View source for Monowitz concentration camp

{{Short description|One of the three main camps in the Auschwitz concentration camp system}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox concentration camp
| name            = Monowitz ''Buna-Werke''
| image           = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0056, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg
| image size      = 300px
| caption         = [[IG Farben]] factory in Auschwitz III-Monowitz
| location map=Poland
| map size=150px
| map label=Monowitz
| map relief=1
| map caption     = Monowitz in [[occupied Poland]]
| coordinates     = {{coord|50|02|07.8|N|19|16|40.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| other names     = Monowitz (placename) 
| known for       = Forced labor camp
| location        = Near [[Oświęcim]], [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany]]
| built by        = [[IG Farben]]
| operated by     = ''[[Schutzstaffel]]''
| original use    = Factories for producing [[synthetic rubber]] and chemicals including [[Zyklon B]]
| construction    = October 1942
| commandant      = [[Heinrich Schwarz]]
| in operation    = October 1942 – January 1945
| prisoner type   = Mainly [[Jew]]s
| inmates         = Around 12,000
| killed          =2,500 
| liberated by    = [[Red Army]] on 27 January 1945<ref name=willheim>{{cite web|title=Timeline for I.G. Farben and the Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/zeitleiste_ig_farben_und_das_kz_bunamonowitz|publisher=Wollheim Memorial|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
| notable inmates = [[Primo Levi]], [[Victor Perez (Tunisian boxer)|Victor Perez]], [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Fritz Löhner-Beda]]
| website         = 
}}
'''Monowitz''' (also known as '''Monowitz-Buna''', '''Buna''' and '''Auschwitz III''') was a [[Nazi concentration camp]] and [[labor camp]] (''[[Arbeitslager]]'') run by [[Nazi Germany]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied Poland]] from 1942–1945, during [[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Auschwitz III-Monowitz |url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-iii/ |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum}}</ref> For most of its existence, Monowitz was a [[Subcamp (SS)|subcamp]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]; from November 1943 it and other Nazi subcamps in the area were jointly known as "Auschwitz III-subcamps" (''KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager''). In November 1944 the Germans renamed it Monowitz concentration camp,<ref name=Lasik2000p151/> after the village of {{ill|Monowice|pl}} (German: Monowitz) where it was built, in the annexed portion of [[Poland]]. SS [[Hauptsturmführer]] (Captain) [[Heinrich Schwarz]] was commandant from November 1943 to January 1945.

The SS established the camp in October 1942 at the behest of [[IG Farben]] executives to provide slave labor for their [[#Buna Werke|Buna Werke]] (Buna Works) industrial complex. The name ''Buna'' was derived from the [[butadiene]]-based synthetic rubber and the chemical symbol for sodium (Na), a process of synthetic rubber production developed in Germany. Other German industrial enterprises built factories with their own subcamps, such as [[Siemens-Schuckert]]'s [[Bobrek concentration camp|Bobrek]] subcamp, close to Monowitz, to profit from the use of slave labor. The German armaments manufacturer [[Krupp]], headed by SS member [[Alfried Krupp]], also built their own manufacturing facilities near Monowitz.<ref>Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed (Contributions in Economics and Economic History) by Vernon Herbert & Attilio Bisio.Publisher: Greenwood Press (11 December 1985) Language: English {{ISBN|0313246343}} {{ISBN|978-0313246340}}</ref>

Monowitz held around 12,000 prisoners, the great majority of whom were [[Jew]]s, in addition to non-Jewish criminals and political prisoners. The SS charged IG Farben three [[Reichsmarks]] (RM) per day for unskilled workers, four (RM) per hour for skilled workers, and one and one-half (RM) for children. The camp contained an "Arbeitsausbildungslager" (labor education camp) for non-Jewish prisoners viewed as not up to par with German work standards. The life expectancy of Jewish workers at Buna Werke was three to four months; for those working in the outlying mines, only one month. Those deemed unfit for work were gassed at Auschwitz II-Birkenau.<ref>''Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp'' by Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum. Indiana University Press (1998). {{ISBN|025320884X}}, {{ISBN|978-0253208842}}.</ref><ref>''[[Night (memoir)|Night]]'' by Elie Wiesel. Bantam (1 March 1982). {{ISBN|0553272535}}, {{ISBN|978-0553272536}}.</ref><ref>''The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide'' by Robert Jay Lifton. Basic Books (August 2000). {{ISBN|0465049052}}, {{ISBN|978-0465049059}}.</ref>

[[Primo Levi]], author of ''[[If This Is a Man]]'' (1947), survived Monowitz, as did [[Elie Wiesel]], author of the [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning book ''[[Night (memoir)|Night]]'' (1960), who was a teenage inmate there along with his father.

==History==
The creation of the camp was a  result of an initiative by the German chemical company [[IG Farben]] to build the third-largest synthetic rubber and liquid fuels plant.<ref name=krakow3d>{{cite web|title=Auschwitz III (Monowitz)|url=http://www.krakow3d.com/auschwitz-iii-monowitz-nazi-camp.html|publisher=Krakow 3D|access-date=11 December 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210065408/http://www.krakow3d.com/auschwitz-iii-monowitz-nazi-camp.html|archive-date=10 December 2010}}</ref> The camp was supposed to be located in [[Silesia]], out of range of Allied bombers. Among the sites proposed between December 1940 and January 1942 the chosen location was the flat land between the eastern part of [[Oświęcim]] and the villages of Dwory and Monowice, justified by good geological conditions, access to transport routes, water supply, and the availability of [[raw materials]] such as: coal from mines in Libiąż, [[Jawiszowice]], and [[Jaworzno]], limestone from [[Krzeszowice]], and salt from [[Wieliczka]].  However, the primary reason for building the industrial complex in that location was the immediate access to the slave work-force from the nearby Auschwitz camps.

IG Farben made the preparations and reached an agreement with the [[Nazis]] between February and April 1941. The company bought the land from the treasury for a low price, after it had been seized from Polish owners without compensation and their houses were vacated and demolished. Meanwhile, German authorities removed Jews from their homes in Oświęcim and placed them in [[Sosnowiec]] or [[Chrzanów]] and sold their homes to IG Farben as housing for company employees brought from Germany.  This also happened to some local Polish residents. The IG Farben officials came to an agreement with the concentration camp commandant to hire prisoners at a rate of 3 to 4 marks per day for labor of auxiliary and skilled labor workers.

Trucks began bringing in the first KL prisoners to work at the plant's construction site in mid-April 1941. Starting in May the workers had to walk 6 to 7&nbsp;km from the camp to the factory site. At the end of July, with the laborers numbering over a thousand, they began taking the train to Dwory station. Their work included leveling the ground, digging drainage ditches, laying cables, and building roads.

The prisoners returned to the construction site in May 1942 and worked there until 21 July, when an outbreak of [[typhus]] in the main camp and [[Auschwitz-Birkenau|Birkenau]] stopped their trips to work. Worried over losing the laborers, factory management decided to turn the barracks camp being built in Monowice for civilians over to the SS, to house prisoners. Because of delays in the supply of barbed wire there were several postponements in opening the camp. The first prisoners arrived on 26 October and by early November there were approximately two thousand prisoners.

==Administration and name==
For most of its existence, Monowitz was a [[Subcamp (SS)|subcamp]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. After an administrative restructuring by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] in November 1943, it became the third of the three main camps in the [[List of subcamps of Auschwitz|Auschwitz complex]]: ''KL Auschwitz I-Stammlager'' ([[Auschwitz I]]-main camp); [[Auschwitz II-Birkenau]]; and ''KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager'' (Auschwitz III-subcamps). In November 1944, there was another reorganization: Auschwitz II became part of the main camp, and Auschwitz III was renamed Monowitz concentration camp.<ref name=Lasik2000p151>{{cite book |last=Lasik |first=Aleksander |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp |date=2000 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp|pages=(145–279), 151–152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/administration-of-the-auschwitz-camp-complex|title=Administration of the Auschwitz Camp Complex|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> 

==''Buna Werke''==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0058, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|thumb|320px|[[IG Farben]] plant under construction approximately {{convert|10|km}} from [[Auschwitz]], 1942]]

The new ''Buna Werke'' or ''Monowitz Buna-Werke'' factory was located on the outskirts of [[Oświęcim]]. The plant construction was commissioned by the Italian State interested in importing [[nitrile rubber]] (Buna-N) from IG Farben after the collapse of its own [[synthetic oil]] production. The 29 page-long contract signed by the ''Confederazione Fascista degli Industriali'' and printed on 2 March 1942 secured the arrival of 8,636 workers from Italy tasked with erecting the installations with the investment of 700 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to {{Inflation|DE|0.7|1942}} billion {{Inflation-year|DE}} €) by IG Farben (Farben was the producer of nearly all explosives for the German army, with its subsidiary also producing Zyklon-B).<ref name="Buna-Ptak2">{{cite web |url=http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2009/12/hermann-goering-ig-farben-and-zyklonb.html |title=Hermann Goering, IG Farben and Zyklon-B |publisher=Ptak Science Books |department=From ''The Nuremberg Interviews'' (Knopf, 2004) by Leon Goldensohn |date=23 September 2008 |access-date=18 July 2014 |author=John F. Ptak}}</ref> The [[synthetic rubber]] was to be made virtually for free in [[occupied Poland]] using [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labor]] from among prisoners of Auschwitz, and raw materials from the formerly Polish coalfields. The Buna factory had a workforce of an estimated 80,000 slave laborers by 1944.<ref name="Buna">{{cite web |url=http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/09/abbreviating-au.html |title=Distinguishing Oświęcim (town), Auschwitz I, II, & III, and the Buna Werke |publisher=Ptak Science Books |department=From the "Pamphlet Collection" of the Library of Congress |date=23 September 2008 |access-date=18 July 2014 |author=John F. Ptak}}</ref>

According to Joseph Borkin in his book entitled ''The Crimes and Punishment of IG Farben'', IG Farben was the majority financier for [[Auschwitz#Auschwitz III|Auschwitz III]], a camp that contained a production site for production of Buna rubber.<ref>[[IG Farben#World War II overview]]</ref> Borkin wrote, wrongly, that an [[Italian Jewish]] chemist, [[Primo Levi]], was one of the upper level specialists at the Buna plant, and was able to keep some prisoners alive with the assistance of his colleagues, allegedly not producing Buna rubber at a viable production rate.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben |url=https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmento0000bork |url-access=registration |author= Borkin, Joseph |date=1 June 1978 |publisher= Free Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmento0000bork/page/250 250] |isbn= 978-0029046302 }}</ref><ref>[[IG Farben Trial|I.G. Farbenindustrie AG Trial]], a.k.a. ''The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al.''</ref> In fact Levi was only an inmate there who, in the last two months of his captivity, was sent to a chemical lab due to his former studies as a chemist. Buna Rubber was named by [[BASF]] A.G., and through 1988 Buna was a remaining [[trade name]] of nitrile rubber held by BASF.

== Auschwitz III concentration camp ==

[[File:FARBEN DWORY.png|thumb|right|320px|''Buna-Werke'' between the towns of Dwory and Monowitz and labor subcamps. Main labor camp "Auschwitz III" on lower right.]]
[[File:AUSCHWITZ III.png|thumb|right|320px|"Auschwitz III" Monowitz labor camp]]

By 1942 the new labour camp complex occupied about half of its projected area, the expansion was for the most part finished in the summer of 1943. The last four barracks were built a year later. The labor camp's population grew from 3,500 in December 1942 to over 6,000 by the first half of 1943. By July 1944 the prisoner population was over 11,000, most of whom were Jews. Despite the growing death-rate from slave labor, starvation, executions or other forms of murder, the demand for labor was growing, and more prisoners were brought in. Because the factory management insisted on removing sick and exhausted prisoners from Monowice, people incapable of continuing their work were murdered. The company argued that they had not spent large amounts of money building barracks for prisoners unfit to work.<ref name=Monowitz>{{Citation
 | title= Living conditions and number of victims
 | work= History > Auschwitz III-Monowitz
 | publisher= Memorial and museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp
 | author= Editorial board
 | year= 2017
 | url= http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-iii/living-conditions-and-number-of-victims
}}
</ref>

On 10 February 1943 ''SS-[[Obersturmbannführer]]'' Gerhard Maurer, responsible for the employment of concentration camp prisoners went to Oświęcim; he promised IG Farben the arrival of another thousand prisoners, in exchange for the incapable factory workers. More than 10,000 prisoners were victims of the selection during the period in which the camp operated. Taken to the main camp's hospital, most victims were killed by a lethal injection of phenol to the heart.

Some were sent to [[Auschwitz-Birkenau|Birkenau]] where they were liquidated after "re-selection" in the Bllf prison hospital or in most cases murdered in the gas chambers. More than 1,600 other prisoners died in the hospital at Monowice, and many were shot at the construction site or hanged at the camp. An estimated 10,000 [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] prisoners lost their lives because of working for IG Farben.<ref name=Monowitz/>

=== Productivity of prisoners ===

The barracks at Auschwitz III were overcrowded like those in Birkenau; however, those in Monowice had windows and heating during the winter when needed. "Buna-Suppe", a watery soup, was served, along with extremely low food rations. The foremen were in charge of laborers and demanded the capos and SS-men enforce higher productivity, beating prisoners. In reports sent from Monowice to the corporate headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, Maximilian Faust, an engineer in charge of construction stated in these reports that the only way to keep the prisoners' productivity at a satisfactory level was through violence and corporal punishment. While declaring his own opposition to "flogging and mistreating prisoners to death", Faust nevertheless added that "achieving the appropriate productivity is out of the question without the stick."

Prisoners worked more slowly than the German construction workers, even with being beaten. This was a source of anger and dissatisfaction to factory management, and led to repeated requests that camp authorities increase the numbers of SS men and energetic capos to supervise the prisoners. A group of specially chosen German common criminal capos were sent to Monowice. When these steps seemed to fail, IG Farben officials suggested the introduction of a rudimentary piecework system and a motivational scheme including the right to wear watches, have longer hair (rejected in practice), the payment of scrip that could be used in the camp canteen (which offered cigarettes and other low-value trifles for sale), and free visits to the camp bordello (which opened in the Monowice camp in 1943).

These steps hardly had an effect on prisoner productivity. In December 1944, at conferences in [[Katowice]], it was brought to attention that the real cause of prisoners' low productivity: the motivational system was characterized as ineffective and the capos as "good", but it was admitted that the prisoners worked slowly simply because they were hungry.

===Overseers===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0068, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Prisoners at work in Monowitz, identified by striped clothes]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0074, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|thumb|right|320px|[[Ostarbeiter]] on lathe at Monowitz, identified by "Ost" badge on her clothes]]
To a large degree, the SS men from the garrison in Monowice were responsible for the conditions that prevailed in the camp. ''SS-[[Obersturmführer]]'' [[Vinzenz Schöttl]] held the post of ''[[Lagerführer]]'' during the period when Monowice functioned as one of the many Auschwitz sub-camps.<ref name="wollheim-1"/> In November 1943, after the reorganization of the administrative system and the division of Auschwitz into three quasi-autonomous components, the camp in Monowice received a commandant of its own. This was ''SS-[[Hauptsturmführer]]'' [[Heinrich Schwarz]], who until then had been the head of the labor department and ''Lagerführer'' in the main camp. At Monowice, he was given authority over the [[Jawischowitz]], Neu-Dachs in [[Jaworzno]], [[Fürstengrube]], Janinagrube in [[Libiąż]], Golleschau in [[Goleszów]], Eintrachthütte in [[Świętochłowice]], [[Sosnowitz]], [[Lagischa]], and [[Brünn]] (in Bohemia) sub-camps. Later, the directors of new sub-camps opened at industrial facilities in Silesia and Bohemia answered to him. Rudolf Wilhelm Buchholz and Richard Stolten were SS men there. Also present were: Dr. Bruno Kitt from December 1942 to January 1943 or March 1943, ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' [[Helmuth Vetter|Dr. Helmuth Vetter]]; from March 1943 to 20 October 1943, ''SS-Obersturmführer'' [[Friedrich Entress|Dr. Friedrich Entress]]. From October 1943 to  November 1943, there followed ''SS-Obersturmführer'' Dr. Werner Rohde; from November 1943 to September 1944, ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' [[Horst Fischer|Dr. Horst Fischer]]; and finally, from September 1944 to January 1945, ''SS-Obersturmführer'' [[Hans Wilhelm König|Dr. Hans Wilhelm König]].<ref name="wollheim-1"/>

Bernhard Rakers was ''Kommandoführer'' in 1943, then roll-call leader in Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, sentenced to life in prison in 1953 for murder of prisoners (pardoned in 1971, died in 1980).<ref name="wollheim-1">[http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/organisationsstruktur_und_kommandantur_en   Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp Organizational Structure and Commandant’s Office] at Wollheim Memorial.de</ref>

[[Fritz Löhner-Beda]] (prisoner number 68561) was a popular song lyricist who was murdered in Monowitz-Buna at the behest of an IG Farben executive, as his friend Raymond van den Straaten testified at the Nuremberg trial of 24 IG Farben executives:
{{quotation|One day, two Buna inmates, Dr. Raymond van den Straaten and Dr. Fritz Löhner-Beda, were going about their work when a party of visiting IG Farben dignitaries passed by. One of the directors pointed to Dr. Löhner-Beda and said to his SS companion, "This Jewish swine could work a little faster." Another director then chanced the remark, "If they can't work, let them perish in the gas chamber." After the inspection was over, Dr. Löhner-Beda was pulled out of the work party and was beaten and kicked until, a dying man, he was left in the arms of his inmate friend, to end his life in IG Auschwitz.<ref>Dein ist mein ganzes Herz (Fritz Löhner-Beda) by [[Günther Schwarberg]] (2000) {{ISBN|3882437154}}</ref>}}

In May 1944, the command center of a separate guard battalion (''SS-Totenkopfsturmbann KL Auschwitz III'') was established in Monowice. It consisted of seven companies, which were assigned to the following sub-camps: the 1st Company to Monowitz, the 2nd Company to Golleschau in [[Goleszów]], and Jawischowitz in [[Jawiszowice]], the 3rd Company to [[Bobrek, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Bobrek]], Fürstengrube, Günthergrube, and Janinagrube in [[Libiąż]], the 4th Company to Neu-Dachs in [[Jaworzno]], the 5th Company to Eintrachthütte, Lagischa, [[Siemianowice Śląskie|Laurahütte]], and Sosnowitz II in [[Sosnowiec]], the 6th Company to Gleiwitz I, II and III in [[Gliwice]], and the 7th Company to Blechhammer in [[Kędzierzyn-Koźle|Blachownia]].<ref name="Monowitz"/>

In September 1944, a total of 1,315 SS men served in these companies. The 439 of them who made up 1 Company were stationed at Monowice, and included not only guards but also the staff of the offices and stores that saw to the needs of the remaining sub-camps.

==Monowitz/Buna-Werke bombed==
[[File:Auschwitz-Birkenau Complex - Oswiecim, Poland - NARA - 305897.jpg|thumb|right|320px| Auschwitz I, II and III complex]]
The Allies bombed the I.G. Farben factories at Monowitz four times, all of them during the last year of the war.

* The first raid was conducted 20 August 1944 by 127 [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]es of the 15th U.S. Army Air Force based at [[Foggia Airfield Complex|Foggia]], Italy. The first bombing started at 10:32&nbsp;p.m. and lasted for 28 minutes. A total of 1,336 500&nbsp;lb. high explosive bombs were dropped from an altitude of between 26,000 and 29,000 feet.
* On 13 September, 1944 96 [[B 24 Liberator|B-24 Liberators]] bombed Monowitz in an air raid that lasted 13 minutes.
* The third attack occurred on 18 December 1944 by two B-17s and 47 B-24s, 436 500&nbsp;lb. bombs were dropped.
* The fourth and last attack was on 26 December 1944 by 95 B-24s; a total of 679 500&nbsp;lb. bombs were dropped.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Neufeld |editor1-first=Michael J. |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |year=2000 |title=The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? |edition=First |location=New York/Washington, D.C. |publisher=St. Martin's Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |oclc=41368222 |isbn=9780312198381 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20001102165429/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/filmmore/reference/primary/bombextracts.html Extracts from the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, summarizing 15th Air Force bombing attacks in August and September 1944 on Oswiecim (Auschwitz)]</ref>

==Liberation of the camp==
On 18 January 1945, all prisoners in Monowitz whom the Nazis deemed healthy enough to walk were evacuated from the camp and sent on a [[death marches (Holocaust)|death march]] to the [[Gleiwitz]] (Gliwice) subcamp near the Czech border.<ref name=willheim /> [[Victor Perez (Tunisian boxer)|Victor "Young" Perez]], a professional boxer of Jewish heritage from [[French Tunisia]] died on the death march on 22 January 1945;<ref name=perez>{{cite web|title=Victor "Young" Perez (1911–1945)|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/victor_young_perez_19111945|publisher=Wollheim Memorial|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> Paul Steinberg, who would chronicle his experiences in a 1996 book, was among those on the march.<ref name=steinberg>{{cite book|last=Steinberg|first=Paul|title=Chroniques d'ailleurs|year=2000|publisher=Metropolitan Books|location=New York, New York|isbn=0805060642|pages=[https://archive.org/details/speakyoualsosurv00stei/page/192 192]|url=https://archive.org/details/speakyoualsosurv00stei/page/192}}</ref> He was later liberated by the American Army at Buchenwald.<ref>Quatre boules de cuir ou l’étrange destin de Young Perez, champion du monde de boxe by André Nahum: Publisher: Bibliophane (24 April 2002) {{ISBN|2869700601}}
{{ISBN|978-2869700604}} .</ref> The remaining prisoners were liberated on 27 January 1945 by the [[Red Army]] along with others in the Auschwitz camp complex, among them was the renowned writer [[Primo Levi]].<ref name=primolevi>{{cite news|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|title=Books of The Times; Primo Levi and the Ghosts of Auschwitz|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/12/books/books-of-the-times-primo-levi-and-the-ghosts-of-auschwitz.html|access-date=11 December 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 December 1989}}</ref>
[[File:Primo Levi.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Primo Levi]], ca. 1950s]]
Beginning mid-February 1945 the Red Army shipped much equipment and machinery from the Buna Werke factory to western Siberia using captured German specialists who helped dismantle it bit by bit.<ref name="wollheim-after1945">{{cite web |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/monowitz_monowice_fabrik_und_lagergelaende_nach_1945_2 |title=Monowitz / Monowice: factory and camp grounds after 1945 |publisher=The Norbert Wollheim Memorial |date=2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |author=Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main}}</ref> However, many of the original buildings remained, and the chemical industry was rebuilt on the site after the war. At the grounds of the former factory are the two Polish companies: Chemoservis-Dwory S.A., which produces metal structures, parts, metal building elements, tanks and reservoirs etc., and Synthos Dwory Sp. a subsidiary of the Synthos S.A. Group which manufactures synthetic rubbers, latex and polystyrene among other chemical products. Both are based in Oświęcim. Extant structures and visible remains of the Monowitz camp itself include the original camp smithy, part of the prisoner kitchen building, a ruined building of the SS Barracks, a large concrete air raid shelter for the SS guard force (type "Salzgitter/Geilenberg"), and small one-man SS air raid shelters (these can also be found on the grounds of the Buna Werke factory, along with larger concrete air raid shelters for the factory workers).

==British POW camp==
Several hundred meters west of the Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, there was a work subcamp, E715, of the main camp ([[Stalag VIII-B]]) in [[Łambinowice|Lamsdorf]] (after November 1943, in [[Cieszyn|Teschen]]). [[UK|British]] and other [[British Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] POWs were held there and the camp was administered by [[Wehrmacht]], not SS. Most of these POWs had been captured [[North African Campaign|in North Africa]], initially by [[Italia]]n troops. After [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italy’s change of sides in 1943]], the German Army took them to prisoner of war camps in [[Silesia]] and finally to Auschwitz. The first 200 British POWs reached Auschwitz in early September 1943. In winter 1943/44, about 1,400 British POWs were interned in E715. In February and March 1944, around 800 of them were moved to [[Blechhammer]] and [[Heydebreck]]. After that time, the number of British prisoners of war in Auschwitz remained constant, at around 600.

British POWs in Auschwitz occasionally received [[Red Cross]] parcels. However, on 23 February 1944 a soldier named Corporal L.V. Reynolds, from the [[Royal Army Service Corps]], was shot dead on the spot after refusing to climb up to a {{convert|70|ft|abbr=on}} high ice-covered gantry because he was ill-equipped and thought it too dangerous.<ref>{{cite book|title=British PoWs and the Holocaust: Witnessing the Nazi Atrocities|first=Russell|last= Wallis|publisher	=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9781786731944|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qKDwAAQBAJ&dq=corporal%20%20reynolds%20shot%20buna%201944&pg=PA182 182]}}</ref>

The British POWs could see what was going on in the Monowitz concentration camp; they could hear shots at night and see the bodies of men who had been hanged. At the Monowitz construction site the POWs came in contact with the concentration camp inmates. British POW [[Denis Avey]] worked at camp E715 and wrote a personal account of it.

As the Red Army was approaching Auschwitz in January 1945, the Wehrmacht closed E715 on 21 January 1945, and made the British prisoners of war march through Poland and [[Czechoslovakia]] in the direction of [[Bavaria]]. In April 1945, the U.S. Army freed the British prisoners of war from Auschwitz in Stalag VII A in [[Moosburg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/e715_lager_fuer_britische_kriegsgefangene|title=E715 – Camp for British Prisoners of War|publisher=The Norbert Wollheim Memorial |date=2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |author=Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/26001/revealed-british-troops-imprisoned-auschwitz|title=Revealed: the British troops imprisoned at Auschwitz|publisher=Jewish Chronicle Online|author=Simon Round}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Charles Coward]]
*[[List of Nazi concentration camps]]
*[[Arthur Dodd (Auschwitz survivor)]]
*[[IG Farben trial]]
*[[Heinrich Bütefisch]]
*[[List of subcamps of Auschwitz]]
*[[The Man Who Broke into Auschwitz]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* ''The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben'' by Joseph Borkin (New York: Free Press, 1978). {{ISBN|0671827553}}, {{ISBN|978-0671827557}}.
* ''Industry and Ideology'' by [[Peter Hayes (historian)|Peter Hayes]]. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition (13 November 2000). {{ISBN|052178638X}}, {{ISBN|978-0521786386}}.
* ''If This Is a Man'', [[Primo Levi]]

==External links==
{{commonscat|Auschwitz III (Monowitz)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040919010250/http://www.holocaust-history.org/ Holocaust History.Org]
* [https://www.ushmm.org/ Search "Monowitz" in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Website]
* [http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/ernst_frankenthal_19241993 Wollheim Memorial]
* [http://wikimapia.org/1808502/Chemical-Company-Dwory-S-A Dwory S.A. at Wikimapia]
* [https://archives.cjh.org//repositories/5/resources/13879 Guide to the Concentration Camps Collection] at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York, New York. Contains materials on survivors of Buna-Monowitz (Auschwitz III).

{{The Holocaust}}
{{IG Farben}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp]]
[[Category:IG Farben]]
[[Category:BASF]]
[[Category:Nazi concentration camps in Poland]]