View source for Monkeys and apes in space

{{Short description|Space travel by primates}}
{{For|the band|Space Monkeys}}
{{redirect|Able and Baker|the pair of nuclear tests|Operation Crossroads}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Ham the chimp (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]], a chimpanzee, became the first great ape in space during his January 31, 1961, suborbital flight aboard [[Mercury-Redstone 2]]]]
Before [[Human spaceflight|humans went into space]] in the 1960s, several other [[animals in space|animals were launched into space]], including numerous other [[primate]]s, so that scientists could investigate the [[biological effects of spaceflight]]. The [[United States]] launched flights containing primate passengers primarily between 1948 and 1961 with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985. [[France]] launched two monkey-carrying flights in 1967. The [[Soviet Union]] and [[Russia]] launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. Most primates were [[anesthetized]] before lift-off.

Over thirty-two non-human primates flew in the space program; none flew more than once. Numerous backup primates also went through the programs but never flew. Monkeys and non-human apes from several species were used, including [[rhesus macaque]], [[crab-eating macaque]], [[common squirrel monkey|squirrel monkeys]], [[southern pig-tailed macaque|pig-tailed macaque]]s, and [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s.

==United States==
[[File:Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg|thumb|[[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]], the third great ape and only chimpanzee to orbit the Earth, being prepared for launch on [[Mercury-Atlas 5]] (November 29, 1961)]]
[[File:Able air and space.jpg|thumb|Able, who flew on the first two monkey space mission in May 1959, on display at the National Air and Space Museum]]
[[Image:Monkey Sam Before The Flight On Little Joe 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sam, a [[rhesus macaque]], flew to an altitude of {{cvt|88|km}} on December 4, 1959, on a NASA rocket, [[Little Joe 2]]]]
The first primate launched into high subspace, although not a space flight, was [[Albert I (monkey)|Albert I]], a [[rhesus macaque]], who on June 18, 1948, rode a rocket flight to over {{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Earth's atmosphere on a [[V-2 rocket]]. Albert I died of suffocation during the flight and may actually have died in the cramped space capsule before launch.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070301032325/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/v2cology.htm "V2 Chronology"], ''[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]''.</ref><ref name="Air Force">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm |title=The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |work=History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm |title=V-2 Firing Tables |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=[[White Sands Missile Range]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080125175018/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = January 25, 2008}}</ref>

On June 14, 1949, [[Albert II (monkey)|Albert II]] survived a sub-orbital V-2 flight into space (but died on impact after a parachute failure)<ref name="Air Force" /> to become the first monkey, first primate, and first mammal in space. His flight reached {{convert|134|km|mi|abbr=on}} – past the [[Kármán line]] of 100&nbsp;km which designates the beginning of space.<ref name=Beischer1962>{{cite journal |author1=Beischer, DE |author2=Fregly, AR |title=Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960. |journal=US Naval School of Aviation Medicine |volume=ONR TR ACR-64 |issue=AD0272581 |year=1962 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9288 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204154830/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9288 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref> 

On September 16, 1949, Albert III died below the Kármán line, at 35,000 feet (10.7&nbsp;km), in an explosion of his V2. On December 8, Albert IV, the second mammal in space, flew on the last monkey V-2 flight and died on impact after another parachute failure<ref name=" Air Force" /> after reaching 130.6&nbsp;km. Alberts, I, II, and IV were rhesus macaques while Albert III was a [[crab-eating macaque]].

Monkeys later flew on [[Aerobee]] rockets. On April 18, 1951, a monkey, possibly called Albert V, died due to parachute failure. Yorick, also called Albert VI, along with 11 mouse crewmates, reached 236,000&nbsp;ft (72&nbsp;km, 44.7&nbsp;mi) and survived the landing, on September 20, 1951, the first monkey to do so (the dogs [[Soviet space dogs#Dezik, Tsygan, and Lisa-1|Dezik and Tsygan]] had survived a trip to space in July of that year), although he died two hours later. Two of the mice also died after recovery; all of the deaths were thought to be related to stress from overheating in the sealed capsule in the [[New Mexico]] sun while awaiting the recovery team.<ref name=" Air Force" /> Albert VI's flight surpassed the 50-mile boundary the U.S. used for spaceflight but was below the international definition of space. Patricia and Mike, two [[cynomolgus]] monkeys, flew on May 21, 1952, and survived, but their flight was only to 26 kilometers.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

On December 13, 1958, [[Gordo (space monkey)|Gordo]], also called Old Reliable, a squirrel monkey, survived being launched aboard [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|Jupiter AM-13]] by the [[United States Army|US Army]].<ref name=Beischer1962/>  After flying for over 1,500 miles and reaching a height of 310 miles (500 km) before returning to Earth, Gordo landed in the South Atlantic and was killed due to mechanical failure of the parachute recovery system in the rocket [[nose cone]].<ref name=Beischer1962/>

On May 28, 1959, aboard the [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|JUPITER AM-18]], Miss Able, a rhesus macaque, and [[Miss Baker]], a squirrel monkey from [[Peru]], flew a successful mission. Able was born at the Ralph Mitchell Zoo in Independence, Kansas. They traveled in excess of 16,000&nbsp;km/h, and withstood 38 [[g-force|''g'']] (373&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>). Able died June 1, 1959, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode, from a reaction to the anesthesia. Baker became the first monkey to survive the stresses of spaceflight and the related medical procedures. Baker died November 29, 1984, at the age of 27 and is buried on the grounds of the [[United States Space & Rocket Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. Able was preserved, and is now on display at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Air and Space Museum]]. Their names were taken from the [[Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet|1943–1955 US military phonetic alphabet]].<ref>[http://www.kansas.com/2010/03/22/1236075/kansan-among-first-to-go-to-space.html "Kansan among first to go to space"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015203456/http://www.kansas.com/2010/03/22/1236075/kansan-among-first-to-go-to-space.html |date=October 15, 2013 }}, ''Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com'', March 22, 2010.</ref>

On December 4, 1959, from Wallops Island, Virginia, Sam, a rhesus macaque, flew on the [[Little Joe 2]] in the [[Project Mercury|Mercury program]] to 53 miles high.<ref name=Beischer1962/> On January 21, 1960, Miss Sam, also a rhesus macaque, followed, on [[Little Joe 1B]] although her flight was only to {{convert|8|mi|km|abbr=on}} in a test of emergency procedures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texasarchive.org/2008_00327|title=NASA Space Monkey Training|website=Texas Archive of the Moving Image|access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref> 

Chimpanzees [[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]] and [[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]] also flew in the Mercury program, with Ham becoming the first [[great ape]] or [[Hominidae]] in space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benchmarks: January 31, 1961: Ham the chimpanzee, first hominid in space |url=https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-january-31-1961-ham-chimpanzee-first-hominid-space/ |website=www.earthmagazine.org |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> The names "Sam" and "Ham" were acronyms. Sam was named in homage to the School of Aerospace Medicine at [[Brooks Air Force Base]] in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], and the name "Ham" was taken from Holloman Aerospace Medicine at [[Holloman Air Force Base]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web|last1=Hanser|first1=Kathleen|title=Mercury Primate Capsule and Ham the Astrochimp|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/mercury-primate-capsule-and-ham-astrochimp|website=airandspace.si.edu|publisher=Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum|access-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180520132937/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/mercury-primate-capsule-and-ham-astrochimp|archive-date=May 20, 2018|date=November 10, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Ham and Enos were among 60 chimpanzees brought to New Mexico by the U.S. Air Force for space flight tests. Six were selected to be trained at Cape Canaveral by [[Tony Gentry]] et al.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herzfeld |first=Chris |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982651819 |title=The great apes : a short history |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |others=Kevin Frey, Jane Goodall |isbn=978-0-300-22137-4 |location=New Haven |pages=161–163 |oclc=982651819}}</ref>

Goliath, a squirrel monkey, died in the explosion of his [[Atlas (rocket family)|Atlas rocket]] on November 10, 1961. A rhesus macaque called Scatback flew a sub-orbital flight on December 20, 1961, but was lost at sea after landing.<ref name="BurgessDubbs2007">{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Colin|last2=Dubbs|first2=Chris|title=Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSdHVIpsrKkC&pg=PA272|access-date=June 12, 2018|date=July 5, 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387496788|pages=272–273}}</ref>

Bonny, a pig-tailed macaque, flew on [[Biosatellite program|Biosatellite 3]], a mission which lasted from June 29 to July 8, 1969. This was the first multi-day monkey flight but came after longer human spaceflights were common. He died within a day of landing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.aspx?mis_index=56|title=Mission information: Biosatellite III|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=May 25, 2016}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[STS-51-B|Spacelab 3]] on the [[Space Shuttle]] flight [[STS-51-B]] featured two squirrel monkeys named No. 3165 and No. 384-80. The flight was from April 29 to May 6, 1985.<ref>[http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/STS/STS_51B/STS_51B.html PROGRAMS, MISSIONS, AND PAYLOADS STS-51B/Spacelab 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719061203/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/STS/STS_51B/STS_51B.html |date=July 19, 2011 }}, NASA</ref>

==France==
[[France]] launched a [[pig-tailed macaque]] named Martine on a [[Vesta (rocket)|Vesta rocket]] on March 7, 1967, and another named Pierrette on March 13. These suborbital flights reached {{convert|243|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|234|km|mi|abbr=on}}, respectively. Martine became the first monkey to survive more than a couple of hours after flying above the international definition of the edge of space (Ham and Enos, launched earlier by the United States, were chimpanzees).<ref>Burgess & Dubbs (2007), p. 387.</ref>

==Soviet Union and Russia==
The [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] /[[Russia]]n space program used only [[rhesus macaque]]s in its [[Bion (satellite)|Bion satellite program]] in 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/overview/Cosmos_Biosat.html |title=The Cosmos Biosatellite Program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215143205/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/overview/Cosmos_Biosat.html |archive-date=February 15, 2013 }}</ref> The names of the monkeys began with sequential letters of the [[Russian alphabet]] (А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З...). The animals all survived their missions but for a single fatality in post-flight surgery, after which the program was canceled.

#The first monkeys launched by Soviet space program, Abrek and Bion, flew on [[Bion 6]]. They remained aloft from December 14, 1983 – December 20, 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_1514/Cosmos_1514.html |title=Bion 6 (Cosmos 1514) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929212603/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_1514/Cosmos_1514.html |archive-date=September 29, 2006 }}</ref>
#Next came [[Bion 7]] with monkeys Verny and Gordy from July 10, 1985 – July 17, 1985.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_1667/Cosmos_1667.html |title=Bion 7 (Cosmos 1667) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929212733/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_1667/Cosmos_1667.html |archive-date=September 29, 2006 }}</ref>
#Then Dryoma and Yerosha on [[Bion 8]] from September 29, 1987 – October 12, 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_1887/Cosmos_1887.html |title=Bion 8 (Cosmos 1887) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215163524/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_1887/Cosmos_1887.html |archive-date=February 15, 2013 }}</ref> After returning from space Dryoma was presented to [[Cuba]]n leader [[Fidel Castro]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
#[[Bion 9]] with monkeys Zhakonya and Zabiyaka followed from September 15, 1989, to September 28, 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_2044/Cosmos_2044.html |title=Bion 9 (Cosmos 2044) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929212240/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_2044/Cosmos_2044.html |archive-date=September 29, 2006 }}</ref> The two took the space endurance record for monkeys at 13 days, 17 hours in space.
#Monkeys Ivasha and Krosh flew on [[Bion 10]] from December 29, 1992, to January 7, 1993.<ref>{{cite web  |url=http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/Chapter4_Programs/Cosmos2229/Cosmos2229.html  |title=Cosmos 2229 (Bion 10)  |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616070350/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/Chapter4_Programs/Cosmos2229/Cosmos2229.html  |archive-date=June 16, 2011 }}</ref> Krosh produced offspring, after rehabilitation upon returning to Earth.
#Lapik and Multik were the last monkeys in space until [[Iran]] launched one of its own in 2013. The pair flew aboard [[Bion 11]] from December 24, 1996, to January 7, 1997.<ref name="lsda.jsc.nasa.gov">{{cite web |url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.aspx?mis_index=135 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231050705/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.aspx?mis_index=135 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |title=Life Sciences Data Archive, Bion 11}}</ref> Upon return, Multik died while under anesthesia for US biopsy sampling on January 8. Lapik nearly died while undergoing the identical procedure. No follow-up research has been conducted to determine whether these two incidents, together with the 1959 loss of the US monkey Able in post-flight surgery, contraindicate the administration of anesthesia during or shortly after spaceflights. Further US support of the Bion program was canceled.<ref name="lsda.jsc.nasa.gov"/>

==Argentina==
On December 23, 1969 in [[Chamical]], [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja]], as part of the 'Operación Navidad' (Operation Christmas), [[Argentina]] launched Juan (a [[tufted capuchin]], native to Argentina's [[Misiones Province]]) using a two-stage [[Rigel (rocket)|Rigel 04]] rocket. It ascended perhaps up to 82 kilometers and then was recovered successfully.<ref>{{in lang|es}} Documentary on Argentine monkey Juan: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RV9fMsXW9FA ARGENTINA – 4TO PAIS EN LLEGAR AL ESPACIO] (Youtube), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq-opH93qn8 Trailer del documental "Juan, el primer astronauta argentino"] (Youtube)</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} La Voz Del Interior: [http://www.lavoz.com.ar/09/12/19/secciones/economia/nota.asp?nota_id=577137 Hace 40 años, el primer "argentino" llegaba al espacio], Lucas Viano, December 19, 2009</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} Pagina 12: [http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-137821-2009-12-30.html Un pequeño salto para el mono], Leonardo Moledo, December 30, 2009</ref> Other sources give 30, 60 or 72 kilometers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/info/1275476/Argentina-y-la-Conquista-del-Espacio.html |title=Argentina y la Conquista del Espacio |date=June 3, 2008 |publisher=Taringa! |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mincyt.cba.gov.ar/site/fabricamilitar/19551993/19551993_09h.html |title=Crónicas y testimonios |access-date=April 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208054827/http://www.mincyt.cba.gov.ar/site/fabricamilitar/19551993/19551993_09h.html |archive-date=February 8, 2013 }}</ref> All of these are below the international definition of space (100&nbsp;km). Later, on February 1, 1970, the experience was repeated with a female monkey of the same species using an X-1 Panther [[rocket]]. Although it reached a higher altitude than its predecessor, it was lost after the capsule's parachute failed.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==China==
The [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] spacecraft [[Shenzhou 2]] launched on January 9, 2001. It is rumored that inside the reentry module (precise information is lacking due to the secrecy surrounding China's space program) a monkey, dog, and rabbit rode aloft in a test of the spacecraft's life support systems. The SZ2 reentry module landed in [[Inner Mongolia]] on January 16. No images of the recovered capsule appeared in the press, leading to the widespread inference that the flight ended in failure. According to press reports citing an unnamed source, a parachute connection malfunction caused a hard landing.<ref>{{cite news
  | last = Cheng
  | first = Ho
  | url = http://www.spacedaily.com/news/china-01v.html
  | title = Confusion and Mystery of Shenzhou 2 Mission Deepens
  | publisher = SpaceDaily
  | date = February 27, 2001
| access-date = December 13, 2010
}}</ref>

==Iran==
On January 28, 2013, [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] and [[Sky News]] reported that [[Iran]] had sent a monkey in a "[[Pishgam]]" rocket to a height of {{convert|72|mi|km}} and retrieved "shipment".<ref>Gizmodo: [https://gizmodo.com/5979441/iran-just-sent-a-monkey-into-space Iran Just Sent a Monkey Into Space], Jamie Condliffe, January 28, 2013</ref><ref>Sky News: [http://news.sky.com/story/1043897/iran-space-monkey-primate-sent-into-orbit Iran Space Monkey: Primate 'Sent Into Orbit'], January 28, 2013</ref> Iranian media gave no details on the timing or location of the launch, while details that were reported raised questions about the claim. Pre-flight and post-flight photos clearly showed different monkeys.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rob Williams |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/was-irans-monkey-in-space-launch-faked-before-and-after-pictures-of-spacetravelling-simian-appear-to-show-different-animals-8477551.html |title=Was Iran's monkey in space launch faked? Before and after pictures of space-travelling simian appear to show different animals – Middle East – World |work=The Independent |date=February 1, 2013 |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref> The confusion was due to the publishing of an archive photo from 2011 by the [[Iranian Student News Agency]] (ISNA). According to Jonathan McDowell, a [[Harvard]] astronomer, "They just mixed that footage with the footage of the 2013 successful launch."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamali |first=Saeed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2013/feb/03/iran-space-monkey |title=Let's get the facts straight about Iran's space monkey &#124; World news |publisher=theguardian.com |date=February 3, 2013 |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref>

On December 14, 2013, [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] and [[BBC]] reported that Iran again sent a monkey to space and safely returned it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/iran-monkey-space-21218048 |title=International News &#124; World News – ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25378313 |title=BBC News – Iran 'sends monkey to space for second time' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref> Rhesus macaques Aftab (2013.01.28) and [[Fargam]] (2013.12.14) were each launched separately into space and safely returned. Researchers continue to study the effects of the space trip on their offspring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-plans-manned-space-mission|title='Iran plans manned space mission' |publisher=The Straitstimes |date=September 16, 2017 |access-date=October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/animals/animals.htm |title='Полёты животных' |publisher=ASTROnote |date=March 31, 2014 |access-date=October 3, 2017}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The 2014 animated series ''[[All Hail King Julien: Exiled]]'' features a horde of highly intelligent chimpanzee cosmonauts, whom they claim the USSR abandoned on a Madagascar islet following the end of the [[Space Race]]. Although faithful to "Mother Russia", the chimpanzees vow to take revenge on humankind for declaring their obsolescence. 

Folk musician [[Heather Maloney]]'s song "Albert 1-5" is inspired by the first five macaques used in the United States space program who did not survive their space flights.<ref>{{Citation |title=Heather Maloney – Albert 1-5 |url=https://genius.com/Heather-maloney-albert-1-5-lyrics |access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref> 

==See also==
{{portal|Spaceflight}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Laika]]
* [[Soviet space dogs]]
* [[Ham (chimpanzee)]]
* [[Human spaceflight]]
* [[Animals in space]]
* [[Space exploration]]
* [[List of individual apes]]
* [[List of individual monkeys]]
* [[Alice King Chatham]] (sculptor who designed oxygen masks and safety gear for animals in the U.S. space program)
* ''[[Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys]]'' (1996 television series)
* ''[[Space Chimps]]'' (2008 film)
* ''[[One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps]]'' (2008 documentary)
* [[Animal testing on non-human primates]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*''Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle'', Chris Dubbs and [[Colin Burgess (author)|Colin Burgess]], Springer-Praxis Books, 2007 {{ISBN?}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ape-o-naut.org ape-o-naut]
*[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104578202 NPR article on the 50th anniversary of Able and Baker's flight]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070303231956/http://www.nameyourpet.co.uk/14.html A humorous look at monkey astronaut names]
*[http://www.planet4589.org/space/book/astronauts/astronaut/bio/primate.html Monkey astronauts]
*[http://www.spacechimps.com ''One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps'' Official Documentary Site]
*[http://www.taringa.net/posts/info/1275476/Argentina-y-la-Conquista-del-Espacio.html Argentina and the Conquest of Space (Spanish)]

{{Inspace}}
{{Apes}}
{{Mammals in culture}}
{{Notable apes}}
{{NASA space program}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Animals in space]]
[[Category:Monkeys]]
[[Category:Collection of the Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:Animal testing on non-human primates|Space]]