manhattan Valley]] section of the [[Upper West Side]] to the south, and [[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]] to the west. [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] is the neighborhood's main thoroughfare, running north–south.

Morningside Heights, located on a high plateau between Morningside and Riverside Parks, was hard to access until the late 19th century and was sparsely developed except for the [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum|Bloomingdale]] and [[Leake and Watts Services|Leake and Watts]] asylums. Morningside Heights and the Upper West Side were considered part of the [[Bloomingdale District]] until Morningside Park was finished in the late 19th century. Large-scale development started in the 1890s with academic and cultural institutions. By the 1900s, public transportation construction and the neighborhood's first [[New York City Subway|subway]] line led to Morningside Heights being developed into a residential neighborhood. Morningside Heights was mostly developed by the 1930s. During the mid-20th century, as the institutions within Morningside Heights expanded, cultural tensions grew between residents who were affiliated with institutions and those who were not. After a period of decline, the neighborhood started to [[Gentrification|gentrify]] in the 1980s and 1990s.

A large portion of Morningside Heights is part of the campus of [[Columbia University]], a private [[Ivy League]] university. Morningside Heights contains numerous other educational institutions such as [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]], [[Barnard College]], the [[Manhattan School of Music]], [[Bank Street College of Education]], [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]], and the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]]. Additionally, Morningside Heights includes several religious institutions, including the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]], [[Riverside Church]], the [[Church of Notre Dame (New York City)|Church of Notre Dame]], [[Corpus Christi Church (New York City)|Corpus Christi Church]], and [[Interchurch Center]]. The neighborhood also contains other architectural landmarks, such as St. Luke's Hospital (now [[Mount Sinai Morningside]]) and [[Grant's Tomb]].

Morningside Heights is part of [[Manhattan Community Board 9|Manhattan Community District 9]].<ref name="NYCPlanning" /> It is patrolled by the 26th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department]] with fire services being provided by the [[New York City Fire Department]]'s Engine Company 47 and Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40. Politically it is represented by the [[New York City Council]]'s 7th District.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==

=== Precolonial and colonial period ===
Initially, [[Manhattan]] was settled by the [[Lenape]] Native Americans,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/newyorkcityinin00bolt/newyorkcityinin00bolt_djvu.txt|title=New York City in Indian possession|last=Bolton|first=Reginald Pelham|date=1975|access-date=July 29, 2019|via=Internet Archive|page=12}}</ref> who referred to the area nearby as "Muscota" or "Muscoota", meaning "place of rushes".<ref name="NYC_Parks_Morningside2" /><ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Native American place names in New York City|last=Grumet|first=Robert|publisher=Museum of the City of New York Produced by Pub. Center for Cultural Resources|year=1981|isbn=978-0-89062-110-3|page=36|oclc=7553276}}</ref><ref name="Pirsson 1889 p. 1">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11290317_000|title=The Dutch Grants, Harlem Patents and Tidal Creeks: The Law Applicable to Those Subjects Examined and Stated|last=Pirsson|first=J.W.|publisher=L. K. Strouse|year=1889|page=[https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11290317_000/page/n14 1]|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref> The nearest Native American settlements were Rechewanis and [[Konaande Kongh]] in present-day [[Central Park]], to the southeast of modern Morningside Heights.<ref name="NYCL p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indianpathsingre00bolt|title=Indian paths in the great metropolis|last=Bolton|first=Reginald Pelham|date=1922|publisher=New York, Museum of the American Indian, Heye foundation|others=The Library of Congress|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianpathsingre00bolt/page/221 221]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The historical atlas of New York City : a visual celebration of 400 years of New York City's history|last=Homberger|first=Eric|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8050-7842-8|page=17|oclc=61126230}}</ref> Additionally, a Native American path in the area was adapted into part of modern-day Riverside Drive. However, the region remained relatively hard to access because of the steep topography.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> Prior to the beginning of the 18th century, most travel within modern New York City was made via water, since there were few roads in the region.<ref name="Mott pp. 4-5">{{harvnb|Mott|1908|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref>

Dutch settlers occupied Manhattan in the early 17th century and called the nearby area "Vredendal", meaning "peaceful dale".<ref name="NYC_Parks_Morningside2" /> The western boundary of New [[Harlem]] was drawn through the present-day [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)|Morningside Park]] in 1666, running from [[74th Street (Manhattan)|74th Street]] at the East River to 124th Street at the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] (now [[Hudson River]]) on the neighborhood's western edge.<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newharlempastan01nuttgoog|title=New Harlem past and present: the story of an amazing civic wrong, now at last to be righted|last1=Pierce|first1=C.H.|last2=Toler|first2=W.P.|last3=De Pau Nutting|first3=H.|publisher=[[New Harlem Publishing Co.]]|year=1903|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newharlempastan01nuttgoog/page/n237 153]–156|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref> The area to the west of the boundary, present-day Morningside Heights, was originally the common lands of British-occupied New York.<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 2" /><ref name="Stokes p. 98">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stokes|1915|p=98}}</ref><ref name="Hall p. 547">{{harvnb|ps=.|Hall|1916|p=547}}</ref> In 1686, New York colonial governor [[Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick|Thomas Dongan]] granted the city of New York the patent to a triangular area between West 107th to 124th Streets, extending west to the Hudson River.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> The city sold the land to Jacob De Key in 1701.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /><ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Stokes|1915|p=175}}</ref><ref name="Hall p. 546">{{harvnb|ps=.|Hall|1916|p=546}}</ref> An easy connection to the rest of the modern-day city was made two years later, when [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Bloomingdale Road]]{{efn|The name may have come from a Dutch village in a flower-growing region near [[Haarlem]] in the [[Netherlands]].<ref name="Dolkart pp. 13-15" />}}<!-- which referred to part of the present-day neighborhood of Manhattan Valley, located to the south --> (modern-day Broadway) was extended north from [[Lower Manhattan]] to 117th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /><ref name="Mott pp. 4-5" /> Harman Vandewater acquired part of the De Key farm by 1735,<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 2" /><ref name="Stokes p. 98" /><ref name="Hall p. 547" /> and it was called Vandewater Heights by 1738.<ref name="NYC_Parks_Morningside2" />

On September 16, 1776, the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]] was fought in the area, with the most intense fighting occurring in a sloping wheat field that is now the location of [[Barnard College]]. A plaque by the [[Columbia University]] gate on 117th Street and Broadway commemorates this battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://untappedcities.com/2013/12/13/1776-battle-of-harlem-heights-fought-at-modern-day-columbia-university|title=The 1776 Battle of Harlem Heights Was Fought at Modern Day Columbia University|work=Untapped Cities|date=December 13, 2013 }}</ref> Vandewater Heights was sold by 1785 to James W. De Peyster.<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 2" /><ref name="Hall p. 547" /> His brother, Nicholas De Peyster, bought the land directly to the west, along the shoreline.<ref name="Mott pp. 4-5" />

=== 19th-century development ===
[[File:Bloomingdale Insane Asylum, Manhattanville, New York.jpg|thumb|Bloomingdale Insane Asylum circa 1831]]

Though a grid for Manhattan Island would be laid out in the [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]],<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 2" /> the present-day Morningside Heights would remain sparsely developed for the next half-century, with the exception of the [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum]] and the [[Leake and Watts Orphan Asylum]].<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 5" /> The Society for New York Hospital had started buying lots between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenues north of 113th Street in 1816, and opened the Bloomingdale Asylum in 1821.<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart pp. 13-15">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=13–15}}</ref> Leake and Watts Services purchased the Society's land east of Amsterdam Avenue between 110th and 113th Streets in 1834,<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Richmond 1872">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkanditsin00richgoog|title=New York and Institutions 1609–1873|last=Richmond|first=J.F.|year=1872|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newyorkanditsin00richgoog/page/n301 325]–327|publisher=New York, E.B. Treat;[etc., etc.] |access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart pp. 19-20">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=19–20}}</ref> and [[Ithiel Town]]'s design for the Leake and Watts Asylum was completed in 1843.<ref name="Richmond 1872" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 19-20" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/24/realestate/streetscapes-leake-watts-orphan-asylum-castoff-path-growing-great-cathedral.html|title=Streetscapes: The Leake & Watts Orphan Asylum; A Castoff in the Path of a Growing, Great Cathedral|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=June 24, 1990 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 29, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In addition, the [[Croton Aqueduct]] ran above ground through the modern neighborhood, opening in 1842.<ref name="Dolkart p. 21">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=21}}</ref>

Through the late 19th century, Bloomingdale Road was the only connection to the rest of Manhattan.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /> A stagecoach line along Bloomingdale Road, founded in 1819, was expanded to modern Morningside Heights and Manhattanville four years later.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Upper West Side story : a history and guide|last=Salwen|first=Peter|publisher=[[Abbeville Press]]|year=1989|isbn=978-0-89659-894-2|page=31|oclc=18815559}}</ref> Mansions were developed on the shore, and William Dixon erected small wood-frame houses on 110th Street, which would be referred to as "Dixonville".<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 26-27">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=26–27}}</ref> In 1846, the [[Hudson River Railroad]] (later the [[West Side Line]] and [[Hudson Line (Metro-North)|Hudson Line]]) was built along the Hudson River waterfront, connecting New York City to Albany.<ref name="Grimm 2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEOw_tc51PQC&pg=PA3|title=Riverside Park: The Splendid Sliver|last1=Grimm|first1=E.|last2=Schroeder|first2=E.P.|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-51219-0|page=3}}</ref><ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1939">{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/riverside-park/history|title=Riverside Park Highlights : NYC Parks|date=June 26, 1939|publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref>

By an act of the [[New York State Legislature]] passed in 1865, the commissioners of [[Central Park]] had the responsibility of executing the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 within Upper Manhattan.<ref name="Grimm 2007" /> The same year, Central Park commissioner William R. Martin put forth the first proposal for a park and scenic road along the Hudson River, which later became [[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]] and [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]].<ref name="Grimm 2007" /><ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1939" /><ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1980|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=24}}</ref> On the opposite side of the modern-day neighborhood, to the east, Central Park commissioner [[Andrew Haswell Green]] proposed Morningside Park in 1867 to avoid the expense of expanding the Manhattan street grid across extremely steep terrain.<ref name="Dolkart p. 22">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=22}}</ref><ref name="Hall p. 557">{{harvnb|Hall|1916|ps=.|p=557}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1983) p. 396">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=396}}</ref> Landscape designer [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] was hired for both projects:<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /> he designed Riverside Drive and Park in 1873–1875,<ref name="Dolkart p. 22" /><ref name="NYCL 1980 p. 8">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1980|p=8}}</ref> and he co-designed Morningside Park with [[Calvert Vaux]] in 1873,<ref name="Dolkart p. 22" /><ref name="Hall p. 565">{{harvnb|Hall|1916|ps=.|p=565}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/pagefiles/48/Board%20of%20Commissioners%20of%20the%20NYC%20Dept%20of%20Public%20Parks%20-%20Documents%20-%20April%2030%201874.pdf|title=Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks – Documents: June 23, 1873 – March 4, 1874|date=1874|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=July 30, 2019|pages=100–108}}</ref> with further revisions to the latter in 1887.<ref name="Dolkart p. 23">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=23}}</ref> The section of Riverside Drive and Park in the Bloomingdale District, of which modern-day Morningside Heights was considered to be part, was completed by 1880.<ref name="Dolkart p. 24">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=24}}</ref><ref name="NYCL 1980 p. 11">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1980|p=11}}</ref> Morningside Park was completed in 1895.<ref name="NYC_Parks_Morningside2" />
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0612).jpg|thumb|Until 1903, the [[IRT Ninth Avenue Line|Ninth Avenue elevated]] bypassed Morningside Heights (depicted in background)]]
Though several other infrastructure improvements were made, development in the region above 110th Street was slow until the 1890s.<ref name="NYCL p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=6}}</ref> Broadway, a wide avenue with medians, opened in 1868 as the "Boulevard" and replaced the former Bloomingdale Road.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> New pipes for the Croton Aqueduct were laid in 1865, and a still-extant gatehouse at 113th Street was erected later.<ref name="Dolkart p. 22" /> Plans to relocate the Bloomingdale Asylum were considered as early as 1870, but the [[Panic of 1873]] stalled any additional planning for the rest of the decade.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 29-30">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=29–30}}</ref> The Ninth Avenue elevated was extended north from the Bloomingdale District to Harlem in 1879,<ref name="Dolkart pp. 29-30" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIswAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA914|title=Report|year=1885|page=914|access-date=December 9, 2019|issue=v. 2}}</ref> but its route largely skipped the highlands north of 110th Street, as its route shifted eastward at 110th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 31">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=31}}</ref> An elevated station at [[110th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)|110th Street and Manhattan Avenue]] was not opened until 1903,<ref name="Dolkart p. 31" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgFLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR37|title=The Summary|publisher=State Reformatory|year=1903|page=37|access-date=December 9, 2019|issue=v. 31}}</ref> and even then, it was hard to access due to the steep topography.<ref name="Dolkart p. 31" /> Thus, while the Upper West Side to the south and [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]] to the north were developed with [[Terraced house|row houses]] by the 1880s, the intervening area had almost no new development.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 29-30" /> ''The Real Estate Record and Guide'' stated that it was "difficult to explore the region without a guide" because of the lack of development there.<ref name="Record Aug 1906">{{cite journal|date=August 11, 1906|title=Transformation of Morningside Heights|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/pdf_files/ldpd_7031148_038_6.pdf|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=78|pages=255|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2004}}</ref>

=== 1890s through 1930s ===
In 1886, real estate figures and politicians started advocating for the relocation of both asylums in the neighborhood.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 31" /> The asylums were seen as holding up development in the area. The Bloomingdale Asylum had twice rejected offers to purchase its land: first in 1880, when [[Ulysses S. Grant]] advocated for a [[world's fair]] to be held there three years later,<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 396" /> and then in 1888, when the area was being considered as the site of the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] to be held during 1892.<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 396" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 432">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=43}}</ref>

The Bloomingdale Asylum moved to a site in suburban [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] in 1888, followed by the Leake and Watts Asylum three years later. Their respective campuses were purchased by Columbia University, which could not expand their existing campus at the present site of [[Rockefeller Center]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]; and the [[Episcopal Diocese of New York]], which had been looking for sites to build their main cathedral, the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]].<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 32-35">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=32–35}}</ref> Several other educational institutions were soon constructed in the area, including [[Barnard College]], [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]], [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]], and [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]].<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> Medical institutions moved there as well, such as [[Mount Sinai Morningside|St. Luke's Hospital]]<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 402">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=402}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 94" /> and the [[Woman's Hospital]].<ref name="Dolkart pp. 100-101" />

==== New name and first residential buildings ====
[[File:South end of Morningside Park 2017 Feb jeh.jpg|thumb|Morningside Park, which was the neighborhood's namesake]]
In the 1890s, following Morningside Park's completion, several figures began advocating for the use of the name "Morningside Heights" for the region between 110th and 125th Streets. The name "Bloomingdale" was also used for the area around the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. However, other names such as "Morningside Hill" and "Riverside Heights" were used for the area.<ref name="dnainfo2012" /> When construction started on Columbia University, Teachers College, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and St. Luke's Hospital in the mid-1890s, no single name was commonly used for the neighborhood.<ref name="NYCL 2008 p. 10">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=10}}</ref> Two names eventually gained the most use; "Morningside Heights" was preferred by the two colleges, while "Cathedral Heights" was preferred by St. John's and St. Luke's. After about 1898, "Morningside Heights" became the most generally accepted, although the diocese at St. John's continued to call the neighborhood "Cathedral Heights" well into the 20th century.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 4-5">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref>

Additionally, Manhattan's population was growing rapidly, exceeding one million in 1890.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> Speculative [[Real estate development|developers]], hoping to cater to Morningside Heights' institutions and Manhattan's increasing population, started erecting the first row houses in the area in 1892–1893. These early buildings were designed in the [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial]], [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]], or [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] styles, in contrast to the architecture of the older row houses in nearby neighborhoods. These developers saw mixed success: while some houses sold quickly, others languished for a decade or were [[Foreclosure|foreclosed]].<ref name="Dolkart pp. 282-284">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=282–284}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=7}}</ref> The Morningside Protective Association, established in 1896,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/04/18/archives/morningside-park-improvers-protective-association-for-acquaintance.html|title=Morningside Park Improvers; Protective Association for Acquaintance and Mutual Benefit.|date=April 18, 1896|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> unsuccessfully attempted to limit the proliferation of low-rise development.<ref name="NYCL p. 8">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=8}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart pp. 285-286">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=285–286}}</ref> The first [[tenement]]s in Morningside Heights were built toward the end of the 1890s and were among the only [[Old Law Tenement]]s built in the neighborhood.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" />

==== Academic Acropolis development ====
The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, on Amsterdam Avenue between 110th and 113th Streets, had been the first institution to commit to building in Morningside Heights.<ref name="Dolkart p. 87">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=87}}</ref> However, construction proceeded very slowly: the first portion of the cathedral did not open until 1911,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/04/20/archives/great-cathedral-is-consecrated-320000-toward-completion-of-edifice.html|title=Great Cathedral is Consecrated; $320,000 Toward Completion of Edifice Contributed at Impressive Services|date=April 20, 1911|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 3, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the cathedral remained incomplete a century later.<ref name="NY8">{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/repaired-after-fire-cathedral-reopens/|title=Repaired After Fire, Cathedral Reopens|last=Chan|first=Sewell|date=November 30, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 12, 2009|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|author-link=Sewell Chan}}</ref> Nonetheless, its presence led other institutions to move to the neighborhood.<ref name="Dolkart p. 87" /> The first of these was St. Luke's Hospital, which in 1892 purchased the site directly north of the cathedral as a direct result of influence from cathedral secretary [[George Macculloch Miller]].<ref name="NYCL (2002) p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2002|ps=.|p=2}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 86">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=86}}</ref> Built to designs by [[Ernest Flagg]], the first five pavilions in the hospital opened in 1896,<ref name="Dolkart p. 94">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=94}}</ref><ref name="NYCL (2002) p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2002|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/01/25/archives/st-lukes-partly-moved-forty-patients-transferred-to-morn-ingside.html|title=St. Luke's Partly Moved; Forty Patients Transferred to Morningside Heights|date=January 25, 1896|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1983) p. 403">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=403}}</ref> with three additional pavilions being added later.<ref name="Dolkart p. 94" /><ref name="NYCL (2002) p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2002|ps=.|p=6}}</ref> Next was [[Cady, Berg & See]]'s Home for Old Men and Aged Couples, built at Amsterdam Avenue and 112th Street and opened in 1896.<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 403" /> Third to come was the Woman's Hospital at Amsterdam Avenue and 110th Street, which was designed by Frederick R. Allen of [[Allen & Collens]] and completed in 1906.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 100-101" /><ref name="Stern (1983) p. 404">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=404}}</ref> While these projects led to Morningside Heights being known as an "Academic Acropolis", they did not significantly alter the character of the neighborhood.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 100-101">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=100–101}}</ref>[[File:Low Memorial Library Columbia University College Walk Court Yard 05.jpg|thumb|[[Low Memorial Library]]]]
By the late 1890s and early 1900s, Morningside Heights' academic institutions were growing rapidly. The most prominent of these was Columbia University, whose president [[Seth Low]] had commissioned [[Charles Follen McKim]] of the architectural firm [[McKim, Mead & White]] to design the new Morningside Heights campus in 1893.<ref name="Dolkart p. 125">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=125}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Passanti|first=Francesco|date=May 1977|title=The Design of Columbia in the 1890s, McKim and His Client|url=http://jsah.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.2307/989104|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|volume=36|issue=2|pages=69–84|doi=10.2307/989104|jstor=989104|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1983) p. 405">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=405}}</ref> The plan consisted of 15 buildings and a South Court on the east side of Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets, centered around the university's major library, [[Low Memorial Library]].<ref name="Dolkart pp. 126-135">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=126–135}}</ref> The Low Library was constructed between 1895 and 1897,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/low-memorial-library.htm|title=Low Memorial Library, Columbia University, New York|publisher=[[U.S. National Park Service]]|language=en|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-1118">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1118.pdf|title=Low Memorial Library Interior|date=February 3, 1981|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|page=2|access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1983) p. 406">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=406}}</ref> along with most of the other original structures,<ref name="Dolkart p. 153">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=153}}</ref> and the first classes at the new campus were held in October 1897.<ref name="Dolkart p. 153" /><ref name="Susi p. 9">{{harvnb|Susi|2007|ps=.|p=9}}</ref><ref name="Gray 2003">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/realestate/streetscapes-116th-120th-streets-broadway-claremont-avenue-architecture-barnard.html|title=Streetscapes/116th to 120th Streets, Broadway to Claremont Avenue; Architecture of Barnard, in the Shadow of Columbia|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=December 7, 2003|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several campus expansions occurred shortly afterward, including [[Earl Hall]] in 1902;<ref name="Dolkart p. 159">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=159}}</ref><ref name="Coulson Roberts Taylor 2015 p. 149">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4EcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=University Planning and Architecture: The search for perfection |last1=Coulson|first1=J.|last2=Roberts|first2=P.|last3=Taylor|first3=I.|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-61316-9|page=149|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> the first dormitories, [[Hartley Hall]] and [[Wallach Hall|Livingston Hall]], in 1905;<ref name="Dolkart p. 164">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=164}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1983) p. 410">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=410}}</ref> South Field, purchased in 1903;<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 408">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=408}}</ref><ref name="Susi p. 12">{{harvnb|Susi|2007|ps=.|p=12}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 165">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=165}}</ref> [[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)|St. Paul's Chapel]], completed in 1907;<ref name="Dolkart p. 178">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=178}}</ref><ref name="Postal, Matthew A. 2009">{{Cite nycland|page=195}}</ref> and numerous classrooms and other buildings.<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 408" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 179-186">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=179–186}}</ref> Columbia's presence in Morningside Heights led to a significant change in the neighborhood's character,<ref name="Dolkart pp. 100-101" /> and was dubbed by the ''Real Estate Record and Guide'' as "the largest single factor [...] in promoting private real estate and building activity on the plateau".<ref name="Stern (1983) p. 396" /><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 16, 1897|title=Morningside Plateau|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_020&page=ldpd_7031148_020_00000612&no=1|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=60|pages=542–543|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=1544}}</ref>

Just across Broadway to the west was the campus of Barnard College, a [[women's college]]. In 1895, philanthropist [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] donated funds on the condition that [[Charles A. Rich]] was hired to design the campus.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 211-215">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=211–215}}</ref> Before funds ran out, Rich ultimately designed the [[Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls]], which held their first classes in October 1897.<ref name="Gray 2003" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 211-215" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1897/11/12/archives/the-milbank-memorial-western-wing-presented-to-teachers-college.html|title=The Milbank Memorial; Western Wing Presented to Teachers College Dedicated with Appropriate Ceremonies|date=November 12, 1897|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Immediately north was Teachers College, which became affiliated with Columbia University in 1893 and merged with the latter in 1897.<ref name="Dolkart p. 228">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=228}}</ref> The buildings for this campus were designed by [[William Appleton Potter]].<ref name="Dolkart p. 228" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA3-PA171|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art|last=Marter|first=J.M.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-533579-8|page=3-PA171|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> The first structure in the complex, Main Hall, was completed in late 1894; the last, Milbank Memorial Hall, was finished three years later.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 231-232">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=231–232}}</ref> Both Barnard and Teachers Colleges saw rapid growth in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/14/archives/barnard-college-is-crying-aloud-for-funds-present-equipment-and.html|title=Barnard College Is Crying Aloud For Funds; Present Equipment and Resources Totally Inadequate|last=Gildersleeve|first=Virginia C.|date=December 14, 1913|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 241">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=241}}</ref> Only three structures were built for Barnard, resulting in overcrowding;{{efn|Namely [[Brooks Hall]] (1906–1908), [[Students' Hall]] (1916), and Hewitt Hall (1924)<ref>{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=219, 222–223}}</ref>}} by contrast, numerous large facilities were erected for Teachers College, including a gymnasium, manual arts building, household arts building, and dormitories.<ref name="Dolkart p. 239">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=239}}</ref>

Other institutions of higher education on Morningside Heights were developed in the early 20th century, the first of which was the new campus of the Union Theological Seminary between Broadway and Claremont Avenue from 120th to 122nd Streets. The campus was composed of several Gothic Revival structures, designed by architects Allen & Collens and arranged around a quadrangle.<ref name="Dolkart p. 249">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=249}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-0595">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0595.pdf|title=Union Theological Seminary|date=November 15, 1967|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> The structures were completed by 1910,<ref name="Susi p. 9" /><ref name="NYCL-0595" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 252">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=252}}</ref> and expanded soon after with the construction of the [[Riverside Church#Stone Gym|Stone Gym]] in 1912 (now part of Riverside Church),<ref name="Dolkart p. 252" /> and a dormitory on Claremont Avenue erected in 1931–1932.<ref name="Dolkart p. 255">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=255}}</ref> Two musical institutions, the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard School (which later merged<ref name="Dolkart pp. 265-266">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=265–266}}</ref>), settled immediately north of the Union Theological Seminary.<ref name="Dolkart p. 261">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=261}}</ref> The Institute of Musical Art constructed its building within 21 weeks in 1910 and had its first classes that same year.<ref name="Susi p. 9" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 261" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/11/06/archives/taft-talks-on-economy-wants-departments-to-get-a-dollars-value-for.html|title=Taft Talks on Economy; Wants Departments to Get a Dollar's Value for Each Dollar Spent.|date=November 6, 1910|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Juilliard building was completed in 1931.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 265-266" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/11/08/archives/juilliard-school-dedicates-hall-student-orchestra-under-leopold.html|title=Juilliard School Dedicates Hall; Student Orchestra Under Leopold Stokowski Gives Concert in New Auditorium.|date=November 8, 1931|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The final structure to be built was the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, across Broadway to the east of Juilliard, whose buildings were completed in 1930.<ref name="Dolkart p. 273">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=273}}</ref><ref>See:
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/27/archives/seminary-dedicates-ls-brush-dormitory-dr-adler-at-jewish-school.html|title=Seminary Dedicates L.S. Brush Dormitory; Dr. Adler at Jewish School Ceremony Lauds Memory of Donor—Confers Six Degrees.|date=October 27, 1930|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/20/archives/seminary-dedicates-two-new-buildings-library-and-teachers-school.html|title=Seminary Dedicates Two New Buildings; Library and Teachers' School Hailed as Markers of Epoch in Jewish Life.|date=October 20, 1930|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Riverside Church]], to the west of the Union Theological Seminary, was completed the same year.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtoegDGyJcgC|title=The History of the Riverside Church in the City of New York|last1=Paris|first1=Peter J.|last2=Cook|first2=John Wesley|last3=Hudnut-Beumler|first3=James|last4=Mamiya|first4=Lawrence|last5=Tisdale|first5=Leonora Tubbs|last6=Weisenfeld|first6=Judith|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8147-6836-5|series=Religion, Race, and Ethnicity|pages=137}}</ref><ref name="NYCL (5-2000) p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Riverside Church|2000|ps=.|p=6}}</ref>

==== Apartment developments and subway construction ====
[[File:1910 Colosseum (Manhattan) cropped.jpg|alt=The Colosseum, built by the Paterno Brothers in 1910|thumb|[[The Colosseum (Manhattan)|The Colosseum]], built by the Paterno Brothers in 1910]]
There was still little residential development in the first decade of the 20th century. A small concentration of [[beer garden]]s began to develop around the "Dixonville" on 110th Street.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 26-27" /> The [[New York State Tenement House Act]] of 1901 drastically changed the regulations to which tenement buildings had to conform.<ref name="NYCL p. 9">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009784289|title=The tenement house laws of the City of New York|date=1901|access-date=December 10, 2019|via=HathiTrust Digital Library}}</ref> To fit these new regulations, the architects of the different developments drew up several general plans to maximize the amount of floor space in each building, while also ensuring every residential unit had windows that faced either a courtyard or the street. The more common plans included L-, I-, O-, or U-shaped designs.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 303-304">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=303–304}}</ref> Several buildings were erected close to Broadway in anticipation of the construction of the [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company]]'s [[Early history of the IRT subway|first subway line]] (now part of the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line|Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]], serving the {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}). These buildings contained features that were considered innovative at the time, such as electric lighting, soundproofed and [[Parquetry|parquet]] floors, tiled bathrooms with porcelain fixtures, and [[Long-distance calling|long-distance telephone]] lines.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/apartmenthouseso00unse|title=Apartment Houses of the Metropolis|publisher=G. C. Hesselgren Publishing Company|year=1908|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apartmenthouseso00unse/page/170 170]–171, 226–227|access-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref> Since the character of the neighborhood had not yet been developed, early-1900s apartment buildings tended to be erected "modestly", with little ornamentation.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" />

The subway opened in October 1904 with stations at [[Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|110th]], [[116th Street–Columbia University station|116th]], and [[125th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|125th]] Streets, providing a direct connection to Lower Manhattan, the city's economic center at the time.<ref name="Dolkart p. 31" /><ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/10/28/archives/exercises-in-city-hall-mayor-declares-subway-open-ovations-for.html|title=Exercises in City Hall; Mayor Declares Subway Open|date=October 28, 1904|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In subsequent years, developers erected larger buildings for the middle class, which had been made feasible by the area's proximity to the subway.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 305-306">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=305–306}}</ref> Between 1903 and 1911, at least 75 apartment buildings were built in the neighborhood.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /> By 1906, there were 27 such developments underway, including structures on which work had started before the 1901 law had been passed.<ref name="NYCL p. 10">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=10}}</ref> A ''Real Estate Record and Guide'' article published in August 1906 described Morningside Heights as New York City's "most distinctive high-class apartment house quarter".<ref name="Record Aug 1906" /><ref name="NYCL p. 10" /> Units on Riverside Drive, despite being further from the subway, were generally more expensive because of their riverfront views.<ref name="NYCL p. 10" />

Jewish and Italian developers had a large influence in early-20th century development in Morningside Heights.<ref name="Dolkart p. 292">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=292}}</ref> For instance, the Italian-American [[Charles V. Paterno|Paterno brothers]], along with their brothers-in-law, built [[The Paterno]], [[The Colosseum (Manhattan)|The Colosseum]], and several other large apartment buildings in the area.<ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/14/archives/joseph-paterno-builder-58-dead-pioneer-in-the-construction-of.html|title=Joseph Paterno, Builder; 58, Dead; Pioneer in the Construction of Skyscraper Apartments Succumbs to Pneumonia|last1=Laviosa|first1=V.|date=June 14, 1939|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 12, 2019 |language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two members of the family, Michael Paterno and Victor Cerabone, also started their own firms and built structures in Morningside Heights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/15/archives/me-paterno-dies-a-notable-builder-erected-many-cooperative.html|title=M.E. Paterno Dies; A Notable Builder|date=July 15, 1946|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/26/archives/victor-cerabone.html|title=Victor Cerabone|date=June 26, 1954|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 12">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=12}}</ref> The majority of Morningside Heights developers were Jewish, although most of these Jewish developers created only a few buildings.<ref name="Dolkart p. 294">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=294}}</ref> More prolific Jewish developers in Morningside Heights created companies that either carried their family names or had more generic names that hid their family's background. Such developers included Carlyle Realty, B. Crystal & Son, and Carnegie Construction.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 294" /> According to [[Andrew Dolkart]], architectural historian at Columbia University, more than half of the early apartment housing in Morningside Heights was developed by one of three firms: [[George F. Pelham|George Pelham]], Neville & Bagge, or [[Schwartz & Gross]].<ref name="Dolkart p. 295">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=295}}</ref> After [[World War I]], the remaining empty lots were bought and developed.<ref name="NYCL p. 13">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=13}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 320">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=320}}</ref>

By the 1920s, the neighborhood's character had been fully established.<ref name="NYCL p. 14">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=14}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 321">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=321}}</ref> In addition to apartment buildings, Morningside Heights contained commercial ventures, though these were mainly confined to low-rise buildings on the north–south avenues.<ref name="Dolkart p. 321" /> Through the 1930s, many residents were white and middle-class. The heads of these families included professionals like academics, engineers, doctors, lawyers, and businesspersons who worked in industries such as the garment trade.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

=== Mid- and late 20th century ===

==== Demographic changes ====
[[File:Edgewater Ferry 125 St. Manhattan.gif|thumb|Morningside Heights, {{Circa|1926}}|alt=|left]]

As early as 1930, the neighborhood was undergoing major demographic changes, and the newcomers included middle-class families who were not necessarily part of any institution.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 325">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=325}}</ref> This resulted in a split between the two main groups that inhabited Morningside Heights—those who were affiliated with institutions and those who were not—setting up conflicts between the two demographic groups.<ref name="Dolkart p. 325" />

As a response to the [[Great Depression]], many of the apartments had been subdivided into smaller units, with residents frequently dividing their apartments or taking in boarders, or owners converting their buildings to [[single room occupancy]] (SRO) hotels.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 328" /> The increasing prevalence of SROs led to attendant socioeconomic problems and a decline in the neighborhood, especially after [[World War II]], when many well-off white residents left for the suburbs, to be replaced by poor African American and Puerto Rican residents. Many of the once-opulent apartment buildings declined in quality.<ref name="Dolkart p. 328">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=328}}</ref> In a sign of the social tensions that had developed in Morningside Heights, in 1958, ''The New York Times'' reported that [[Midshipman|midshipmen]] of the [[United States Navy]] studying at Columbia were forbidden from the area bounded by Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and 110th and 113th Streets, where there were reported to be high concentrations of prostitutes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/09/archives/slums-engulfing-columbia-section-blight-resists-campaign-by.html|title=Slums Engulfing Columbia Section; Blight Resists Campaign by Educational and Religious Units to Halt Its March|last=Phillips|first=Wayne|date=June 9, 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two years later, the ''Times'' called the formerly opulent [[The Hendrik Hudson|Hendrik Hudson]] apartment building "one of the city's worst slum buildings", with several hundred building and health code violations.<ref name="Dolkart p. 329" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/17/archives/west-side-slum-regains-glitter-building-on-riverside-drive-gets.html|title=West Side Slum Regains Glitter; Building on Riverside Drive Gets First-Class Units in $750,000 Renovation|last=Bartnett|first=Edmond J.|date=April 17, 1960|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By 1961, there were 33 SROs in the neighborhood.<ref name="Dolkart p. 333">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=333}}</ref>

==== Urban renewal ====
[[File:NYCHA Grant Houses WTM3 The Fixers 0021.jpg|thumb|[[Grant Houses]], one of the redevelopment projects in Morningside Heights in the 1950s]]
In 1947, fourteen major institutions in the neighborhood formed Morningside Heights Inc, an [[urban renewal]] organization that aimed to reduce poverty and segregation by erecting new housing.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 329">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=329}}</ref> Morningside Heights Inc., headed by [[David Rockefeller]], was the first major joint venture between the neighborhood's institutions.<ref name="Dolkart p. 329" /> Its first project was [[Morningside Gardens]], a middle-income [[Housing cooperative|co-op]] apartment complex between 123rd and LaSalle Streets, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue. The project, completed in 1957, was initially occupied by a multi-racial tenant base of just under a thousand families, a third of whom worked at neighborhood institutions.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 330-331" /> Morningside Gardens drew some opposition, as it replaced an eclectic group of low- and mid-rise housing that was occupied by about 6,000 people, mostly African Americans.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 330-331">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=330–331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/21/archives/3year-slum-plan-relocates-5935-morningside-unit-reports-1626.html|title=3-year Slum Plan Relocates 5,935; Morningside Unit Reports 1,626 Families Shared in Obtaining New Homes|date=October 21, 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Another development in the neighborhood was [[Grant Houses]], a [[New York City Housing Authority]] public-housing development located to the east of Morningside Gardens, across Amsterdam Avenue.<ref name="Dolkart p. 332" /> Completed in 1956,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/08/20/archives/hello-to-gleam-at-grant-houses-community-welcome-slated-for-first.html|title='Hello' to Gleam at Grant Houses; Community Welcome Slated for First Tenants in City's Tallest Public Housing Financing of Project|last=Grutzner|first=Charles|date=August 20, 1956|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> it was less successful in racial integration<ref name="Dolkart p. 332">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=332}}</ref> but was praised by local landlords as a deterrent to urban decay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/06/22/archives/landlords-laud-lowcost-project-morningside-heights-group-says.html|title=Landlords Laud Low-cost Project; Morningside Heights Group Says Neighborhood Gains by City's Grant Houses 2 Developments Near By|last=Grutzner|first=Charles|date=June 22, 1956|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The construction of Grant Houses necessitated the displacement of 7,000 residents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/08/09/archives/mayor-deplores-slum-job-delays-he-tours-city-projects-and-hears.html|title=Mayor Deplores Slum Job Delays|last=Bennett|first=Charles G.|date=August 9, 1956|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' described the urban renewal scheme in 1957 as "the biggest face-lifting job under way in this city".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/21/archives/citys-acropolis-combating-slums-manhattanvillemorningside-heights-a.html|title=City's 'Acropolis' Combating Slums; Manhattanville-Morningside Heights Area Is Getting a Mammoth Face-Lifting|last=Grutzner|first=Charles|date=May 21, 1957|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Prior to the urban renewal projects, most institutions in Morningside Heights considered its northern boundary to be around 122nd Street, but with the completion of these developments, the area between 122nd and 125th Street was added to the popular definition of Morningside Heights.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 330-331" />

==== Institutional expansion ====
Three institutions opened or moved into Morningside Heights during the late 1950s and early 1960s.<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" /> These were [[the Interchurch Center]], opened in 1960;<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/30/archives/new-interchurch-center-dedicated-near-riverside.html|title=New Interchurch Center Dedicated Near Riverside|date=May 30, 1960|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the [[Bank Street College of Education]], which announced its intention to move to the area in 1964;<ref name="Dolkart p. 327" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/20/archives/bank-st-college-assembles-site-institution-plans-3-million-building.html|title=Bank St. College Assembles Site; Institution Plans $3 Million Building on W. 112th St.|date=February 20, 1964|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and [[St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School]], which relocated from Manhattan Valley and Morningside Heights in 1967.<ref name="Dolkart p. 327" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/07/archives/episcopal-school-shows-new-home-st-hildas-and-st-hughs-has-no-hair.html|title=Episcopal School Shows New Home; St. Hilda's and St. Hugh's Has No Hair Style Issue|last=Dugan|first=George|date=January 7, 1967|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Columbia assisted with the latter two additions, since it was interested in making Morningside Heights into a desirable place for its faculty to send their children to primary school.<ref name="Dolkart p. 327" /> Within the existing campuses of neighborhood institutions, two St. Luke's Hospital pavilions were demolished and replaced in the 1950s and 1960s,<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" /> and a new office wing at Riverside Church opened in 1959.<ref name="NYCL (5-2000) p. 7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Riverside Church|2000|ps=.|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/07/archives/new-8story-wing-opens-at-riverside.html|title=New 8-Story Wing Opens at Riverside|date=December 7, 1959|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Social tensions began to develop as many of the area's institutions began to expand into the surrounding neighborhood.<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" /> The newer buildings had architecture that was described as bland, as contrasted to the simultaneous expansions of other communities with [[Ivy League]] universities, which were constructing structures with more distinctive designs.<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" /><ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|pages=734–756}}</ref>{{efn|Architectural historian [[Andrew Dolkart]] cites [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], and [[Yale University]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], as examples of Ivy League campuses that were erecting structures with more distinguished architecture.<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" />}} Through the 1960s, Columbia University, Barnard College, and other institutions purchased several dozen buildings in Morningside Heights, leading to accusations of forced eviction and [[gentrification]].<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 333" /> Many residential buildings were converted to institutional use, while others were demolished to make way for new institutional buildings,<ref name="Dolkart p. 334">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=334}}</ref> such as Columbia University's [[East Campus (Columbia University)|East Campus]].<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|pages=736–737}}</ref> The process involved demolishing some of the SROs, which were mostly occupied by racial minorities and did not have [[rent regulation]].<ref name="Dolkart p. 333" /> Likewise, while apartment buildings were rent-regulated, many units were subject to "affiliation clauses" that extended tenancy only to members of the academic institutions within Morningside Heights.<ref name="Dolkart p. 334" /> Protests against such clauses continued through the late 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/05/archives/tenants-protest-eviction-from-columbias-housing.html|title=Tenants Protest Eviction from Columbia's Housing|date=March 5, 1978|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The conflicts peaked in 1968, when [[Columbia University protests of 1968|protests]] arose in Columbia's campus and the surrounding neighborhood over the university's proposal to build a gym in Morningside Park,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/16/archives/new-columbia-gym-is-opposed.html|title=New Columbia Gym Is Opposed|date=April 16, 1968|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 1, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> which would have created separate entrances in mostly-white Morningside Heights and mostly-black Harlem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/26/archives/gym-controversy-began-in-late-50s-many-columbia-opponents-use-it-as.html|title=Gym Controversy Began In Late 50s; Many Columbia Opponents Use It as a Symbol|last=Millones|first=Peter|date=April 26, 1968|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 1, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The university abandoned the plan the next year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/03/04/archives/columbia-trustees-scrap-the-gyminpark-plan.html|title=Columbia Trustees Scrap the Gym-in-Park Plan|date=March 4, 1969|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 1, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two other major plans were proposed but not built after objections from the community: a proposed expansion of the Interchurch Center,<ref name="Dolkart p. 335">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=335}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/21/archives/church-addition-is-halted-uptown-protestant-center-decision-follows.html|title=Church Addition Is Halted Uptown; Protestant Center Decision Follows Residents' Protest|last=Fried|first=Joseph P.|date=June 21, 1968|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and a nursing home on Amsterdam Avenue between 111th and 112th Streets.<ref name="Dolkart p. 335" /> There were even disputes between the city and Columbia University: the city had proposed erecting 1,000 apartments on Riverside Drive,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/16/archives/25million-housing-is-planned-by-city-for-columbia-area-25million.html|title=$25-Million Housing Is Planned by City For Columbia Area; $25-Million Apartment Project Is Planned for Columbia Area|last=Kihss|first=Peter|date=May 16, 1968|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but Columbia objected because it would have precluded the university's ability to build a proposed western campus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/30/archives/columbia-files-objection-to-city-housing-plans-asserts-morningside.html|title=Columbia Files Objection to City Housing Plans; Asserts Morningside Heights Renewal Project Would Curb Campus Growth|last=Bennett|first=Charles G.|date=May 30, 1968|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1970, [[I. M. Pei]] was hired to create a new plan for Columbia's expansion on the South Field,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/18/archives/columbia-plan-includes-underground-expansion-columbia-master-plan.html|title=Columbia Plan Includes Underground Expansion|last=Huxtable|first=Ada Louise|date=February 18, 1970|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 336">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=336}}</ref> though only one portion of Pei's plan was ever built.<ref name="Dolkart p. 336" />

==== 1970s to 1990s ====
[[File:Morningside Heights from the Hudson jeh.jpg|thumb|From the Hudson River|alt=]]In the 1970s, as crimes increased in the city in general, institutional leaders in Morningside Heights raised concerns about safety and security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/05/archives/safety-promised-morningside-hts-lindsay-pledges-enormous-efforts-on.html|title=Safety Promised Morningside Hts.|last=Seigel|first=Max H.|date=September 5, 1973|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Meanwhile, Columbia University continued to expand its presence in the neighborhood. By the late 1970s, one in five apartment buildings in Morningside Heights were owned by Columbia,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/05/archives/tragedy-puts-columbia-to-new-test-as-landlord-tragedy-puts-columbia.html|title=Tragedy Puts Columbia To New Test as Landlord|last=Higgins|first=Richard|date=August 5, 1979|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and by the 1980s, it was the neighborhood's largest landlord.<ref name="McCain 1987"/> In 1979, a Barnard College student was killed by masonry that had fallen from a building owned by Columbia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/17/archives/falling-masonry-fatally-injures-barnard-student-what-could-i-do.html|title=Falling Masonry Fatally Injures Barnard Student|date=May 17, 1979|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the subsequent years, new building codes resulted in the removal of decorative elements on many buildings in the neighborhood.<ref name="Dolkart p. 336" />

The residential community of Morningside Heights remained centered around the neighboring institutions, and was relatively safe compared to nearby neighborhoods, though many residents stayed away from Morningside Park. A 1982 ''Times'' article mentioned that Broadway was seeing many new "restaurants and boutiques" that had replaced "dusty shops and fast-food counters".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/26/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-morningside-heights.html|title=If You're Thinking of Living in: Morningside Heights|last=Danto|first=Ginger|date=September 26, 1982|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By 1987, Morningside Heights was much safer compared to fifteen years prior, with Broadway being redeveloped as a fashionable shopping district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/06/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-morningside-heights.html|title=If You're Thinking of Living in; Morningside Heights|last=McKinley|first=James C.|date=September 6, 1987|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Much of this effort was undertaken by Columbia, which sought to improve its reputation among the surrounding community.<ref name="McCain 1987">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/realestate/commercial-property-storefronts-columbia-seeks-image-as-the-landlord-that-cares.html|title=Commercial Property: Storefronts; Columbia Seeks Image as the Landlord That Cares|last=McCain|first=Mark|date=September 20, 1987|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Columbia started to restore several of its buildings in the 1990s, and it continued to expand into Morningside Heights.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 337-338">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=337–338}}</ref> By the end of the decade, there were only 50 apartment buildings between 110th and 122nd Streets that were not owned by the university.<ref name="Dolkart p. 336" /> Other structures were also built in Morningside Heights, including Barnard's Sulzberger Hall.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/18/nyregion/barnard-dorm-is-dedicated-to-iphigene-ochs-sulzberger.html|title=Barnard Dorm Is Dedicated To Iphigene Ochs Sulzberger|last=Teltsch|first=Kathleen|date=October 18, 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Morningside Park, which received a series of renovations in the 1980s and 1990s, was no longer considered to be as dangerous by the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/01/nyregion/a-park-emerging-from-a-nightmare-a-new-spirit-rises-near-columbia.html|title=A Park Emerging From a Nightmare; A New Spirit Rises Near Columbia|last=Stewart|first=Barbara|date=August 1, 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Despite its redevelopment, the neighborhood still retained some of its working-class character, mostly because of Columbia's affiliation-clause policy, leading the ''Times'' to say in 1993 that Morningside Heights "has practically escaped [[Yuppie|yuppification]]".<ref name="NYT-Morningside-1993">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/20/realestate/if-youre-thinking-of-living-in-morningside-heights.html|title=If You're Thinking of Living in: Morningside Heights|last=Tauranac|first=John|date=June 20, 1993|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Housing prices started to increase rapidly in the late 1990s. A 1999 ''Times'' article mentioned that though there were still tensions between residents and institutions, these conflicts had subsided somewhat, with institutions being more receptive to feedback from residents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/21/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-morningside-heights-2-parks-sandwich-town-gown.html|title=If You're Thinking of Living In/Morningside Heights; 2 Parks Sandwich Town and Gown|last=Garb|first=Maggie|date=November 21, 1999|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== 21st century <span class="anchor" id="SoHa controversy"></span>===
In the late 1990s, some businesses in the area started labeling Morningside Heights and southern Harlem with the name '''SoHa''' (for "South Harlem" or "South of Harlem"), as seen in the names of Max's SoHa restaurant and the former SoHa nightclub in Morningside Heights.<ref name="dnainfo2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120501/upper-west-side-morningside-heights/from-bloomingdale-soha-one-uws-neighborhoods-quest-for-name|title=From Bloomingdale to SoHa: One UWS Neighborhood's Quest for a Name|work=DNA Info|date=May 1, 2012|access-date=December 24, 2014|author=Leslie Albrecht|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224222719/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120501/upper-west-side-morningside-heights/from-bloomingdale-soha-one-uws-neighborhoods-quest-for-name|archive-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/31/style/suddenly-hot-uptown-has-its-soha.html|title=Suddenly Hot: Uptown Has Its SoHa|last=Siegal|first=Nina|date=October 31, 1999|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> "SoHa" has become a controversial name, having been used by the real estate industry and other individuals gentrifying the area between West 110th and 125th Streets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/nyregion/soha-in-harlem-the-misguided-madness-of-neighborhood-rebranding.html|title=SoHa in Harlem? The Misguided Madness of Neighborhood Rebranding|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=July 6, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/soha-is-a-renaissance-few-in-harlem-want-1498914001|title='SoHa' Is a Renaissance Few in Harlem Want|last=West|first=Melanie Grayce|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en-US|access-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/26/south-harlem-soha/|title='SoHa' Rebranding Effort In South Harlem Stirs Outrage|date=June 26, 2017|publisher=[[CBS]]|location=New York City|access-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref> One critic called the SoHa name "insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok",<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-05-25/attempt-to-rebrand-harlem-as-soha-leaves-residents-fuming|title=Attempt to Rebrand Harlem as 'SoHa' Leaves Residents Fuming – New York News|date=May 25, 2017|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref> while another said that "the rebranding not only places their neighborhood's rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants, including students from nearby Columbia University."<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.6sqft.com/from-soha-to-nolita-the-practice-and-controversy-of-rebranding-nyc-neighborhoods/|title=From NoLiTa to SoHa: The practice and controversy of rebranding NYC neighborhoods|last=Etherington|first=Cait|date=July 10, 2017|publisher=6sqft.com|access-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref> The controversy later led to proposals for legislation that would limit [[neighborhood rebranding in New York City|neighborhood rebranding]] citywide.<ref name="auto" />

By the 2010s, new developments were being built amid several of Morningside Heights' preexisting institutions.<ref name="NYT-More_Space-2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/realestate/morningside-heights-more-space-for-the-money.html|title=Morningside Heights: More Space for the Money|last=Jacobson|first=Aileen|date=October 31, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> For instance, two residential buildings had been erected on the [[cathedral close]] of St. John the Divine;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/realestate/07post.html|title=Worldly, Meet Other-Worldly|last=Hughes|first=C. J|date=September 7, 2008|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref><ref name="McKeoghRentalBldgs">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/realestate/new-rentals-steps-from-st-john-the-divine.html|title=New Rentals Steps From St. John the Divine|last1=McKeogh|first1=Tim|date=November 20, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 21, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> part of the old St. Luke's Hospital was being converted into apartments;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/02/realestate/st-lukes-hospital-buildings-convert-to-apartments.html|title=St. Luke's Hospital Buildings Convert to Apartments|last=Laterman|first=Kaya|date=December 2, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the Union and Jewish Theological Seminaries had sold the rights to build apartments on their campuses. However, the neighborhood still retained a reputation for being relatively affordable, with per-foot housing prices being lower than in nearby neighborhoods.<ref name="NYT-More_Space-2018" /> In 2017, part of Morningside Heights was protected as part of the [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan#Historic district|Morningside Heights Historic District]].<ref name="Rosenberg 2017">{{cite magazine|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/2/22/14697332/morningside-heights-historic-district-designation|title=Morningside Heights Historic District unanimously approved by LPC|last=Rosenberg|first=Zoe|date=February 22, 2017|magazine=Curbed NY|access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref> Despite advocacy from local residents, the [[New York City Department of City Planning]] declined to rezone Morningside Heights in 2019. This prompted residents to create a task force, the Morningside Heights Community Coalition, to rezone certain blocks to require affordable housing in certain types of developments.<ref name="Spivack 2020 z175">{{cite web | last=Spivack | first=Caroline | title=In Morningside Heights, a community wants to plan its own future | website=Curbed NY | date=February 21, 2020 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2020/2/21/21144450/morningside-heights-city-council-neighborhood-rezoning | access-date=March 4, 2024}}</ref> In 2021, the task force and local politicians announced a proposal to rezone a 15-block portion of Morningside Heights; if implemented, it would be the neighborhood's first rezoning in six decades.<ref name="Saltonstall 2021 q682">{{cite web | last=Saltonstall | first=Gus | title=Community Driven Morningside Heights Rezoning Plan Released | website=Upper West Side, NY Patch | date=May 7, 2021 | url=https://patch.com/new-york/upper-west-side-nyc/community-driven-morningside-heights-rezoning-plan-released | access-date=March 4, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Manhattan Times News 2021 d534">{{cite web | title=Rezoning Redux Rezonificación de Morningside Heights – Manhattan Times News | website=Manhattan Times News | date=May 14, 2021 | url=https://www.manhattantimesnews.com/rezoning-reduxrezonificacion-de-morningside-heights/ | access-date=March 4, 2024}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Broadway night3.jpg|thumb|[[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] at dusk]]Based on data from the [[2010 United States Census]], the population of Morningside Heights was 55,929, an increase of 1,721 (3.2%) from the 54,208 counted in the [[2000 United States Census|2000 Census]]. Covering an area of {{convert|465.11|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|120.2|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.<ref name="PLP5">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010], Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 46.0% (25,750) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 13.6% (7,619) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% (105) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 13.3% (7,462) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% (30) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.4% (203) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.9% (1,605) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 23.5% (13,155) of the population.<ref name="PLP3A">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010], Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>

The population of Morningside Heights changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with an increase in the Asian population by 27% (1,565), a decrease in the Black population by 16% (1,502), and an increase in the White population by 7% (1,606). The Latino population experienced a slight decrease of 2% (203), while the population of all other races increased by 15% (255) yet remained a small minority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls|title=Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood|publisher=Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY|date=May 23, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2020|format=Excel file}}</ref>

The entirety of Manhattan Community District 9, which encompasses Morningside Heights, [[Manhattanville, Manhattan|Manhattanville]], and [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]], had 111,287 inhabitants as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn9.pdf|title=Morningside Heights and Hamilton Heights (Including Hamilton Heights, Manhattanville, Morningside Heights and West Harlem)|date=2018|publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]]|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name="New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf|title=2016–2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020|date=2016|publisher=New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}} Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 34% are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 21% are between 45 and 64, and 17% are between 0 and 17. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 16% and 12% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community District 9 was $50,048,<ref name="CB9PUMA">{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603802-nyc-manhattan-community-district-9-hamilton-heights-manhattanville-west-harlem-puma-ny/|title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 9—Hamilton Heights, Manhattanville & West Harlem PUMA, NY|access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref> though the median income in Morningside Heights individually was $81,890.<ref name="stats" /> In 2018, an estimated 24% of Community District 9 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 51% in Community District 9, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Community District 9 is considered to be [[gentrification|gentrifying]]: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}}

== Land use and terrain ==
Morningside Heights is located in [[Upper Manhattan]],<ref>See:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/lucds/cdstart.shtml|title=District Profiles – New York City Department of City Planning}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/realestate/nabe-morningside-heights.html|title=Morningside Heights, Manhattan, Real Estate Buying Guide|website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> bounded by [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)|Morningside Park]] to the east, [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] to the north, [[110th Street (Manhattan)|110th Street]] to the south, and [[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]] to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/neighborhoods/morningside.htm|title=Neighborhood Profile|work=New York magazine|access-date=February 6, 2018|archive-date=May 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522001719/http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/neighborhoods/morningside.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart pp. 3-4">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=3–4}}</ref> The neighborhood is [[Zoning|zoned]] primarily for high-rise apartment buildings, though ground-floor stores are also present on Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue.<ref name="zola-planning-map2">{{cite web|url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/|title=NYC's Zoning & Land Use Map|publisher=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]]|access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> In practice, much of the neighborhood is composed of structures for the neighborhood's religious or academic institutions.<ref name="AIA5 p. 493">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|loc=map p. 493}}</ref>

=== Residential stock ===
The residential stock of Morningside Heights is composed of apartment buildings, many of which survive from the neighborhood's early-20th century wave of development.<ref name="NYCL p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> While many of the original apartments have been subdivided, numerous original five- to seven-bedroom units remain.<ref name="NYT-Morningside-1993" /> Two of the more distinctive apartment structures are [[The Colosseum (Manhattan)|The Colosseum]] and [[The Paterno]], at [[116th Street (Manhattan)|116th Street]] and [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]], whose curved facades are the only evidence of a never-built large plaza that would have flanked Riverside Drive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/15/realestate/streetscapes-colosseum-paterno-116th-street-riverside-drive-curves-road-2.html|title=Streetscapes/The Colosseum and the Paterno, 116th Street and Riverside Drive; At Curves in the Road, 2 Unusually Shaped Buildings|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=August 15, 1999|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Another notable apartment building is [[the Hendrik Hudson]] on Riverside Drive between 110th and 111th Streets, proposed as a hotel but ultimately constructed as a residential building.<ref name="AIA5 p. 501" /><ref name="Alpern2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dPPEk7FUs8C&q=Luxury+Apartment+Houses+of+Manhattan%3A+An+Illustrated+History+hendrik+hudson&pg=PA80|title=Luxury Apartment Houses of Manhattan: An Illustrated History|last1=Alpern|first1=Andrew|date=1992|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-27370-9|pages=77–82}}</ref>

The northern part of the neighborhood is dominated by two residential complexes: Grant Houses and Morningside Gardens. Grant Houses, a public-housing development composed of ten buildings, is located on the south side of 125th Street, on two [[Superblock (urban planning)|superblocks]] between Broadway and Morningside Avenue, with the site being bisected by Amsterdam Avenue.<ref name="Dolkart p. 332" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/Grant.pdf|title=Grant Houses|publisher=[[New York City Housing Authority]]|access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref> The six-building Morningside Gardens co-op is located directly southwest of the Grant Houses superblocks and is bounded by 123rd and LaSalle Streets, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 330-331" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mhhc.coop/mhhc-history|title=MHHC History|publisher=Morningside Heights Housing Corporation|access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

=== Architectural landmarks ===

==== Official landmarks ====
{{multiple image
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|image1=USA grants tomb.jpg
|caption1=[[Grant's Tomb]]
|alt1=Grant's Tomb
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|caption2=113th Street Gatehouse
|alt2=113th Street Gatehouse
}}
Several sites in Morningside Heights have been designated by the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] as official city landmarks and/or are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).<ref name="Postal, Matthew A. 2009" /><ref name="nrhp1">{{NRISref|2013}}</ref> The [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] and its six-building [[cathedral close]], on Amsterdam Avenue between 110th and 113th Streets, was designated by the city as an official landmark in 2017.<ref name="NYCL-2585" /> [[Riverside Church]], on Riverside Drive between 120th and 122nd Streets, is both a city landmark and NRHP site,<ref name="NYCL (5-2000) p. 1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/12001036.pdf|title=Historic Structures Report: Riverside Church|date=December 21, 2012|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]}}</ref> as is the [[Church of Notre Dame (New York City)|Church of Notre Dame]] at Morningside Drive and 114th Street.<ref name="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 1967" /><ref name="nrhp1" />

Non-religious official landmarks in Morningside Heights include [[Grant's Tomb]], a mausoleum for U.S. president [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and his wife [[Julia Grant]]. The tomb, located in the middle of Riverside Drive at 122nd Street, is a city landmark, a NRHP site, and a [[List of national memorials of the United States|national memorial]].<ref name="nrhp1" /><ref name="NYCL-0901">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0901.pdf|title=General Grant National Memorial (Grant's Tomb)|date=January 28, 1975|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/gegr/index.htm|title=General Grant National Memorial|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|language=en|access-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> The Plant and Scrymser pavilions at [[Mount Sinai Morningside]], located on Morningside Drive between 113th and 114th Streets, were built in 1904–1906 and 1926–1928 respectively; both pavilions are recognized as city landmarks and are on the NRHP.<ref name="AIA5 p. 494" /><ref name="nrhp1" /><ref name="NYCL (2002) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2002|ps=.|p=1}}</ref>

Numerous academic buildings in Morningside Heights contain a city or national landmark designation. On the Columbia campus, these sites include [[Low Memorial Library]], a [[National Historic Landmark]] as well as a city-designated interior and exterior landmark.<ref name="NYCL-0304">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0304.pdf|title=Low Memorial Library|date=September 20, 1966|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-11182">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1118.pdf|title=Low Memorial Library Interior|date=February 3, 1981|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=87002599}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia|author=Pitts|first=Carolyn|year=1987|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Other NRHP sites on the Columbia campus include [[Philosophy Hall]], where [[FM radio]] was invented;<ref>Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall}}, National Park Service and {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=''Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922–2001''|photos=y}}</ref> [[Pupin Hall]], a National Historic Landmark where the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by [[Enrico Fermi]];<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=66000550|photos=y}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University—Accompanying photos|year=1983|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> and [[Casa Italiana]] on the East Campus, which is also a city landmark.<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=82001188}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Casa Italiana|date=1983|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-0991">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0991.pdf|title=Casa Italiana|date=March 28, 1978|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> [[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)|St. Paul's Chapel]] is designated as a city landmark but not as a national landmark.<ref name="NYCL-0305">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0305.pdf|title=Saint Paul's Chapel|date=September 20, 1966|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> On the Barnard campus, NRHP-listed sites include [[Students' Hall]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100057|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Students' Hall|author=Kathleen A. Howe|date=June 2003|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|access-date=March 19, 2011}} ''See also:'' {{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100036|title=Accompanying seven photos}}</ref> [[Brooks and Hewitt Halls]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100059|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Brooks and Hewitt Halls|author=Kathleen A. Howe|date=June 2003|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809231706/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100059|url-status=dead}} ''See also:'' {{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100035|title=Accompanying seven photos|access-date=December 25, 2019|archive-date=August 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809231305/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100035|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100053|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls|author=Kathleen A. Howe|date=June 2003|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|access-date=March 19, 2011}} ''See also:'' {{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100038|title=Accompanying 10 photos}}</ref> The [[Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building]] on Riverside Drive is also listed on the NRHP.<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=96000484}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter|date=1996|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 25, 2019}}</ref> Additionally, the Union Theological Seminary complex is listed on the NRHP, and parts of the structure are also a city-designated landmark.<ref name="NYCL-0595" /><ref name="nrhp1" />

There are several traces of the old [[Croton Aqueduct]]'s path through Morningside Heights, specifically under Amsterdam Avenue. Due to the presence of the 125th Street valley at the northern border of the neighborhood, the aqueduct descended into a deep level alignment, with the water being pushed through high-pressure open [[siphon]]s at each end of the valley. Several gatehouses were built at Amsterdam Avenue and 113th, 119th, 134th–135th, and 142nd Streets, so that pipes could be installed when the aqueduct system was expanded in the future.<ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Gatehouse|2000|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The gatehouse at 113th Street was built in 1870<ref name="Dolkart p. 22" /> and rebuilt in 1890; it serves as an adult daycare center {{As of|2010||df=|lc=y}}.<ref name="AIA5 p. 494" /> The gatehouse at 119th Street, a city landmark, was rebuilt in 1894–1895, replacing an earlier gatehouse in the middle of the road.<ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Gatehouse|2000|ps=.|pp=1, 3}}</ref><ref name="NYT-Gatehouse-2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/nyregion/another-old-croton-aqueduct-gatehouse-enters-the-commercial-age.html|title=Another Old Croton Aqueduct Gatehouse Enters the Commercial Age|last=Margolies|first=Jane|date=October 12, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The aqueduct continued to carry water until 1955. The 119th Street gatehouse was used until 1990;<ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Gatehouse|2000|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> it then sat abandoned for several decades before being proposed for commercial use in 2018.<ref name="NYT-Gatehouse-2018" />

==== Historic district ====
{{maplink|from=Historic Districts/New York City/Morningside Heights.map |frame=yes |plain=yes |frame-width=250 |frame-height=285 |icon=no |type=shape |text=Morningside Heights Historic District}}
In 2017, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission created the '''Morningside Heights Historic District'''.<ref name="Rosenberg 2017" /> The district had first been proposed in 1996; however, Columbia was opposed to such a designation, which would have limited the university's flexibility as a landlord in Morningside Heights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/02/arts/design/02heights.html|title=Fighting On to Preserve Morningside Heights|last=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=March 1, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The district includes 115 residential and institutional properties on West 109th Street west of Broadway; the blocks east and west of Broadway from Cathedral Parkway to West 113th Street; the blocks west of Broadway from West 113th to 118th Street; and the blocks west of Claremont Avenue from West 118th to 119th Street.<ref name="desrep">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|pp=1–3}}</ref>

==== Other culturally significant locations ====
[[File:Tom's Restaurant, NYC.jpg|thumb|left|The real [[Tom's Restaurant (Manhattan)|Tom's Restaurant]], which appeared in ''[[Seinfeld]]'']]
[[Tom's Restaurant]], on Broadway at [[112th Street (Manhattan)|112th Street]], was featured in the 1980s song "[[Tom's Diner]]" by [[Suzanne Vega]], an alumna of Barnard College.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/toms-essay/|title=Tom's Essay|last=Vega|first=Suzanne|author-link=Suzanne Vega|date=September 23, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 6, 2018}}</ref> Later, exterior shots were used on the television sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]'' as a stand-in for the diner hangout of the show's principal characters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vines|first=Richard|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aQX.iN_G21k8&refer=home|title=Real 'Seinfeld' Restaurant Is New York Staple|date=March 13, 2008|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=April 4, 2013}}</ref>

The [[West End Bar]] served especially as a meeting place for writers of the [[Beat Generation]] in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/new-york-real-estate-morningside-heights-1.881696|title=New York Real Estate: Morningside Heights|last1=Craig|first1=David|last2=Siegel|first2=Miranda|date=August 6, 2008|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=New York City / Long Island|language=en|access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> as well as for student activists in the years surrounding the Columbia University protests of 1968. In 2006, the establishment was absorbed into a Cuban restaurant chain, Havana Central.  Later, the space was a bar and restaurant known as Bernheim & Schwartz before closing again.<ref name="Susi p. 97">{{harvnb|Susi|2007|ps=.|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/old-hangout-site-of-beat-poets-wins-new-life-1415329728|title=Old Hangout Site of Beat Poets Wins New Life|date=November 7, 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=December 15, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

[[The Hungarian Pastry Shop]] has long served as a regular place of visitation for students and professors at [[Columbia University]], writers, and other residents of Morningside Heights and the [[Upper West Side]].

=== Natural features ===
Morningside Heights is on a high plateau, bounded on two sides by parks and on a third by a steep valley.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 3-4" /> Morningside Park is located east of Morningside Drive, on the eastern boundary of the neighborhood. The park was built because the area's steep topography created a cliff between the high ground of Morningside Heights to the west and the lower-lying land of Harlem to the east, making it impractical to build cross-streets through that area.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 22-23">{{harvnb|ps=.|Dolkart|1998|pp=22–23}}</ref><ref name="NYC_Parks_Morningside2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/morningside-park/history|title=Morningside Park Highlights|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> This cliff was created through [[Fault (geology)|fault]] movement and smoothened during [[glacial period]]s.<ref name="Dolkart p. 362">{{harvnb|ps=.|Dolkart|1998|p=362}}</ref> To the west is Riverside Park, the site of which was formerly rock outcroppings on the Hudson River.<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1939" /> To the north is the 125th Street valley; the high plateau starts to descend into this valley at 122nd Street.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 3-4" /> It contains the [[125th Street (Manhattan)#Fault line|Manhattanville Fault]], which has seen earthquake activity as recently as 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/nyregion/20critic.html|title=Preparing for the Day the Earth Moves in the City|last=Kaminer|first=Ariel|date=March 19, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 26, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The southern edge of the plateau, at 110th Street, is level with the neighboring Manhattan Valley neighborhood.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 3-4" />

On West 114th Street, just west of Broadway, is a {{Convert|30|ft|m|-tall|abbr=|adj=mid}} outcropping of Manhattan schist called [[Rat Rock (Morningside Heights)|Rat Rock]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/24/nyregion/city-lore-the-rock-that-gives-new-york-its-face.html|title=CITY LORE; The Rock That Gives New York Its Face|last=Fairfield|first=Hannah|date=September 24, 2000|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 30, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/this-gigantic-rock-jammed-between-two-buildings-is-a-huge-part-of-nyc-history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522153448/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/this-gigantic-rock-jammed-between-two-buildings-is-a-huge-part-of-nyc-history|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2020|title=This Gigantic Rock Jammed Between Two Buildings Is A Huge Part Of NYC History|last=Carlson|first=Jen|date=August 1, 2018|magazine=Gothamist|language=en|access-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> The outcropping is located between two row houses at 600 and 604 West 114th Street.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/14/nyregion/fyi-580180.html|title=F.y.i.|last=Schneider|first=Daniel B.|date=December 14, 1997|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 30, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://untappedcities.com/2019/10/16/a-giant-rock-sandwiched-between-two-buildings-in-morningside-heights/|title=A Giant Rock Sandwiched Between Two Buildings in Morningside Heights|last=Young|first=Michelle|date=October 16, 2019|publisher=Untapped New York|language=en-US|access-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref>

== Police and crime ==
Morningside Heights is patrolled by the 26th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]], located at 520 West 126th Street.<ref name="NYPD 26th Precinct">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/26th-precinct.page|title=NYPD – 26th Precinct|publisher=[[New York City Police Department]]|access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> The 26th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 76.3% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 1 murder, 16 rapes, 104 robberies, 142 felony assaults, 118 burglaries, 341 grand larcenies, and 79 grand larcenies auto in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-026pct.pdf|title=26th Precinct CompStat Report|publisher=[[New York City Police Department]]|access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref> Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 26th Precinct had a rate of 612 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-2000-2019.pdf|title=Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000–2019|publisher=[[New York City Police Department]]|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-by-precinct-2000-2019.pdf|title=Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses by Precinct 2000–2019|publisher=[[New York City Police Department]]|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref>

{{asof|2018}}, Community District 9 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 57 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 633 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|8}}

Cathedral Parkway draws responders from the 26th and 24th NYPD precincts, where jurisdiction is settled once the incident is under control. Columbia University Public Safety also patrols the area around the college.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publicsafety.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/SecurityReport2019.pdf|title=2019 Annual Security and Fire Safety Report|publisher=Columbia University Public Safety|date=2019|access-date=December 3, 2020}}</ref> Realtime access and review of to CCTV imaging within Public Safety command centers of incidents within the blanket of coverage ranging from all corners of the neighborhood is available to reporting affiliates, NYPD detectives, and the general public for incidents invoking the [[Clery Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 1, 2020|title=Clery Crime Alerts|url=https://publicsafety.columbia.edu/content/clery-crime-alerts|publisher=Columbia University Department of Public Safety}}</ref>

== Fire safety ==
[[File:Firehouse, Engine Company 47.jpg|thumb|upright|FDNY Engine Company 47]]
Morningside Heights is served by two [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) stations.<ref name="NYC Open Data; Socrata 2018">{{Cite FDNY locations}}</ref> The main fire station for the neighborhood is Engine Company 47, located at 502 West 113th Street,<ref name="NYC Open Data; Socrata 2018" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Engine Company 47|publisher=FDNYtrucks.com|url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e47.htm|access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref> next to the old Croton gatehouse.<ref name="Dolkart p. 25">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=25}}</ref><ref name="AIA5 p. 494">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=494}}</ref> The three-story building, designed in the [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] style, is {{Convert|25|ft||abbr=}} wide, with a facade of brick and brownstone, as well as [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]-style brownstone and [[terracotta]] detailing.<ref name="Dolkart p. 25" /><ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1997|p=4}}</ref> The building was erected in 1891 by [[Napoleon LeBrun]] & Sons, a prolific builder of New York City firehouses in the late 19th century, and was one of the first major structures in Morningside Heights.<ref name="Dolkart p. 25" /><ref name="AIA5 p. 494" /><ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1997|p=3}}</ref> It was designated a New York City landmark in 1997.<ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1997|p=1}}</ref>

The other fire station serving Morningside Heights is Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40, located at 415 West 125th Street, just across the neighborhood's border with Manhattanville.<ref name="NYC Open Data; Socrata 2018" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40|publisher=FDNYtrucks.com|url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e37.htm|access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref>

== Health ==
{{As of|2018}}, [[preterm birth]]s and births to teenage mothers in Community District 9 are lower than the city average, with 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|11}} Community District 9 has a low population of residents who are [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|uninsured]]. In 2018, this population was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of [[particulates|fine particulate matter]], the deadliest type of [[air pollution|air pollutant]], in Community District 9 is {{convert|0.008|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|9}} Seventeen percent of Community District 9 residents are [[Smoking|smokers]], which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} In Community District 9, 21% of residents are [[Obesity|obese]], 10% are [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]], and 29% have [[hypertension|high blood pressure]]—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|16}} In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|12}}

Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 83% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Community District 9, there are 11 [[convenience store|bodegas]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|10}}

[[File:Lukes Amst W113 jeh.jpg|thumb|Mount Sinai Morningside]]

The primary hospital in Morningside Heights is [[Mount Sinai Morningside]], located on Amsterdam Avenue between 113th and 115th Streets.<ref name="hosp" /><ref name="hosp2" /> In addition, [[Harlem Hospital Center|NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem]] is located in Harlem, and [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] is located in [[East Harlem]].<ref name="hosp">{{cite web |title=Manhattan Hospital Listings |website=All NY |url=http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html|access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name="hosp2">{{cite magazine|title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y.|magazine=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=July 26, 2011|url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny|access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Politically, most of Morningside Heights is in [[New York's 13th congressional district]], although a small part of the neighborhood is within [[New York's 12th congressional district]];<ref name="NYS Redistricting 2021-2022">{{cite web | title=NYS Redistricting 2021–2022 | website=NYS Redistricting 2021–2022 | url=https://newyork.redistrictingandyou.org/?districtType=cd&propA=current_2012&propB=congress_specialmastercorrected_20220604&selected=-73.963,40.806&opacity=2#%26map=12.53/40.81835/-73.94056 | language=en | access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2022||df=|lc=y|since=}}, the 13th and 12th congressional districts are respectively represented by Democrats [[Adriano Espaillat]] and [[Jerrold Nadler]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/08/us/elections/results-house.html|title=U.S. House Election Results 2022|date=November 8, 2022|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> It is also part of the 30th and 31st [[New York State Senate|State Senate]] districts,<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_map_rep_30.pdf Senate District 30], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
* [http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_map_rep_31.pdf Senate District 31], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_nyc.pdf 2012 Senate District Maps: New York City], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.</ref> represented respectively by Democrats [[Brian Benjamin]] and [[Robert Jackson (New York politician)|Robert Jackson]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/district/30|title=NY Senate District 30|publisher=New York State Senate|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/district/31|title=NY Senate District 31|publisher=New York State Senate|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> and the 69th and 70th [[New York State Assembly|State Assembly]] districts,<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_069.pdf Assembly District 69], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
* [http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_070.pdf Assembly District 70], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_nyc.pdf 2012 Assembly District Maps: New York City], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.</ref> represented respectively by Democrats [[Daniel O'Donnell (politician)|Daniel O'Donnell]] and [[Inez Dickens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/|title=New York State Assembly Member Directory|publisher=Assembly Member Directory|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> In the City Council, the neighborhood is part of the 7th District,<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/manhattan.pdf Current City Council Districts for New York County], New York City. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> represented by Democrat [[Shaun Abreu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://council.nyc.gov/district-7/|title=District 7 – New York City Council|publisher=New York City Council|access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref>

== Post offices and ZIP Codes ==
Morningside Heights is located in two primary [[ZIP Code]]s. The area south of 116th Street is part of 10025 and the area north of 116th Street is part of 10027.<ref>{{cite web|title=Morningside Heights, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)|publisher=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA)|url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Morningside_Heights.htm|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates two post offices near Morningside Heights: the Columbia University Station at 534 West 112th Street<ref>{{cite web|title=Location Details: Columbia University|publisher=US Postal Service|url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10027&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1358793&locationName=COLUMBIA+UNIVERSITY&address2=&address1=534+W+112TH+ST|access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref> and the Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex at 365 West 125th Street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Location Details: Manhattanville|publisher=US Postal Service|url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10027&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1371645&locationName=MANHATTANVILLE&address2=&address1=365+W+125TH+ST+STE+2A|access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine.jpg|thumb|[[The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine]]]]
Community District 9 generally has a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city {{as of|2018|lc=y}}. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (49%) have a college education or higher, while 21% have less than a high school education and 30% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Community District 9 students excelling in math rose from 25% in 2000 to 49% in 2011 and reading achievement increased from 32% to 35% during the same period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_09_11.pdf|title=Morningside Heights/Hamilton – MN 06|date=2011|publisher=[[Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy]]|access-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref>

Community District 9's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Community District 9, 27% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per [[school year]], more than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 2016" />{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 65% of high school students in Community District 9 graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}}

=== Schools ===
The [[New York City Department of Education]] operates the following public schools in Morningside Heights as part of Community School Districts 3 and 5:<ref name="Zillow">{{cite web|title=Morningside Heights New York School Ratings and Reviews|publisher=[[Zillow]]|url=https://www.zillow.com/morningside-heights-new-york-ny/schools/|access-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Columbia Secondary School]] (grades 6–12)<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Secondary School|publisher=[[New York City Department of Education]]|date=December 19, 2018|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M362|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 36 Margaret Douglas (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web|title=P.S. 036 Margaret Douglas|publisher=New York City Department of Education|date=December 19, 2018|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M036|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 125 Ralph Bunche (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web|title=P.S. 125 Ralph Bunche|publisher=New York City Department of Education|date=December 19, 2018|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M125|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 180 Hugo Newman (grades PK-8)<ref>{{cite web|title=P.S. 180 Hugo Newman|publisher=New York City Department of Education|date=December 19, 2018|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M180|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref>

The demographic compositions of these public schools' student bodies vary widely. In 2015, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that PS 36 had a student body that is 96% black and Hispanic, with a median family income of $36,000. This contrasted with the overall neighborhood demographics, which at the time were only 37% black and Hispanic, with a median income of $69,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/16/nyregion/school-segregation-persists-in-gentrifying-neighborhoodsmaps-suggest.html|title=School Segregation Persists in Gentrifying Neighborhoods, Maps Suggest|last=Harris|first=Elizabeth A.|date=December 15, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Private schools include [[Bank Street College of Education|Bank Street School for Children]],<ref name="Dolkart p. 326">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=326}}</ref><ref name="AIA5 p. 501">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=501}}</ref> [[St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School]],<ref name="Dolkart p. 327">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=327}}</ref> [[the Cathedral School of St. John the Divine]],<ref name="NYCL-2585" /> and [[the School at Columbia University]].<ref name="AIA5 p. 501" /> All serve grades PK-8, except the Cathedral School of St. John the Divine, which serves grades K-8.<ref name="Zillow" /> In addition, the neighborhood contains one charter school, KIPP Star Harlem Middle School.<ref name="Zillow" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kipp.org/school/kipp-star-harlem-middle-school/|title=KIPP STAR Harlem Middle School|publisher=KIPP Public Charter Schools|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref>

=== Higher education ===

The label '''Academic Acropolis''' has been used to describe the area due to its topography and its high concentration of academic institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morningside-alliance.org/neighborhood/maa-tour/academic-acropolis/|title=Academic Acropolis|date=July 8, 2019|publisher=Morningside Area Alliance|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> Much of the neighborhood is the campus of [[Columbia University]], a private [[Ivy League]] research university, which owns a large amount of non-campus real estate.<ref name="AIA5 pp. 495-499">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|pp=495–499}}</ref> The original campus stretches from Broadway to Amsterdam Avenue between 116th and 120th Streets,<ref name="AIA5 pp. 495-499" /><ref name="Dolkart pp. 129-133">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=129–133}}</ref> while the South Field campus is located between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenues from 114th to 116th Streets.<ref name="Dolkart p. 165" /><ref name="AIA5 pp. 495-499" /> The [[East Campus (Columbia University)|East Campus]] of Columbia University is located east of Amsterdam Avenue between 114th and 120th Streets, interspersed with the regular street grid.<ref name="AIA5 pp. 495-499" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 188">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=188}}</ref> [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] is also located in the neighborhood, directly above [[Tom's Restaurant (Manhattan)|Tom's Restaurant]] in a building owned by Columbia University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/about/visiting/|title=NASA GISS: Visitors' Information|date=November 14, 2019|publisher=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], [[NASA]]|access-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>

Four educational institutions are located on the west side of Broadway, between [[Claremont Avenue]] to the west and Broadway to the east. [[Barnard College]], a private women's college, is located between 116th and 119th Streets.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 211-215" /><ref name="AIA5 p. 502">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=502}}</ref> Immediately to the north, between 119th and 120th Streets, is the [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]] at Columbia University.<ref name="AIA5 p. 502" /> North of Teachers College is [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]], which occupies the block between 120th and 122nd Streets.<ref name="Dolkart p. 249" /><ref name="NYCL-0595" /><ref name="AIA5 p. 505" /> A portion of the block north of 122nd Street, the site of the Institute of Musical Art and [[Juilliard School]],<ref name="Dolkart p. 261" /> later became the [[Manhattan School of Music]].<ref name="AIA5 p. 505" />

On the east side of Broadway, across from the Manhattan School of Music, is the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]].<ref name="Dolkart p. 273" /><ref name="AIA5 p. 504">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=504}}</ref> West of Teachers College is [[New York Theological Seminary]], a non-denominational Christian seminary inside [[the Interchurch Center]] between Riverside Drive and Claremont Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://interchurch-center.org/tenant/new-york-theological-seminary/|title=New York Theological Seminary|date=September 15, 2015|publisher=The Interchurch Center|access-date=December 25, 2019}}</ref> Further south is the [[Bank Street College of Education]], located on 112th Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive.<ref name="AIA5 p. 501" /> In addition, the [[International House of New York|International House]] at Riverside Drive and 122nd Street serves as a dormitory for students attending nearby educational institutions.<ref name="AIA5 p. 505" />

{{wide image|2014 Columbia University Morningside Heights campus from west.jpg|600px|Panorama of part of the Columbia University campus, looking east from the South Lawn}}

=== Libraries ===
The [[New York Public Library]] (NYPL) operates two branches in Morningside Heights. The Morningside Heights branch is located at 2900 Broadway. The branch originally opened in 1914 within Columbia University's Low Memorial Library, then moved to Columbia's [[Butler Library]] in 1937 upon the latter's completion. The Morningside Heights branch moved to a temporary site in 1996, while the Butler Library was being renovated and then relocated into its current building in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Morningside Heights Library|publisher=[[The New York Public Library]]|date=May 10, 1907|url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/morningside-heights|access-date=March 23, 2019}}</ref>

The George Bruce branch is located at 518 West 125th Street. It is named after the inventor [[George Bruce (industrialist)|George Bruce]], whose daughter built the original George Bruce Library at 42nd Street in 1888. The current three-story structure, designed by [[Carrère and Hastings]], was constructed in 1915 and renovated in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the George Bruce Library|publisher=The New York Public Library|url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/george-bruce|access-date=March 23, 2019}}</ref>

== Religion ==
{{Multiple image
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}}
Morningside Heights contains numerous religious institutions, including two architecturally prominent churches. The [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]], the seat of the [[Episcopal Diocese of New York]] on Amsterdam Avenue, is an unfinished building that ranks among the [[List of largest church buildings|largest churches in the world]].<ref name="NY8" /><ref name="AIA5 p. 492">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=492}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-2585">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2585.pdf|title=Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine and the Cathedral Close|date=February 21, 2017|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=November 30, 2019|pages=1, 17}}</ref> [[Riverside Church]] on Riverside Drive is an [[Ecumenism|interdenominational]] church associated with the [[Baptists]].<ref name="AIA5 p. 505">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=505}}</ref><ref name="NYCL (5-2000) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Riverside Church|2000|ps=.|p=1}}</ref>

Several other religiously affiliated institutions are located in the neighborhood, including the [[Church of Notre Dame (New York City)|Church of Notre Dame]], a [[Roman Catholic]] church on 114th Street that is part of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Archdiocese of New York]].<ref name="AIA5 p. 494" /><ref name="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 1967">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0301.pdf|title=Eglise de Notre Dame|date=January 24, 1967|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=November 30, 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0300.pdf|title=Rectory of the Eglise de Notre Dame|date=January 24, 1967|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> [[Corpus Christi Church (New York City)|Corpus Christi Church]], a Roman Catholic church, is located at 535 West 121st Street.<ref name="AIA5 p. 474">{{harvnb|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|ps=.|p=474}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 352">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=352}}</ref> There are several other churches in Morningside Heights, including the Broadway Presbyterian Church at 114th Street and Broadway, and the West Side Unitarian Church on 550 Cathedral Parkway, the latter of which was converted into a synagogue called Congregation Ramath Orah in the 1940s.<ref name="NYCL pp. 35-36">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|pp=35–36}}</ref> The city's oldest Korean church, the [[Korean Methodist Church and Institute]], has owned 633 West 115th Street since 1927.<ref name="NYCL p. 137">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=137}}</ref> Additionally, [[The Interchurch Center]], at 120th Street and Riverside Drive, was built in 1960<ref name="Dolkart p. 326" /> and is an office building for religious organizations.<ref name="AIA5 p. 505" />

== Transportation ==
[[File:IRT 7Ave 110St platform.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station]]|alt=]]
The area is served by the [[New York City Subway]] at the [[Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|Cathedral Parkway–110th Street]] and [[116th Street–Columbia University station|116th Street–Columbia University]] stations of the [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] (served by the {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}).<ref name="manbus" /> The stations are among the [[Early history of the IRT subway|original subway stations]] built for the [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company]] and opened in 1904;<ref name="Dolkart p. 31" /><ref name="NYCL p. 9" /> their interiors are designated as official New York City landmarks.<ref name="NYCL-1096">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1096.pdf|title=IRT Subway System Underground Interior|date=October 23, 1979|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> In addition, the viaduct carrying the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line over the 125th Street valley, including the [[125th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|125th Street station]], is designated a New York City landmark and on the NRHP.<ref name="nrhp1" /><ref name="NYCL-1094">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1094.pdf|title=Interborough Rapid Transit System, Manhattan Valley Viaduct|date=November 24, 1981|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref> The portion of the viaduct between 122nd and 125th Streets is located in Morningside Heights.<ref name="NYCL-1094" />

Additionally, [[New York City Bus]] service includes the {{NYC bus link|M4|M5|M11|M60 SBS|M104|prose=y}} routes. These routes travel largely north–south through Morningside Heights.<ref name="manbus">{{cite NYC bus map|M}}</ref> [[Columbia Transportation]] and Barnard Public Safety Shuttle also operate through the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transportation.columbia.edu/|title=Columbia Transportation|publisher=Columbia University|access-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barnard.edu/shuttle-services|title=Shuttle Services|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Fiona Apple]], singer-songwriter, pianist, grew up in Morningside Heights.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/23/fiona-apples-art-of-radical-sensitivity|title=Fiona Apple's Art of Radical Sensitivity|last1=Nussbaum|first1=Emily|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|quote=Apple's father, Brandon Maggart, also lives in Venice Beach; her mother, Diane McAfee, a former dancer and actress, remains in New York, in the Morningside Heights apartment building where Apple grew up.|date=March 16, 2020|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Francis X. Bushman]], film director, lived at 435 Riverside Drive (The Colosseum).<ref name="NYCL p. 66">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=66}}</ref>
* [[George Carlin]], comedian, grew up on West 121st Street; the block of 121st Street where he lived was dedicated to him in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/George-Carlin-Way-Street-Renaming-Morningside-Heights-NY-280076622.html|title=NYC Street Renamed "George Carlin Way"|publisher=[[WNBC]]|location=New York City|language=en|access-date=December 8, 2019}}</ref> He used to say that he and his friends called the area "White Harlem", because it sounded more intimidating.  Morningside Heights is alternately called West Harlem.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=West Harlem's George Carlin, One Of The Best Comics Of All Time|magazine=Harlem World Magazine|date=May 13, 2017|url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/west-harlems-george-carlin-one-best-comics-time/|access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], suffragist, lived at 404 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 56">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=56}}</ref>
* [[Elliott Carter]], composer, lived at 420 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 61">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=61}}</ref>
* [[Owen Davis]], dramatist, lived at 15 Claremont Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 38">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=38}}</ref>
* [[Cecil B. DeMille]], film director, lived at 622 West 114th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /><ref name="blockassociation" />
* [[John Dewey]], academic, lived at 545 West 112th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 99">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=99}}</ref>
* [[Theodore E. Ferris]], naval architect and engineer, lived at 431 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 64">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=64}}</ref>
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], novelist, lived at 200 Claremont Avenue while working in advertising and writing ''[[This Side of Paradise]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/chronology.html|title=A Fitzgerald Chronology, University of South Carolina|date=February 1919|access-date=June 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2019">{{cite magazine|url=https://rew-online.com/2019/02/new-development-10/|title=New Development: Savanna launches The Vandewater; Dahlia tops out on UWS|date=January 1, 2019|magazine=Real Estate Weekly|access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>
* [[George Barry Ford]], Catholic priest who led Thomas Merton to conversion. Fr. Ford is thanked in the liner notes to George Carlin's 1972 album Class Clown.
* [[George Gershwin]], composer and pianist, began composing his ''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'' while living at 501 West 110th Street.<ref name="blockassociation">{{cite web|url=http://www.morningside-heights.net/famous.htm|title=Famous Morningside Heights Residents (At One Time Or Another)|publisher=West 112th Street Block Association |editor-first1=Barbara |editor-last1=Hohol |editor-first2=Jack |editor-last2=Arbo |access-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2019" /><ref name="NYCL p. 21">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=21}}</ref>
* [[Allen Ginsberg]], poet, lived at 536 West 114th Street.<ref name="blockassociation" /><ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2019" />
* [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]], rabbi, lived at 425 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 62">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=62}}</ref>
* [[Mary Garrett Hay]], suffragist, lived at 404 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 56" />
* [[Ely Jacques Kahn]], architect, lived at 25 Claremont Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />
* [[Jack Kerouac]], novelist, lived at 421 West 118th Street.<ref name="blockassociation" />
* [[Abraham E. Lefcourt]], clothing manufacturer and developer, lived at 80 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 51">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=51}}</ref>
* [[Marcus Loew]], film director, lived at 380 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />
* [[Thurgood Marshall]], the first African-American Supreme Court justice, lived in Morningside Gardens.<ref name=blockassociation />
* [[Grantland Rice]], sportswriter, lived at 450 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 702">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=70}}</ref>
* [[Megan Rice]], S.H.C.J., Catholic nun and antinuclear activist, grew up there. One of her addresses was 468 Riverside Drive.
* [[Theodore Roberts]], actor, lived at 605 West 111th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 87">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=87}}</ref>
* [[Harlan Fiske Stone]], who later became the Chief Justice of the United States, lived at 435 Riverside Drive (The Colosseum) while serving as Dean of Columbia Law School.<ref name="NYCL p. 66" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Bunyan|first=Patrick|date=1999|title=All Around the Town: Amazing Manhattan Facts and Curiosities|url=https://archive.org/details/allaroundtownama0000buny|url-access=registration|publisher=Fordham University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/allaroundtownama0000buny/page/306 306]|isbn=978-0-8232-1941-4}}</ref>
* [[David Torrence (actor)|David Torrence]], actor, lived at 620 West 116th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 147">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017|ps=.|p=147}}</ref>
* [[Walter S. Trumbull]], sportswriter, lived at 450 Riverside Drive.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2051.pdf|title=Croton Aqueduct, West 119th Street Gatehouse|date=March 28, 2000|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Gatehouse|2000}}}}
* {{cite morningside}}
* {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRkbAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA547|title=Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York|author=Hall|first=Edward Hagaman|year=1916|chapter=A Brief History of Morningside Park and Vicinity|issue=v. 24}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1962.pdf|title=Fire Engine Company No. 47|date=June 7, 1997|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1997}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2254.pdf|title=Morningside Park|date=July 15, 2008|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2584.pdf|title=Morningside Heights Historic District|date=February 21, 2017|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2017}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkofyesterd00mott|title=The New York of yesterday; a descriptive narrative of old Bloomingdale|last=Mott|first=Hopper Striker|date=1908|via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2113.pdf|title=Plant and Scrymser Pavilions for Private Patients, Saint Luke's Hospital|date=June 18, 2002|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2002}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2037.pdf|title=The Riverside Church|date=May 16, 2000|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission: Riverside Church|2000}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2002.pdf|title=Riverside Park and Riverside Drive|date=February 9, 1980|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1980}}}}
* {{cite New York 1900}}
* {{cite New York 1960}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iconographyofman06stok|title=The iconography of Manhattan Island|last=Stokes|first=I.N.P.|publisher=[[Dodd, Mead and Company|Dodd]]|year=1915|isbn=978-5-87179-950-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/iconographyofman06stok/page/n348 175]|issue=v. 1}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl5SnSGvhHoC&pg=PA9|title=Columbia University and Morningside Heights|last=Susi|first=M.V.|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7385-4976-7|series=Postcard History Series}}
* {{cite aia5}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810045747/http://morningsideheights.org/ Morningside Heights Historic District Committee]
* [http://mhdh.library.columbia.edu/ Morningside Heights Digital History] (Columbia University Libraries)

{{Morningside Heights, Manhattan}}
{{Manhattan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Morningside Heights, Manhattan| ]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City designated historic districts]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]