View source for Mizuchi

{{Short description|Water deity}}
[[File:Zenkenkojitsu-vol01-no18-Agatamori.jpg|thumb|350px|Agatamori battling mizuchi in the pool. From ''Zenken kojitsu'' (1878)]]
The {{nihongo|'''''Mizuchi'''''|大虬, 蛟龍, 蛟, 美都知|}} is a type of [[Japanese dragon]] or legendary serpent-like creature, either found in an aquatic habitat or otherwise connected to water. Some commentators perceived it to have been a [[water deity]]. It is described in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and one ''[[Man'yōshū]]'' poem.

== Etymology ==
In olden times pronounced ''mi-tsu-chi'', the word can be broken down to ''mi'' "water" + ''tsu'' a [[Japanese particles|particle]] meaning "of" + ''chi'' "spirit".{{r|KojienMizuchi1991}} The ''-chi'' is glossed as a word root used only as a part of a compound word{{r|KojienChi1991}} (as a [[suffix]], etc.)

== Chinese character representation ==
''Mizuchi'' is also the [[kun-yomi|Japanese transliteration]] for several Chinese [[glyphs]],{{r|KojienMizuchi1976}} each glyph putatively representing a type of [[Chinese dragon]]: namely the  ''[[jiaolong|jiāolóng]]'' ([[Wikt:蛟|蛟竜]]; {{langx|ja-Latn|kōryū}}) or "4-legged dragon", the ''[[qiulong|qiúlóng]]'' ([[Wikt:虬|虬竜]] or [[Wikt:虯|虯竜]]; {{langx|ja-Latn|kyūryū}}) or "hornless dragon" and the ''[[chilong|chīlóng]]'' ([[Wikt:螭|螭竜]]; {{langx|ja-Latn|chiryū}}) or "yellow dragon".

F. J. Daniels{{Efn|Emeritus Professor of Japanese at University of London, died August 1983.{{r|blacker1983}}}} cautions that for {{nihongo|''[[kuraokami|okami]]''|龗}} and ''mizuchi'', "it is unsafe to deduce their forms from the Chinese characters allotted to them".{{r|Daniels1960_157}} [[Kunio Yanagita]] also emphasized that while the use of character like 虬 may suggest a snake-like being, it should be stressed that the ''mizuchi'' signifies a "water spirit".{{r|yanagita_chiChar}}

==Early references==
The ancient chronicle ''[[Nihongi]]'' contains references to ''mizuchi''. Under the 67th year of the reign of [[Emperor Nintoku]] (conventionally dated 379 AD), it is mentioned that in central [[Kibi Province]], at a fork on Kawashima River (川嶋河, old name of [[Takahashi River]] in [[Okayama Prefecture]]), a great water serpent or dragon (大虬) dwelt and would breathe or spew out its venom, poisoning and killing many passersby.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The text designates the creature as a [[qiulong]] (虬/虯) in Chinese prose (''[[kanbun]]''), but the annotation gives its Japanese reading as ''mitsuchi''.{{r|ishizuka2007_38}}}}{{r|nihonshoki_jtext}}

This ''mizuchi'' was exterminated by a man named {{Nihongo|Agatamori|県守|}}, ancestor of the {{Nihongo|Kasa-no-omi|笠臣|}} clan. He approached the pool of the river, cast three [[calabash]]es which floated to the surface of the water and challenged the beast to make these gourds sink, threatening to slay it should it fail. The beast transformed into a deer and tried unsuccessfully to sink them, whereby the man slew the monster. The record goes on to say: "...He further sought out the water-dragon's fellows. Now the tribe of all the water-dragons filled a cave in the bottom of the pool. He slew them every one and the water of the river became changed to blood. Therefore that water was called the pool of Agatamori".{{r|Nihon67}}<ref>Tr. {{harvp|Aston|1896|loc='''1''', p. 299}}.</ref>

A river-god reported seen in Nintoku 11 (putatively 323 AD) is also regarded by commentators to be a mizuchi, due to paralleling circumstances. On that year, the {{illm|Mamuta dikes|ja|茨田堤}} built along [[Yodo River]] kept getting breached and the Emperor guided by an oracular dream ordered two men, Kowa-kubi from [[Musashi Province]] and Koromo-no-ko from [[Kawachi Province]], be sought out and sacrificed to the "'''River God'''" or {{Nihongo|[[Kawa-no-kami]]|河伯|}}.{{Efn|Note that 河伯 in China designates the ''[[Hebo]]'' deity.}} One of the men, who resisted being sacrificed, employed the floating calabash and dared the River God to sink it as proof to show it was truly divine will that demanded him as sacrifice. A whirlwind came and tried, but the calabash just floated away, and thus he extricated himself from death using his wits. Although River God is not called ''mizuchi'' in the source, [[William George Aston|Aston]] has regarded the River God (Kawa-no-kami) and the ''mizuchi'' as equivalent.{{r|Aston1905_1_1501}}

{{illm|Marinus Willem de Visser{{!}}Visser|de|Marinus Willem de Visser}} concludes, "From this passage, we learn that in ancient times human sacrifices were made to the dragon-shaped river-gods".{{r|Visser1913_139}} [[Michael Foster (folklorist)|Michael Dylan Foster]]
suggests this is "perhaps the first documented appearance of the water spirit that would become known popularly in Japan as the [[Kappa (folklore)|kappa]]".{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=2}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|In [[Japanese folklore]] the ''kappa'' is a [[water sprite]] often considered benignly mischievous,{{sfnp|Foster|1998|pp=1, 4}} (and thus may appear unlike a sacrifice-demanding serpent).  But the ''kappa'' can also be seen as sinister, reaching in and extracting the liver or the ''shirikodama'' from humans.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=6}}}}

A mizuchi is also mentioned in the [[Man'yōshū]], the ancient collection of Japanese poems. The [[waka (poetry)|tanka]] poem #3833 composed by {{illm|Prince Sakaibe|ja|境部王}}<ref name=sakaibe-origtext>[[#manyoshu3833|''Man'yōshū'' #3833]] by Prince Saikabe, original text:"虎尓乗 古屋乎越而 青淵尓 鮫龍取将来 劒刀毛我"</ref> can be loosely paraphrased to mean "I could ride a tiger to leap over the Old Shack, to the green pool, to take down the ''mizuchi'' dragon there, if only I had a sword capable of doing just that".{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The shark (鮫) character in the poem's original text is emended to the mizuchi (蛟) character. {{illm|Kariya Ekisai|ja|狩谷棭斎}} in his annotation to the ''[[Wamyō Ruijushō]]'' remarks: "Considering the ''Manyōshū'' (quote follows).. the ''kōryō/jiaolong'' ` shark-dragon´ is actually ''kōryō/jiaolong'' ` flood dragon´, and correctly read as ` ''midzuchi''´ 万葉集を按ずに.. 鮫龍即蛟龍也、宜しく美都知と訓ず".{{r|kariya1883}}}}{{r|Takeda1972_1PLUS|Ito2005_475PLUS}}

== Folklorist studies ==
Polymath [[Minakata Kumagusu]], in his essay {{Nihongo|''Jūnishi kō: mi(hebi)''|『十二支考』|"A Study of Twelve Animals of Chinese Zodiac"}} states "Even in our country (Japan), the various snakes that dwelled by water and were feared by people seemed to have been called ''mizuchi,'' or 'master of the water'".{{r|Minakata1917}}{{sfnp|Minakata|1984b|p=159}} Here Minakata draws on [[Edo Period]] scholar [[Motoori Norinaga]]' suggestion that the ''-chi'' signified an [[honorific]].{{r|Minakata1916}}{{sfnp|Minakata|1984|p=116}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Minakata misquoted Norinaga, but Norinaga said ''chi'' was the honorific. Minakata wrote: "When Motoori Norinaga said ''tsuchi'' was an honorific, he must have interpreted it as a master of water or somesuch 本居宣長はツチは尊称だと言ったは、水の主ぬしくらいに解いたのだろ".{{r|Minakata1916}}{{sfnp|Minakata|1984|p=116}} What Norinaga actually stated was "there are many examples of [deities' names that are called]  so-and-so ''-zuchi'', where ''zu'' is a word akin to "of" while ''chi'' is an honorific 某豆知（なにづち）と云例あまたありて..豆（づ）は之（の）に通ふ辞、知（ち）は称名（たたへな）なり".{{r|Motoori1822}}}} As stated above folklorist [[Kunio Yanagita|Yanagita]] emphasized the meaning of ''chi'' as "spirit".{{r|yanagita_chiChar}}

=== Corruption into kappa ===
Minakata also conjectured that in some parts of the country, ''mizuchi'' eventually came to be regarded as creatures of the ''kappa'' kind. This is because the ''kappa'' creatures are known locally by many names that sound much like ''mizuchi'', such as ''mizushi'' (former [[Noto Province]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture]]), ''medochi'' ([[Nanbu Domain|Nanbu]] region, parts of [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]], [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]]), ''mintsuchi'' ([[Ezo]], now [[Hokkaido]]).{{sfnmp|Minakata|1984|1p=117|Minakata|1984b|2p=159}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Cf. other local synonyms of ''kappa'' such as ''medochi'' ([[Ehime prefecture]]) and ''mizushi'' ([[Fukui prefecture]]) mentioned by Asakawa Zen'an's ''Zen'an zuihitsu''.{{r|Asakawa1927_33940}}}}

Furthermore, in the lore of [[Echigo Province]] ([[Niigata Prefecture]]), the kappa was said to abhor the calabash gourd,<ref>Yanagita, Kunio (1914), ''Santō mintan shū'', p. 84, cited by Minakata</ref> which is reminiscent of the episodes in ''Nihon Shoki'' where the River God or ''mizuchi'' are challenged to submerge the calabashes.{{sfnp|Minakata|1984|p=117}} Similar observations are made by folklorists Yanagita{{r|Yanagita2014_133}} and Jun'ichirō Ishikawa<!--石川純一郎 (民俗学者) professor emeritus of Tokoha University Junior College, a board member of Japan folklore society-->.{{r|Ishikawa1985_4550645248}}

Minakata was also encouraged by the fact that the snake and the kappa (alongside the [[suppon]] soft-shelled turtle) were grouped as three creatures known to kill humans in water by {{illm|Asakawa Zen'an|ja|朝川善庵}}'s essay ''Zen'an zuihitsu'' and conjectured that there used to be lore where sacred snakes which were "masters of the body of water" would transform into human form and wreak havoc, but terms such as ''mizushi'' became reserved for the kappa-kind, whereas the terms to refer to the "masters of the body of water" as ''mizuchi'' became forgotten.{{sfnp|Minakata|1984b|p=159}}

==In popular culture==
;(vehicles, vessels)
* ''{{illm|Kōryū (submarine)|ja|蛟竜 (潜水艦)}}'' ({{langx|ja|蛟竜}}), (synonymous with ''mizuchi''),  an ex-Japanese Navy submarine.
* ''[[Jiaolong (submersible)|Jiaolong]]'' ({{zh|蛟龙号}}), a Chinese deep-ocean [[submersible]].
;(novels)
* {{Nihongo|"''Mizuchi''"|『[[:ja:水霊 ミズチ|水霊 ミズチ]]』}}, a 1998 horror novel by {{illm|Hirohumi Tanaka|ja|田中啓文}} and its 2006 horror movie adaptation directed by {{illm|Kiyoshi Yamamoto|ja|山本清史}}, entitled "Death Water" in English, though theme is "water spirit" and not dragon.
* ''[[Sohryuden: Legend of the Dragon Kings]]'' (novel) – A man named {{Nihongo|Mizuchi|水池}} is an allusion.
* In Andrew Rowe's ''Arcane Ascension'' series, Mizuchi, also known as Hero's End or Guardian of Secrets, is a giant water serpent, spire guardian of the Serpent Spire, and one of the God Serpent's daughters.

;(manga, anime)
* ''[[Eight Clouds Rising]]'' – {{Nihongo|Mizuchi|水蛇|"Watersnake"}} is one of seven divine swords.
* ''[[GeGeGe no Kitaro]]'' (manga, anime) – a ''kōryū'' (syn. ''mizuchi'') appears as adversary.
* ''[[Omamori Himari]]'' (manga, novella, anime) – the character Shizuku is a mizuchi.
* ''[[Our Home's Fox Deity.]]'' – A [[miko]] priestess is possessed by a mizuchi.
* ''[[Samurai Deeper Kyo]]'' (manga) – [[Demon Eyes Kyo]] uses an attack called "''mizuchi''" in his sword fighting style. Compare Japanese ''kōryū'' or ''kōryō'' 蛟竜 "rain dragon; hidden genius; [[Kaiten]] torpedo".
* ''[[Noragami]]'' (manga, anime) – the character Nora is called Mizuchi by Father and is frequently shown walking over water.
* ''[[Spirited Away]]'' (anime, movie) – the character Haku looks like a Mizuchi and he is a river spirit.
* ''[[Inuyasha]]'' (manga) - the character a snake yokai called Mizuchi using its spit venom and poison mist.
* ''[[Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon]]'' (anime) - the character a snake yokai called Mizuchi using its spit venom and poison mist.

;(games)
* ''{{illm|Mah-jong Fight Club|ja|麻雀格闘倶楽部}}'' (game) – player character becomes ''kōryū'' (one of the true dragons) when certain conditions are met.
* ''[[Monster Hunter 2]]'' (PS 2) – an elder dragon type named Ōnazuchi is a take on mizuchi; named Chameleos in English-language platforms.
* ''[[Neo Geo Battle Coliseum]]'' (game) – a boss character named Mizuchi, a clone of  [[Orochi (The King of Fighters)|Orochi]] from ''[[The King of Fighters|The King of Fighters '97]]''
*''[[Ōkamiden]]'' (game) – a water dragon boss that used to be the guardian of a seaside village.
*''[[Nioh 2]]'' (game) – there is a water dragon guardian spirit called Mizuchi that the player can be imbued to characters to gain protection and special effects.{{r|MizuchiNiohWeb}}
* ''[[Sakuna: Of Rice and Ruin]]'' (game) - The antagonist and final boss is a three headed water dragon named Omizuchi. The prefix o- is a Japanese honorific ([[keigo]]).

==See also==
* [[Gorgon]]
* [[Jiaolong]]
* [[Mintuci]], Ainu water spirit
* [[Nāga]], Indian serpent god
* [[Tlaloc]], Aztec god of rain

==Explanatory notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
;(primary sources)
*{{cite book |translator=Aston, William George |translator-link=William George Aston |date=1896 |title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 |volume=1 |place=London |publisher=Japan Society of London |isbn=9780524053478 |ref=CITEREFAston1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IJrNAKBpycC&pg=PA299}}<!--English translation-->
*{{cite web |ref=manyoshu3833 |editor-last=Yoshimoto |editor-first=Makoto <!--electronic edition--> |editor-last2=Okajima |editor-first2=Akihiro |title=Manyōshū: volume 16, poem by Prince Sakaibe, number 3833 |script-title=ja:[題詞]境部王詠數種物歌一首 |website=Japanese Text Initiative |publisher=University of Virginia Library |date=1998 |url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/AnoMany.html |access-date=2012-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426105247/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/AnoMany.html |archive-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead}}: submit "3833" in box to load [http://jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/Man16Yo.html#3833 Poem 3833].

;(Secondary sources)
*{{cite journal |last=Foster |first=Michael Dylan |author-link=Michael Foster (folklorist) |date=1998 |title=The Metamorphosis of the Kappa: Transformation of Folklore to Folklorism in Japan |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.2307/1178994 |jstor=1178994}}
* {{cite book |last=Ito |first=Hiroshi 伊藤博 |date=2005 |title=Man'yōshū chūshaku |script-title=ja:萬葉集釋注 |volume=8 |publisher=Shueisha<!--集英社--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5EqAQAAIAAJ |page=475 |quotation=<!--虎にまたがり-->}}
*{{cite book |last=Minakata |first=Kumagusu 南方熊楠 |date=1984 |title=Tawara Tōda Ryūgu iri no hanashi |trans-title=Year of the Dragon |publisher=Heibonsha<!--平凡社--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1NIAAAAMAAJ |pages=83–158}}
*{{cite book |last=Minakata |first=Kumagusu 南方熊楠 |date=1984b |title=Hebi ni kansuru minzoku to densetsu |trans-title=Year of the Serpent |publisher=Heibonsha<!--平凡社--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1NIAAAAMAAJ |pages=159–222}}
* {{cite book |last=Takeda |first=Yūkichi 武田祐吉 |author-link=Takeda Yūkichi |title=Manyōshū zenkō |script-title=ja:萬葉集全講 |volume=3<!--下巻--> |publisher=Meiji shoin <!--明治書院--> |date=1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2EjAQAAMAAJ |page=1 |quotation=<!--虎に乗って古屋を越えて、-->}}
* {{cite book |last=Yanagita |first=Kunio 柳田國男 |author-link=Yanagita Kunio |date=2004 |title=Kappa no hanashi |script-title=ja:河童の話 |series=Yanagita Kunio Zenshū |volume=32}}
{{Refend}}

'''Footnotes'''
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=KojienMizuchi1991>{{cite dictionary |last=Shinmura |first=Izuru 新村出 |date=1991 |title=''mizuchi'' みずち【蛟】 |dictionary=Kōjien 広辞苑 |edition=4 |publisher=Iwanami}} (electronic edition). Cf. also entry for "''chi''" ち【霊】</ref>

<ref name=KojienChi1991>{{cite dictionary |editor-last=Shinmura |editor-first=Izuru 新村出 |editor-link=Shinmura Izuru |date=1991 |title=''chi'' |script-title=ja:ち【{{linktext|霊}}】 |dictionary=Kōjien 広辞苑 |edition=4 |publisher=Iwanami}} (electronic edition).</ref>

<ref name=KojienMizuchi1976>{{cite dictionary |editor-last=Shinmura |editor-first=Izuru 新村出 |editor-link=Shinmura Izuru |date=1976 |title=''mizuchi'' |script-title=ja:みずち【{{linktext|蛟}}・{{linktext|虬}}・{{linktext|虯}}・{{linktext|螭}}】|dictionary=Kōjien 広辞苑 |edition=2nd expanded |publisher=Iwanami}}</ref>

<ref name=blacker1983>{{cite journal |last=Blacker |first=Carmen |author-link=Carmen Blacker |date=1983 |title=Obituary: Professor F. J. Daniels |journal=Folklore |volume=94 |issue=2 |page=251 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1983.9716286 }}</ref>

<ref name=Daniels1960_157>{{cite journal |last=Daniels |first=F. J. |date=1960 |title=Snake and Dragon Lore of Japan |journal=Folklore | volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1080/0015587x.1960.9717234}} p. 157.</ref>

<ref name=yanagita_chiChar>{{Harvnb|Yanagita|2004|loc='''32''';573}}; "Since we now write the word as 虬, it would strike people with Chinese knowledge that this might be a type of snake, but the meaning of the word merely consists of the word for‘water’attached with the character ''chi'' which means something like ‘spiritual being’, so it signifies none other than a water spirit. 今では虬と書くので、支那の知識を持っている人たちは蛇の類だろうと思っているが、字義からいっても水という言葉に、霊物とか何とかいう意味のチという字がついているだけなのだから、水の霊ということに外ならない".</ref>

<ref name=ishizuka2007_38>{{cite book |last=Ishizuka |first=Harumichi 石塚晴通 |author-link=<!--石塚晴通--> |date=2007 |title=Sonkeikaku Bunko-bon Nihonshoki honbun kunten sōsakuin  |script-title=ja:尊経閣文庫本日本書紀本文・訓点総索引 |publisher=Yagi shoten<!--八木書店--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMBY0qwe14wC&pg=PA38 |page=38 |isbn=978-4840694117}}</ref>

<ref name=nihonshoki_jtext>{{cite web |url=http://www.j-texts.com/jodai/shoki11.html |title=巻十一〈仁徳天皇紀〉の67年 |work=Nihon shoki 日本書紀 |publisher=J-texts<!--日本文学電子図書館--> |access-date=2019-07-24 |quotation=是歳於吉備中国川嶋河派有大虬令苦人時路人触其処而行必被其毒以多死亡...}}</ref>

<ref name=Nihon67>''[[#nihonshoki-JHTI|Nihon shoki]]'', Book 11., Nintoku Tenno, year 67<!--巻十一〈仁徳天皇紀〉の67年-->. Original text: "是歳於吉備中国川嶋河派有大虬令苦人時路人触其処而行必被其毒以多死亡"</ref>

<ref name=Aston1905_1_1501>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=William George |author-link=William George Aston |date=1905 |title=Shinto: (the Way of the Gods) |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |isbn=9780524006801 |at='''1''': 150–1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA150 }}</ref>

<ref name=Visser1913_139>{{cite book |last=Visser |first=Marinus Willem de |date=2008 |orig-date=1913 |chapter=§4 Mizuchi, the river-gods |title=The Dragon in China and Japan |location=[[Amsterdam]] - New York City |publisher=J. Müller - Cosimo Classics (reprint) |at=[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924021444728#page/n153/ p. 139 (137–139)]}}</ref>

<ref name=kariya1883>{{cite book |last=Kariya |first=Ekisai 狩谷棭斎 |author-link=<!--:ja:狩谷棭斎--> |date=1883 |chapter=Dragon and fish division no. 18 竜魚部第十八 |title=Senchū wamyō ruijushō |script-title=ja:箋注倭名類聚抄 巻第8|publisher=Government printing office<!--印刷局--> |url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/991791/3}}, fol. 2r–2v</ref>

<ref name=Takeda1972_1PLUS>{{harvp|Takeda|1972|loc='''3''': 1}}: "[I would] ride a tiger and leap over Furuya (Old Shack), and I want a sword enough to destroy the dragon in the green pool. Furuya (Old Shack) may be a place name but location is unknown. 虎に乗って古屋を越えて、青渕で竜を退治してくるような刀剣がほしいなあ; .. 古屋、地名だろうが、所在不明".</ref>

<ref name=Ito2005_475PLUS>{{harvp|Ito|2005|loc='''8''': 475}}: "Astride a tiger, leaping over an old shack's rooftop, then at the creepy green pool, its lord.. the mizuchi dragon to capture, if I only had such a two-handed or great-sword capable of that. 虎にまたがり、古屋の屋根を飛び越えて行って、薄気味悪い青淵で、その主..蛟龍を捕らえて来られるような、そんな剣大刀があればよいのに".</ref>

<ref name=Minakata1917>{{cite journal |last=Minakata |first=Kumagusu 南方熊楠 |date=1917 |title=Jūnishikō (4): hebi ni kansuru minzoku to densetsu |script-title=ja:十二支考(4):蛇に関する民俗と伝説 |trans-title=On the Zodiac (4): folklore and legends of the serpent |journal=Taiyō <!--太陽-->}}[http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000093/card2536.html Aozora Bunko No.2536]</ref>

<ref name=Minakata1916>{{cite journal |last=Minakata |first=Kumagusu 南方熊楠 |date=1916 |title=Jūnishikō (3): Tawara Tōda Ryūgu iri no hanashi |script-title=ja:十二支考(3):田原藤太竜宮入りの話 |trans-title=On the Zodiac (3): Story of Tawara Tōta's entry into Ryūgū Dragon Palace |journal=Taiyō <!--太陽-->}} [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000093/card1916.html Aozora Bunko No.1916]</ref>

<ref name=Motoori1822>{{citation|last=Motoori |first=Norinaga 本居宣長 |author-link=Motoori Norinaga |date=1822 |chapter=Yamata no orochi section 【八俣遠呂智の段】|title=Kojikiden , 9-2 (commentary on ''Kamiyo'' volume 7) |script-title=ja:『古事記傳』９－２（神代七之巻）}} in: Motori 1968 [https://books.google.com/books?id=CXIEAQAAIAAJ ''Motoori Norinaga Zenshū'' '''9'''], Tsukuma Shobo, pp. ; also: {{cite web |author=Kumo no ikada 雲の筏 |title=Kojikiden (in modern Japanese translation) |website=<!--雲の筏--> |url=http://kumoi1.web.fc2.com/CCP082.html |access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=Asakawa1927_33940>{{cite book|last=Asakawa |first=Zen'an 朝川善庵 |author-link=<!--朝川善庵--> |date=1927 |chapter=Zen'an zuihitsu 善庵随筆 |editor-last=Kusunose |editor-first=Jun 楠瀬恂 |title=Zuihitsu bungaku senshū |script-title=ja:随筆文学選集 |volume= 7 |publisher=Shosaisha<!--書斎社--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-gJAAAAMAAJ&q=善庵随筆+めどち |pages=339–340<!--305–388--> }}; Selection in html markup at {{cite web|url=http://www.ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tsubota/chrono/zenanzui.html |editor-last=Tsubota |editor-first=Atsuo 坪田敦緒|title=Zen'an zuihitsu kan 1 善庵随筆 巻一 |work=Sumōhyōronkanopēji 相撲評論家之頁 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318162653/http://www.ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tsubota/chrono/zenanzui.html |archive-date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref>

<ref name=Yanagita2014_133>{{cite book |last=Yanagita |first=Kunio 柳田國男 |author-link=Kunio Yanagita |date=2014 |orig-date=1959 |editor=Ishii, Masami 石井正己 |editor-link=<!--:ja:石井正己--> |title=Yanagita Kunio no kokyo nanajūnen |script-title=ja:柳田国男の故郷七十年 |publisher=<!--PHP研究所-->PHP Kenkyusho |page=133 |isbn=978-4-569-82106-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8WzdKhyZlEC&pg=PA133 }}</ref>

<ref name=Ishikawa1985_4550645248>{{cite book |last=Ishikawa |first=Jun'ichiro 石川純一郎 |author-link=<!--石川純一郎 (民俗学者)--> |date=1985 |orig-date=1974<!--original edition; new edition 1st printing 1985; 3rd printing 1995--> |title=Shinban kappa no sekai |script-title=ja:新版河童の世界 |trans-title=New edition world of kappa |publisher=Jiji Tsushin Shuppankyoku<!--時事通信出版局--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WSk45KV6owC&pg=PA248 |pages=45–50, 64–5 248 |isbn=4-788-78515-3}}</ref>

<ref name=MizuchiNiohWeb>{{Cite web |title=Mizuchi - Nioh 2 |url=https://nioh2.wiki.fextralife.com/Mizuchi |access-date=2020-07-20 |website=Nioh 2 Wiki |language=en-us}}</ref>
}}

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