View source for Mohamed ElBaradei

{{Short description|Egyptian law scholar}}
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{{Lead rewrite|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mohamed ElBaradei
| native_name         = {{nobold|محمد البرادعي}}
| image               = Mohamed el-Baradei.jpg
| caption             = ElBaradei in 2005
| office              = Interim [[Vice President of Egypt]]
| president           = [[Adly Mansour]] (interim)
| predecessor         = [[Mahmoud Mekki]]
| term_start          = 14 July 2013
| term_end            = 14 August 2013
| successor           = ''Vacant''
| office1             = Leader of the [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]]
| deputy1             = [[George Isaac (politician)|George Isaac]]
| term_start1         = 28 April 2012
| term_end1           = 14 August 2013
| predecessor1        = Office established
| successor1          = Sayyed Kassam (acting)<br />[[Hala Shukrallah]]
| office3             = 4th Director General of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
| term_start3         = 1 December 1997
| term_end3           = 30 November 2009
| predecessor3        = [[Hans Blix]]
| successor3          = [[Yukiya Amano]]
| birthname           = Mohamed Mostafa ElBaradei
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1942|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]
| residence           = [[Vienna]], Austria
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = Aida El Kashef
| children            = 2
| party               = [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]]
| alma_mater          = [[Cairo University]]<br />[[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]]<br />[[New York University School of Law|New York University]]
| website             = [https://web.archive.org/web/20111102123438/http://www.mohamedelbaradei.com/ Official website]
| native_name_lang    = ar
}}
'''Mohamed Mostafa ElBaradei''' ({{langx|ar|محمد مصطفى البرادعي|Muḥammad Muṣṭafá al-Barādaʿī}}, {{IPA|arz|mæˈħæmːæd mos<!--no pharyngealized [s]-->ˈtˤɑfɑ (ʔe)lbæˈɾædʕi|lang}}; born 17 June 1942) is an Egyptian lawyer and [[Foreign relations of Egypt|diplomat]] who served as Director General of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) from 1997 to 2009, then as [[vice president of Egypt]] on an interim basis from 14 July to 14 August 2013.<ref>[http://www.aleqt.com/2013/08/14/article_778220.html الاقتصادية : وكالة الأنباء المصرية: الشرطة سيطرت بالكامل على ميدان رابعة العدوية] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042655/http://www.aleqt.com/2013/08/14/article_778220.html |date=31 March 2016 }}. Aleqt.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-14.</ref>

As Director General of the IAEA, he and the organization were jointly awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2005 "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/elbaradei/facts/|title = The Nobel Peace Prize 2005}}</ref> At the end of his tenure, he was appointed "Director General Emeritus of the International Atomic Energy Agency". ElBaradei was featured in the Western press due to his views regarding Egyptian politics, particularly the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|2011 revolution]] which ousted [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] and the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]].

== Education and early career ==

ElBaradei was born and raised in [[Giza Governorate]], [[Greater Cairo]], [[Egypt]]. He was one of five children of Mostafa ElBaradei, an [[Attorney at law|attorney]] who headed the Egyptian [[Bar Association]]. ElBaradei's father was also a supporter of [[democracy|democratic]] rights in Egypt, supporting a [[Freedom of the press|free press]] and an [[Independence of the judiciary|independent judiciary]].<ref name="NB_ME">{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Mohamed ElBaradei |url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Ei-La/ElBaradei-Mohamed.html |access-date=22 March 2011 |publisher=Notable Biographies}}</ref>

Following in the footsteps of his father, Mostafa, ElBaradei also studied law.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Mohamed ElBaradei {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohamed-ElBaradei |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in law from the [[University of Cairo]] in 1962, a master's degree LLM in 1971 and a doctorate degree JSD in [[international law]] in 1974 from the [[New York University School of Law]]. His thesis was titled "The right of passage through straits in time of peace".

ElBaradei's diplomatic career began in 1964 in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], where he served in the Permanent Missions of Egypt to the UN in New York and in [[Geneva]], in charge of political, legal, and arms-control issues.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Profile: Mohamed ElBaradei|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10420218|work=[[BBC]]|location= |access-date=}}</ref> From 1974 to 1978, he was a special assistant to the [[Egyptian Foreign Minister|foreign minister]]. In 1980, he became a senior [[fellow]] in charge of the International Law Program at the [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR). From 1981 to 1987, he was also an [[adjunct professor]] of international law at the [[New York University]] School of Law.

In 1984, ElBaradei became a senior staff member of the IAEA [[IAEA#Secretariat|Secretariat]], serving as the agency's legal adviser (1984 to 1993) and Assistant Director General for External Relations (1993 to 1997). ElBaradei is currently a member of both the [[International Law Association]] (ILA) and the [[American Society of International Law]] (ASIL).

== Public career as IAEA Director General (1997–2009) ==
ElBaradei's tenure has been marked by high-profile, [[Nuclear proliferation|non-proliferation]] issues, which include the [[Nuclear proliferation#Scope of safeguards|inspections]] in [[Iraq]] preceding the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|March 2003 invasion]], and tensions over the [[nuclear program of Iran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6700460|title=U.S. eyes ouster of U.N. nuclear chief|work=NBC News|quote="The Bush administration has dozens of intercepts of Mohamed ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats and is scrutinizing them in search of ammunition to oust him as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, according to three U.S. government officials."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/13/usa.iran|title=US tapped ElBaradei calls, claim officials|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

ElBaradei began to serve as Director General of the [[IAEA]], which is based in [[Vienna]], on 1 December 1997, succeeding [[Hans Blix]] of Sweden.<ref name=BarReapp>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2005/dg_reappointment.html|title=IAEA Board Reappoints Director General Mohamed ElBaradei|publisher=IAEA|date=13 June 2005|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2009/dgappointment.html|title=Board Meeting on Director General Appointment|publisher=IAEA|date=26 March 2009|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> The agency gradually came to take an active role in attempts to prevent nuclear proliferation, with its focus first centred on Iraq and Sudan, in which cases the agency claimed success, and later also on North Korea and Iran.<ref name="britannica.com"/> ElBaradei was re-elected for two more four-year terms in 2001 and, despite opposition from the United States, to a third term in 2005.<ref name="britannica.com"/>  

In late August 2007, ElBaradei finalized a secret "divisive and risky" nuclear agreement with Iran. Diplomats from the U.S., France, Britain, and Germany filed a formal protest.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Indispensable Irritant to Iran and Its Foes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/world/middleeast/17elbaradei.html|website=The New York Times|date=17 September 2007 |access-date=25 November 2024 |last1=Sciolino |first1=Elaine |last2=Broad |first2=William J. }}</ref>

In 2009 ElBaradei stated that Iran's nuclear threat had been exaggerated and there was no evidence the country was close to building a nuclear weapon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/elbaradei-calls-iran-nuclear-threat-hyped-1.838130|title=ElBaradei calls Iran nuclear threat 'hyped'|work=CBC}}</ref> He also rejected accusations that he had concealed Iran's nuclear ambitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's nuclear threat 'hyped', atomic watchdog Mohamed ElBaradei says|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/irans-nuclear-threat-hyped-atomic-watchdog-mohamed-elbaradei-says-qbjks9qkfwx|website=The Times|date=2 September 2009 |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref> His third and last term ended in November 2009. ElBaradei faced criticism from Washington, Israel, London, Berlin, and Paris, where officials saw his actions as attempts to block their efforts to intensify pressure on Iran regarding its nuclear program.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/uk/special-report-has-mohamed-elbaradei-s-time-arrived-idUSTRE71E4T1/|title=Special report - Has Mohamed ElBaradei's time arrived?|work=Reuters|quote=""ElBaradei also has critics in Washington, Israel, London, Berlin and Paris who have not forgotten their frustration at what they describe as his attempts to undermine their drive to ratchet up the pressure on Iran over a nuclear program they fear is intended to develop weapons capability but Tehran says is for peaceful energy purposes only."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/mohamed-elbaradei-tells-atomic-energy-agency-he-has-hit-dead-end-with-iran-cqsvn856ps7|title=Mohamed ElBaradei tells Atomic Energy Agency he has hit 'dead end' with Iran|date=26 November 2009|work=The Times|access-date=14 January 2025|url-status=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241120104739/https://www.thetimes.com/article/mohamed-elbaradei-tells-atomic-energy-agency-he-has-hit-dead-end-with-iran-cqsvn856ps7#selection-1487.179-1487.575|archive-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hibbs |first1=Marc |date=September 1, 2009|title=The ElBaradei Legacy|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.2968/065005002 |journal= Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|volume=65|issue=5|pages= 10–23|doi= 10.2968/065005002|bibcode=2009BuAtS..65e..10H |quote="U.S. officials complained that carefully worded IAEA reports to the Board of Governors and public statements by the director-general suggested that the agency had concluded Tehran didn't have a nuclear weapons program, at a time when France, Israel, Britain, and the United States believed the opposite."|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===First term as Director General===
After being appointed by the IAEA [[IAEA#General Conference|General Conference]] in 1997, ElBaradei said in his speech that, "for international organizations to enjoy the confidence and support of their members, they have to be responsive to [members'] needs; show concrete achievements; conduct their activities in a cost-effective manner; and respect a process of equitable representation, transparency, and open dialogue."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC41/Statements/gcelbard.html|last=ElBaradei|first=Mohamed|title=Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols|date=29 September 1997|publisher=IAEA|access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref>

Just a couple of months before ElBaradei took office, the [[Nuclear proliferation#Additional Protocol|Model Additional Protocol]] was adopted, creating a new environment for IAEA verification by giving it greater authority to look for undeclared nuclear activities. When in office, ElBaradei launched a program to establish "integrated safeguards" combining the IAEA's comprehensive [[Nuclear proliferation#Scope of safeguards|safeguard agreements]] with the newly adopted Additional Protocol. In his statement to the General Conference in 1998, he called upon all states to conclude the Additional Protocol: "One of the main purposes of the strengthened-safeguards system can be better achieved with global adherence. I would, therefore, urge all states with outstanding-safeguards agreements to conclude them, and I would also urge all states to accelerate their consideration of the Model Additional Protocol and enter into consultations with the Agency at the earliest possible opportunity. We should work together to ensure that, by the year 2000, all states [will] have concluded outstanding-safeguards agreements and also the Additional Protocol." ElBaradei repeated this call through his years as the Director General of the IAEA. In November 2009, 93 countries had Additional Protocols in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html|title=Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols|date=26 November 2009|publisher=IAEA|access-date=1 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210121221/http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html|archive-date=10 December 2009}}</ref>

ElBaradei's first term ended in November 2001, just two months after the [[Terrorism|terrorist]] attacks of [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]. These attacks made clear that the more is needed to be done to protect [[nuclear material]] and installations from theft or a terrorist attack. Consequently, ElBaradei established a nuclear security program to combat the risk of nuclear terrorism by assisting member states to strengthen the protection of their nuclear and radioactive material and installations, the [http://www-ns.iaea.org/security/nsf.asp Nuclear Security Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155712/http://www-ns.iaea.org/security/nsf.asp |date=11 February 2017 }}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC49/Documents/gc49-17.pdf|last=ElBaradei|first=Mohamed
|title=Nuclear Security – Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Terrorism|date=23 September 2005|publisher=IAEA|access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref>

===Second term as Director General===
One of the major issues during ElBaradei's second term as the director general of the IAEA was the agency's inspections in Iraq. ElBaradei disputed the U.S. rationale for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] from the time of the 2002 [[Iraq disarmament crisis]], when he, along with [[Hans Blix]], led a team of UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. ElBaradei told the [[UN Security Council]] in March 2003 that documents purporting to show that Iraq had tried to acquire [[uranium]] from [[Niger]] were not authentic.

In an October 2003 interview published in the Cairo Times, he said "the ultimate sense of security will be when we come to recognize that we are all part of one human race. Our primary allegiance is to the human race and not to one particular color or border. I think the sooner we renounce the sanctity of these many identities and try to identify ourselves with the human race the sooner we will get a better world and a safer world.<ref>ElBaradei, Mohamed, ''Breaking the Cycle'', interview, the Cairo Times, 23 October 2003</ref>

ElBaradei described the U.S. invasion of Iraq as "a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."<ref name=Reuit071022>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2214711120071022|title=Iran seen to need 3–8 yrs to produce bomb|last=Boyle|first=Jon|date=22 October 2007|work=Reuters|access-date=21 June 2008}}</ref> ElBaradei further stated that "we learned from Iraq that an inspection takes time, that we should be patient, that an inspection can, in fact, work,"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/03/21/iraq.weapons/|title=Iraq war wasn't justified, U.N. weapons experts say |publisher=CNN|date=21 March 2004|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> and that he had "been validated" in concluding that Saddam Hussein had not revived his [[nuclear weapon]]s program.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17060-2004Nov1.html|title=U.N. Nuclear Agency Chief Urges Iran to Suspend Activities|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 November 2004|access-date=22 March 2011|first1=Colum|last1=Lynch|first2=Dafna|last2=Linzer}}</ref>

In a 2004 op-ed piece on the dangers of nuclear proliferation, in the [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] (12 February 2004), ElBaradei stated that "[w]e must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security – and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use."<ref name="saving">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2004/ebNYT20040212.html|title=Saving Ourselves from Self Destruction|last=ElBaradei|first=Mohamed|date=2 December 2004|publisher=IAEA|access-date=21 June 2008}}</ref> He went on to say "If the world does not change course, we risk self-destruction."

===Third and final term as Director General===
The United States initially voiced opposition to his election to a third four-year term in 2005.<ref name=VOA050427>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-04/2005-04-27-voa51.cfm?CFID=147267394&CFTOKEN=36357258&jsessionid=6630c6fe1d2b054bd9925dd1957764a173c2 ''Voice of America'': IAEA Postpones Decision on ElBaradei's Third Term]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In a May 2005 interview with the staff of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], [[Lawrence Wilkerson]], [[Chief of staff (politics)|the chief of staff]] to former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]], charged former [[Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security]] [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]] with an underhanded campaign to unseat ElBaradei.<ref name=ACT050708 /> "Mr. Bolton overstepped his bounds in his moves and gyrations to try to keep [ElBaradei] from being reappointed as [IAEA] head," Wilkerson said. The [[The Washington Post|''Washington Post'']] reported in December 2004 that the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] had intercepted dozens of ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats and was scrutinizing them for evidence [that] they could use to force him out.<ref name=ACT050708/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6700460|title=U.S. eyes ouster of U.N. nuclear chief|date=12 December 2004|work=NBC News}}</ref>  IAEA spokesman Mark Gwozdecky said the agency worked on "the assumption that one or more entities may be listening to our conversations." "It's not how we would prefer to work, but it is the reality. At the end of the day, we have nothing to hide," he said. Iran responded to the ''Washington Post'' reports by accusing the U.S. of violating international law in intercepting the communications.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4093567.stm|title=ElBaradei 'has nothing to hide'|work=BBC News |date=13 December 2004|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref>

The United States was the only country to oppose ElBaradei's reappointment and eventually failed to win enough support from other countries to oust ElBaradei. On 9 June 2005, after a meeting between [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] and ElBaradei, the United States dropped its objections. Among countries that supported ElBaradei were China, Russia, Germany, and France. China praised his leadership and objectivity,<ref name=VOA050427/> and supported him for doing "substantial fruitful work, which has maintained the agency's role and credit in international non-proliferation and promoted the development of peaceful use of [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]]. His work has been universally recognized in the international community. China appreciates Mr. El Baradei's work and supports his reelection as the agency's director general."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-botschaft.de/det/fyrth/t175367.htm|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Press Conference on 16 December 2004 |publisher=China-botschaft|year=2004|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> France, Germany, and some developing countries, have made clear their support for ElBaradei as well.<ref name=ACT050708>{{cite web|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_07-08/ElBaradei |title=ElBaradei Set to Win Third Term|publisher=Arms Control Today|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Russia issued a strong statement in favor of re-electing him as soon as possible.

ElBaradei was unanimously re-appointed by the IAEA board on 13 June 2005.<ref name="USagrees">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4075496.stm|title=US agrees to back UN nuclear head|date=9 June 2005|work=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2008}}</ref>

===Comments on no fourth term===
In 2008, ElBaradei said that he would not be seeking a fourth term as director general.<ref name=IHT080910>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/09/10/africa/OUKWD-UK-NUCLEAR-IAEA-ELBARADEI.php|title=IAEA chief ElBaradei will not seek fourth term|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|date=29 March 2009|access-date=22 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Moreover, he said, in an IAEA document, that he was "not available for a further term" in office.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-09/2008-09-10-voa37.cfm ''Voice of America'': IAEA Chief ElBaradei Will Not Seek Another Term] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117013509/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-09/2008-09-10-voa37.cfm |date=17 November 2008 }}</ref> In its first five rounds of voting, the IAEA [[Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency|Board of Governors]] was split in its decision regarding the next director general. ElBaradei said, "I just hope that the agency has a candidate acceptable to all—north, south, east, west—because that is what is needed."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLR30012520090327|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711063012/http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLR30012520090327|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|title=5-Vote impasse reopens race to head UN atom watchdog|work=Reuters|date=27 March 2009|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> After several rounds of voting, on 3 July 2009, Mr. [[Yukiya Amano]], Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.

===ElBaradei and U.S. relations===
ElBaradei, leader of the National Coalition for Change, has been a major voice for democratic change in Egypt since 2009 and was a significant leader during the 2011 protests.<ref>{{cite news|last=de Nesera|first=André|title=Former Egyptian Diplomat ElBaradei Face of Opposition to President Mubarak|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/former-egyptian-diplomat-elbaradei-face-of-opposition-to-president-mubarak-115126994/160186.html|work=Voice of America|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> However, he has a rocky history with the U.S. government and supports some policies that do not support current U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. During his tenure as Director General of the IAEA (1997–2009), for instance, ElBaradei downplayed claims of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program, which undermined U.S. efforts to press Iran over its safeguards violations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pleming|first=Sue|title=Rice swipes at IAEA, urges bold action on Iran|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-rice-idUSN1822732020070919|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 September 2007}}</ref> According to a 3 July 2003 article in ''Time'' magazine, ElBaradei also maintained that Iraq's nuclear program had not restarted before the 2003 Iraq War, contradicting claims by the Bush administration. He told the German news magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' on 12 July 2010 that he wanted to open the Gaza Strip – Egypt border and accused Israel of being the biggest threat to the Middle East because of their nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite news|last=Follach|first=Erich|title=Interview with Mohammed ElBaradei|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,705991,00.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=12 July 2010}}</ref>

ElBaradei has called for international criminal investigation of former Bush administration officials for their roles in planning the [[Legality of the Iraq War|war on Iraq]].<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/former-iaea-head-suggests-iraq-war-crime-probe-of-bush-administration-1.357684?localLinksEnabled=false "Former IAEA head suggests Iraq war crime probe of Bush administration."]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''AP'', 22 April 2011.</ref>

===Multinational control of the nuclear fuel cycle===
In an op-ed that he wrote for the [[The Economist|''Economist'']] in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of the [[nuclear fuel cycle]]. His suggestion was to "limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control." Also, "nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons." He concluded by saying that "considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/proliferation/fuel-cycle/elbaradei-economist.htm|last=ElBaradei|first=Mohamed|title=Towards a Safer World|date=16 October 2003|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref>

Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.<ref name=ASIL>[http://www.asil.org/insights080630.cfm American Society of International Law: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Taking Stock after the May 2008 Preparatory Committee Meeting ?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722170849/http://www.asil.org/insights080630.cfm |date=22 July 2013 }}</ref>

===Technical cooperation and cancer control===
ElBaradei's work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—the [[Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy]] (PACT)—to fight cancer. In one of his statements, ElBaradei said: "A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals." In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Nobel/nobelfund0506.pdf|title=IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund|date=May 2006|publisher=IAEA|access-date=1 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627092823/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Nobel/nobelfund0506.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2006}}</ref>

In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that "development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasize that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2008/ebsp2008n008a.html|title=IAEA at a Crossroads (Abridged Version)|date=29 September 2008|last=ElBaradei|first=Mohamed|publisher=IAEA|access-date=1 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005822/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/2008/ebsp2008n008a.html|archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

==International Crisis Group==
ElBaradei served on the board of trustees of the [[International Crisis Group]], a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros' Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization's executive committee.<ref>[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/about/board.aspx Crisis Group's Board of Trustees – International Crisis Group] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203082846/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/about/board.aspx |date=3 February 2011 }}</ref>

== Egyptian politics ==

=== 2011 Egyptian revolution ===
{{Main|2011 Egyptian revolution}}

[[File:ElBaredei during Friday of Anger.png|thumb|Mohammed ElBaradei during ''Friday of Anger'']]
During the early days of the Egyptian Revolution, ElBaradei's speechwriter and long-time associate [[Laban Coblentz]] and other IAEA colleagues of ElBaradei contradicted the notion that ElBaradei had only recently become engaged in Egyptian politics, saying he had never relinquished his focus on human rights deficiencies in his home country. Coblentz noted that ElBaradei had first confronted Mubarak in early 2003, during the lead-up to the Iraq War, as well as on subsequent encounters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tirone|first=Jonathan|title=ElBaradei's Decade of Scolding Mubarak Belies Image of Distant Bureaucrat|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/elbaradei-s-decade-of-scolding-mubarak-belie-image-of-distant-bureaucrat.html|access-date=9 July 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=1 February 2011}}</ref>

Coblentz also pointed out the role that social media played in convincing ElBaradei that the young people of Egypt were ready for change: "It was really this last 14 months, where someone I knew as not being particularly computer savvy, taught himself to use Facebook and Twitter and YouTube and started to do in virtual space what was forbidden to do by the Mubarak regime, the freedom of assembly by large groups."<ref>{{cite news|title=Thursday's Intriguing People|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/03/thursdays-intriguing-people-45/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205023415/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/03/thursdays-intriguing-people-45/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2011|access-date=9 July 2012|newspaper=CNN}}</ref>

While speaking at the [[Harvard Kennedy School]] on 27 April 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is "looking for a job" and is seeking to be an "agent of change and an advocate for democracy" within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iop.harvard.edu/Multimedia-Center/All-Videos/Nonproliferation-Arms-Control-Challenges-Opportunities2 |title=Nonproliferation & Arms Control : Challenges & Opportunities |publisher=Harvard University Institute of Politics |date=1 November 2005 |access-date=24 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327164706/http://www.iop.harvard.edu/Multimedia-Center/All-Videos/Nonproliferation-Arms-Control-Challenges-Opportunities2 |archive-date=27 March 2011}}</ref>

On 27 January 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoing [[2011 Egyptian protests|turmoil]], with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on 25 January 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, "If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down."<ref>{{cite web|last=Memmott |first=Mark |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/27/133275390/el-baradei-back-in-egypt-says-its-time-for-a-new-government |title=ElBaradei Back in Egypt; Says It's Time for a New Government |publisher=NPR |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>
Subsequently, "when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him."<ref>{{cite news|author=AP |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/01/28/violent-clashes-police-break-cairo/ |title=Five People Killed During Protests in Egypt |publisher=FoxNews.com |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> On 28 January 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-28/egypt-s-muslim-botherhood-says-police-detain-senior-leaders-after-protests.html Mubarak Faces His Biggest Challenge Amid Nationwide Protests] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823212340/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-28/egypt-s-muslim-botherhood-says-police-detain-senior-leaders-after-protests.html |date=23 August 2013 }}</ref> However, the next day, when he was interviewed by [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]], he said that he was unaware of any such arrest.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201112974149942894.html Thousands in Cairo defy curfew] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019063405/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201112974149942894.html |date=19 October 2011 }}</ref>

Later on, ElBaradei arrived in [[Tahrir Square]] to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they "have taken back [their] rights" and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12320200 ElBaradei's speech on Tahrir Square] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104192909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12320200 |date=4 January 2016 }}</ref> ElBaradei has also stated that "the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall." In response to the appointment of [[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]] as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today." Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, "there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/30/gps.elbaradei.intv.cnn?iref=allsearch |title=Video – Breaking News Videos from |publisher=CNN.com |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>

The Guardian reported that ElBaradei had been mandated by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim "national salvation government."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenker |first=Jack |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |date=31 January 2011 |editor-last=Black |editor-first=Ian |title=Egypt Set for Mass Protest as Army Rules Out Force |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/31/egyptian-army-pledges-no-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921014332/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/31/egyptian-army-pledges-no-force |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> However, BBC reported that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, had not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. "The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives]."<ref>{{cite news|author=Kevin Connolly |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12320959 |title=Egypt protesters step up pressure on Hosni Mubarak |work=BBC News |date=31 January 2011 |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>

His appointment was controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment was seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.

=== Possible presidential candidacy ===
{{Main|2012 Egyptian presidential election|National Association for Change}}

ElBaradei's name was circulated by opposition groups from 2009 to 2012 as a possible candidate to succeed President [[Hosni Mubarak]] in Egypt's highest executive position when his name was suggested by [[Mohamed Hassanein Heikal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=204908 |newspaper=[[Tehran Times]] |date=8 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=El Baradei to run for president of Egypt? |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C07%5Cstory_7-10-2009_pg4_7 |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=7 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/291035,arab-league-chief-refuses-to-rule-out-egypt-presidential-bid.html |newspaper=Earth Times |date=20 October 2009}}</ref>

ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greater [[democracy]].

On 24 February 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home in [[Cairo]]. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the "[[National Association for Change]]." The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly [http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/Constitution/chp_five/part_one.aspx article 76 of the Egyptian constitution], which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whether [[Amr Moussa]], the head of the [[Arab League]] who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement.<ref name="ElBaradei to form 'national association for change'">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8534365.stm ElBaradei to form 'national association for change'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127064617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8534365.stm |date=27 January 2011 }}</ref>

On 7 March 2011 it was announced that ElBaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel 10 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.masrawy.com/News/Egypt/Politics/2011/march/7/barad3i_president.aspx |title=البرادعي يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة |publisher=Masrawy.com |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=24 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314144824/http://www.masrawy.com/News/Egypt/Politics/2011/march/7/barad3i_president.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref>
On 14 January 2012 ElBaradei declared he would not run for president.<ref>{{cite news |title=ElBaradei, in Protest, Drops Bid for Egypt's Presidency |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/world/middleeast/mohamed-elbaradei-pulls-out-of-egypts-presidential-race.html?_r=1&hp |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 January 2012}}</ref>

On 4 July 2013 ElBaradei was mentioned as a favorite to head a transitional Egyptian government amid the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]]<ref>"[https://www.voanews.com/a/elbaradei-tops-list-to-head-egypt-government/1694951.html Sources: ElBaradei Tops List to Head Egypt Government] ", Voice of America News, retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref> as the [[prime minister]].<ref>UK Independent, 3 July 2013, "Profiles: Adly Mansour and Mohamed ElBaradei - Egypt’s incoming leaders" {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/profiles-adly-mansour-and-mohamed-elbaradei--egypts-incoming-leaders-8686258.html |title=Profiles: Adly Mansour and Mohamed ElBaradei - Egypt's incoming |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=2013-07-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112834/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/profiles-adly-mansour-and-mohamed-elbaradei--egypts-incoming-leaders-8686258.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref>

=== President of Constitution Party ===
On 28 April 2012, ElBaradei launched the [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]] (DL). This date was too late to allow him to run for the presidency.<ref>{{cite news
 | url    = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17880367
 | title  = Baradei launches new Egyptian party, but too late for election
 | author = BBC News
 | work = BBC News
 | date   = 28 April 2012
 | access-date = 28 April 2012
}}</ref> The party claims itself as liberal, in order to protect and promote the principles and objectives of the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|25 January 2011 Revolution]] according to liberal ideals. ElBaradei became a prominent figure of the Egyptian opposition.<ref name="today.almasryalyoum.com">{{cite web|title = الدستور" يتقدم بأوراقه للجنة الأحزاب و"البرادعى": هدفنا"لم الشمل" وتمكين الشباب"|publisher=Al-Masry Al-Youm|url=http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=351599&IssueID=2609
|access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> On 24 November, DL formed together with the secular parties the [[National Salvation Front (Egypt)|National Salvation Front]], a coalition of the primary opposition parties against President [[Mohamed Morsi]]'s decrees. On 5 December 2012, he became the coordinator of National Salvation Front.

===Vice president===
{{see also|2013 Egyptian coup d'état|Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)}}
Mohamed ElBaradei was involved in the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]] that toppled democratically elected President [[Mohamed Morsi]] amid mass protests against the perceived mismanagement of the country, the refusal of Morsi to form a coalition government, and the authoritarian influence of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] on what had been a [[secularism|secular]] [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority]] state for decades. He was described by [[Reuters]] as the "designated negotiator" for the political opposition. ElBaradei gave support to the military's plan to oust Morsi and begin implementing a "political road map" for Egypt, including the installation of [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt|Supreme Constitutional Court]] Chief Justice [[Adly Mansour]] as interim [[president of Egypt]]. He was present when General Sisi announced the temporary suspension of the [[Constitution of Egypt|constitution]] and the removal of Morsi from power.

In the political transition following Morsi's ejection from the presidency, ElBaradei was immediately mentioned as a candidate for interim prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/mohammed-elbaradei-egypt_n_3546338.html|agency=Reuters|date=3 July 2013|title=Mohammed ElBaradei Favorite To Head Egypt's Interim Government|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> He reportedly denied interest in the position at first.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/elbaradei-said-to-turn-down-interim-egypt-prime-minister-post/|title=ElBaradei said to turn down interim Egypt prime minister post|agency=The Times of Israel|date=4 July 2013|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> There were reports that ElBaradei would be named prime minister, which were retracted after objections by the [[Nour Party]], on 7 July.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/07/world/meast/egypt-coup/index.html?hpt=hp_inthenews|title=Egyptian interim president nominates two for leadership posts|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/07/08/egypt-.html|title=Egypt's Salafist party rejects choices for premier, vice-president|agency=Al Arabiya|date=8 July 2013|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> He was sworn in as vice president, responsible for international relations, on 14 July 2013.<ref>Aya Batrawy, [http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-07-14-09-57-19 "Egypt's defense minister defends ousting president"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055941/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-07-14-09-57-19 |date=4 March 2016 }}, Associated Press, 14 July 2013.</ref>

====14 August government raids and resignation====
On 14 August 2013, following a [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre|violent crackdown]] by security forces on supporters of deposed president [[Mohamed Morsi]], in which at least 525 people were killed,<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian security forces storm protesters' camps|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egyptian-security-forces-move-against-protesters-camps/2013/08/14/bc079750-04a7-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html|access-date=14 August 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> ElBaradei resigned as vice president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's VP Mohamed ElBaradei resigns in protest against crackdown|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-egypt-mohamed-elbaradei-resigns-20130814,0,5082837.story|access-date=14 August 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> In his resignation letter, ElBaradei stated: "...I always saw peaceful alternatives for resolving this societal wrangling. Certain solutions were proposed, which could have led to national conciliation, but things have come this far ... It has become difficult for me to continue bearing the responsibility for decisions with which I do not agree and the consequences of which I fear. I cannot bear the responsibility for a single drop of blood before God, before my own conscience or the citizens..."<ref>{{cite news|title=Unedited alleged letter of resignation of interim Vice President Mohamed ElBaradei|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/egypt/unedited-alleged-letter-resignation-interim-vice-president-mohamed-elbaradei|access-date=21 August 2013|work=Al Jazeera|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> He then left the country for Vienna, where he was previously based as Director General of The International Atomic Energy Agency.<ref name=aljaz21aug/>

After his resignation, an Egyptian law professor at [[Helwan University]], Sayyed Ateeq, filed lawsuit against ElBaradei, accusing him of a "betrayal of trust".<ref>{{cite news|title=Now Mohamed ElBaradei faces the wrath of Egyptian army after resigning from cabinet|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/now-mohamed-elbaradei-faces-the-wrath-of-egyptian-army-after-resigning-from-cabinet-8777174.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/now-mohamed-elbaradei-faces-the-wrath-of-egyptian-army-after-resigning-from-cabinet-8777174.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=20 August 2013}}</ref> As Ateeq told [[Reuters]], "Dr. ElBaradei was entrusted with this position and he had a duty to go back to those who entrusted him and ask to resign."<ref name="Reuters20130820">{{cite news|last=Noueihed|first=Lin|title=Egypt's ElBaradei faces court for 'betrayal of trust'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-elbaradei-idUSBRE97J0XD20130820|access-date=20 August 2013|work=Reuters|date=20 August 2013}}</ref> The case was heard in Cairo in October that year, and dismissed.<ref name=aljaz21aug>{{cite news|title=Cairo court sets trial date for ElBaradei|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201382013218872674.html|access-date=21 August 2013|work=Al Jazeera|date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Reuters20130820"/><ref name=VOA_dmissed>{{cite news|title=Judge Dismisses 'Betrayal of Trust' Case Against ElBaradei|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/reu-judge-dismisses-betrayal-of-trust-case-against-elbaradei/1777562.html|access-date=16 August 2016|work=Voice of Africa|date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

== Other activities ==
Mohamed ElBaradei is a Member of the [[Global Leadership Foundation]], an organization that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

ElBaradei is a member of the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/mar/20/the-campaign-for-a-drug-free-world-is-costing-lives|title = The campaign for a 'drug-free world' is costing lives &#124; Louise Arbour and Mohamed ElBaradei|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 20 March 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
ElBaradei is married to Aida El Kashef, a former [[Early childhood education|early-childhood teacher]]. They have two children.<ref name="iaea.org">{{cite web |title=Director General ElBaradei's Biography |url=http://www.iaea.org/About/dg/elbaradei/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218084354/http://www.iaea.org/About/dg/elbaradei/biography.html |archive-date=18 February 2011 |access-date=5 February 2011 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}}</ref>

A native speaker of [[Arabic]], ElBaradei is also fluent in English and French, and knows "enough German to get by, at least in [[Vienna]]."<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2006 |title=Mohamed ElBaradei Interview—Nobel Prize for Peace |url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/#interview |website=www.achievement.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
During his tenure as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei received many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.

=== 2005 Nobel Peace Prize ===
On 7 October 2005, ElBaradei and the [[IAEA]] were announced as joint recipients of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to building [[orphanage]]s in [[Cairo]]. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following [[Anwar Sadat]] (1978 in Peace), [[Naguib Mahfouz]] (1988 in Literature), and [[Ahmed Zewail]] (1999 in Chemistry).

In [http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2005/ebsp2005n020.html his Nobel lecture], ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation in [[nuclear disarmament]]. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.<ref name=NP2005>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2005/elbaradei-lecture-en.html The Nobel Foundation: Mohamed ElBaradei, The Nobel Peace Prize 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804152356/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2005/elbaradei-lecture-en.html |date=4 August 2016 }}</ref> ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security.

[[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]] said that he was delighted that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to the UN nuclear watchdog and its head, ElBaradei. "The secretary general congratulates him and the entire staff of the agency, past and present, on their contributions to global peace," a spokesman for Annan said.<ref name=PeoplesDailyNobel>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200510/08/eng20051008_213260.html ''Peoples Daily'': Int'l community hails IAEA, ElBaradei's winning of Nobel Peace Prize] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514105318/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200510/08/eng20051008_213260.html |date=14 May 2013 }}</ref>

==== Postage issues ====
[[Egypt Post]] on 8 October 2005 commemorated this award by issuing a set of two postage stamps.<ref>[http://www.wnsstamps.post/en/stamps?search%5Blike%5D=EG029.05 Stamps number EG029.05 and EG030.05] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050757/http://www.wnsstamps.post/en/stamps?search%5Blike%5D=EG029.05 |date=4 March 2016 }} (of the [[WADP Numbering System]] commemorating the awarding of Nobel Peace Prize to ElBaradei</ref> On 1 June 2009, to commemorate 4th Extraordinary Session of [[PAPU]] Plenipotentiary Conference held in Cairo between 1 and 9 June,<ref>[http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Media_Center/latest_News/News/649 MCIT | News | Egypt Post to Host the Fourth PAPU Extraordinary Session] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801001721/http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Media_Center/latest_News/News/649 |date=1 August 2016 }}</ref> Egypt Post issued a set of 16 stamps bearing African winners of Nobel Prizes, among which one is of ElBaradei<ref>[http://www.wnsstamps.post/en/stamps/EG021.09 Stamp number EG021.09] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030638/http://www.wnsstamps.post/en/stamps/EG021.09 |date=4 March 2016 }} of the [[WADP Numbering System|WNS]] commemorating the 4th Extraordinary Session of PAPU Plenipotentiary Conference]</ref>

=== Other awards and recognition ===
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil giving away the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development-2008 to D.G., IAEA, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei for his impassioned opposition to the use of Nuclear Energy for Military purpose.jpg|thumb|Pratibha Devisingh Patil giving away the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development-2008 to D.G., IAEA, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei for his impassioned opposition to the use of Nuclear Energy for Military purpose]]
ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
* [[Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash) (2009)
* [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (Grand Cross with Star and Sash) (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bundespraesident.de/Reden-und-Interviews/Reden-Horst-Koehler-,12213.662472/Visionaer-fuer-eine-Menschheit.htm |title=Der Bundespräsident / "Visionär für eine Menschheitsfamilie" – Ansprache von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler anlässlich der Verleihung des Großen Verdien |publisher=bundespraesident.de |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=24 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511133419/http://www.bundespraesident.de/Reden-und-Interviews/Reden-Horst-Koehler-,12213.662472/Visionaer-fuer-eine-Menschheit.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>
* "El Athir" award of the [[National Order of Merit (Algeria)|National Order of Merit]], [[Algeria]]'s one of the highest national distinction<ref name="iaea.org"/>
* The Franklin D. Roosevelt [[Four Freedoms Award]] (2006)<ref>[http://www.fourfreedoms.nl/index.php?lang=en&id=17&year=2006 Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Laureates since 1982] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104192910/http://www.fourfreedoms.nl/index.php?lang=en&id=17&year=2006 |date=4 January 2016 }}</ref>
* [[James Park Morton Interfaith Award]]<ref name=Yale>[http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=2513 Yale University: ElBaradei Will Speak at Yale] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725170700/http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=2513 |date=25 July 2010 }}</ref>
* Golden Plate award from the [[American Academy of Achievement]]<ref name=Yale /><ref>{{cite web|title= Mohamed ElBaradei Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=  https://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/#interview}}</ref>
* Jit Trainor award from [[Georgetown University]] for distinction in the conduct of diplomacy<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=18816&prog=zgp&proj=znpp Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: ElBaradei Remarks at Georgetown University] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132930/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=18816&prog=zgp&proj=znpp |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref>
* Human Security award from the [[Muslim Public Affairs Council]]<ref>[http://www.mpac.org/article.php?id=410 MPAC: Dr. Mohamed Elbaradei to be Presented with MPAC's Human Security Award] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721230031/http://www.mpac.org/article.php?id=410 |date=21 July 2010 }}</ref>
* Prix de la Fondation award from the Crans Montana Forum<ref>[http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/french/newsroom.asp Arrivée de Graça Machel au Comité d’attribution du Prix Mo Ibrahim] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403105354/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/french/newsroom.asp |date=3 April 2009 }}</ref>
* Golden Dove of Peace prize from the President of Italy<ref name=Amherst>[https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/news/news_releases/2008/05/node/48005 Amherst: Amherst College To Honor Atomic Agency Head, Princeton President and Five Others at Commencement 25 May] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823205817/https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/news/news_releases/2008/05/node/48005 |date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>
* Honorary Patron of the [[University Philosophical Society]] (2006) of [[Trinity College, Dublin]], following in the footsteps of previous [[Nobel Peace Prize]] Winners [[Desmond Tutu]] and [[John Hume]]<ref>[http://www.tcdphil.com/honorary_members.php University Philosophical Society: Honorary Patrons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003222152/http://www.tcdphil.com/honorary_members.php |date=3 October 2011 }}</ref>
*Golden Doves for Peace journalistic prize awarded by the Italian Research Institute Archive Disarmo in 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422180003/https://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Nile]], the highest Egyptian civilian decoration, awarded by the Government of [[Egypt]]<ref name=Amherst />
* Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Peaceful Worldwide Use of Nuclear Technology, awarded by The [[World Nuclear Association]] in September 2007<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear-university.org/html/inaugural_ceremony/part_2.htm World Nuclear University: Inaugural Ceremony of the World Nuclear University – Part Two] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922073311/http://www.world-nuclear-university.org/html/inaugural_ceremony/part_2.htm |date=22 September 2012 }}</ref>
* 2006: [[Four Freedoms Award#Freedom Medal|Freedom medal]]
* The [[Mostar]] 2007 international peace award of the Mostar Center for Peace and Multiethnic Cooperation<ref>[http://www.centarzamir.org.ba/baradei/index-baradei.html Center za mir: "Centar za mir – Mostar"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063826/http://www.centarzamir.org.ba/baradei/index-baradei.html |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* The 2008 "Peacebuilding Award" of the [[EastWest Institute]]<ref>[http://www.ewi.info/announcements/events/index.cfm?title=Events&view=detail&nid=323&aid=6384&activityID=4 ZERO NUCLEAR'S FOUR STATESMEN, ELBARADEI TO BE HONORED]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.richarderdman.com/assets/Uploads/Honorees.pdf Richard Erdman and the EastWest Institute: Statesman of the Year Award] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728151905/http://www.richarderdman.com/assets/Uploads/Honorees.pdf |date=28 July 2013 }}</ref>
* The International Seville NODO Prize for Peace, Security and Inter-Cultural Dialogue<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801125020/http://www.fundacionsevillanodo.org/ Entrega del IV Premio Sevilla-Nodo]}}</ref>
* The 2008 [[Indira Gandhi Prize]] for Peace, Disarmament and Development<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/elbaradei-chosen-for-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/387813/ ''Indian Express'': ElBaradei chosen for Indira Gandhi Peace Prize] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515145851/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/elbaradei-chosen-for-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/387813/ |date=15 May 2011 }}</ref>
* The 2009 [[Delta Prize for Global Understanding]], sponsored by the [[University of Georgia]] and [[Delta Air Lines]]<ref>[http://uga.edu/news/deltaprize/recipients/mohamed_elbaradei/ University of Georgia: 2009 Delta Prize Recipient] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928113926/http://uga.edu/news/deltaprize/recipients/mohamed_elbaradei/ |date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
* The XIV International Grupo Compostela-Xunta de Galicia Prize
* Breastplate of the Russian Foreign Ministry "Contribution to International Cooperation"
* [[Order of Francisc Skorina]] (Belarus)
* [[Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)]]

ElBaradei has also received honorary doctoral degrees from the [[Trinity College, Dublin#The College and the University|University of Dublin, Trinity College]]; [[New York University]]; the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]; the [[American University in Cairo]]; the [[Free Mediterranean University]] (LUM) in Bari, Italy; [[Soka University]] of Japan; [[Tsinghua University]] of Beijing; the [[Polytechnic University of Bucharest]]; the [[Universidad Politecnica de Madrid]]; [[Konkuk University]] in [[Seoul]]; the [[University of Florence]]; the [[University of Buenos Aires]]; the [[National University of Cuyo]] in Argentina; [[Amherst College]] and [[Cairo University]].<ref>[http://www.iaea.org/About/DGC/elbaradei_cv.pdf IAEA: Biography of Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104192912/http://www.iaea.org/About/DGC/elbaradei_cv.pdf |date=4 January 2016 }}</ref>

He is also a member of the [[Mo Ibrahim Foundation]]'s [[Ibrahim Prize]] Committee.

==Publications==
ElBaradei is the author or editor of several books:
*El Baradei, Mohamed. ''The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times.'' New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2011. {{ISBN|9780805093506}} According to WorldCat, the book is held in 915 libraries<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/669754790 WorldCat item record]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104192910/http://www.worldcat.org/title/age-of-deception-nuclear-diplomacy-in-treacherous-times/oclc/669754790%26referer%3Dbrief_results |date=4 January 2016 }}</ref> 
**Translated into Polish, German, Dutch, and Arabic 
*El Baradei, Mohamed, E. I. Nwogugu, and John M. Rames., editors. ''The International Law of Nuclear Energy: Basic Documents.'' Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1993.2 v.{{ISBN|9780792317470}}
*El Baradei, Mohamed.'' Atoms for Peace: A Pictorial History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1957-2007. ''Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2007. {{ISBN|9789201038074}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Asmaa Mahfouz]]
* [[Hossam el-Hamalawy]]
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [[Mona Seif]]
* [[Wael Ghonim]]
 {{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikinews category|Mohamed ElBaradei}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/mohamed-elbaradei Column archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/ElBaradei,+Mohamed Annotated Bibliography for Mohamed ElBaradei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701065756/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FElBaradei%2C+Mohamed |date=1 July 2010 }} at the [[Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]]
* {{IMDb name|1528760}}
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/mohamed-el-baradei}}
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/e/mohamed_elbaradei}}
* {{C-SPAN|1003189}}
* {{Nobelprize}}

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[[Category:Nuclear proliferation]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cairo]]
[[Category:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
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