View source for Monfragüe

{{Short description|Protected area in Spain}}
{{lead rewrite|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Monfragüe National Park
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Salto del Gitano, Parque Nacional de Monfragüe.jpg
| photo_caption = A view of the ''Salto del Gitano''
| location = [[Extremadura]]
| image_map          = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=285|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|39.5|N|3.7|W}}|zoom=4|type=point|title=Monfragüe|marker=park|marker-color=#228b22|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|text=Interactive map of Monfragüe.}}
|map_caption              = Location of Monfragüe
| coordinates = {{coord|39|50|27|N|6|01|48|W|region:ES|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 179
| area_ref = {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
| established = 2007
| visitation_num = 331,788
| visitation_year = 2008
| governing_body = 
}}

[[Image:Monfrague desde el castillo.jpg|thumb|A view of the national park with the ruined Monfragüe castle in the foreground]]
'''Monfragüe''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Parque Nacional de Monfragüe'', or simply ''Monfragüe'' {{IPA|es|moɱfɾaˈɣwe||Pronunciation of Monfragüe in Spanish.ogg}}) is a Spanish [[National parks (Spain)|national park]] noted for its bird-life. It is situated in the center of a triangle formed by [[Plasencia]], [[Trujillo, Cáceres|Trujillo]] and the city of [[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]] within the [[province of Cáceres]]. Monfragüe is also a [[comarca (Spain)|comarca]] (county, with no administrative role) of [[Extremadura]], western Spain.

==Location==
Monfragüe is a [[comarca (Spain)|comarca]] in Spain, i.e. a county, with no administrative role in [[Extremadura]], western Spain.<ref name=red>{{in lang|es}}
[http://reddeparquesnacionales.mma.es/en/parques/monfrague/historia.htm Spanish Ministry of the Environment website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107181532/http://reddeparquesnacionales.mma.es/en/parques/monfrague/historia.htm |date=7 January 2010 }}.</ref>

Monfragüe is famous for its [[National parks (Spain)|national park]] by the same name, which is noted for its bird-life. It is situated in the center of a triangle formed by [[Plasencia]], [[Trujillo, Spain|Trujillo]] and the city of [[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]] within the [[province of Cáceres]]. The park runs from east to west along the valley of the River [[Tagus]] or Tajo.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} which cut through a long mountainous ridge, and created a rock face, the Peña Falcon, 'falcon rock' on the western side.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} On the eastern side is the Castle of Monfragüe. The River [[Tietar]] enters the park from the north-east and joins the Tagus just to the east of Peña Falcon. The only village in the park is Villareal de San Carlos (population 28).{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
The park occupies an area of 18,118 hectares.<ref>[http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/naturaleza/espacios-naturales/parque_nacional_de_monfrague.html# Monfragüe National Park] TURESPAÑA, August 2016</ref>

==History==
The area's and the Park's name comes from the Latin ''Monsfragorum'', "monte fragoso" (Spanish) which means "lush mountain".<ref name=hist/>

===Prehistoric period===
The mountains of Monfragüe house a great number of caves with [[prehistoric]] paintings from the [[Copper Age]], [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] for example the "Cueva del Castillo", located on the south face of the Sierra de las Corchuelas.
Around the Park are remains of pre-Roman times. In [[Casas de Miravete|Miravete]] remnants of an old castle exist, and in [[Malpartida de Plasencia]] there is an estate known as "El Calamoco". A warrior stele found in [[Torrejón el Rubio]] and the Treasury of [[Serradilla]] are evidence of a highly hierarchical agricultural society inhabiting this area.<ref name=hist>[http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros-parques/monfrague/historia/default.aspx Monfragüe: Historia] Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, not dated, retrieved 29 May 2017.</ref>

===Roman period===
Remains of [[Hispania|Roman]] roads, bridges, fountains and gravestones can be found, since the park is close to the [[Vía de la Plata|Ruta de la Plata (Silver Route)]]. A section of the route, which goes down to the bridge of the Cardinal from Villarreal, can be considered as a vestige of Roman road. As in almost all Spanish geography, valleys provide the layout for the road. Remains of watchtowers exist, in Cerro Gimio for example.<ref name=hist/>

===9th–19th century===
During the ninth century, the castle of Monfragüe was built with five towers and two perimeters of walls. What is visible today are remnants of multiple restorations after military orders conquered it for [[King Alfonso VIII]], with a round tower from the twelfth century and a pentagonal one from the fifteenth century.<ref name=hist/>
 
In 1450, [[Juan de Carvajal]] ordered the Cardinal's Bridge to be built entirely from granite ashlars; it facilitated communications between Plasencia and Trujillo. Since the bridge was practically the only one crossing the Tagus in the Extremadura, it gave rise to pillage, turning the area into a "paradise" of bandits and robbers hidden in its steep and impenetrable mountain ranges.<ref name=hist/>

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the [[Spanish War of Succession]] seriously affected the area: The village of Monfragüe disappeared, inhabitants took refuge in the nearby village of Corchuelas, and the village of [[Piñuela]] at the other end of the mountain range was seriously damaged. [[Carlos III de Espana]] founded a village halfway between the "port of La Serrana" and the Puente del Cardenal, called Villarreal of San Carlos. It had a church, a fountain and barracks, but in spite of the privileges granted to its inhabitants, it never became more than a small village linked to Serradilla due to the danger and poverty of the area.<ref name=hist/>

The [[Spanish War of Independence]] destroyed the Castle of Monfragüe, the Bridge of the Cardinal and Castillejo del Pico in Miravete and Corchuelas, whose inhabitants fled to Torrejón the Rubio, Serradilla and Malpartida de Plasencia.<ref name=hist/>

===20th century===
During the [[Spanish Civil War]] in the nineteenthirties, the Extremadura was taken over rapidly. Rather than the conflict itself, the worst aspects were the hunger and poverty which followed. The impenetrable mountains with their [[maquis shrubland]] of the region were important to the highlander groups commanded by famous guerrillas like "Quincoces",<ref>[http://thehighlandersnavezuelas.blogspot.de/2011/03/quincoces.html Quinoces] El Hombre De Las Tierras Altas, 12 March 2011, retrieved 29 May 2017</ref> "Chaquetalarga" (Joaquín Ventas Cintas) and "the French" (Pedro Díaz Monje),<ref>[http://thehighlandersnavezuelas.blogspot.de/2009/09/maquis-en-extremadura.html Maquis En Extremadura] El hombre de las tierras altas, 11 September 2009, retrieved 29 May 2017</ref>

In 1966, construction of the dam at [[Torrejón el Rubio]], and the [[Alcántara Dam]] in 1969 altered the landscape irreversibly, as it submerged the wild beauty of the Tagus riverbanks along with its ecological and ethnological wealth.<ref name=hist/>

In 1968, Jesus Garzón arrived in the area, enamored of the beauty of Monfragüe and dedicated himself to [[nature conservation]]. He battled with the administration, the owners of neighboring estates, politicians and mayors of the area, but his commitment, supported by scientists and nature lovers resulted in the 4 April 1979 declaration of Monfragüe as a [[natural park (Spain)|natural park]], a lower level of protection than a national park.

In 1991, Monfragüe was declared as a [[Special Protection Area]] for birds,<ref name=red/> 
During the following years, the conservationist mentality, the infrastructure in Villarreal and publication efforts about the riches of the Park were strengthened. Since 2003, it has been recognised by [[UNESCO]] as a [[Biosphere reserve]]. In May 2004, it was enlarged to the actual ZEPA "Monfragüe y Dehesas del entomo", which covers 116,160 hectares.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SPA+25&mode=all Biosphere Reserve Directory], UNESCO</ref> 
After twenty-five years Monfragüe became a [[National parks (Spain)|national park]] by law on 2 March 2007.<ref name=hist/>

At the end of 2016, the area also received recognition as a [[dark-sky preserve]].<ref>[http://planvex.es/web/2016/12/destino-starlight-de-extremadura/ Monfragüe distinguido como Destino Starlight de Extremadura] PlanVex, December 2016</ref>

==Biodiversity==
Habitas in the park include extensive dense [[scrubland|scrub]], small [[oak]] woodlands, and numerous cliffs and rock faces.
The land is mainly used for traditional, low-intensive farming.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} However, there were two major changes in the years 1960–70: the river Tagus was dammed, affecting its course through the park and in 1970 brutal reforestation with non-indigenous [[eucalyptus]] and pine began. For a planned but never built paper industry in [[Navalmoral de la Mata]] many hectares of the Park were desolated and irreversibly altered by terraces built with heavy machinery. The Sierra de Miravete and ravines of the streams Malvecino and Barbaón received a hard blow and important thickets of the Mediterranean forest disappeared.<ref name=hist/>
 
The non-indigenous species are being eradicated.{{when|date=August 2016}} Commercial forestry is prohibited in Spanish national parks.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:Flying-Gyps fulvus.jpg|thumb|Griffon vultures (''[[Gyps fulvus]]'') in flight over the park.]]

===Birds===
In 1988 the [[European Union]] designated Monfrague a [[Special Protection Area]] (SPA) for bird-life. The SPA (or ''ZEPA'', the equivalent acronym in Spanish) extends beyond the park, where the nesting sites are concentrated, into the surrounding [[dehesa (pastoral management)|dehesas]], which provide food for the birds.<ref>[[BirdLife International]] (2012) [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=1725 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Monfragüe]. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17 June 2012</ref>

Monfrague is an outstanding site for [[Bird of prey|raptor]]s, with more than 15 regular breeding species. including the world's largest colony of [[Eurasian black vulture]] (over 300 pairs),<ref name=tures/> it has the world's highest concentration of [[Spanish imperial eagle]] (more than 10 pairs), a large population of [[griffon vulture]] (over 600 pairs), and several pairs of [[Egyptian vulture]], [[golden eagle]] and [[Bonelli's eagle]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The crags and cliffs on the north side of the river midway through the park draw photographers from all over Europe and the Americas. The government has built observation blinds throughout the course of the river.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Other breeding birds for which the park is important are [[black stork]] and [[Eurasian eagle owl]] and there is a high density of [[azure-winged magpie]]. It is also one of the few locations in Europe where [[white-rumped swift]] breed.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

===Other wildlife===
[[Iberian lynx]] survived for a long time before numbers decreased. They were reintroduced and have since been doing well.
<ref name=tures>[http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/naturaleza/espacios-naturales/parque_nacional_de_monfrague.html Monfragüe National Park] www.spain.info Turespaña, 2018</ref> Deer and wild boar live in the park.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Monfrague pan.jpg|[[National Park]] of Monfragüe, in Extremadura. View from [[Castle of Monfragüe|the Castle]].
File:Monfrague.JPG|Griffon vultures (''[[Gyps fulvus]]'') in the rocks of Monfragüe.
File:Monfrague_1.jpg|Griffon vultures (''[[Gyps fulvus]]'') in the rocks of Monfragüe.
Parcu Monfragüe.JPG|Bridge over the Tagus River as it passes through the national park.
Jara en flor.jpg|Jara in bloom in Monfragüe.
Berrea-2.jpg|Deer during the 2008 roar.
Abejamonfrague.jpg|Bee feeding on nectar in the Monfragüe National Park.
20110308 monfrague 030.jpg|The Tagus River as it passes through the park.
Quercus ilex.001 - Monfrague.JPG|Evergreen oaks ('' [[Quercus ilex]] '') in the dehesa de Monfragüe.
Salto del Gitano y mirador, Parque Nacional de Monfragüe.jpg|El Salto del Gitano and the lookout for birds.
Puente del Cardenal, Monfragüe.jpg|[[Puente del Cardenal]], Monfragüe. It is only visible when the level of the Tagus River is very low.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Monfragüe}}
*[https://www.turismoextremadura.com/en/explora/Monfraguee-National-Park// Official site]
*[http://extremambiente.juntaex.es/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=228&Itemid=77 Official site] Ambiente, Gobierno de Extremadura
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100107111625/http://reddeparquesnacionales.mma.es/en/parques/monfrague/novedades/pdf/monf_almena_06.pdf Magazine about Monfragüe] Reddeparquesnacionales.com
*[http://www.parquenacionaldemonfrague.com/ Website about Monfrague National Park]

{{National parks of Spain}}
{{comarcas of Extremadura}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monfrague}}
[[Category:National parks of Spain]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Extremadura]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of Spain]]
[[Category:Birdwatching sites in Spain]]
[[Category:Dark-sky preserves in Spain]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Spain]]
[[Category:Special Protection Areas of Extremadura]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1979]]