View source for Mischief Reef

{{short description|Reef and atoll in the South China Sea}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=geo|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox islands
| disputed           = yes
| name               = Mischief Reef
| type               = atoll
| other_names        = <br>美濟礁 / 美济礁 Měijì Jiāo ''(Chinese)''<br>Panganiban Reef ''(Philippine English)''<br>Bahura ng Panganiban ''(Filipino)''<br>Đá Vành Khăn ''(Vietnamese)''
| image_name         = Da Vanh Khan.jpg
| image_caption      = Mischief Reef in 2022
| pushpin_map        = Spratly Islands relief
| location           = [[South China Sea]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|9|55|N|115|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago        = [[Spratly Islands]]
| area_ha            = 0
| area_footnotes     = {{nbsp}}(Natural)<br>{{convert|558|ha|acres|abbr=on}} (Reclaimed)
| country            = {{CHN}} 
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Hainan]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[prefecture-level city]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Sansha]]
| country1           = {{CHN}}
| country2           = {{PHI}}
| country3           = {{TWN}}
| country4           = {{VNM}}
}}

'''Mischief Reef''', also known as '''Meiji Reef''' ({{zh|c=美濟礁/美济礁|p=Měijì Jiāo|l=|s=|t=|first=}}), '''Vành Khăn Reef''' ({{langx|vi|Đá Vành Khăn}}), or '''Panganiban Reef'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The battle for Mischief Reef |url=http://www.warfighter.org/mischief.html |publisher=Warfighter.org |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820014716/http://www.warfighter.org/mischief.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{langx|fil|Bahura ng Panganiban}}), is a low tide elevation (LTE) [[reef]]/[[atoll]] surrounding a large lagoon in the southeastern region of [[Dangerous Ground (South China Sea)|Dangerous Ground]] in the east of the [[Spratly Islands]] in the [[South China Sea]]. It is located {{convert|250|km|nmi}} west of [[Palawan]] Island of the [[Philippines]]. Administratively, it is under the de facto jurisdiction of [[Nansha, Sansha|Nansha]], [[Sansha City]], Hainan province, China. It is also claimed by the Philippines as part of the Kalayaan Islands municipality in the province of Palawan.<ref> {{cite web |title= Map of Mischief reef. |url=http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=10.206813&lon=117.504272&z=7&m=b |publisher=Wikimapia |access-date=17 March 2014}} </ref> Activities by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) in the mid-2010s have created a large artificial island on the atoll including an approximately {{convert|2,700|m|adj=on}} runway and associated airfield.

Although the reef is well within the Philippines' [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) and traditional fishing grounds{{Cn|date=June 2024}}, Mischief Reef has been controlled by the PRC since 1995, and is also claimed by the [[Republic of China (Taiwan)]], and [[Vietnam]]. The PRC performed various reclamation activities in at least two locations on the rim of the atoll in the period from 1995 to 2013. However, from the end of 2013 to the end of 2016 a large artificial island of {{convert|1379|acre|ha}} was created around the majority of the lagoon's perimeter.<ref>[https://amti.csis.org/mischief-reef/ Mischief Reef Tracker], amti.csis.org</ref>

The reef was the subject of a [[South China Sea Arbitration|2016 tribunal ruling]] by the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in The Hague, where the landmark ruling stated the [[nine-dash line]] as moot and without basis. Mischief Reef was also ruled as a low tide elevation (LTE) meaning it cannot possess a territorial 12 mile-boundary regardless of the reclamation and a military base installation by the [[PRC]]. Their moves only heightened the tension with the [[Philippines]], resulting in a massive defence acquisition of this archipelagic nation.  

The area is said<ref>{{cite book |last=Raman |first=B |title=Chinese Territorial Assertions: The Case of the Mischief Reef |year=1999 |publisher=Institute For Topical Studies |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.warfighter.org/mischief.html |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820014716/http://www.warfighter.org/mischief.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to be rich in as of yet unexplored oil and gas fields.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meyer |first=Lt Col. Stanley E |title=Incident at Mischief reef : Implications for The Philippines, China and The United States |year=1996 |publisher=US Army war college, Carlisle barracks |location= Pennsylvania, USA |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA309432.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085831/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA309432|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

==History and etymology==
[[File:Mischief Reef (40836669690).jpg|left|thumb|Mischief Reef in 2018, after the major PRC land reclamations of 2014–2016]]

One source says that Mischief Reef was discovered by Henry Spratly in 1791 and was named after the [[clipper]] ''Mischief'' that sailed regularly in the South China Sea in the 1850s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Robert |title=Notes on the ships of the past |date=1885 |publisher=J.F.Cotter and Co. |location=Boston |page=48 |edition=1st }}</ref>

==Location and description==
Mischief Reef is located at {{coord|9|55|N|115|32|E|display=inline}}.<ref name=Durham>{{cite book |author1=Hancox, David |author2=Prescott, Victor |title= A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys amongst Those Islands |year=1995 |publisher=University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=229 |series=Maritime Briefings |volume=1 |number=6 |isbn=978-1897643181 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=7Qu9fi-luTYC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA14&focus=viewport&dq=%22ladd+reef%22+spratly+%22atoll%22&hl=vi 29]}}</ref>  It lies 50 [[nautical miles]] east of [[Union Banks]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Eric |title=Reef madness |work= Foreign Correspondent |date= 20 May 2014 |url= http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2014/s4008035.htm |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher= ABC News}}</ref> Mischief Reef consists of a large lagoon and rocks that lie above water at low tide.<ref name=Gazetteer>{{cite web | title = Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands | url = http://www.southchinasea.org/2011/08/19/digital-gazetteer-of-the-spratly-islands/ |date= 19 August 2001 |author= Cire Sarr | access-date = 7 October 2014 |publisher= www.southchinasea.org }}</ref>

==Territorial disputes==
[[File:Mischief_Reef_LANDSAT_2001.jpg|thumb|Mischief Reef in 2001, prior to the major PRC land reclamations of 2014–2016]]

In 1994 and 1995,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ian Storey |author2=Herbert Yee |title=The China threat : Perceptions and myths |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415347106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OlHyIrweOQC&q=philippines+us+defence+treaty+mischief+reef&pg=RA6-PA11}}</ref> China built initial structures on stilts in the area. The [[Philippine government]] protested these actions. However, the [[Chinese government]] rejected the protest and said that the structures were shelter for fishermen. In 1999, another wave of protests from Manila occurred when China added more structures to Mischief Reef.<ref name=ReefWars>{{cite journal | last = McCarthy | first = Terry | title = Reef Wars | journal = [[Time Asia]] | volume = 153 | issue = 9 | location = Puerto Princessa, Palawan | date = 8 March 1999 | url = http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990308/spratlys1.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010214034610/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990308/spratlys1.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 February 2001 | access-date = 22 March 2008}}</ref>

China was also reported to have planted [[buoys]] in nearby [[Sabina Shoal]]. The Philippines claimed that China had a well-rehearsed routine when laying claim to a new reef: first put down buoys, then build concrete markers. Temporary wooden or bamboo shelters followed, and then permanent structures went up. The Philippines therefore would try to destroy the buoys or markers before China has time to build larger structures.<ref name=ReefWars /> The Philippines' decision not to destroy the Chinese structures on Mischief Reef has prevented an escalation of the dispute. The Philippines claims that China has always been prepared for armed conflict when challenged, as is evident in China's taking over reefs from Vietnam in the 1988 [[Johnson South Reef Skirmish]] which resulted in more than 70 Vietnamese deaths.<ref name=ReefWars />

On 11 July 2012, the Chinese [[Type 053 frigate|Type 053]] frigate [[Chinese frigate Dongguan|''Dongguan'']] ran aground on the reef, sparking embarrassment for the Chinese government and causing an awkward diplomatic situation. The ship was later towed back to base.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/13/chinese-frigate-runs-aground-sea|title=Chinese frigate runs aground in disputed part of South China Sea|author=Tania Branigan|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2012 }}</ref>

On 12 July 2016, the tribunal of the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] concluded that Mischief Reef is, or in their natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and are, accordingly low-tide elevations that do not generate entitlement to a territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.<ref name=PCA20130712>{{cite web |title=Award |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129031833/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=dead }} p.174</ref> The tribunal concluded that Mischief Reef forms part of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines.<ref name=PCA260>{{cite web |title=Award |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129031833/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=dead }} p.260</ref>

==Military development==
In 2014, land reclamation started inside the rims.<ref>David E. Sanger and Rick Gladstone, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/world/asia/new-images-show-china-literally-gaining-ground-in-south-china-sea.html Piling Sand in a Disputed Sea, China Literally Gains Ground]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 8 April 2015.</ref> The Philippines filed a diplomatic protest against China after the discovery of their reclamation activities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Del Callar|first1=Michaela |title=PHL files new diplomatic protest over China's reclamation in Mischief Reef |url= http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/431928/news/nation/phl-files-new-diplomatic-protest-over-china-s-reclamation-in-mischief-reef |publisher= GMA News |access-date= 24 May 2016 |date=10 February 2015}}</ref> By January 2016, work was well advanced on developing a military base with a large harbour and a {{convert|2644|m}} runway, with the reclaimed land covering {{convert|558|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://amti.csis.org/airstrips-near-completion/ |title= Airstrips near Completion |publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |date=January 2016 |access-date=2016-01-30}}</ref> A civilian test flight to the runway was conducted by a China Southern Airlines passenger jet on 13 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160714030009/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 14 July 2016 | title= China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands | newspaper= Xinhua |access-date= 2016-07-14}}</ref>

In late 2016, photographs emerged which suggested that Mischief Reef was armed with anti-aircraft weapons and a [[CIWS]] missile-defence system.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://amti.csis.org/chinas-new-spratly-island-defenses/ |title= China's New Spratly Island Defenses |publisher= [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |date= 2016-12-13 |access-date= 2016-12-17}}</ref>

In early 2021, satellite imagery and third party geointelligence analysis confirmed a [[radome]] and possible antenna mount, among other construction preparations underway on Mischief Reef.<ref>{{cite web |title=Feb 2021: New Construction on Mischief Reef |url=https://simularity.com/feb-2021-new-construction-on-mischief-reef/ |website=Simularity |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

===Meiji Airport===
{{Infobox airport
| name                = Meiji Airport
| image               = 
| image-width         = 
| IATA                = 
| ICAO                = 
| type                = Military
| latd                = 
| longd               = 
| pushpin_map         = South China Sea
| pushpin_label       = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in the [[South China Sea]]
| owner               = {{PRC}}
| operator            = [[People's Liberation Army Navy]]
| city-served         = 
| location            = Mischief Reef
| elevation-m         = 
| website             = 
| metric-elev         = 
| metric-rwy          = 
| r1-number           = 03/21
| r1-length-m         = 2700
| r1-length-f         = 8900
| r1-surface          = Concrete
| footnotes           = 
}}

{{Expand section|date=December 2023}}
{{Clear}}

== Mischief Community ==
'''Mischief Community''' (美济社区, ''Měijì Shèqū'') is affiliated to Nansha District, Sansha City, Hainan Province, the People's Republic of China, and is located on Meiji Reef, Nansha Islands, South China Sea. It is the southernmost settlement in the territory of the People's Republic of China.

On December 5, 2012, the ''Mischief Village Committee'' in Nansha District, Sansha City was formally established. The 53 fishermen who guarded the reef became the first batch of villagers. The villagers' homes and village committees were located in "Qiongfuhua No. 01" in the lagoon. On a fishing boat.

According to reports, the Hainan Provincial People's Government had planned to build a cement platform in Sanya. Once completed, it would be transported to Mischief Reef and then fixed on the atoll through pre-embedded pile foundations to form a cement platform. The platform is planned to have hundreds of rooms with toilets, air conditioners and special bathrooms for villagers to live in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-07 |title=中国最靠近赤道的城市旅游五一开通 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/travel/2013-04/07/c_124547959.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521032547/http://news.xinhuanet.com/travel/2013-04/07/c_124547959.htm |archivedate=2013-05-21 |accessdate=2013-04-07 |publisher=[[新华网]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> The plan ended with land reclamation of Mischief Reef.

In 2013, the ''Mischief Village Committee'' was renamed the ''Mischief Community Residents Committee''.

In June 2015, after the People's Republic of China completed land reclamation on Mischief Reef, it built the office building of the Mischief Community Residents Committee on the artificial island and built bungalows for villagers to live in.

==See also==
* [[Fiery Cross Reef]]
* [[Great wall of sand]]
* [[Nine-dash line]]
* [[Subi Reef]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last=Meyer |first=Stanley E. |year=1996 |title=Incident at Mischief Reef: Implications for the Philippines, China, and the United States |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=451792 |publisher=U.S. Army War College }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mischief Reef}}
* [https://amti.csis.org/mischief-reef/ Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative Island Tracker]

{{Spratly Islands topics}}
{{South China Sea}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}

[[Category:Atolls of the Spratly Islands]]
[[Category:Atolls of China]]
[[Category:Atolls of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Atolls of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Atolls of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Artificial islands of Asia]]
[[Category:Coastal fortifications]]
[[Category:Landforms of Khánh Hòa province]]
[[Category:Disputed atolls]]