View source for Modern art

{{Short description|Artistic period from the 1860s–1970s}}
{{about|art produced from the 1860s to the 1970s|art produced from the 1940s to the present|contemporary art}}
{{use shortened footnotes|date=April 2021}}
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| image1 = Vincent van Gogh - Road with Cypress and Star - c. 12-15 May 1890.jpg
| caption1 = [[Vincent van Gogh]], ''[[Road with Cypress and Star|Country Road in Provence by Night]],'' 1889, May 1890, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]
| image2 = Les Grandes Baigneuses, par Paul Cézanne, Yorck.jpg
| caption2 =[[Paul Cézanne]], ''[[The Bathers (Cézanne)|The Large Bathers]]'', 1898–1905
}}
{{History of art sidebar}}
'''Modern art''' includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and [[philosophies]] of the [[art]] produced during that era.{{sfn |Atkins |1997 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/artspeakguidetoc00atki_0/page/118/mode/2up 118–119]}} The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.{{sfn |Gombrich |1995 |p=[https://archive.org/details/storyofart00gomb_0/page/557/mode/1up 557]}} Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the [[narrative]], which was characteristic of the traditional arts, toward [[abstraction]] is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called [[contemporary art]] or [[Postmodern art]].

Modern art begins with the post-impressionist painters like [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Georges Seurat]] and [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]. These artists were essential to modern art's development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-Impressionism {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/post-impressionism |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century [[Henri Matisse]] and several other young artists including the [[Proto-Cubism|pre-cubists]] [[Georges Braque]], [[André Derain]], [[Raoul Dufy]], [[Jean Metzinger]] and [[Maurice de Vlaminck]] revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild," multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called [[Fauvism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rewald |first=Authors: Sabine |title=Fauvism {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}</ref> Matisse's two versions of ''[[The Dance (painting)|The Dance]]'' signified a key point in his career and the development of modern painting.{{sfn|Clement|1996|p=114}} It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with [[primitive art]]: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and [[hedonism]].

At the start of [[20th-century Western painting]], and initially influenced by [[Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Gauguin]] and other late-19th-century innovators, [[Pablo Picasso]] made his first [[Cubism|Cubist]] paintings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser |first=Jennifer Lorraine |title=Origins of Contemporary Art, Design, and Interiors |url=https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/artcultures/part/genesis-of-modernism/ |publisher=PressBooks |chapter=Part 3. Genesis of Modernism |language=en-ca |via=Open Library}}</ref> Picasso based these works on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: [[cube]], [[sphere]] and [[cone (geometry)|cone]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reff |first=Theodore |date=1977-10-01 |title=Cézanne on Solids and Spaces  |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/cezanne-on-solids-and-spaces-209329/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of [[African tribal masks]] and his new Cubist inventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Shira |date=2021-10-21 |title=Les Demoiselles d'Avignon: Analysis of Picasso's Iconic Painting |url=https://magazine.artland.com/les-demoiselles-davignon-analysis-picasso-painting/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Artland Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Between 1905 and 1911 [[German Expressionism]] emerged in [[Die Brücke|Dresden]] and [[Der Blaue Reiter|Munich]] with artists like [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Franz Marc]], [[Paul Klee]] and [[August Macke]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Die Brücke (The Bridge) |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/die-brucke-the-bridge |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=Shows That Made Contemporary Art History |url=https://magazine.artland.com/the-shows-that-made-contemporary-art-history-the-first-exhibition-of-der-blaue-reiter/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Artland Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Analytic cubism]] was jointly developed by Picasso and [[Georges Braque]], exemplified by ''Violin and Candlestick, Paris,'' from about 1908 through 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rewald |first=Authors: Sabine |title=Cubism {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cube/hd_cube.htm |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}</ref> Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by [[Synthetic cubism]], practiced by Braque, Picasso, [[Fernand Léger]], [[Juan Gris]], [[Albert Gleizes]], [[Marcel Duchamp]] and several other artists into the 1920s. [[Synthetic cubism]] is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, [[collage]] elements, [[papier collé]] and a large variety of merged subject matter.{{sfn |Scobie |1988 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/gertrudesteinma004194/page/104/mode/2up?q=synthetic 103–107]}}{{sfn |John-Steiner |2006 |p=[{{Google books |id=fEFRDAAAQBAJ |page=69 |plainurl=yes}} 69]}}

The notion of modern art is closely related to [[Modernism]].{{efn|"One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'Modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized by modernity ... [this means] that Modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of Modernist art, even where that art rebels against it." — Lawrence E. Cahoone{{sfn |Cahoone |1996 |p=[https://archive.org/details/frommodernismtop0000unse/page/13/mode/1up 13]}}}}
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== History ==
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{{stack|
[[File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 065.jpg|thumb|[[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], ''At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing'', 1892]]
[[File:Paul Gauguin- Manao tupapau (The Spirit of the Dead Keep Watch).JPG|thumb|[[Paul Gauguin]], ''[[Spirit of the Dead Watching]]'' 1892, [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]]]]
[[File:Georges Seurat - Les Poseuses.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Models (painting)|Models]]'' (''Les Poseuses''), 1886–88, [[Barnes Foundation]]]]
[[File:Edvard Munch, 1893, The Scream, oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard, 91 x 73 cm, National Gallery of Norway.jpg|thumb|''[[The Scream]]'' by [[Edvard Munch]], 1893]]
[[File:Kollwitz.jpg|thumb|right|[[Käthe Kollwitz]], ''[[Woman with Dead Child]]'', 1903 etching]]
[[File:Family of Saltimbanques.JPG|thumb|[[Pablo Picasso]], ''[[Family of Saltimbanques]]'', 1905, [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC.]]]]
[[File:Jean Metzinger, 1907, Paysage coloré aux oiseaux aquatique, oil on canvas, 74 x 99 cm, Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[Paysage coloré aux oiseaux aquatiques]]'', 1907, oil on canvas, 74 × 99 cm, [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]]]]
[[File:Egon Schiele - Gustav Klimt im blauen Malerkittel - 1913.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Egon Schiele]], ''Klimt in a light Blue Smock'', 1913]]
[[File:Chagall IandTheVillage.jpg|thumb|[[Marc Chagall]], ''[[I and the Village]]'', 1911]]
[[File:Malevich.black-square.jpg|thumb|[[Kasimir Malevich]], ''[[Black Square (painting)|Black Square]]'', 1915]]
[[File:Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Fountain, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz.jpg|thumb|[[Marcel Duchamp]], ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'', 1917. Photograph by [[Alfred Stieglitz]]]]
[[File:Hoch-Cut With the Kitchen Knife.jpg|thumb|[[Hannah Höch]], ''Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Last Epoch of Weimar Beer-Belly Culture in Germany'', 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90×144&nbsp;cm, [[Berlin State Museums|Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]]]]
[[File:Vassily Kandinsky, 1923 - On White II.jpg|thumb|[[Wassily Kandinsky]], ''On White II'', 1923]]
}}
[[File:Edouard Manet - Luncheon on the Grass - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|[[Édouard Manet]], ''[[Le déjeuner sur l'herbe|The Luncheon on the Grass]]'' ({{Lang|fr|Le déjeuner sur l'herbe}}), 1863, [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Paris]]]]

=== Roots in the 19th century ===
[[File:Boy Blowing Bubbles Edouard Manet.jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|[[Édouard Manet]], ''[[Boy Blowing Bubbles]]'', 1867, [[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum]]]]
Although modern [[sculpture]] and [[architecture]] are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern [[painting]] can be located earlier.{{sfn |Arnason |Prather |1998 |p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderna00arna_0/page/17/mode/1up 17]}} [[Francisco Goya]] is considered by many as the Father of Modern Painting without being a Modernist himself, a fact of art history that later painters associated with Modernism as a style, acknowledge him as an influence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lubow |first=Arthur |date=2003-07-27 |title=The Secret of the Black Paintings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/magazine/the-secret-of-the-black-paintings.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Danto |first=Arthur C. |date=2004-03-01 |title=Francisco de Goya  |url=https://www.artforum.com/columns/francisco-de-goya-168178/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-04 |title=The unflinching eye |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/oct/04/art.biography |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art as a movement is 1863,{{sfn |Arnason |Prather |1998 |p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderna00arna_0/page/17/mode/1up 17]}} the year that [[Édouard Manet]] showed his painting ''[[Le déjeuner sur l'herbe]]'' in the [[Salon des Refusés]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Alina |date=2019-03-21 |title=Why Manet’s Masterpiece Has Confounded Historians for over a Century |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-manets-masterpiece-confounded-historians-century |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref> Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year [[Gustave Courbet]] exhibited ''[[The Artist's Studio]]'') and 1784 (the year [[Jacques-Louis David]] completed his painting ''[[The Oath of the Horatii]]'').{{sfn |Arnason |Prather |1998 |p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderna00arna_0/page/17/mode/1up 17]}} In the words of art historian [[H. Harvard Arnason]]: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning ....  A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."{{sfn |Arnason |Prather |1998 |p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderna00arna_0/page/17/mode/1up 17]}}{{multiple image
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| image1    = Van Gogh - la courtisane.jpg
| width1    = 94
| caption1  = [[Vincent van Gogh]], ''Courtesan (after [[Keisai Eisen|Eisen]])'' (1887), [[Van Gogh Museum]]
| alt1      = Multi-colored portrait of a far eastern courtesan with elaborate hair ornamentation, colorful robelike garment, and a border depicting marshland waters and reeds.
| image2    = Vincent van Gogh - Bloeiende pruimenboomgaard- naar Hiroshige - Google Art Project.jpg
| width2    = 133
| caption2  = [[Vincent van Gogh]], ''The Blooming Plumtree (after [[Hiroshige]])'' (1887), [[Van Gogh Museum]]
| alt2      = Portrait of a tree with blossoms and with far eastern alphabet letters both in the portrait and along the left and right borders.
| image3    = Van Gogh - Portrait of Pere Tanguy 1887-8.JPG
| width3    = 126
| caption3  = [[Vincent van Gogh]], ''[[Portrait of Père Tanguy]]'' (1887), [[Musée Rodin]]
| alt3      = Portrait of a man of a bearded man facing forward, holding his own hands in his lap; wearing a hat, blue coat, beige collared shirt, and brown pants; sitting in front of a background with various tiles of far eastern and nature-themed art.
}}The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].{{efn|"In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new ''view'' of the world, which would eventually create a new ''world'', the modern world." — Lawrence E. Cahoone{{sfn |Cahoone |1996 |p=[https://archive.org/details/frommodernismtop0000unse/page/27/mode/1up 27]}}}} The modern art critic [[Clement Greenberg]], for instance, called [[Immanuel Kant]] "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "[[The Enlightenment]] criticized from the outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."{{sfn |Greenberg |1982 |p=[https://archive.org/details/modernartmoderni00fras/page/5/mode/1up 5]}} The [[French Revolution]] of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=what is Contemporary art – a definition |url=http://www.contemporary-art.com/contemporary-art-2.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.contemporary-art.com}}</ref> This gave rise to what art historian [[Ernst Gombrich]] called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."{{sfn |Gombrich |1995 |p=[https://archive.org/details/storyofart00gomb_0/page/477/mode/1up 477]}}

The pioneers of modern art were [[Romanticism|Romantics]], [[Realism (visual arts)|Realists]] and [[Impressionism|Impressionists]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prinseps.com/research/modernism-art-history-origin-artists/|title=Modernism in Art, Origins and Key Figures|first=The Prinseps|last=Team|date=February 11, 2019|website=Prinseps}}</ref>.{{sfn |Arnason |Prather |1998 |p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderna00arna_0/page/22/mode/1up 22]}}{{failed verification|date=April 2021}} By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: [[Post-Impressionism]] and [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]].

Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly [[Japonism|Japanese printmaking]], to the coloristic innovations of [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]] and [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]], to a search for more [[Realism (arts)|realism]] in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as [[Jean-François Millet]]. The advocates of realism stood against the [[idealism]] of the tradition-bound [[academic art]] that enjoyed public and official favor.{{sfn |Corinth |Schuster |Vitali |Butts |1996 |p=25}} The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.

The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light that they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light ([[en plein air]]) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.{{sfn |Cogniat |1975 |p=61}} Impressionist artists formed a group, ''Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs'' ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.{{sfn |Cogniat |1975 |pp=43–49}} The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a [[Art movement|"movement."]] These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, the establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.

=== Early 20th century ===
[[File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pablo Picasso]], ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' 1907, [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]]]]
[[File:La danse (I) by Matisse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Henri Matisse]], ''[[Dance (Matisse)|The Dance I]]'', 1909, [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]]]]
[[File:Franz Marc 020.jpg|thumb|left|[[Franz Marc]], ''Rehe im Walde'' (''Deer in Woods''), 1914, [[Kunsthalle Karlsruhe]]]]

Among the movements that flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]], [[Expressionism]], and [[futurism (art)|Futurism]].

In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], formed [[Die Brücke]] (The Bridge) in the city of [[Dresden]].<ref name="auto"/> This was arguably the founding organization for the [[German Expressionist]] movement, though they did not use the word itself. A few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed [[Der Blaue Reiter]] (The Blue Rider) in Munich.<ref name="auto1"/> The name came from [[Wassily Kandinsky]]'s ''Der Blaue Reiter'' painting of 1903. Among their members were [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]], [[Franz Marc]], [[Paul Klee]], and [[August Macke]]. However, the term "Expressionism" did not firmly establish itself until 1913.<ref name=Sheppard/>{{rp|page=274}}

Futurism took off in Italy a couple years before [[World War I]] with the publication of [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]]'s ''[[Manifesto of Futurism|Futurist Manifesto]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/xdc974a79:italian-art-before-world-war-i/art-great-war/a/italian-futurism-an-introduction#:~:text=Marinetti%20launched%20Futurism%20in%201909,museums,%20libraries,%20and%20feminism. |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.khanacademy.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Benedetta Cappa|Benedetta Cappa Marinetti]], wife of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, created the second wave of the artistic movement started by her husband. "Largely thanks to Benedetta, her husband F.T. Marinetti re orchestrated the shifting ideologies of Futurism to embrace feminine elements of intuition, spirituality, and the mystical forces of the earth."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conaty |first=Siobhan M. |date=2009 |title=Benedetta Cappa Marinetti and the Second Phase of Futurism |jstor=i40026522 |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 }}</ref> She painted up until his death and spent the rest of her days tending to the spread and growth of this period in Italian art, which celebrated technology, speed and all things new.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benedetta Cappa Marinetti |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/benedetta-cappa-marinetti/9gICBKcaODaiIQ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

During the years between 1910 and the end of [[World War I]] and after the heyday of [[cubism]], several movements emerged in Paris. [[Giorgio de Chirico]] moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as [[Alberto Savinio]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Thrall Soby |url=https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_1967_300298679.pdf |title=Giorgio de Chirico |publisher=Simon and Schuste |year=1955 |location=New York }}</ref> Through his brother, he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the [[Salon d'Automne]] where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: ''Enigma of the Oracle'', ''Enigma of an Afternoon'' and ''Self-Portrait''. In 1913 he exhibited his work at the [[Salon des Indépendants]] and Salon d'Automne, and his work was noticed by [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of [[Surrealism]]. ''[[The Song of Love (Giorgio de Chirico)|Song of Love]]'' (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the [[Surrealism|surrealist]] style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by [[André Breton]] in 1924. The [[School of Paris]], centered in [[Montparnasse]] flourished between the two world wars.

World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of many [[anti-art]] movements, such as the in [[Dada#Zürich|Zürich]] and [[Dada#Berlin|Berlin]] emerging [[Dada]], including the work of [[Emmy Hennings]], [[Hannah Höch]], [[Hugo Ball]] and [[Marcel Duchamp]], and of [[Surrealism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 27, 1968 |title=Dada, Surrealism, and Their Heritage |url=https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/4009/releases/MOMA_1968_Jan-June_0026_26.pdf |journal=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Artist groups like [[de Stijl]] and [[Bauhaus]] developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayer |first=Herbert |url=https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_2735_300190238.pdf |title=Bauhaus, 1919–1928 |date=1938 |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art: Distributed by New York Graphic Society|isbn=0870702408 |location=New York }}</ref>

Modern art was introduced to the United States with the [[Armory Show]] in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martinez |first=Andrew |date=1933 |title=One Hundred Years at the Art Institute: A Centennial Celebration |url=https://publications.artic.edu/gauguin/sites/default/files/file_assets/61_Gau_MuseumStudies_Martinez19.1Centennial.pdf |publisher=Art Institute of Chicago Museum |chapter=A Mixed Reception for Modernism: The 1913 Armory Show at the Art Institute of Chicago |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=30–57+102–105 |JSTOR=}}</ref>

=== After World War II ===
It was only after [[World War II]], however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.{{sfn |Saunders |2013}} The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of [[Abstract Expressionism]], [[Color field painting]], [[Conceptual art]]ists of [[Art & Language]], [[Pop art]], [[Op art]], [[Hard-edge painting]], [[Minimal art]], [[Lyrical Abstraction]], [[Fluxus]], [[Happening]], [[video art]], [[Postminimalism]], [[Photorealism]] and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, [[Land art]], [[performance art]], conceptual art, and other new art forms attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.{{sfn |Mullins |2006 |p=14}} Larger [[installation art|installations]] and [[performance art|performances]] became widespread.

By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by [[Douglas Crimp]]), [[new media art]] had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as [[video art]].{{sfn |Mullins |2006 |p=9}} Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of [[neo-expressionism]] and the revival of [[figurative art|figurative painting]].{{sfn |Mullins |2006 |pp=14–15}}

Towards the end of the 20th century, many artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically [[Postmodern art|Postmodern works]].{{sfn |Jencks |1987 |p={{page needed|date=April 2021}}}}

== Art movements and artist groups ==
''(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)''

=== 19th century ===
* [[Romanticism]] and the [[Romantic movement]] – [[Francisco de Goya]], [[J. M. W. Turner]], [[Eugène Delacroix]]
* [[Realism (art movement)|Realism]] – [[Gustave Courbet]], [[Camille Corot]], [[Jean-François Millet]], [[Rosa Bonheur]]
* [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelites]] – [[William Holman Hunt]], [[John Everett Millais]], [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]
* [[Macchiaioli]] – [[Giovanni Fattori]], [[Silvestro Lega]], [[Telemaco Signorini]]
* [[Impressionism]] – [[Frédéric Bazille]], [[Gustave Caillebotte]], [[Mary Cassatt]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Armand Guillaumin]], [[Édouard Manet]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Berthe Morisot]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Alfred Sisley]]
* [[Post-Impressionism]] – [[Georges Seurat]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Henri Rousseau]], [[Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin]], [[Albert Lebourg]], [[Robert Antoine Pinchon]]
* [[Pointillism]] – [[Georges Seurat]], [[Paul Signac]], [[Maximilien Luce]], [[Henri-Edmond Cross]]
* [[Divisionism]] – [[Gaetano Previati]], [[Giovanni Segantini]], [[Pellizza da Volpedo]]
* [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] – [[Gustave Moreau]], [[Odilon Redon]], [[Edvard Munch]], [[James Whistler]], [[James Ensor]]
* [[Les Nabis]] – [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Édouard Vuillard]], [[Félix Vallotton]], [[Maurice Denis]], [[Paul Sérusier]]
* [[Art Nouveau]] and variants – [[Jugendstil]], [[Vienna Secession|Secession]], [[Modern Style]], [[Modernisme]] – [[Aubrey Beardsley]], [[Alphonse Mucha]], [[Gustav Klimt]],
* [[Art Nouveau]] [[architecture]] and [[design]] – [[Antoni Gaudí]], [[Otto Wagner]], [[Wiener Werkstätte]], [[Josef Hoffmann]], [[Adolf Loos]], [[Koloman Moser]]
* Early [[Modernist]] [[sculptors]] – [[Aristide Maillol]], [[Auguste Rodin]]

=== Early 20th century (before World War I) ===
* [[Abstract art]] – [[Francis Picabia]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[František Kupka]], [[Robert Delaunay]], [[Sonia Delaunay]], [[Léopold Survage]], [[Piet Mondrian]], [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Hilma af Klint]]
* [[Fauvism]] – [[André Derain]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], [[Georges Braque]], [[Kees van Dongen]]
* [[Expressionism]] and related – [[Die Brücke]], [[Der Blaue Reiter]] – [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Franz Marc]], [[Egon Schiele]], [[Oskar Kokoschka]], [[Emil Nolde]], [[Axel Törneman]], [[Karl Schmidt-Rottluff]], [[Max Pechstein]]
* [[Cubism]] – [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Georges Braque]], [[Jean Metzinger]], [[Albert Gleizes]], [[Fernand Léger]], [[Robert Delaunay]], [[Henri Le Fauconnier]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Jacques Villon]], [[Francis Picabia]], [[Juan Gris]]
* [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]] – [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]], [[Benedetta Cappa Marinetti]], [[Giacomo Balla]], [[Umberto Boccioni]], [[Carlo Carrà]], [[Gino Severini]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Mikhail Larionov]]
* [[Orphism (art)|Orphism]] – [[Robert Delaunay]], [[Sonia Delaunay]], [[František Kupka]]
* [[Suprematism]] – [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Alexander Rodchenko]], [[El Lissitzky]]
* [[Synchromism]] – [[Stanton Macdonald-Wright]], [[Morgan Russell]]
* [[Vorticism]] – [[Wyndham Lewis]]
* [[Sculpture]] – [[Constantin Brâncuși]], [[Joseph Csaky]], [[Alexander Archipenko]], [[Raymond Duchamp-Villon]], [[Jacques Lipchitz]], [[Ossip Zadkine]], [[Henri Laurens]], [[Elie Nadelman]], [[Chaim Gross]], [[Chana Orloff]], [[Jacob Epstein]], [[Gustave Miklos]], [[Antoine Bourdelle]]
* [[Photography]] – [[Pictorialism]], [[Straight photography]]

=== World War I to World War II ===
* [[Dada]] – [[Jean Arp]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Max Ernst]], [[Francis Picabia]], [[Kurt Schwitters]]
* [[Surrealism]] – [[Marc Chagall]], [[René Magritte]], [[Jean Arp]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Max Ernst]], [[Giorgio de Chirico]], [[André Masson]], [[Joan Miró]]
* [[Expressionism]] and related: [[Chaïm Soutine|Chaim Soutine]], [[Abraham Mintchine]], [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Isaac Frenkel]]
* [[Pittura Metafisica]] – [[Giorgio de Chirico]], [[Carlo Carrà]], [[Giorgio Morandi]]
* [[De Stijl]] – [[Theo van Doesburg]], [[Piet Mondrian]]
* [[New Objectivity]] – [[Max Beckmann]], [[Otto Dix]], [[George Grosz]]
* [[Figurative painting]] – [[Henri Matisse]], [[Pierre Bonnard]]
* [[American Modernism]] – [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], [[Arthur G. Dove]], [[Marsden Hartley]], [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]
* [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] – [[Naum Gabo]], [[Gustav Klutsis]], [[László Moholy-Nagy]], [[El Lissitzky]], [[Kasimir Malevich]], [[Vadim Meller]], [[Alexander Rodchenko]], [[Vladimir Tatlin]]
* [[Bauhaus]] – [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Paul Klee]], [[Josef Albers]]
* [[Scottish Colourists]] – [[Francis Cadell (artist)|Francis Cadell]], [[Samuel Peploe]], [[George Hunter (painter)|Leslie Hunter]], [[John Duncan Fergusson]]
* [[Social realism]] – [[Grant Wood]], [[Walker Evans]], [[Diego Rivera]]
* [[Precisionism]] – [[Charles Sheeler]], [[Charles Demuth]]
* [[Boychukism]] – [[Mykhailo Boychuk]], [[Sofiya Nalepinska-Boychuk]], [[Ivan Padalka]], [[Vasily Sedlyar]]
* [[Sculpture]] – [[Alexander Calder]], [[Alberto Giacometti]], [[Gaston Lachaise]], [[Henry Moore]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Julio González (sculptor)|Julio Gonzalez]]

=== After World War II ===
* [[Figurative art|Figuratifs]] – [[Bernard Buffet]], [[Jean Carzou]], [[Maurice Boitel]], [[Daniel du Janerand]], [[Claude-Max Lochu]]
* [[Sculpture]] – [[Henry Moore]], [[David Smith (sculptor)|David Smith]], [[Tony Smith (sculptor)|Tony Smith]], [[Alexander Calder]], [[Richard Hunt (sculptor)|Richard Hunt]], [[Isamu Noguchi]],{{sfn |Lander |2006}} [[Alberto Giacometti]], [[Sir Anthony Caro]], [[Jean Dubuffet]], [[Isaac Witkin]], [[René Iché]], [[Marino Marini (sculptor)|Marino Marini]], [[Louise Nevelson]], [[Albert Vrana]]
* [[Abstract expressionism]] – [[Joan Mitchell]], [[Willem de Kooning]], [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Arshile Gorky]], [[Hans Hofmann]], [[Franz Kline]], [[Robert Motherwell]], [[Clyfford Still]], [[Lee Krasner]],
* [[American Abstract Artists]] – [[Ilya Bolotowsky]], [[Ibram Lassaw]], [[Ad Reinhardt]], [[Josef Albers]], [[Burgoyne Diller]]
* [[Outsider Art|Art Brut]] – [[Adolf Wölfli]], [[August Natterer]], [[Ferdinand Cheval]], [[Madge Gill]]
* [[Arte Povera]] – [[Jannis Kounellis]], [[Luciano Fabro]], [[Mario Merz]], [[Piero Manzoni]], [[Alighiero Boetti]]
* [[Color field painting]] – [[Barnett Newman]], [[Mark Rothko]], [[Adolph Gottlieb]], [[Sam Francis]], [[Morris Louis]], [[Kenneth Noland]], [[Jules Olitski]], [[Helen Frankenthaler]]
* [[Tachisme]] – [[Jean Dubuffet]], [[Pierre Soulages]], [[Hans Hartung]], [[Ludwig Merwart]]
* [[COBRA (avant-garde movement)|COBRA]] – [[Pierre Alechinsky]], [[Karel Appel]], [[Asger Jorn]]
* [[Conceptual art]] – [[Art & Language]], [[Dan Graham]], [[Lawrence Weiner]], [[Bruce Nauman]], [[Daniel Buren]], [[Victor Burgin]], [[Sol LeWitt]]
* [[De-collage]] – [[Wolf Vostell]], [[Mimmo Rotella]]
* [[Neo-Dada]] – [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Jasper Johns]], [[John Chamberlain (sculptor)|John Chamberlain]], [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Lee Bontecou]], [[Edward Kienholz]]
* [[American Figurative Expressionism|Figurative Expressionism]] – [[Larry Rivers]], [[Grace Hartigan]], [[Elaine de Kooning]], [[Robert De Niro, Sr.]], [[Lester Johnson (artist)|Lester Johnson]], [[George McNeil (artist)|George McNeil]], [[Earle M. Pilgrim]], [[Jan Müller (artist)|Jan Müller]], [[Robert Beauchamp]], [[Bob Thompson (painter)|Bob Thompson]]
* [[Feminist art movement|Feminist Art]] — [[Eva Hesse]], [[Judy Chicago]], [[Barbara Kruger]], [[Mary Beth Edelson]], [[Ewa Partum]], [[Valie Export]], [[Yoko Ono]], [[Louise Bourgeois]], [[Cindy Sherman]], [[Kiki Smith]], [[Guerrilla Girls]], [[Hannah Wilke]]
* [[Fluxus]] – [[George Maciunas]], [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Wolf Vostell]], [[Nam June Paik]], [[Daniel Spoerri]], [[Dieter Roth]], [[Carolee Schneeman]], [[Alison Knowles]], [[Charlotte Moorman]], [[Dick Higgins]]
* [[Happening]] – [[Allan Kaprow]], [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Wolf Vostell]], [[Claes Oldenburg]], [[Jim Dine]], [[Red Grooms]], [[Nam June Paik]], [[Charlotte Moorman]], [[Robert Whitman]], [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Dau-al-Set]] – founded in [[Barcelona]] by poet/artist [[Joan Brossa]], – [[Antoni Tàpies]]
* {{ill|Grupo El Paso|es|El Paso (grupo)|ca|El Paso (col·lectiu)|pl|Grupa El Paso}} – founded in [[Madrid]] by artists [[Antonio Saura]], [[Pablo Serrano]]
* [[Geometric abstraction]] – [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Nadir Afonso]], [[Manlio Rho]], [[Mario Radice]], [[Mino Argento]], [[Adam Szentpétery]]
* [[Hard-edge painting]] – [[John McLaughlin (artist)|John McLaughlin]], [[Ellsworth Kelly]], [[Frank Stella]], [[Al Held]], [[Ronald Davis]]
* [[Kinetic art]] – [[George Rickey]], [[Getulio Alviani]]
* [[Land art]] – [[Ana Mendieta]], Christo, [[Richard Long (artist)|Richard Long]], [[Robert Smithson]], [[Michael Heizer]]
* [[Les Automatistes]] – [[Claude Gauvreau]], [[Jean-Paul Riopelle]], [[Pierre Gauvreau]], [[Fernand Leduc]], [[Jean-Paul Mousseau]], [[Marcelle Ferron]]
* [[Minimal art]] – [[Sol LeWitt]], [[Donald Judd]], [[Dan Flavin]], [[Richard Serra]], [[Agnes Martin]]
* [[Postminimalism]] – [[Eva Hesse]], [[Bruce Nauman]], [[Lynda Benglis]]
* [[Lyrical abstraction]] – [[Ronnie Landfield]], [[Sam Gilliam]], [[Larry Zox]], [[Dan Christensen]], [[Natvar Bhavsar]], [[Larry Poons]]
* [[Neo-figurative|Neo-figurative art]] – [[Fernando Botero]], [[Antonio Berni]]
* [[Neo-expressionism]] – [[Georg Baselitz]], [[Anselm Kiefer]], [[Jörg Immendorff]], [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]]
* [[Transavanguardia]] – [[Francesco Clemente]], [[Mimmo Paladino]], [[Sandro Chia]], [[Enzo Cucchi]]
* [[Figuration libre]] – [[Hervé Di Rosa]], [[François Boisrond]], [[Robert Combas]]
* [[New realism]] – [[Yves Klein]], [[Pierre Restany]], [[Arman]]
* [[Op art]] – [[Victor Vasarely]], [[Bridget Riley]], [[Richard Anuszkiewicz]], [[Jeffrey Steele (artist)|Jeffrey Steele]]
* [[Outsider art]] – [[Howard Finster]], [[Grandma Moses]], [[Bob Justin]]
* [[Photorealism]] – [[Audrey Flack]], [[Chuck Close]], [[Duane Hanson]], [[Richard Estes]], [[Malcolm Morley]]
* [[Pop art]] – [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]], [[Robert Indiana]], [[Jasper Johns]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Andy Warhol]], [[Ed Ruscha]], [[David Hockney]]
* [[Postwar]] European [[figurative painting]] – [[Lucian Freud]], [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]], [[Frank Auerbach]], [[Gerhard Richter]]
* [[New European Painting]] – [[Luc Tuymans]], [[Marlene Dumas]], [[Neo Rauch]], [[Bracha Ettinger]], [[Michaël Borremans]], [[Chris Ofili]]
* [[Shaped canvas]] – [[Frank Stella]], [[Kenneth Noland]], [[Ronald Davis|Ron Davis]], [[Robert Mangold]].
* [[Soviet art]] – [[Aleksandr Deyneka]], [[Aleksandr Gerasimov (painter)|Aleksandr Gerasimov]], [[Ilya Kabakov]], [[Komar & Melamid]], [[Alexandr Zhdanov]], [[Leonid Sokov]]
* [[Spatialism]] – [[Lucio Fontana]]
* [[Video art]] – [[Nam June Paik]], [[Wolf Vostell]], [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Bill Viola]], [[Hans Breder]]
* [[Visionary art]] – [[Ernst Fuchs (artist)|Ernst Fuchs]], [[Paul Laffoley]], [[Michael Bowen (artist)|Michael Bowen]]

== Notable modern art exhibitions and museums ==
{{for|a comprehensive list|Museums of modern art}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

=== Austria ===
* [[Leopold Museum]], [[Vienna]]

=== Belgium ===
* [[SMAK]], [[Ghent]]

=== Brazil ===
* [[Museu de Arte de São Paulo|MASP]], [[São Paulo]], [[São Paulo (city)|SP]]
* [[Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo|MAM/SP]], [[São Paulo]], [[São Paulo (city)|SP]]
* [[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|MAM/RJ]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rio de Janeiro (city)|RJ]]
* [[Museum of Modern Art of Bahia|MAM/BA]], [[Salvador, Bahia]]

=== Colombia ===
* [[Bogotá Museum of Modern Art|Bogotá Museum of Modern Art (MAMBO)]]

=== Croatia ===
* [[Ivan Meštrović Gallery]], [[Split (city)|Split]]
* [[Modern Gallery, Zagreb]]
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb]]

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo]], [[Guayaquil]]
* [[La Capilla del Hombre]], [[Quito]]

=== Finland ===
* [[EMMA (museum)|EMMA]], [[Espoo]]
* [[Kiasma]], [[Helsinki]]

=== France ===
* [[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Montsoreau]]
* [[Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art]], [[Villeneuve d'Ascq]]
* [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris
* [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]], Paris
* [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], Paris
* [[Musée Picasso]], Paris
* [[Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art|Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art]], [[Strasbourg]]
* [[Musée d'art moderne de Troyes]]

=== Germany ===
* [[Berggruen Museum]], [[Berlin]]
* [[Degenerate Art exhibition]], a touring exhibition of modern art held in [[Nazi Germany]] to [[Degenerate art|condemn]] modern art
* [[documenta]], [[Kassel]], an exhibition of modern and contemporary art held every 5 years
* [[Museum Ludwig]], [[Cologne]]
* [[Pinakothek der Moderne]], [[Munich]]

=== India ===
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[New Delhi]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[Bangalore]]

=== Iran ===
* [[Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art|Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Tehran]]

=== Ireland ===
* [[Hugh Lane Gallery]], [[Dublin]]
* [[Irish Museum of Modern Art]], [[Dublin]]

===Israel===
* [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]]

=== Italy ===
* [[Palazzo delle Esposizioni]]
* [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]]
* [[Venice Biennial]], [[Venice]]
* [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]
* [[Museo del Novecento]], [[Milan]]

=== Mexico ===
* [[Museo de Arte Moderno]], [[Mexican Federal District|México D.F.]]

=== Netherlands ===
* [[Van Gogh Museum]], [[Amsterdam]]
* [[Stedelijk Museum]], [[Amsterdam]]

=== Norway ===
* [[Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art]], [[Oslo]]
* [[Henie-Onstad Art Centre]], [[Oslo]]

=== Poland ===
* [[Museum of Art in Łódź|Museum of Art]], [[Łódź]]
* [[National Museum, Kraków|National Museum]], [[Kraków]]

=== Qatar ===
* [[Mathaf]]: [[Arab Museum of Modern Art]], [[Doha]]

=== Romania ===
* [[National Museum of Contemporary Art (Romania)|National Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Bucharest]]

=== Russia ===
* [[Hermitage Museum]], [[Saint Petersburg]]
* [[Pushkin Museum]], [[Moscow]]
* [[Tretyakov Gallery]], [[Moscow]]

=== Serbia ===
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade|Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Belgrade]]

=== Spain ===
* [[Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona]], [[Barcelona]]
* [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]], [[Madrid]]
* [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]], [[Madrid]]
* [[Institut Valencià d'Art Modern]], [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]
* [[Atlantic Center of Modern Art]], [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
* [[Museu Picasso]], [[Barcelona]].
* [[Museo Picasso Málaga]], [[Málaga]].

=== Sweden ===
* [[Moderna Museet]], [[Stockholm]]

===Taiwan===
* [[Asia Museum of Modern Art]], Taichung

===United Kingdom===
* [[Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art]], London
* [[Saatchi Gallery]], London
* [[Tate Britain]], London
* [[Tate Liverpool]]
* [[Tate Modern]], London
* [[Tate St Ives]]

=== Ukraine ===
* [[National Art Museum of Ukraine]], [[Kyiv]]
* [[Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum of Lviv]], [[Lviv]]

=== United States ===
* [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]], [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Chicago, Illinois]]
* [[Empire State Plaza#Art collection|Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection]], [[Albany, New York]]
* [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]], [[New York City, New York]], and [[Venice, Italy]]; more recently in [[Berlin, Germany]], [[Bilbao, Spain]], and [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
* [[High Museum]], [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
* [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], [[Los Angeles, California]]
* [[McNay Art Museum]], [[San Antonio, Texas]]
* [[Menil Collection]], [[Houston, Texas]]
* [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
* [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City, New York]]
* [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], [[San Francisco, California]]
* [[Naples Museum of Art|The Baker Museum]], [[Naples, Florida]]
* [[Walker Art Center]], [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
* [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], [[New York City, New York]]
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[20th-century art]]
* [[Art manifesto]]
* [[Gesamtkunstwerk]]
* [[History of painting]]
* [[List of 20th-century women artists]]
* [[List of modern artists]]
* [[Modern architecture]]
* [[Periods in Western art history]]
* [[Western painting]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|22em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Arnason |first1=H. Harvard |author-link=H. Harvard Arnason |last2=Prather |first2=Marla |title=History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography |edition=4th |publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc. |publication-place=New York |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8109-3439-9 |oclc=1035593323 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderna00arna_0 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Robert |title=Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords |edition=2nd |publisher=Abbeville Press Publishers |publication-place=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7892-0415-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/artspeakguidetoc00atki_0/page/118/mode/2up |url-access=registration |oclc=605278894 |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Cahoone |first=Lawrence |title=From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |publication-place=Cambridge, MA|year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55786-602-8 |oclc=1149327777 |url=https://archive.org/details/frommodernismtop0000unse |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite web |title=CIMA Art Gallery |website=Times of India Travel |date=2015-06-30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/cima-art-gallery/ps47878635.cms |ref={{sfnref |Times of India Travel |2015}} |access-date=2021-06-12}}
* {{cite book |last=Clement |first=Russell |title=Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis |publisher=Greenwood Press |publication-place=Westport, CN |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29752-6 |oclc=34191505}}
* {{cite book |last=Cogniat |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Cogniat |title=Pissarro |publisher=Crown Publishers |publication-place=New York |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-517-52477-0 |oclc=2082821}}
* {{cite book |last1=Corinth |first1=Lovis |author-link=Lovis Corinth| last2=Schuster |first2=Peter-Klaus |last3=Vitali |first3=Christoph |last4=Butts |first4=Barbara |last5=Brauner |first5=Lothar |last6=Bärnreuther |first6=Andrea  |title=Lovis Corinth |publication-place=Munich; New York |publisher=Prestel |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-7913-1682-6|oclc=35280519}}
* {{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Clement |author-link=Clement Greenberg |chapter=Modernist Painting |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/modernartmoderni00fras/page/5/mode/1up |editor-last=Frascina |editor-first=Francis |editor-last2=Harrison |editor-first2=Charles |editor2-link=Charles Harrison (historian) |editor-last3=Paul |editor-first3=Deirdre |title=Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology |publisher=Harper & Row |others=In association with the Open University |publication-place=London |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-06-318234-9 |oclc=297414909 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernartmoderni00fras |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Gombrich |first=Ernst H. |author-link=Ernst Gombrich |title=The Story of Art. |publisher=Phaidon Press Limited |publication-place=London |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7148-3355-2 |oclc=1151352542 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofart00gomb_0 |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Jencks |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Jencks |title=Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture |publisher=Rizzoli |publication-place=New York |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8478-0835-9 |oclc=1150952960 |url=https://archive.org/details/postmodernismnew0000jenc |url-access=registration |via=Inernet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=John-Steiner |first=Vera |title=Creative Collaboration |chapter=Patterns of Collaboration among Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-530770-2 |id={{OCLC|5105130725|252638637}} |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307702.003.0004 |pages=63–96}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lander |first=David |title=Fifties Furniture – The Side Tav\ble as Sculpture  |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/shopping-0 |journal=American Heritage |publisher=American Association for State and Local History |issn=2161-8496 |oclc=60622066 |date=November–December 2006 |volume=57 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071020152554/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/6/2006_6_22.shtml |archive-date=2007-10-20 |url-status=live |department=Shopping}}
* {{cite book |last=Mullins |first=Charlotte |title=Painting people: figure painting today |publisher=D.A.P./Distributed Art Pubs |publication-place=New York |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-933045-38-2 |oclc=71679906}}
* {{cite web |last=Saunders |first=Frances Stonor |author-link=Frances Stonor Saunders |title=Modern art was CIA 'weapon' |website=The Independent |date=2013-06-14|orig-year=1995-10-22|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/modern-art-was-cia-weapon-1578808.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/modern-art-was-cia-weapon-1578808.html |archive-date=2022-05-15 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-17}}
* {{cite book <!-- Citation bot bypass--> |last=Scobie |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Scobie |chapter=The Allure of Multiplicity: Metaphor and Metonymy in Cubism and Gertrude Stein |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/gertrudesteinma004194/page/98/mode/2up?q=synthetic |editor-last=Neuman |editor-first=S. C. |editor-last2=Nadel |editor-first2=Ira Bruce |title=Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |publication-place=London |year=1988 |isbn=978-1-349-08543-9 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-08541-5_7 |oclc=7323640453 |chapter-url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
<!--If using any of the {{sfn}} templates, please remove |ref=none & move citation into the Sources section.-->
<!--{{sfn |Adams |1979 |p=}}-->
* Cole, Ina, ''From the Sculptor’s Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.
* {{cite book |last=Adams |first=Hugh |title=Modern Painting |publisher=Mayflower Books |publication-place=New York |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8317-6062-5 |oclc=691113035 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernpainting0000adam |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Childs |2000 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Childs |first=Peter |title=Modernism |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-203-13116-9 |oclc=48138104 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernism0000chil |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Crouch |1999 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Crouch |first=Christopher |title=Modernism in Art, Design and Architecture |publisher=St. Martin's Press |publication-place=New York |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-312-21830-0 |oclc=1036752206 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernisminartde00crou |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Dempsey |2002 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Dempsey |first=Amy |title=Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |publication-place=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8109-4172-4 |oclc=47623954 |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Everdell |1997 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Everdell |first=William |author-link=William Everdell |title=The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought |publisher=University of Chicago Press |publication-place=Chicago |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-226-22484-8 |oclc=45733213 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226224817 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}<br />See also: ''[[The First Moderns]]''.
<!--{{sfn |Frazier |2000 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Frazier |first=Nancy |title=The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History |publisher=Penguin Reference |publication-place=New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-051420-9 |oclc=70498418 |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Hunter |Jacobus |Wheeler |2005 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=Sam |author-link=Sam Hunter (art historian) |last2=Jacobus |first2=John M |last3=Wheeler |first3=Daniel |title=Modern Art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2005 |publication-place=Upper Saddle River, NJ |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-13-150519-3 |oclc=1114759321 |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Kolocotroni |Goldman |Taxidou |1998 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kolocotroni |editor-first=Vassiliki |editor-last2=Goldman |editor-first2=Jane |editor-last3=Taxidou |editor-first3=Olga |title=Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents |publisher=Edinburgh University Press; The University of Chicago Press |publication-place=Edinburgh; Chicago |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-585-19313-7 |id={{OCLC|1150833644|44964346}} |url=https://archive.org/details/modernismantholo1998unse |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lynton |first1=Norbert |title=The Story of Modern Art |date=1980 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |isbn=9780801413513}}
<!--{{sfn |Ozenfant |Rodker |1952}}-->
* {{cite book |last1=Ozenfant |first1=Amédée |author-link=Amédée Ozenfant|last2=Rodker |first2=John |author2-link=John Rodker |title=Foundations of Modern Art |publisher=Dover |publication-place=New York |year=1952 |isbn=9780486202150 |oclc=1200478998 |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmod0000ozen |access-date=2021-04-19 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}
<!--{{sfn |Read |Read |Tisdall |Feaver |1975 |p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last1=Read |first1=Herbert Edward |author-link=Herbert Read |last2=Read |first2=Benedict |author2-link=Benedict Read |last3=Tisdall |first3=Caroline |last4=Feaver |first4=William |author4-link=William Feaver |title=A Concise History of Modern Painting |publisher=Praeger Publishers |publication-place=New York |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-275-71730-8 |id={{OCLC|741987800|894774214|563965849}} |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000read |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Modern art}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/ Tate Modern]
* [http://www.moma.org The Museum of Modern Art]
* [http://www.the-artists.org Modern artists and art]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100902112152/http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_modern_art,00.shtml A ''TIME'' Archives Collection of Modern Art's perception] (archived 2 September 2010)
* [http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in National Gallery of Modern Art – Govt. of India]

{{Modernism}}
{{Westernart}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modern Art}}
[[Category:Modern art| ]]
[[Category:20th century in art]]
[[Category:19th century in art]]