View source for Morgan's Raid

{{Short description|Military campaign in the American Civil War}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2011}}

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Morgan's Raid
|partof=the [[American Civil War]]
|image=Morganmap.jpg
|caption=Map of Morgan's route. Small groups of Morgan's scouts and raiding parties rode through some southern Indiana counties. The main body of Morgan's force followed a route through eight counties, passing through such towns as Corydon, Salem, Lexington, Vernon (rather than North Vernon), and Versailles on the way to Harrison, Ohio.
|date= {{Start and end date|1863|06|11|1863|07|26}}
|place= [[Tennessee]], [[Kentucky]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[West Virginia]]
|territory=
|result=[[Union Army|Union]] victory
|combatant1 = {{flagicon|USA|1863}} [[United States]]
|combatant2 = {{flagicon|CSA|1863}} [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]]
|commander1=[[Ambrose Burnside]]<br />[[Henry M. Judah]]
|commander2=[[John Hunt Morgan]]
|strength1=40,000+
|strength2=2,462
|casualties1=6,000 prisoners paroled
|casualties2=2,000 prisoners taken
|notes=
|casus=
 }}
{{Campaignbox Morgan's Raid in Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio|state=expanded
}}
'''Morgan's Raid''' (also the '''Calico Raid''' or '''Great Raid of 1863''') was a diversionary incursion by [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[cavalry]] into the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] states of [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Ohio]], and [[West Virginia]] during the [[American Civil War]]. The raid took place from June 11 to July 26, 1863. It is named for the commander of the Confederate troops, [[Brigadier General]] [[John Hunt Morgan]]. Although it caused temporary alarm in the North, the raid failed.

The raid covered more than {{convert|1000|mi}}, beginning in [[Tennessee]] and ending in northern Ohio. It coincided with the [[Vicksburg Campaign|Vicksburg]] and [[Gettysburg Campaign]]s. It was meant to draw [[Union Army|U.S. troops]] away from those fronts by frightening the North into demanding its troops return home. Despite his initial successes, Morgan failed to recross the Ohio River and eventually [[John H. Morgan Surrender Site|surrendered what remained of his command]] in northeastern Ohio near the Pennsylvania border. Morgan and other senior officers were held in the [[Ohio Penitentiary]], but they tunneled their way out and took a train to [[Cincinnati]], where they crossed the [[Ohio River]] into Kentucky.

==Tennessee and Kentucky==
General Morgan and his 2,460 handpicked Confederate cavalrymen, along with four [[artillery]] pieces,<ref name=Terrell>{{citation | title=Indiana in the War of the Rebellion: Report of the Adjutant General| author=W. H. H. Terrell| year=1869| edition=1960| chapter=The Hines and Morgan Raids| volume=1| page=215 (pdf p. 6)| chapter-url= http://www.nhcs.k12.in.us/Staff/madams/Sr%20Super%20Bowl/Sr%20Social%20Studies%20Documents/Indiana%20In%20the%20War%20of%20the%20Rebellion/ITWOTR4TheHinesAndMorganRaids.pdf}}</ref> departed from [[Sparta, Tennessee]], on June 11, 1863. The expedition intended to divert the attention of the Union [[Army of the Ohio]] from [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces in the state and possibly stir up pro-Confederate sentiments in the North. General [[Braxton Bragg]], the regional Confederate commander, intended Morgan's cavalrymen to distract U.S. forces by entering Kentucky. Morgan, however, confided to some of his officers that he had long desired to invade Indiana and Ohio to bring the terror of war to the Union. Bragg had given him [[Blank cheque|''carte blanche'']] to ride throughout Tennessee and Kentucky, but ordered him to under no circumstances cross the [[Ohio River]].<ref>Kelsey, p. 323; ''Official Records''.</ref> On June 23, the Federal [[Army of the Cumberland]] began its operations against General Bragg's Confederate [[Army of Tennessee]] in what became known as the [[Tullahoma Campaign]], and Morgan decided it was time to move northward into [[Kentucky]].

[[File:Battle of Tebbs Bend.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|The Battle of Tebbs' Bend]]

On July 2, hoping to disrupt Union communication lines, Morgan rode into Kentucky, where sympathetic citizens openly welcomed his cavalrymen. Crossing the rain-swollen [[Cumberland River]] at [[Burkesville, Kentucky|Burkesville]], Morgan's [[division (military)|division]] advanced to the [[Green River (Kentucky)|Green River]], where it was deflected by half of a Union [[regiment]] (the 25th Michigan Infantry) at the [[Battle of Tebbs Bend]] on July 4. Morgan surprised and captured the garrison at [[Battle of Lebanon|Lebanon]]. He trapped 400 men from the 20th Kentucky in the town's railroad depot, but the well-fortified building provided considerable protection. In a six-hour fight, Federal troops killed Morgan's youngest brother, Thomas, during the Confederate's final charge. Morgan finally captured and then paroled the U.S. troops.

A grieving Morgan continued northward to [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], riding through [[Springfield, Kentucky|Springfield]], [[Bardstown, Kentucky|Bardstown]], and Garnettsville. Along the way, the Confederates endured several smaller skirmishes with Union troops and Kentucky [[militia|home guard]] units. However, he turned his remaining men to the northwest and headed for the [[Ohio River]] just south of the city.

At Springfield, Morgan sent a detachment north and east of Louisville, intending to confuse Union forces about where Morgan was heading. Before rejoining Morgan, this detachment crossed the Ohio River at Twelve Mile Island and was captured near [[New Pekin, Indiana]]. To further mislead the U.S. soldiers of his objectives, Morgan had his telegrapher, [[George Ellsworth|"Lightning" Ellsworth]], tap telegraph lines and, pretending to be a Union telegrapher, send several messages giving different headings for the raiders and false reports of the size of Morgan's force—sometimes reporting it as high as 7,000 men. Ellsworth did this throughout the journey, especially in Indiana.<ref>[http://morgans_men.tripod.com/plume.htm Mosgrove account in SHSP]</ref>

==Indiana==
[[File:Panic in Louisville as Morgan's force nears.jpg|thumb|upright|''Panic in Louisville as Morgan's troops approach''; Drawing from ''Illustrated Battles of the Nineteenth Century'', vol. 2]]

Morgan had sent spy [[Thomas Hines]] and a party of 62 Confederates, posing as a Union patrol, on a [[Hines' Raid|secret mission into Indiana]] in June to determine if the local [[Copperhead (politics)|Copperheads]] would support or join Morgan's impending raid. After visiting the local Copperhead leader, [[William A. Bowles|Dr. William A. Bowles]], Hines learned that no desired support would be forthcoming. He and his scouts were soon identified as actually being Confederates, and, in a minor skirmish near [[Leavenworth, Indiana]], Hines had to abandon his men as he swam across the Ohio River under gunfire. He wandered around Kentucky for a week seeking information on Morgan's whereabouts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1869 |title=Summary of the Hines and Morgan Raids, June/July, 1863 |url=http://ingenweb.org/inorange/Hines_Morgan_Civil_War_Raids/hines_morgan_raids.html |website=INGenWeb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Horan |first=James David |title=Confederate Agent, a Discovery in History |publisher=Crown Publishers |year=1954 |isbn=978-0517227275 |location=New York|language=en}}</ref>

By now reduced to 1,800 men, Morgan's main column had arrived on the morning of July 8 at [[Brandenburg, Kentucky]], a small town along the Ohio River, where Hines rejoined them. Here, the raiders seized two [[steamboat]]s, the ''John B. McCombs'' and the ''[[Alice Dean]]''. Morgan, against Bragg's strict orders,<ref>{{cite web |title=John Hunt Morgan's 1863 Raid |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/john-hunt-morgan |publisher=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> transported his command across the river to Indiana, landing just east of [[Mauckport, Indiana|Mauckport]]. A small company of Indiana [[militia|home guards]] contested the crossing with an [[cannon|artillery piece]], as did a [[riverboat]] carrying a six-pounder. However, the [[River gunboat|gunboat]] soon withdrew, and Morgan's forces safely crossed the river into Indiana that night. After burning the ''[[Alice Dean]]'' and sending the ''John B. McCombs'' downriver with instructions not to pursue him, Morgan headed away from the river.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Boyer |first=Margrette |date=December 1912 |title=Morgan's Raid in Indiana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27785388 |journal=The Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=153–154 |jstor=27785388}}</ref>

[[Governor of Indiana|Governor]] [[Oliver P. Morton]] worked feverishly to organize Indiana's defense, calling for men to take up arms and form militia companies. Thousands responded and organized themselves into companies and regiments. [[Colonel|Col.]] Lewis Jordan took command of the 450 members of the [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison County]] Home Guard (Sixth Regiment, Indiana Legion), consisting of poorly trained civilians with a motley collection of arms. His goal was to delay Morgan long enough for Union reinforcements to arrive.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050929223311/http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/markers/7220027.html ''Indiana Historical Marker for Morgan's Raid'']</ref>

[[Major general|Maj. Gen.]] [[Ambrose Burnside]], commander of the [[Department of the Ohio]] with headquarters in [[Cincinnati]], quickly organized local Federal troops and home militia to cut off Morgan's routes back to the Confederacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morgan's Raiders |url=https://www.ohiocivilwarcentral.com/morgans-raiders/ |website=Ohio Civil War|date=20 October 2022 }}</ref> Morgan headed northward on Mauckport Road with another brother, Colonel Richard Morgan, leading the forward elements. On July 9, {{Convert | 1 |  mi | spell = in}} south of [[Corydon, Indiana]], the [[county seat]] of Harrison County, his advance guard encountered Jordan's small force, drawn in a battle line behind a hastily thrown up [[barricade]] of logs. The colonel attacked, and in a short but spirited battle of less than an hour, he simultaneously [[flanking maneuver|outflanked]] both Union wings, completely routing the hapless militia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Funk |first=Arville L. |date=June 1958 |title=The Battle of Corydon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27788566 |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=134–137 |jstor=27788566 }}</ref> Accounts vary as to the number of casualties that resulted from the [[Battle of Corydon]], but one source estimates that 4 of Jordan's men were killed, 10–12 were wounded, and 355 were captured. Morgan counted 11 dead and 40 wounded raiders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Funk |first=Arville L. |title=A Sketchbook of Indiana History |publisher=[[Christian Book Press]] |year=1969 |edition=revised |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> Among the dead Federals was the civilian toll keeper who perished near his tollgate. Raiders killed a [[Lutheran]] [[religious minister|minister]], Reverend Peter Glenn, on his farm, {{convert|4|mi|0}} from the battlefield, and stole horses from several other farmers.<ref name=":0" />

General Morgan led his division into Corydon, where he paroled his demoralized prisoners and ransomed the town for cash and supplies.<ref name=":0" /> Morgan's soldiers then traveled east and reached [[Vienna, Indiana|Vienna]] on July 10, where they burned a railroad bridge and depot and tapped a telegraph line. After spending the night in Lexington, they headed to the northeast, terrorizing the small towns along the way, including [[Vernon, Indiana|Vernon]], [[Dupont, Indiana|Dupont]], [[New Pekin, Indiana|New Pekin]], [[Salem, Indiana|Salem]], and [[Versailles, Indiana|Versailles]].<ref name=":1" />

On July 11, while crossing [[Blue River (Indiana)|Blue River]] near New Pekin, Confederate Capt. William J. Davis and some of his men were captured by [[73rd Regiment Indiana Infantry|73rd Indiana Infantry]] and a detachment of the 5th U.S. Regulars. Davis and several other soldiers were taken to [[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]] and secured in the county jail.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Morgan's Raiders Ride on the Monon July 12, 1863, Salem, Indiana |url=http://monon.org/MorgansRaiders.php |website=Monon Railroad Historical Technical Society, Inc.}}</ref>

On the night of July 11, Morgan camped near the town of [[Dupont, Indiana]]. Subsequently, on July 12, his men burned the town's storehouse. They stole 2,000 hams before continuing east.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Morgan's Raid July 8–13 1863 |url=https://www.in.gov/history/state-historical-markers/find-a-marker/morgans-raid-july-8-13-1863-5/#:~:text=Confederate%20forces%20under%20Gen.,hams%20from%20Mayfield's%20pork%20house. |website=Indiana Historical Bureau| date=16 December 2020 }}</ref> By the next day, such a large amount of meat in the open air had attracted flies, and the soldiers began discarding hams along the side of the road, leaving a trail for Indiana militia troops to follow as they chased Morgan and his men out of the state.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Morgan's Raiders and the Jewels of Versailles |url=http://mlmindiana.org/museum/ |website=Masonic Library and Museum of Indiana}}</ref>

Morgan then headed for Salem, immediately occupying the town and placing guards over the stores and streets. His cavalrymen burned the large brick depot, along with all the railcars on the track and the railroad bridges on each side of town. They demanded ransoms from area flour and grist mills. After looting stores and taking about $500, they departed in the afternoon.<ref name=":3" />

In Versailles, a group of freebooters invaded the local [[Masonic Lodge]], Versailles No. 7, and stole the Lodge's office badges made from French silver coins. Morgan, himself a [[Freemason]], ordered the officers' jewels returned, punishing the thievery of his men.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hodapp|first1=Christopher L.|title=Heritage Endures: Perspectives On 200 Years of Indiana Freemasonry|date=2018|publisher=Grand Lodge F&AM of Indiana|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-1-5136-2902-5|page=102}}</ref>

Morgan finally left Indiana at [[West Harrison, Indiana|Harrison]], closely pursued by U.S. cavalry.<ref name=":2" />

==Ohio & West Virginia==
The Confederates entered Ohio on July 13, destroying bridges, railroads, and government stores. Morgan's raid spread alarm across southern and central Ohio and caused speculation about his destination. ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', a leading Northern newspaper, reported:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Morgan's Raid into Ohio |url=https://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/morgan |website=Carnegie Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 25, 1863 |title=Morgan's Raid |page=467 |work=Harper's Weekly |url=https://archive.org/details/harpersweeklyv7bonn/page/466/mode/1up }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The raid of the rebel Morgan into Indiana, which he seems to be pursuing with great boldness, has thoroughly aroused the people of that State and of Ohio to a sense of their danger. On 13th General Burnside declared martial law in Cincinnati, and in [[Covington, Kentucky|Covington]] and [[Newport, Kentucky|Newport]] on the Kentucky side. All business is suspended until further orders, and all citizens are required to organize in accordance with the direction of the State and municipal authorities. There is nothing definite as to Morgan's whereabouts; but it is supposed that he will endeavor to move around the city of Cincinnati and cross the river between there and [[Maysville, Kentucky|Maysville]]. The militia is concentrating, in obedience to the order of Governor Tod.||July 25, 1863|source=Harper's Weekly}}

[[File:MorganWashington.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|Morgan's Raiders enter [[Old Washington, Ohio]]]]

Sidestepping Burnside's forces that protected Cincinnati to the south he traveled through such northern communities as [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]], [[New Baltimore, Ohio|New Baltimore]], [[Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio|Colerain]], [[Springdale, Ohio|Springdale]], [[Glendale, Ohio|Glendale]] and [[Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville]]. Morgan and his men ran into significant resistance when trying to capture [[Camp Dennison, Ohio|Camp Dennison]]. Morgan would eventually retreat and regroup with the other column of his men in [[Montgomery, Ohio|Montgomery]] and bypass Camp Dennison through Wards Corner.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bishop |first=Taylor |title=Morgan's Great Raid of 1863 |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/morgans-great-raid-1863 |website=American Battlefield Trust|date=19 October 2021 }}</ref> Morgan continued east to the Ohio River where, just north of modern [[Ravenswood, West Virginia]], there was a ford at [[Buffington Island]] that would allow him to cross over into that state. Burnside correctly guessed Morgan's intentions. Federal columns under [[Edward H. Hobson]] and [[Henry M. Judah]] and river [[gunboat]]s swiftly converged to contest any river crossing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitikofer |first=Sheritta |title=Battle of Buffington Island: Morgan's Foray Across the Ohio River |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/battle-buffington-island-morgans-foray-across-ohio-river |website=American Battlefield Trust|date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Morgan's Raid |url=http://touringohio.com/history/battle-buffington-island.html |website=Touring Ohio}}</ref> Burnside also sent a militia regiment from [[Marietta, Ohio]], to hold the ford until the Federal forces could arrive. Morgan arrived on the evening of July 18 but decided not to attack the militia in the gathering darkness. It proved to be a mistake.<ref name=":6" />

By morning, the cavalry and gunboats had arrived, blocking Morgan's escape route.<ref name=":5" /> At the subsequent [[Battle of Buffington Island]] in [[Ohio]], Union troops won a decisive victory and captured 1,025 of Morgan's men in total, including his brother Richard and noted cavalryman Col. [[Basil W. Duke]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buffington Island |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/buffington-island |website=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> Cut off from safety by the Union gunboats, Morgan and his remaining cavaliers headed northeast back into Ohio. A second attempt at crossing {{convert|20|mi}} upriver (opposite [[Belleville, West Virginia]]) also failed, with several of Morgan's men drowning in the swirling river as the gunboats and Union cavalry again drove off the raiders. Col. [[Stovepipe Johnson|Adam "Stovepipe" Johnson]] and over 300 raiders escaped into West Virginia and safety, but General Morgan remained on the Ohio side with the rest of his dwindling force.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> He was turned away at skirmishes in [[Gallia County, Ohio|Gallia County]] at Coal Hill and [[Hockingport, Ohio|Hockingport]], losing more of his force.

As Morgan, with 400 remaining men, headed away from the river into the interior of southern Ohio, he paused at [[Nelsonville, Ohio|Nelsonville]], a small town on the [[Hocking Canal]]. His men burned ten wooden canal boats and set a [[covered bridge]] ablaze to slow their pursuers.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> However, as soon as Morgan's raiders rode off, citizens rushed to save the burning span. Two hours later, Union cavalry arrived, delighted to find that the townspeople had prepared a feast for them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Nelsonville |url=https://www.cityofnelsonville.com/more/about |website=City of Nelsonville}}</ref>

[[File:Morgans Men POW 1863.jpg|thumb|upright|Group of "Morgan's Men" while prisoners of war in [[State Correctional Institution – Pittsburgh|Western Penitentiary, Pennsylvania]]{{efn|In prisoner photo: (l to r) Captain William E. Curry, 8th Kentucky Cavalry; Lieutenant Andrew J. Church, 8th Kentucky Cavalry; Lieutenant Leeland Hathaway, 14th Kentucky Cavalry; Lieutenant Henry D. Brown, 10th Kentucky Cavalry; Lieutenant William Hays, 20th Kentucky Cavalry.}} All were captured with John Hunt Morgan in Ohio, 1863]]

With his men somewhat rested on Peter Weaver's homestead near Triadelphia on July 22 and guided down Island Run by the son, John Weaver, who was held hostage, Morgan forded the broad [[Muskingum River]] at Eagleport, just south of [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], before turning northward in [[Guernsey County, Ohio|Guernsey County]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roos |first=Gregory |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Deerfield Township |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=173463 |website=The Historical Marker Database}}</ref> He still hoped to cross the Ohio River at some point and head through West Virginia to safety.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roos |first=Gregory |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Eagleport |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=173466 |website=The Historical Marker Database}}</ref> At the village of [[Old Washington, Ohio|Old Washington]], Morgan's weary men fought a skirmish in the streets before hastily departing, pursued by Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. [[James M. Shackelford]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prats |first=J.J. |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Morgan's Raid in Old Washington |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=1036 |website=The Historical Markers Database}}</ref> On July 26, Union forces defeated Morgan at the [[Battle of Salineville]] and finally caught him that afternoon near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in [[Columbiana County, Ohio|Columbiana County]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Salineville Location |url=https://www.ohiocivilwarcentral.com/battle-of-salineville-location/ |website=Ohio Civil War|date=25 October 2022 }}</ref> They were held in [[Wellsville, Ohio]], then taken to the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] rather than to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]], because of reports that captured Union officers had received similar treatment.<ref name=":4" /> Many of his enlisted men ended up in the [[Camp Douglas (Chicago)|Camp Douglas]] stockade in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberts |first=Dennis |date=September 7, 2021 |title=John Hunt Morgan's Great Escape |url=https://www.timelinesmagazine.com/publications/civil-war-courier/john-hunt-morgan-s-great-escape/article_2fc69624-0fed-11ec-af2b-d7e641bb6e4e.html |website=TimeLines Magazine}}</ref>

The general and six officers [[List of prison escapes#Famous historical escapes|made a daring escape]] on November 27 by tunneling from an air shaft beneath their cells into the prison yard and scaling the walls.<ref name="Ohio Historical Society">[http://www.remarkableohio.org/ Ohio Historical Society]</ref> Only two of Morgan's men were recaptured, and he and the rest soon returned to the Confederacy. Morgan was killed less than a year later in Greeneville, Tennessee, by a Union cavalryman after refusing to halt while attempting to escape.<ref name=":7" />

==Impact==
During his raid, Morgan and his men captured and paroled about 6,000 U.S. soldiers and militia, destroyed 34 bridges, disrupted the railroads at more than 60 places, and diverted tens of thousands of troops from other duties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salineville |url=https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=OH002 |website=National Park Service}}</ref> He spread terror throughout the region and seized thousands of dollars worth of supplies, food, and other items from local stores, houses, and farms. Since the timing somewhat coincided with the [[Gettysburg Campaign]] and raids towards [[Pittsburgh]] by [[John D. Imboden]]'s cavalry, many assumed at the time that Morgan's Raid was part of a coordinated effort to threaten the Ohio River commerce and spread the war to the North. Few in the North realized that Morgan's adventure was a violation of his orders and had nothing to do with [[Robert E. Lee]]'s simultaneous movement into [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=Middleton |date=June 1938 |title=Recollections of Morgan's Raid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27786966 |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=188–194 |jstor=27786966 }}</ref>

In Ohio alone, approximately 2,500 horses were stolen, and nearly 4,375 homes and businesses were raided. Morgan's Raid cost Ohio taxpayers nearly $600,000 in damages and over $200,000 in wages paid to the 49,357 Ohioans called up to man 587 companies of local militia.<ref>Harper, p. 23.</ref>

Despite their military defeat and high casualties, the long raid had accomplished much for Morgan's men. Col. Basil Duke, Morgan's brother-in-law and second-in-command of the raid, later wrote, "The objects of the raid were accomplished. General Bragg's retreat was unmolested by any flanking forces of the enemy, and I think that military men, who will review all the facts, will pronounce that this expedition delayed for weeks the fall of East Tennessee, and prevented the timely reinforcement of Rosecrans by troops that would otherwise have participated in the [[Battle of Chickamauga]]."<ref>Duke, p. 460.</ref>

To many Confederates, the incursion became known as the "Great Raid of 1863" and was initially hailed in the newspapers. However, along with Gettysburg and Vicksburg, it was another in a string of defeats for the Confederate Army that summer. Several Northern newspapers derisively labeled Morgan's expedition as the "[[Calico (textile)|Calico]] Raid," in reference to the raiders' propensity for procuring personal goods from local stores and houses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Etcheson |first=Nicole |date=July 22, 2013 |title=Mr. Morgan's Daring Raid |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/mr-morgans-daring-raid/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602135555/https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/mr-morgans-daring-raid/ }}</ref>

==Memorialization==
[[File:Brandenburg Morgan marker.jpg|thumb|upright|Historical marker noting Morgan's activities at [[Brandenburg, Kentucky]], where his forces captured two [[steamboat]]s, the ''John B. McCombs'' and the ''[[Alice Dean]]'', before crossing the [[Ohio River]] into [[Indiana]] ]]

Kentucky and Indiana have well-marked John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trails that allow tourists to follow the route of Morgan's Raid through their states, along with websites and written tour guides.<ref>[http://hhhills.org/jhmht/ Indiana's John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050726075548/http://hhhills.org/jhmht/ |date=2005-07-26 }}</ref> In November 2001, the State of Ohio placed a John Hunt Morgan historical marker on the site of the Ohio State Penitentiary, remembering his imprisonment and daring escape.<ref name="Ohio Historical Society"/> An [[John Hunt Morgan Memorial|equestrian statue of General Morgan]] was erected and dedicated in 1911 in downtown [[Lexington, Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Hunt Morgan Statue Controversy: 1910 Edition |url=https://history.ky.gov/news/john-hunt-morgan-statue-controversy-1910-edition |website=Kentucky Historical Society}}</ref> Ohio's plans for a similar formal trail finally came to fruition in 2013, when the state erected over 600 directional markers and 56 interpretive signs commemorating the route and the important incidents of the raid.<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/travel/index.ssf/2013/07/ohios_new_john_hunt_morgan_her.html Ohio's new John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail follows Confederate army's push across a panicked state]</ref> Signage was installed during the spring and summer of 2013, in the months leading up to the 150th anniversary of the "Great Raid."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/travel/2013/05/19/1-where-raiders-roamed.html |title=Civil War tour: Retracing Morgan's Raid |access-date=2013-07-27 |archive-date=2015-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220014529/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/travel/2013/05/19/1-where-raiders-roamed.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On the weekend of July 27–28, 2013, communities in Carroll, Jefferson, and Columbiana County, Ohio, held a driving tour to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the raid, with a Civil War era church service, the dedication of a Morgan's Raid Heritage Trail tablet to mark the location of the fighting at Sharp's farm, and events in towns on and near the raid route.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=Morgan's Raid celebrates 150th anniversary throughout the area |url=https://www.the-review.com/story/news/local/minerva/2013/07/24/morgan-s-raid-celebrates-150th/19308849007/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Alliance Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

The oil painting "Morgan's Raiders" is hung at the Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in Gainesville, Georgia. The painting was made in 1936 by artist Daniel Boza, commissioned by the Works Progress Administration (President Franklin Roosevelt administration).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vardeman |first1=Johnny |title=Who are the men depicted in post office mural? |url=https://www.gainesvilletimes.com/columnists/johnny-vardemans-column/who-are-men-depicted-in-post-office-mural/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |publisher=Gainesville Times |date=Nov 14, 2009}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* "An Incident of Morgan's Raid: Valueless Bill Left to Pay for Fine Horse and Wheat Crop," ''The Zanesville Signal'', Vol. 28, no. 219 (Tuesday, 4 December 1906), p.&nbsp;2, col. 4.
* [[Basil W. Duke|Duke, Basil Wilson]], ''A History of Morgan's Cavalry.'' Cincinnati, Ohio: Miami Printing and Pub. Co., 1867. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024807/http://www.kyvl.org/kentuckiana/cgi-bin/xmlebind2html/5nf/b92-111-27909403 On-line version]
* Harper, Robert S., ''Ohio Handbook of the Civil War.'' Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society, 1961.
* Horwitz, Lester V., ''The Longest Raid of the Civil War.'' Cincinnati, Ohio: Farmcourt Publishing, Inc., 1999. {{ISBN|0-9670267-3-3}}.
* Kelsey, D.M., ''Deeds of Daring by the American Soldier North and South During the Civil War.'' New York, Akron, and Chicago: [[Saalfield Publishing|The Saalfield Publishing Company]], 1903.
* Mingus, Scott L., "Morgan's Raid," ''CHARGE! Magazine'', Vol. 4, August, 2004, pp. 12–13. Text used by permission of the Johnny Reb Gaming Society.
* Mosgrove, George Dallas, "[http://morgans_men.tripod.com/plume.htm Following Morgan's Plume in Indiana and Ohio]," ''Southern Historical Society Papers'', Vol. XXXV. January–December, 1907.
* Ramage, James A., ''Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan.'' Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986. {{ISBN|0-8131-1576-0}}.
* Richardson, John V. ''Die Weber Familie: The Weber, Wollenschlager, Habermann, and Kempf Families.'' Los Angeles, ITA Press, 2020. {{ISBN|0-9819196-3-4}}.
* Simmons, Flora E., ''A complete account of the John Morgan raid through Indiana and Ohio, in July, 1863.'' Self-published, 1863.
* Thomas, Edison H., ''John Hunt Morgan and His Raiders.'' Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1975. {{ISBN|0-8131-0214-6}}.
* U.S. War Department, ''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies'', 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. [http://ehistory.osu.edu/uscw/library/or/index.cfm Online version]

==Further reading==
* Boyer, Margrette. "Morgan's Raid in Indiana." ''The Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History'' 8.4 (1912): 149–165. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27785388 online free]
* Brown, Dee A. ''Morgan's Raiders''. New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1959. {{ISBN|0-914427-79-2}}.
*{{cite web
|author=Carnegie Public Library (East Liverpool, Ohio)
|author-link=Carnegie Public Library (East Liverpool, Ohio)
|title=Morgan's Raid into Ohio
|url=https://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/morgan
|access-date=December 10, 2018}}
* Conway, W. Fred. ''Corydon – The Forgotten Battle of the Civil War''. New Albany, IN: FBH Publishers, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-925165-03-9}}.
* Conway, W. Fred., and James M. Wells. ''The Most Incredible Prison Escape of the Civil War''. New Albany, IN: FBH Publishers, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-925165-04-6}}.
* Funk, Arville L. ''The Morgan Raid in Indiana and Ohio (1863)''. Superior Printing Company, 1971. {{OCLC|14099212}}
* Mowery, David L. ''Morgan's Great Raid: The Remarkable Expedition from Kentucky to Ohio''. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-60949-436-0}}.
* Robertson, Middleton. "Recollections of Morgan's Raid." ''Indiana Magazine of History'' (1938): 188–194. [http://scholarworks.dlib.indiana.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/7048/7809 online]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Simms, Jeremiah Hickman, ed. ''The Last Night and Last Day of John Hunt Morgan's Raid: Eyewitness Accounts of Morgan's Ohio Raid of 1863''. West Jefferson, OH: Genesis Publishing, 1997. {{OCLC|38070234}}. First published by the author in 1913.
* Still, John S. "Blitzkrieg, 1863: Morgan's Raid and Rout." ''Civil War History'' 3.3 (1957): 291–306. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/415201/summary summary]
* Swiggett, Howard. ''The Rebel Raider: A Life of John Hunt Morgan'' (1934).

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070217151554/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/geosurvey/oh_geol/04_No_2/morgan1.htm Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The Role of Geology in Morgan's Raid]
* [http://www.in.gov/history/3993.htm Geib, George W., Emeritus Professor of History, Butler University. "Indiana Historical Bureau: Morgan's Raid"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050726075548/http://hhhills.org/jhmht/ John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail]
* [http://members.tripod.com/~Morgans_Men/ Morgan's Men Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060418180951/http://www.longestraid.com/ Longestraid.com; website for definitive work on Morgan's Raid]

{{American Civil War}}
{{Morgan's Raiders}}
{{Indiana in the Civil War}}
{{Kentucky in the Civil War}}
{{Ohio in the Civil War}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Morgan's Raid| ]]
[[Category:1863 in the United States]]
[[Category:Meigs County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Union victories of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Cavalry raids of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the American Civil War in Indiana]]
[[Category:Military operations of the American Civil War in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Military operations of the American Civil War in Ohio]]
[[Category:Military operations of the American Civil War in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Military operations of the American Civil War in West Virginia]]
[[Category:June 1863]]
[[Category:July 1863]]
[[Category:Hunt–Morgan family]]