View source for Minor campaigns of 1815

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}<!-- Colour, centre, use ise not ize -->
{{copyedit|date=March 2025}}<!-- large parts of this article are in antiquated style, as if they were written in the 19th century. Possible EB1911 issue? -->
{{Infobox military conflict
|image=[[File:Strategic Situation of Western Europe 1815.jpg|300px|alt=Map of the Strategic Situation of Western Europe 1815]]
|caption=Strategic situation in Western Europe in June 1815
|conflict=Minor campaigns of 1815
|partof=the [[War of the Seventh Coalition]]
|date=18 June – 7 July 1815<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=18|year1=1815|month2=07|day2=07|year2=1815}})
|place=France
|result=Defeat and occupation of France
|combatant1={{flag|First French Empire|name=France}}
|combatant2='''[[Seventh Coalition]]''':<br />{{flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}<br />{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Sardinia|name=Sardinia|1814}}<br />{{Coat of arms|Switzerland|text=none}} [[Restoration (Switzerland)|Switzerland]]<br />{{flag|Principality of Liechtenstein|1719|name=Liechtenstein}}<br />{{flagdeco|Kingdom of France|bourbon}} [[Bourbon Restoration in France|French royalists]]
|commander1={{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier]] (''Imperial guard at Paris'')<br />{{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Jean Rapp]] (''Armée du Rhin'') <br />
{{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet|Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra]] (''Armée des Alpes'')<br />
{{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Claude Lecourbe]] (''Armée du Jura'')<br />
{{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Guillaume Marie Anne Brune|Guillaume Brune]] ''[[Armée du Var]]''<br />
{{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen|Charles Decaen]] and [[Bertrand Clauzel|Bertrand, comte Clausel]] (Armies of the Pyrenees east and west)<br />{{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Jean Maximilien Lamarque|Jean Lamarque]] (''Armée de l'Ouest'' — Vendée and Loire)
|commander2={{flagdeco|Austrian Empire}} [[Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg|Prince of Schwarzenberg]] (Upper Rhine), [[Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza|Duke of Casalanza]] (Upper Italy), [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Johann Frimont]] (Naples)<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]] (Russia)<br />[[Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake|von Hake]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Waterloo}}
}}
On 1 March 1815 [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] escaped from his imprisonment on the isle of [[Elba]], and launched a bid to recover his empire. A confederation of European powers pledged to stop him. During the period known as the [[Hundred Days]] Napoleon chose to confront the armies of [[Prince Blücher]] and the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] in what has become known as the [[Waterloo Campaign]]. He was decisively defeated by the two allied armies at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], which then marched on Paris forcing Napoleon to abdicate for the second time. However Russia, Austria and some of the minor German states also fielded armies against him and all of them also invaded France. Of these other armies the ones engaged in the largest campaigns and saw the most fighting were two Austrian armies: The Army of the Upper Rhine and the Army of Italy.

The Battle of Waterloo, followed as it was by the advance of the armies of Blücher and Wellington upon Paris, was so decisive in its effects, and so comprehensive in its results, that the great object of the War — the destruction of the power of Napoleon Bonaparte and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty]] under King [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] on 8 July 1815 — was attained while the armies of the Upper Rhine and of Italy were but commencing their invasion of the French territory. Had the successes attendant upon the exertions of Blücher and Wellington assumed a less decisive character, and, more especially, had reverses taken the place of those successes; the operations of the Armies advancing from the Rhine and across the Alps would have acquired an immense importance in the history of the war: but the brilliant course of events in the north of France materially diminished the interest excited by the military transactions in other parts of France. The operations of the Confederation armies which invaded France along her eastern and south eastern frontier; afford a clear proof that amongst the more immediate consequences of the decisive Battle of Waterloo and speedy capture of Paris, was their having been the means of averting the more general and protracted warfare which would probably have taken place on these frontiers, had a different result in Belgium emboldened the French to act with vigour and effect a stronger defence of these parts of France.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=764, 779, 780}}

[[File:Invasion of France in 1815.jpg|thumb|''Part of France'' engraved by J. Kirkwood, showing the invasion routes of the [[Seventh Coalition]] armies in 1815. Red: Anglo-allied army; light green: Prussian army; orange: [[#German Corps|North German Federal Army]]; yellow: [[#Upper Rhine frontier|Army of the Upper Rhine]]; dark green: [[#Italian frontier|Army of Italy]].]]

==French deployments==
{{Main|Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days}}

Upon assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by the Bourbons and that the state of the Army was 56,000 troops of which 46,000 were ready to campaign.{{sfn|Chesney|1868|p=34}} By the end of May the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.{{sfn|Chesney|1868|p=35}}

By the end of May Napoleon had deployed his forces as follows:{{sfn|Beck|1911|p=371}}
* I Corps ([[Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon|D'Erlon]]) [[cantonment|cantoned]] between [[Lille]] and [[Valenciennes]].
* II Corps ([[Honoré Charles Reille|Reille]]) cantoned between [[Valenciennes]] and [[Avesnes]].
* III Corps ([[Dominique Joseph Vandamme|Vandamme]]) cantoned around [[Rocroi]].
* IV Corps ([[Étienne Maurice Gérard|Gerard]] ) cantoned at [[Metz]].
* VI Corps ([[Georges Mouton, Count de Lobau|Lobau]]) cantoned at [[Laon]].
* Cavalry Reserve ([[Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy|Grouchy]]) cantoned at [[Guise]].
* [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]] ([[Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise|Mortier]]) at Paris.

The preceding corps were to be formed into ''[[L'Armée du Nord]]'' (the "Army of the North") and led by Napoleon Bonaparte would participate in the Waterloo Campaign. For the defence of France, Bonaparte deployed his remaining forces within France observing France's enemies, foreign and domestic, intending to delay the former and suppress the latter. By June they were organised as follows:
* V Corps – ''Armée du Rhin''{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=180}} ([[Jean Rapp|Rapp]]); cantoned near [[Strasbourg]], with a strength of 46 guns{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} and 20,000–23,000 men<ref>''Armée du Rhin'' men
* 20,000 {{harv|Beck|1911|p=371}}
* 20,4056 {{harv|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}
* 23,000. {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=30}}</ref>

More troops guarded the south east frontier from [[Basel]] to [[Nice]], and covered [[Lyon]]s:
* VII Corps{{sfn|Chalfont|1979|p=205}} – ''[[Army of the Alps#1815|Armée des Alpes]]''{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=181}} ([[Louis Gabriel Suchet|Suchet]]); based at Lyon, this army was charged with the defence of Lyon and to observe the Austro-Sardinian army of Frimont, with a strength of 42–46 guns<ref>Armée des Alpes guns
* 42 {{harv|Zins|2003|pp=380–84}}
* 46 {{harv|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}</ref> and 13,000–23,500 men<ref>Armée des Alpes men
* 13,000–20,000 {{harv|Siborne|1895|p=775}}
* 23,500 {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=30}}
* 15,767 {{harv|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}</ref>
* I Corps of Observation – ''Armée du Jura''{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=181}} ([[Claude Jacques Lecourbe|Lecourbe]]); based at Belfort, this army was to observe any Austrian movement through Switzerland and also observe the Swiss army of General Bachmann. Its composition in June was 38 guns,{{sfn|Chalfont|1979|p=205}} and 5,392–8,400 men<ref>''Armée du Jura'': men
* 5,392 {{harv|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}
* 8,400 {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=30}}</ref>
* II Corps of Observation – ''[[Armée du Var]]''{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=775, 779}} ([[Guillaume Marie Anne Brune|Brune]]): based at Toulon, with a strength of 10,000 men.

There were two other major deployments:
* 8,000 men under [[Bertrand Clausel|Clausel]] cantoned around Toulouse and under [[Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen|Decaen]] cantoned around Bordeaux guarding the [[Pyrenees|Pyrenean frontier]].<ref>{{harvnb|Beck|1911|p=371}} for commanders and the number of men.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Andersson|2009}} for where the armies were cantoned.</ref>
* [[Jean Maximilien Lamarque|Lamarque]] led 10,000 men into [[La Vendée]] to quell a Royalist insurrection in that region.{{sfn|Beck|1911|p=371}}

==Upper Rhine frontier==
[[File:Emperor Francis I crossing the Vosges surrounded by Coalition troops on 2 July 1815 by J.B. Hoechle.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Francis I of Austria]] and his Chancellor Prince [[Clemens Metternich]] crossing the [[Vosges Mountains]] on 2 July 1815 followed by other dignitaries and surrounded by [[Seventh Coalition]] soldiers.]]

===Coalition order of battle===

====Army of the Upper Rhine (Austo-German Army)====
The Austrian military contingent was divided into three armies. This was the largest of these armies, commanded by Field Marshal [[Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg]]. Its target was Paris. This Austrian contingent was joined by those of the following nations of the [[German Confederation]]: [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]] (Hessen-Darmstadt), [[Free City of Frankfurt]], Principality of [[Reuss Elder Line]] and the Principality of [[Reuss Junior Line]]. Besides these there were contingents of [[Fulda]] and [[County of Isenburg|Isenburg]]. These were recruited by the Austrians from German territories that were in the process of losing their independence by being annexed to other countries at the Congress of Vienna. Finally, these were joined by the contingents of the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], Duchy of [[Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], Duchy of [[Saxe-Meiningen]] and the Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Its composition in June was:{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=767}}
{|
|-
!Corps !!Commander !!Men !!Battalions !!Squadrons !!Batteries
|-
|I Corps||Master General of the Ordnance, [[Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld|Count Colloredo]]||24,400||86||16||8
|-
|II Corps||General [[Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen|Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen]]||34,360||36||86||11
|-
|III Corps||Field Marshal the [[William I of Württemberg|Crown Prince of Württemberg]]|| 43,814 || 44 || 32 || 9
|-
|IV Corps (Bavarian Army) || Field Marshal [[Karl Philipp von Wrede|Prince Wrede]]|| 67,040 ||46 || 66 || 16
|-
|Austrian Reserve Corps ||General der Kavallerie [[Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este|Archduke Österreich-Este]] || 44,800 || 38 || 86 || 10
|-
|Blockade Corps || || 33,314 || 38 || 8 || 6
|-
|Saxon Corps || || 16,774 || 18 || 10 || 6
|-
|'''Totals'''|| || 264,492<ref>Although Siborne estimated the number at 264,492, David Chandler estimated the number 232,000 {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=27}}.</ref> || 246 || 844 || 66
|}

====Swiss army====
This army was composed entirely of Swiss. The Swiss General [[Niklaus Franz von Bachmann]] commanded this army. This force was to observe any French forces that operated near its borders. Its composition in July was:<ref>{{harvnb|Chapuisat|1921|loc=table 2.}}{{page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref>
* I Division – Colonel von Gady
* II Division – Colonel Fuessly
* III Division – Colonel d'Affry
* Reserve Division – Colonel-Quartermaster Finsler

Total 37,000{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}}

===Planning===
According to the general plan of operations projected by Prince Schwarzenberg, this army was to cross the Rhine in two columns. The right column, consisting of the III Corps, under Field Marshal the [[William I of Württemberg|Crown Prince of Württemberg]]; and of the IV Corps, of the Bavarian Army, under Field Marshal [[Karl Philipp von Wrede|Prince Wrede]], was to cross the Rhine between Germersheim and Mannheim. The Left Column, consisting of the I Corps, under the Master General of the Ordnance, [[Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld|Count Colloredo]], and of the II Corps, under General [[Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen|Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen]] together with the Austrian Reserve Corps; the whole being commanded by General the [[Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este|Archduke Ferdinand]], was to cross the Rhine between [[Basel]] and [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfelden]]. The column formed by the right wing was to be supported by the Russian Army, under Field Marshal [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly|Count Barclay de Tolly]], which was expected to be collected at [[Kaiserslautern]] by 1 July. The object of the operations, in the first instance, was the concentration of the Army of the Upper Rhine and the Russian Army at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=767, 768}}

===Start of the campaign===
As soon as Prince Schwarzenberg was made acquainted with the commencement of hostilities in what is now Belgium, he gave his orders for the advance of his Army. The IV (Bavarian) Corps was directed immediately to cross the [[Saar River|Sarre]]: and, by turning through the [[Vosges Mountains]], to cut off the French V Corps under General Rapp, collected in the environs of [[Strasbourg]], from its base of operations; and to intercept its communications with the interior of France.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=768}}

A Russian Corps, under General [[Charles de Lambert (soldier)|Count Lambert]], forming the advanced guard of the army of Count Barclay de Tolly, was attached to the IV (Bavarian) Corps of Prince Wrede; who was to employ it principally in keeping up the communication with the North German Corps under Prussian General [[Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake|von Hacke]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=768}}{{sfn|McGuigan|2009|loc=§ Siege Train}}

===Austrian right wing===

====Austrian IV Corps====

On 19 June, the Bavarian Army crossed the Rhine at [[Mannheim]] and [[Oppenheim]], and advanced towards the [[Sarre river]]. On 20 June there were some minor skirmishes between advanced posts near [[Landau]] and [[Dahn]]. On 23 June, the Austrian army having approached the Sarre, proceeded, in two columns, to take possession of the passages across the river at [[Saarbrücken]] and [[Sarreguemines]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=768}}

The right column, under Lieutenant General Count Beckers, attacked Saarbrücken, where it was opposed by the French General [[Louis Auguste François Mariage|Meriage]]. The Bavarians carried the suburb and the bridge, and penetrated into the town along with the retiring French; of whom they made four officers and seventy men prisoners, and killed and wounded one hundred men: suffering a loss, on their own part, of three officers and from fifty to sixty men killed and wounded. Count Beckers occupied the town, posted his division on the heights towards [[Forbach]]: and detached patrols along the road to [[Metz]], as far as [[St. Avold]]; and to the right along the Sarre, as far as [[Saarlouis]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=768, 769}}

The left column, consisting of the First Infantry Division, under Lieutenant General Baron von Ragliovich and of the First Cavalry Division, under Prince [[Prince Karl Friedrich of Bavaria|Charles of Bavaria]], advanced against Sarreguemines; at which point the French had constructed a ''[[tête-de-pont]]'' on the right bank of the river. After some resistance, this was taken possession of by the Bavarians; whereupon Baron von Ragliovich marched through the town, and took up a position on the opposite Heights, commanding the roads leading to [[Bouquenom]] and [[Lunéville]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=769}}

The Fourth Infantry Division, under Lieutenant General [[Friedrich, Freiherr von Zoller|Baron Zollern]], advanced towards the [[Bitche|Fortress of Bitche]]; which, however, the French commandant, General [[Charles Auguste Creutzer|Kreutzer]], refused to surrender.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=769}}

The Russian corps, under Count Lambert, attached to the right wing of Prince Wrede's Army, advanced as far as [[Ottweiler]] and [[Ramstein-Miesenbach|Ramstein]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=769}}

=====Prince Wrede halts at Nancy=====
On 24 June, Prince Wrede occupied [[Bouquenom]]; and detached the cavalry division under Prince Charles towards [[Phalsbourg]], to observe it. His second, third, and fourth divisions, and the reserve, were collected at Sarreguemines. The Russian troops under Count Lambert occupied Saarbrück, having previously detached the cavalry, under Lieutenant General Czernitscheff, as far as St. Avold.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=769}}

On 26 June, Prince Wrede Headquarters were at Morhenge<!--Morhange?-->; and, on 27 June, his advanced posts penetrated as far as [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], where he established his headquarters on 28 June. From St. Dieuze Wrede detached units to the left, in order to discover the march of General [[Jean Rapp|Rapp]]; who, however, was still on the Rhine, and whose retreat had thus become cut off by the occupation of Nancy.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=770}}

Prince Wrede halted at Nancy, to await the arrival of the Austrian and Russian corps. Upon his right Lieutenant General Czernitscheff crossed the [[Moselle]], on 29 June, within sight of [[Metz]]; and carried by storm, on 3 July, the town of [[Châlons-sur-Marne]]. The garrison of this place had promised to make no resistance, and yet fired upon the Russian advanced guard; whereupon the cavalry immediately dismounted, scaled the ramparts, broke open the gates, sabred a part of the garrison, made the remainder prisoners, including the French General Rigault, and pillaged the town.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=770}}

After remaining four days in the vicinity of Nancy and Lunéville, Prince Wrede received an order from Prince Schwarzenberg to move at once upon Paris, with the IV (Bavarian) Corps; which was destined to become the advanced guard of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine. This order was given in consequence of the desire expressed by the Duke of Wellington and Prince Blücher; that the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine should afford immediate support to their operations in front of Paris. On 5 July the main body of the Bavarian Army reached [[Châlons-en-Champagne|Châlons]]; in the vicinity of which it remained during 6 June. On this day, its advanced posts communicated, by [[Épernay]], with the Prussian Army. On 7 July Prince Wrede received intelligence of the Convention of Paris, and at the same time, directions to move towards the [[Loire]]. On 8 July Lieutenant General Czernitscheff fell in with the French between [[Talus-Saint-Prix]]<!--"St. Prix" in Siborne--> and [[Montmirail, Marne|Montmirail]]; and drove them across the [[Petit Morin|Morin]]<!--"Morin" in Siborne: so could be Grand or Petit, but Petit flows through Montmirail-->, towards the [[Seine]]. Previously to the arrival of the IV (Bavarian) Corps at [[Château-Thierry]]; the French garrison had abandoned the place, leaving behind it several pieces of artillery, with ammunition. On 10 July, the Bavarian Army took up a position between the Seine and the [[Marne River|Marne]]; and Prince Wrede's Headquarters were at [[La Ferté-sous-Jouarre]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=770, 771}}

====Austrian III Corps====
On 22 June, a portion of the Austrian III Corps, under the Crown Prince of Württemberg. took possession of the entrenchments of [[Germersheim]], on the left bank of the Rhine. Lieutenant Field Marshal Count Wallmoden<!--Count von Wallmoden-Gimborn Adolf Franz James?(father and son with the same name)--> was posted, with ten battalions and four squadrons, to observe and blockade of the Fortress of [[Landau]], and the [[Queich Line]]. The main body of the corps stood between [[Bruchsal]] and [[Philippsburg]]. On 23 June the corps crossed the Rhine at [[Germersheim]], and passed the Line of the Queich without opposition.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=771}}<ref>The "line of the Queich" was of some age as it is also mentioned by Sir Edward Guest in "Wars of the Eighteenth Century Vol IV (1783–1795)" pub 1862, section "1793: Wars of the German Frontier", [https://archive.org/details/annalswarseight04custgoog/page/n188 <!-- quote="line of the Queich". --> p. 158]</ref>

The Crown Prince was directed to proceed by [[Wissembourg]] and [[Haguenau]] with a view to complete, in conjunction with the IV (Bavarian) Corps, the plan of intercepting the retreat of General Rapp.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=771}}

On 24 June, the III Corps advanced to [[Bad Bergzabern|Bergzabern]] and [[Niederotterbach]], engaged the French at both locations, and drove them back. Count Wallmoden left a small detachment to observe [[Landau]], and advanced, with the remainder of his force, as far as [[Rheinzabern]]. On 25 June, the Crown Prince ordered the advance towards the [[Lines of Wissembourg]], in two columns. The first column assembled at [[Bergzabern]], and the second moved forward by Niederotterbach. Count Wallmoden was directed to advance upon [[Lauterburg]]. The Crown Prince advanced his Corps still further along the [[Haguenau]] road. His advanced guard pushed on to [[Ingolsheim]], and the main body of the III Corps reached the Lines of Wissembourg; which the French abandoned in the night, and fell back upon the [[Forest of Haguenau]], occupying the large village of [[Surbourg]]. On 26 June, the Crown Prince attacked and defeated the French at the last mentioned place, with his right column; whilst the left column, under Count Wallmoden, was equally successful in an attack which it made upon the French General Rothenburg, posted, with 6,000 infantry and a regiment of cavalry, at [[Seltz]]. On the following day, General Rapp fell back upon the [[Defile (geography)|Defile]] of [[Brumath]]; but this he quit in the night, and took up a favourable position in the rear of the [[Souffel]], near Strasbourg. His force comprised twenty four battalions of infantry, four regiments of cavalry, and numerous artillery, and amounted to nearly 24,000 men.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=771, 772}}<ref>[http://www.clash-of-steel.co.uk/pages/battle_details.php?battle=SURBURG01 Surburg] [http://www.clash-of-steel.co.uk/ www.clash-of-steel.co.uk] {{better source|date=May 2012}}</ref>

The Crown Prince of Württemberg engaged General Rapp's Army of the Rhine on 28 June at the [[Battle of La Suffel]], but despite outnumbering the French two to one, the Austrian forces were repelled. Rapp, however, withdrew into the Fortress of Strasbourg shortly after the action, Austrian numbers telling. The loss of the III Corps on this occasion amounted to 75 officers, and 2,050 men, killed and wounded, while that of the French was about 3,000 men.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=772}}

===Austrian left wing===
The Austrian I and II corps and the Reserve Corps, forming the left wing of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine, crossed this river at [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfelden]] and [[Basel]] in the night of 25 June. On 26 June the I Corps, under Count Colloredo, was directed upon [[Belfort]] and [[Montbéliard]]; and, on the same day, the Austrian [[investment (military)|invested]] the Fortress of [[Huningue]]. The advanced guard of the Austrian I Corps fought a skirmish with a French detachment of 3,000 men belonging to the VIII Corps (also known as ''Armée du Jura'') of General [[Claude Lecourbe|Lecourbe]], and forced it to withdraw as far as [[Dannemarie, Haut-Rhin|Dannemarie]]. On 28 June the Austrian I Corps attacked the French near [[Chavannes-sur-l'Étang|Chavannes]], between Dannemarie and Belfort, when the French force, amounting to 8,000 infantry and 500 cavalry, was driven back upon Belfort. Major General Von Scheither of the I Corps was detached against Montbéliard, a town fortified and defended by a [[citadel]]. After having maintained a most destructive fire against the place, the Austrian troops carried it by storm; with a loss however, of 25 officers and 1,000 men, killed and wounded.{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=181}}{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=773, 774}}

===General suspension of hostilities===
[[File:Neuf-Brisach 007 850.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of [[Neuf-Brisach]].]]
The III Corps remained in front of Strasbourg until 4 July when it was relieved by the arrival of the Austrian II Corps, under Prince Hohenzollern from the vicinity of [[Colmar]]. At this last point the advanced guard of the Austrian Reserve Corps, under Lieutenant Field Marshal Stutterheim, moved upon [[Remiremont]], and the main body upon [[St. Marie aux Mines]]. The Austrian Reserve Corps itself reached [[Raon l'Etape]]; whence it subsequently moved (on 10 July) to [[Neufchâteau, Vosges|Neufchâteau]]. The III Corps, under the Crown Prince of Württemberg, marched into the vicinity of [[Molsheim]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=772, 773}}

On 7 July, Württemberg reached Lunéville, but instead of proceeding to its original destination of Nancy, on 9 July the III Corps took the road to Neufchâteau, advancing in columns; one via [[Bayon, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Bayon]] and the other via [[Rambervillers]]<!-- in the cited text it is Rembervillers so the place could also be Remenoville which is close to Rambervillers-->. These two columns continued their advance, the first by [[Vaucouleurs]], [[Joinville, Haute-Marne|Joinville]], [[Brienne le Château]], [[Troyes]], and [[Auxerre]]<!--The cited source says [[Auxonne]] but this does not make sense as up to this point they are advancing in a line of march parallel with each other and Auxonne breaks that.-->; and the other, by Neufchâteau, [[Chaumont, Haute-Marne|Chaumont]], [[Bar-sur-Aube]], [[Vendeuvre-sur-Barse]], [[Bar-sur-Seine]], and [[Châtillon-sur-Seine|Châtillon]]: at which points (<!--Auxonne-->Auxerre and Châtillon) they halted on 18 July. On 21 July, the corps entered into [[cantonment]]s between [[Montbard]] and [[Tonnerre, Yonne|Tonnerre]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=773}}

With the exception of a few sorties of little consequence, General Rapp remained very quiet in the Fortress of Strasbourg. The news of the capture of Paris by the British and Prussian troops led to a Suspension of Hostilities which was concluded on 24 July and extended to the Fortress of [[Strasbourg]], [[Landau]], [[La Petite-Pierre]], [[Huningue]], [[Sélestat]], [[Lichtenberg, Bas-Rhin|Lichtenberg]], [[Phalsbourg]], [[Neuf-Brisach]] and [[Belfort]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=774}}

==Italian frontier==

===Coalition order of battle===

====Army of Upper Italy (Austro-Sardinian Army)====
This was the second largest of Austria's contingents. Its target was Lyon. General [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont]] commanded this army. Its composition in June was:{{sfn|Plotho|1818|pp=74, 75 (Appendix)}}
* I Corps – [[Feldmarschall-Leutnant]] [[Paul von Radivojevich]]
* II Corps – Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Ferdinand, Graf Bubna von Littitz]]
* Reserve Corps – Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Franz Mauroy de Merville]]
* Sardinian Corps – General Count Latour

Total 50,000.{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}}

====Austrian Army (Army of Naples)====
General [[Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza|Bianchi]] commanded the Austrian Army of Naples.{{efn|Chandler names General Onasco as the commander of the Austrian Army of Naples {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=30}} however, both Plotho and Vaudoncourt name Bianchi as commander of this army ({{harvnb|Plotho|1818|pp=76, 77 (Appendix)}}, and {{harvnb|Vaudoncourt|1826|p=94 (Book I, Chapter I)}})}} This was the smaller of Austria's military contingents, and it had already defeated Murat's army in the [[Neapolitan War]]. Its objective in the current campaign was the capture of Marseille and Toulon. It was not composed of Neapolitans as the army's name may suggest and as one author has supposed.{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=27}} There was however a Sardinian force in this area forming the garrison of Nice under Lieutenant-General [[Giovanni Pietro Luigi Cacherano d'Osasco]],{{sfn|Schom|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=i60QdE3qPRMC&pg=PA19 19]}} which may have been where this misunderstanding has arisen. The Army of Naples composition in June was:{{sfn|Plotho|1818|pp=76, 77 (Appendix)}}
* I Corps – General [[Adam Albert von Neipperg|Neipperg]];{{sfn|Pappas|2008}}
* II Corps – General {{ill|Johann Friedrich von Mohr|de|lt=Mohr|vertical-align=sup}};
* Reserve Corps – General [[Laval Nugent von Westmeath|Nugent]].{{sfn|Pappas|2008}}
Total 23,000{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}}

===French order of battle===
The French [[Army of the Var]]{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}} (II Corps of Observation).{{sfn|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}

Based at Toulon and commanded by Marshal [[Guillaume Marie Anne Brune]]. This army was charged with the suppression of any potential royalist uprisings and to observe Bianchi's 'Army of Naples'. Its composition in June was:
* 24th Infantry Division;<ref name=Vaudoncour-110>{{harvnb|Vaudoncourt|1826|loc=Book I, Chapter I, p. 110}}.</ref>
* 25th Infantry Division;<ref name=Vaudoncour-110/>
* 14th Chasseurs à Cheval Cavalry Regiment<ref name=Houssaye-0>{{harvnb|Houssaye|2005|p={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}}}</ref>
* 22 guns;{{sfn|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}

Total 5,500–6,116 men.<ref>Army of the Var, men:
* 5,500 {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=30}}
* 6,116 {{harv|Chalfont|1979|p=205}}</ref>

===Start of the campaign===
The Austrian Army of Italy, composed of Austrian and [[Kingdom of Sardinia#Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna|Sardinian]] troops, and amounting to 60,000 men, was under the command of General Baron [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Frimont]]. It was destined to act against the French Army of the Alps, under Marshal [[Louis Gabriel Suchet|Suchet]], posted in the vicinity of Chambéry and Grenoble. It is uncertain what size of force under Suchet, it having been estimated from 13,000 to 20,000 men; but the Corps of Observation on the Var, in the vicinity of Antibes and Toulon, under Marshal Brune, amounted to 10,000 and was not occupied with any Enemy in its front.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=775}}

Baron Frimont's' Army was divided into two Corps: the I Corps under Lieutenant Field Marshal [[Paul von Radivojevich|Radivojevich]], was to advance by the [[Valais]] towards Lyon; and the other, the II Corps under Lieutenant Field Marshal [[Count Bubna]] which was in Piedmont, was to penetrate into the south of France through Savoy.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=775}}

====French abandon the passes of the Jura====
Marshal Suchet had received orders from Napoleon to commence operations on 14 June and by rapid marches to secure the mountain passes in the [[Valais]] and in [[Savoy]] (then part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]), in order to close them to the Austrians. On 15 June, his troops advanced at all points for the purpose of gaining the frontier from [[Montmeilian]] as far as [[Geneva]], which he invested. Thence he proposed to obtain possession of the important passes of [[Meillerie]] and [[St. Maurice]] and in this way to check the advance of the Austrian columns from the [[Valais]]. At [[Meillerie]], the French were met and driven back by the advanced guard of the Austrian right column on 21 June. By means of forced marches the whole of this column, which Baron Frimont himself accompanied, reached the [[Arve]] on 27 June.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=775, 776}} The left column, under Count Bubna, crossed [[Mount Cenis]] on 24 and 25 June. On 28 June, the column was sharply opposed by the French at [[Albertville|Conflans]]; however, the Austrians succeeded in gaining possession of it.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=776}}

To secure the passage of the river [[Arve]], on 27 June the advanced guard of the right column moved to [[Bonneville, Haute-Savoie|Bonneville]] on its left bank but the French, who had already fortified this place, maintained a stout resistance. In the meantime however, the Austrians gained possession of the passage at [[Carrouge]]; by which means the French were placed under the necessity of evacuating Bonneville, and abandoning the valley of the Arve. The Austrian column now passed Geneva, and drove the French from the heights of [[Grand Saconex]] and from [[Saint-Genix-sur-Guiers|St. Genix]]. On 29 June, this part of the Austrian army moved towards the [[Jura mountains|Jura]] and, on 1 July, it made its dispositions for attacking the redoubts and entrenchments which the French had thrown up to defend the passes. The most vigorous assault was made upon the [[Pass of Les Rousses]], but the Austrians were driven back. Reserves were then brought up and the French, having quit their entrenchments to meet the latter, provided a good opportunity for a flank attack upon them with cavalry and artillery. The pass was captured by the Austrians and the French were compelled to abandon both it and the other passes of the [[Jura mountains|Jura]]. The Austrian advance guard pursued the French and reached [[Saint-Claude, Jura|Saint-Claude]] in the evening, on the road leading to the left from Gex; and [[Saint-Laurent-en-Grandvaux|St. Laurent]], in the original direction of the attack, beyond [[Les Rousses]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=776}}

====Fort l'Ecluse surrendered to the Austrians====
In the meantime, the Austrian Reserve Corps under ''[[Feldmarschalleutnant]]'' ([[Major-general]]) [[Franz Mauroy de Merville|Meerville]], was directed to advance and to throw back the French upon the [[Rhone]]. The latter, in retreating, destroyed the bridge of [[Seyssel, Ain|Seyselle]] and, by holding the [[Fort l'Ecluse]], closed the road from Geneva to Lyon. A [[redoubt]] had been constructed in front of the fort which completely commanded the approach. It was stormed and carried by the Hungarian 'Fürst Esterhazy' Infantry Regiment (IR.32). The fort itself was now turned by the Reserve Corps along the left bank of the Rhône, with the design of forcing the passage at the [[Perte du Rhône]]. Here the French had constructed a ''tête-de-pont''; which, however, they were forced to abandon in consequence of a movement made by the I Corps under ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' [[Paul von Radivojevich|Radivojevich]]. On retiring, the French destroyed the very beautiful stone bridge then existing and thus rendered it necessary for the Austrians to construct temporary bridges over the extremely narrow space between the rocks which confine the stream at this remarkable spot. The advanced guard of the Reserve Corps, under General Count Hardegg, first crossed the Rhône and found the French posted at [[Charix]], in rear of Châtillon, on the road to [[Nantua]]. Count Hardegg immediately ordered an attack and after encountering an obstinate resistance, forced the French to retire.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=776, 777}}

The troops of the Austrian I Corps which, in the meantime, were left in front of the Fort l'Ecluse, had commenced a bombardment and this, after twenty-six hours duration, considerably damaged the fort. A powder magazine exploded, which caused a general conflagration; to escape which the garrison rushed out, and [[surrender at discretion|surrendered at discretion]] to the Austrians: thus, in three days, the high road from Geneva to Lyon was opened to the Army of Italy.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=777}}

====Surrender of Lyon====
On 3 July, General [[Joseph Freiherr Bogdan von Sturmbruck|Bogdan]], with the advanced guard of the Austrian I Corps, having been reinforced by Lieutenant Field Marshal Radivojevich, attacked the French at [[Oyonnax]], beyond [[Saint-Claude, Jura|St. Claude]], where the French General [[Jean-Pierre Maransin|Maransin]] had taken up a favourable position with a force of 2,000 men. The Austrians turned Maransin's left flank, and forced the French to retire. The I Corps reached [[Bourg-en-Bresse]] on 9 July.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=777, 778}}
[[File:Quai Mâcon 04-2003.jpg|700px|center|thumb|Mâcon and the Saône River]]
On 10, July a detachment, under Major General von Pflüger, was pushed on to [[Mâcon]] on the [[Saône]] and gained possession of the ''tête-de-pont'' constructed there, and of the place itself.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=778}}

On 7 July, the II Corps, under Count Bubna, reached [[Echelles]]. A detachment, consisting principally of Sardinian troops under Lieutenant General Count Latour, had been directed to observe [[Grenoble]], in front of which its advanced guard had arrived on 4 July. On 6 July the suburbs were attacked, and the communication between Grenoble and Lyon was cut off. The garrison, consisting of eight battalions of the National Guard, offered to capitulate on 9 July, on the condition of being permitted to return to their homes. That a vigorous defence might have been maintained was evident from the fact of the Austrians found in the place fifty four guns and eight mortars, and large quantities of provisions.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=778}}

Count Bubna's II Corps and the Reserve Corps, by simultaneous movements, assembled together in front of Lyon on 9 July. An armistice was solicited by the garrison on 11 July, and granted upon condition that Lyon and the entrenched camp should be evacuated and that the French [[Army of the Alps#1815|VII Corps]] (Marshal Suchet's) retire behind the [[Loire]], keeping Suchet's advanced posts within a stipulated line of demarcation.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=778}}

====General armistice====
On 9 July, the Sardinian Lieutenant-General d'Osasco, who had been detached to Nice, concluded an armistice with Marshal Brune, who commanded the ''Armée du Var'', in front of the [[Maritime Alps]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=779}}{{efn|David Chandler gives a slightly different account: Brune fell back slowly, before Neapolitan forces under the command of General d'Osasco, into the fortress city of [[Toulon]] and that Brune did not surrender the city and the naval arsenal contained within until 31 July {{harv|Chandler|1981|p=181}}.}}

Having secured possession of the line of the Rhône as far down as its confluence with the [[Isère (river)|Isère]], and also of that part of the [[Saône]] between [[Mâcon]] and Lyon, the Army of Italy now proceeded towards the upper line of the latter river, leaving the II Corps under Count Bubna at Lyon, in front of Marshal Suchet. The I Corps marched upon [[Chalon-sur-Saône]], in order to gain the ''tête-de-pont'' at that point. At this time, the French ''Armée du Jura'' under General Lecourbe was at [[Salins-les-Bains|Salins]], between [[Dole, Jura|Dole]] and [[Pontarlier]]. As [[Besançon]] had not yet been invested, Baron Frimont detached a part of the Reserve Corps under General Hecht, to Salins, whilst General Folseis detached from the I Corps towards Dole. The advanced guard of the I Corps had arrived in front of the ''tête-de-pont'' at Châlons and had completed its dispositions for attack when the place surrendered. By the advance, at the same time, of Hecht upon Salina and of Folseist from Dole upon Besançon, the retreat of the French General Lapane was completely cut off. This led to a convention which stipulated the dissolution of the National Guard, the surrender of all the officers, and the abandonment of one of the forts of [[Salins-les-Bains|Salins]] to the Austrians.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp= 778, 779}}

On 20 July, the I Corps advanced from Chalon-sur-Saône as far as [[Autun]]. Besançon having in the meantime been occupied by the Austrian troops of the Army of the Upper Rhine, a junction was effected with the latter by the Army of Italy by [[Dijon]];{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=779}} and thus terminated all hostilities on that side of France.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=779}}

==Other campaigns==
The Russians followed the northern wing of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine into France and towards Paris while to its north the German Corps helped elements of the armies of Blücher and Wellington subdue some of the French frontier forts which did not immediately surrender to Coalition forces.

===Russian army===
{{Campaignbox Russo-French Wars}}

====Russian order of battle====
<!-- see also [[Russian Army order of battle (1812)]] [[List of Russian commanders in the Patriotic War of 1812]]-->
Field Marshal [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]] commanded the First Russian Army. In June it consisted of the following:{{sfn|Plotho|1818|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56 pp. 56–62] (Appendix (chapter XII))}}
* III Army Corps – General [[Dmitry Dokhturov|Dokhturov]]<!--German source uses Dochterow-->
* IV Army Corps – General [[Nikolay Raevsky|Raevsky]]<!--German source uses Rajewski-->
* V Army Corps – General [[Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken|Sacken]]
* VI Army Corps – General [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron|Langeron]]
* VII Army Corps – General [[Ivan Sabaneev|Sabaneev]]{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2002}}
* Reserve Grenadier Corps – General [[Aleksey Yermolov (general)|Yermolov]]<!--German source uses German spelling Jermolow-->
* II Reserve Cavalry Corps – General [[Ferdinand Wintzingerode|Wintzingerode]]
* Artillery Reserve – Colonel Bogoslavsky

Total 200,000{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}}

====Campaign====
The main body of the First Russian Army, commanded by Field Marshal Count Barclay de Tolly and amounting to 167,950 men, crossed Germany rapidly in three main columns. The right column, commanded by General [[Dmitry Dokhturov|Doctorov]], advanced by way of [[Kalisz]], [[Torgau]], [[Leipzig]], [[Erfurt]], [[Hanau]], [[Frankfurt]], and [[Hochheim am Main]], towards [[Mainz]]. The central column, commanded by General [[Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken|Baron Sacken]], advanced through [[Breslau]], [[Dresden]], [[Zwickau]], [[Bayreuth]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Aschaffenburg]], [[Dieburg]], and [[Gross Gerau]], towards Oppenheim. The left column, commanded by General [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron|Count Langeron]], proceeded through [[Prague]], [[Aube]], [[Adelsheim]], [[Neckar]], and [[Heidelberg]], towards [[Mannheim]]. The vanguards of the columns had reached the Middle Rhine when hostilities were on the point of breaking out upon the Belgian frontier. The Russians crossed the Rhine at Mannheim, on 25 June and followed the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine. The greater portion of it reached Paris and its vicinity by the middle of July.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=51, 52, 774}}

===German Corps===
{{see|Reduction of the French fortresses in 1815}}
The German Corps (or the North German Federal Army) was part of the Prussian Army above, but was to act independently much further south. It was composed of contingents from the following nations of the [[German Confederation]]: [[Electorate of Hessen]], [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], Grand Duchy of [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]], Duchy of [[Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg (state)]], Duchy of [[Saxe-Gotha]], Duchy of [[Anhalt-Bernburg]], Duchy of [[Anhalt-Dessau]], Duchy of [[Anhalt-Kothen]], Principality of [[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]], Principality of [[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]], Principality of [[Waldeck (state)]], [[Principality of Lippe]] and the Principality of [[Schaumburg-Lippe]].{{sfn|Plotho|1818|p=54}}

Fearing that Napoleon was going to strike him first, Blücher ordered this army to march north to join the rest of his own army.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=182<!--Vol. 2-->}} The Prussian General [[Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf]] initially commanded this army before he fell ill on 18 June and was replaced temporarily by the Hessen-Kassel General von Engelhardt (who was in command of the Hessen division) and then by Lieutenant General [[Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake]].{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=179, 182<!--Vol. 2-->}}{{sfn|Pierer|1857|p=605, 2nd column}} Its composition in June was:{{sfn|Plotho|1818|loc=Appendix (Chapter XII) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA54 p. 56]}}{{sfn|Hofschröer|Embleton|2014|p=42}}{{efn|A third brigade, the Mecklenburg Brigade commanded by General Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin is included in Plotho, but not by Hofschröer & Embleton ({{harvnb|Plotho|1818|p=56}}; {{harvnb|Hofschröer|Embleton|2014|p=42}}).}}
* Hessen-Kassel Division (Three Hessian infantry brigades, cavalry brigade and two artillery batteries), commanded by General Engelhardt
* Thuringian Brigade (12 battalions of infantry), commanded by Major General Egloffstein (Weimar)

Total 25,000{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}}

The German Corps, which was composed of contingent forces supplied by the small principalities of north Germany was assembled, in the middle of April, in the vicinity of [[Koblenz]]. It amounted to 26,200 men, divided into thirty battalions of infantry, twelve squadrons of cavalry, and two and a half batteries of artillery and was placed under the command of General Count [[Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf|Kleist von Nollendorf]]. Later, it crossed the Rhine at Koblenz and [[Neuwied]], and took up a position on the [[Moselle River|Moselle]] and the [[Saar River|Sarre]]; its right communicating with the Prussian II Corps ([[Georg Dubislav Ludwig von Pirch|Pirch I]]), and its Left with the Austrian IV (Bavarian) Corps ([[Karl Philipp von Wrede|Prince Wrede]]) at [[Zweibrücken]]. Its advanced posts extended along the French frontier from Arlon to Mertzig. Its headquarters was at [[Trier]], on the Moselle.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=765}}

It remained in this position until 16 June when its commander, General von Engelhard (in the absence of Count Kleist who was ill), advanced from Trier to [[Arlon]] which it reached on 19 June. Here it remained until 21 June, when it received an order from Prince Blücher to move into France by [[Bastogne]] and [[Neufchâteau, Vosges|Neufchâteau]] and to gain possession of the fortresses of [[Château de Sedan|Sedan]] and [[Bouillon, Belgium|Bouillon]]. On 22 June, the Corps commenced its march, in two columns: the first by Neufchâteau, toward [[Sedan, France|Sedan]], the other by [[Recogne]], toward Bouillon. Sedan capitulated on 25 June after a few days' bombardment. An attempt was made to take Bouillon by a ''[[coup de main]]'', but its garrison was strong enough to frustrate this project. The place was not considered of sufficient importance to render a regular siege expedient, and it was therefore simply invested from 25 June until 21 August,{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=765, 766}}{{sfn|McGuigan|2009|loc=§ Netherlands Corps}} when a battalion of the [[#Netherlands reserve army|Netherlands Reserve Army]] under Lieutenant-general baron [[Ralph Dundas Tindal|Tindal]] took over (Like the German Corps, the Netherlands Reserve Army did not take part in the early actions of the Waterloo Campaign{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=765, 766}}{{sfn|McGuigan|2009|loc=§ Netherlands Corps}}).{{sfn|Anonymous|1838|p={{page needed|date=October 2021}} }}

[[File:Castleofmontmedy.jpg|[[Montmédy]] Fortress|left|thumb]]
On 28 June, Lieutenant General von Hacke<!--Another source spells this name "von Hake"-->, who had been appointed to the command of the German Corps, directed the advance guard to move upon [[Charleville-Mézières|Charleville]], which lies under the guns of the [[Fortress of Mézières]], and to carry the place by storm. The capture was successfully made by some Hessian battalions and tended greatly to facilitate the siege of [[Charleville-Mézières|Mézières]]. Mobile columns were detached to observe the [[Fortresses of Montmédy]], [[Laon]], and [[Rheims]]. The last named place was taken by capitulation on 8 July and the garrison, amounting to 4,000 men, retired behind the [[Loire]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=776}}

Lieutenant General von Hake finding that, notwithstanding his bombardment of Mézières which he commenced on 27 June, his summons to surrender was unheeded by the commandant, General [[Jacques Lemoine|Lemoine]], undertook a regular siege of the place and opened trenches on 2 August. On 13 August the French garrison gave up the town and retired into the citadel, which surrendered on 1 September.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=776}}

The efforts of the German Corps were now directed upon the fortress of Montmédy, around which it had succeeded in placing twelve batteries in position by 13 September. After an obstinate resistance, the garrison concluded a convention on 20 September by which it was to retire, with arms and baggage, behind the Loire. After the capture of Montmédy, the German Corps went into [[cantonment]]s in the [[Ardennes (department)|department of the Ardennes]] whence it returned home in the month of November.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=776}}

===British Mediterranean contingent===
This was Great Britain's smaller military expedition. It was composed of British troops from the garrison of [[Genoa]] under General Sir [[Hudson Lowe]]. The troops were transported and supported by the Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet commanded by Lord [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Exmouth]]. The British landed at [[Marseille]] to support a French Royalist uprising that had expelled Marshal Brune's garrison. The British expeditionary force landed before Marshal Brune was able advance from [[Toulon]] with reinforcements from the ''Armée du Var''. The National Guard of Marseille, reinforced by 4,000 British soldiers, marines, and seamen marched out to meet this advance. Faced by this force Brune retrograded to Toulon and then surrendered the city to the Coalition forces.{{sfn|Parkinson|1934|pp=416–418}}

===La Vendée===
[[File:Bataille de Thouars 1815.jpg|thumb|{{Interlanguage link multi|Battle of Thouars (1815)|fr|3=Bataille de Thouars (1815)|lt=Battle of Thouars}} 20 June 1815]]
[[Corps of Observation of the Vendée|Army of the West]],{{sfn|Chalfont|1979|p=205}} – ''Armée de l'Ouest''{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=30}} (also known as the Army of the Vendée and the Army of the Loire) – originally formed as the [[Corps of Observation of the Vendée]]. This army was formed to suppress the Royalist revolt in the [[Vendée]] region of France which was up in revolt at Napoleon Bonaparte's return. It was commanded by General [[Jean Maximilien Lamarque]].

The total planned strength was 10,000 to 12,000 men, but the highest estimate of total strength is 6,000 men.<ref>Muret, p. 435.</ref>

[[Provence]] and [[Brittany]] which were known to contain many royalist sympathisers did not rise in open revolt, but the [[La Vendée]] did. The Vendée Royalists successfully took [[Bressuire]] and [[Cholet]] before they were defeated by General [[Jean Maximilien Lamarque|Lamarque]] at the [[Battle of Rocheserviere]] on 20 June. They signed the [[Treaty of Cholet]] six days later on 26 June.{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=181}}{{sfn|Gildea|2008 |pp=112, 113}}{{sfn|Philp|Hambridge|2015}}

==Other mobilisations==
For mobilisations that did not take an active part in operations, or were just planned mobilisations, see the article "[[Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days]]".

==See also==
* [[Fortifications of Vauban]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite web |last=Andersson |first=M. |year=2009 |title=100 Days: § Napoleon's reaction
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207141706/http://fortunecity.com/victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/100/100.html |archive-date=7 February 2009 |website=Napoleonic Wars website |access-date=31 December 2011|url=http://fortunecity.com/victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/100/100.html}} {{better source|date=May 2012}}
* {{Cite book |author=Anonymous |year=1838 |title=Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden und Frankreich als Beitrag zur Kriegsgeschichte der neuern Kriege. […] Part II |location=Berlin, Posen and Bromberg |publisher=Ernst Siegfried Mittler |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barbero |first=Alessandro |year=2006 |title=The Battle: a new history of Waterloo |publisher=Walker & Company |isbn=0-8027-1453-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/battle00ales }}
* {{Cite EB1911 |last=Beck |first=Archibald Frank |wstitle=Waterloo Campaign, 1815 |volume=28 |pages=371–381 }}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Chalfont |editor-first=Arthur Gwynne Jones |year=1979 |title=Waterloo: Battle of Three Armies |location=London |publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson|isbn=0-2839-8235-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chandler |first=David |year=1981 |orig-date=1980 |title=Waterloo: The Hundred Days |publisher=Osprey Publishing }}
* {{Cite book|last=Chapuisat |first=Édouard |year=1921 |title=Der Weg zur Neutralität und Unabhängigkeit 1814 und 1815 |publisher=Oberkriegskommissariat |location=Bern |language=de}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chesney |first=Charles Cornwallis |year=1868 |title=Waterloo lectures: a study of the campaign of 1815 |publisher=Longmans Green and Company |location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024320214}}
* {{cite book|last=Gildea |first=Robert |year=2008 |title=Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799–1914 |edition=reprint |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-191852-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2uh-E0iHXScC&pg=PT112 112], 113}}
* {{Cite book|last=Glover |first=Michael |year=1973 |title=Wellington as Military Commander |publisher=Sphere Books |location=London}}
*{{cite book |last=Parkinson |first=C. |year=1934 |chapter-url=https://www.pellew.com/Exmouth/Exmouth%20003/Chapter%2012%20-%20XII.htm |chapter=CHAPTER XII - Algiers |title=Edward Pellew |location=London |publisher=Northcote |pages=416–418}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Gurwood |year=1838 |title=The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington |volume=12 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQU-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hofschröer |first=Peter |year=2006 |title=1815 The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras |volume=1 |location=London |publisher=Greenhill Books}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hofschröer |first=Peter|year=1999 |title=1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German victory, from Waterloo to the fall of Napoleon|volume=2|location=London |publisher=Greenhill Books |isbn=1-85367-368-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hofschröer |first1=Peter |last2=Embleton |first2=Gerry |year=2014 |title=The Prussian Army of the Lower Rhine 1815 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-619-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1zFfBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 42]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Houssaye |first=Henri |title=Napoleon and the Campaign of 1815: Waterloo |publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2005}}
* {{cite web |last=McGuigan |first=Ron |orig-date=2001 |year=2009 |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/c_waterloo3.html |title=Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France – 1815: Subsequent Changes in Command and Organization |website=The Napoleon Series |access-date=31 May 2012}} {{better source|date=May 2012}}
* {{cite web |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |year=2002 |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/russians/c_sabaneev.html |title=Russian Generals of the Napoleonic Wars: General Ivan Vasilievich Sabaneev |website=The Napoleon Series |access-date=31 May 2012}} {{better source|date=May 2012}}
* {{cite web |last=Pappas |first=Dale |date=July 2008|url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/marshals/Murat/c_Murat1815.html |title=Joachim Murat and the Kingdom of Naples: 1808 – 1815 |website= The Napoleon Series |access-date=31 May 2012}}{{better source|date=May 2012}}
* {{cite web|last1=Philp |first1=Mark |last2=Hambridge|first2=Katherine|display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=The Treaty of Cholet and the Pacification of the Vendée |publisher=[[University of Warwick]] online exhibition |url=http://www.100days.eu/items/show/135#}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Pierer |first= H.A. |date=1857|title=Russisch-Deutscher Krieg gegen Frankreich 1812-1815 |encyclopedia=Pierer's Universal-Lexikon |volume=14 |page=[http://www.zeno.org/Pierer-1857/K/pierer-1857-014-0605 605, 2nd column] |language=de}}
* {{Cite book|last=Plotho |first=Carl von |title=Der Krieg des verbündeten Europa gegen Frankreich im Jahre 1815 |publisher=Bei Karl Friedrich Umelang |location=Berlin |year=1818 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_t00UAAAAYAAJ|language=de}}
* {{Cite book |first=F.J.G. ten |last=Raa |year=1980 |orig-date=1900 |title=De uniformen van de Nederlandsche zee—en landmacht hier te lande en in de kolonien... |publisher=Historical Section of the Royal Netherlands Army |ol=3849493M |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3849493M |language=nl |oclc= 	768909746}}
* {{Cite book|last=Schom |first=Alan |title=One Hundred Days: Napoleon's Road to Waterloo |publisher=Atheneum |location=New York |year=1992}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sørensen |first=Carl |title=Kampen om Norge i Aarene 1813 og 1814 (Battle for Norway in the years 1813 and 1814) |volume=2 |publisher=Copenhagen |year=1871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do_kkjqSWDsC|language=da}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vaudoncourt |first=Guillaume de |year=1826 |title=Histoire des Campagnes de 1814 et 1815 en France |volume=2 |publisher=A. de Gastel |location=Paris |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|editor-link=Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington |editor-last=Wellesley |editor-first=Arthur |year=1862 |title=Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington |volume=10 |series=United Services |publisher=John Murray |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ac-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zins |first=Ronald |title=1815: L'armée des Alpes et Les Cent-Jours à Lyon |publisher=H. Cardon |location=Reyrieux |year=2003}}

;Attribution
* {{Source-attribution|{{cite book|author-link=William Siborne |last=Siborne |first=William |year=1895 |title=The Waterloo Campaign 1815 |edition=4th |publisher=Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road |chapter=Supplement section |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/waterloocampaig02sibogoog#page/n767/mode/1up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig02sibogoog/page/n773 767]–780 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig02sibogoog}}}}

==Further reading==
{{wikisource|Supplement to The London Gazette of Tuesday 11 of July}}
* {{Cite book|last=Labarre de Raillicourt |first=Dominique |year=1963 |title=Les généraux des Cents jours et du gouvernement provisoire (mars-juillet 1815) Dictionnaire biographique, promotions, bibliographies et armorial |location=Paris |publisher=Chez l'auteur |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|last=Six |first=Georges |year=1934 |title=Dictionnaire biographique des généraux & amiraux Français de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792–1814) (Two volumes) |publisher=Paris, Librairie Saffroy|language=fr}}

{{Waterloo Campaign}}

[[Category:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1815]]
[[Category:1815 in France]]
[[Category:Hundred Days]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving Austria]]
[[Category:Military history of the Mediterranean]]