View source for Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Minor attacks
|image=
|caption=
|partof=the [[Black Hawk War]]
|date=May&ndash;July, 1832
|place= present day northern [[Illinois]] and southern [[Wisconsin]].
|result= No military result
|combatant1={{flag|United States|1822}}
|combatant2=Various factions affiliated with the [[Sauk people|Sauk]], [[Fox (tribe)|Fox]], [[Potawatomi]], [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]], and [[Ho-Chunk]] 
|commander1=various
|commander2=various
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}
{{campaignbox Black Hawk War}}
After the outbreak of the '''Black Hawk War''', at the [[Battle of Stillman's Run]] in May 1832, there were '''minor attacks''' and skirmishes throughout the duration of the conflict. The war was fought between white settlers in [[Illinois]] and present-day [[Wisconsin]] and [[Sauk people|Sauk]] Chief [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]]. The relatively minor attacks of the war were widely dispersed and often carried out by bands of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's [[British Band]].

Sometime in May 1832 a Methodist minister and his wife disappeared and were subsequently tied to a tree and [[execution by burning|executed by burning]] by a band of [[Potawatomi]]. Also in May an attack at Holderman's Grove killed another minister, Adam Payne, and an attack at Hollenbeck's Grove drove numerous residents out of the area. In another attack, just before the [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)|Battle of Horseshoe Bend]], a German immigrant named Henry Apple was killed in a Kickapoo ambush. At Ament's Cabin, near present-day [[Bureau County, Illinois]], an attack left early settler Elijah Phillips dead. Together with other incidents during the war, these attacks helped contribute to an atmosphere of fear in the region during the war.

==Background==
{{Main|Black Hawk War}}
As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the [[Governor]] of [[Indiana Territory]] and a group of [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Fox (tribe)|Fox]] leaders regarding land settlement, the tribes vacated their lands in [[Illinois]] and moved west of the [[Mississippi]] in 1828. However, Sauk Chief [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]] and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands.<ref name=lewis/> Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830&ndash;31 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the [[Mississippi River]] into Illinois, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the [[United Kingdom|British]], he again moved his so-called "[[British Band]]" of around 1,000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois.<ref name=lewis>Lewis, James. "[http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html The Black Hawk War of 1832] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815021319/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html |date=2009-08-15 }}," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University''. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</ref> Finding no allies, he attempted to return to [[Iowa]], but the undisciplined Illinois militia's actions led to the [[Battle of Stillman's Run]].<ref name=wiscsr>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002795.asp May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run]," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</ref> A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of [[Michigan Territory]] and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. The conflict became known as the [[Black Hawk War]].

The period between initial battle at Stillman's Run and the June 24 [[Battle of Apple River Fort]] was filled with war-related activity and events. A series of attacks at [[Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois|Buffalo Grove]], the [[Savanna, Illinois|Plum River settlement]], [[Blue Mounds Fort|Fort Blue Mounds]], and various attacks in other places including the war's most famous incident the [[Indian Creek massacre]], all took place between mid-May and late June 1832.<ref name=indcr>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002816.asp May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters]," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref> The week before the Battle of Apple River Fort was an important turning point for the militia: between 16&ndash;18 June two key battles, one at [[Battle of Waddams Grove|Waddams Grove]] and the other at [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)|Horseshoe Bend]], played a role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run.<ref name=waddams>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002869.asp James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek], Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin Historical Society''. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref><ref name=dodge>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002865.asp June 16: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica]," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref><ref name=parkinson>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002874.asp June 16: Peter Parkinson Recalls the Battle of the Pecatonica]," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref>

After the inconclusive skirmish in late June at [[Battle of Kellogg's Grove|Kellogg's Grove]], Black Hawk and his British Band fled the approaching militia through Wisconsin. They passed through what are now [[Beloit, Wisconsin|Beloit]] and [[Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville]], then followed the [[Rock River (Illinois)|Rock River]] toward [[Horicon Marsh]], where they headed west toward the Four Lakes region (near modern-day [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]]).<ref name=mil>McCann, Dennis. "[http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=597233 Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502200209/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=597233 |date=2007-05-02 }}," ''Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel'', April 28, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</ref> On July 21, 1832, the militia caught up with Black Hawk's band as they attempted to cross the [[Wisconsin River]], near the present-day town of  [[Roxbury, Wisconsin|Roxbury]], in [[Dane County, Wisconsin|Dane County]], near [[Sauk City, Wisconsin|Sauk City]], [[Wisconsin]].<ref name=lewis/><ref name=cole>Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed.
''[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.ColeStandardv1 A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I]'', Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/WI/ The State of Wisconsin Collection], University of Wisconsin. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> The engagement that followed is known as the [[Battle of Wisconsin Heights]] and was the penultimate battle of the war. The war would end at the [[Battle of Bad Axe]] on August 1 and 2. When the militia finally caught up with Black Hawk's "[[British Band]]" at the mouth of the [[Bad Axe River]], hundreds of men, women and children would be killed by pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. [[gunboat]].<ref name=mil/>

==Prelude==
After the defeat of the militia at Stillman's Run the number of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] raids and attacks increased on the frontier in the state of Illinois and Michigan Territory. Largely, these attacks were opportunistic and spread out as opposed to being part of a bigger strategy. Many of the attacks that occurred were carried out by bands of Native Americans that were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's British Band.<ref name=trask4>Trask, ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', p. 191&ndash;218.</ref>

==Buffalo Grove==
{{main|Buffalo Grove ambush}}
When the Black Hawk War began in the spring of 1832, the settlers at Buffalo Grove were notified of [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]]'s victory at [[Battle of Stillman's Run|Stillman's Run]] and ordered to leave the grove.<ref name=leeogle>"[http://www.leeogle.org/pchs/Historical/BuffGrov.htm Buffalo Grove] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927102228/http://www.leeogle.org/pchs/Historical/BuffGrov.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}," Polo Community High School, ''Lee/Ogle Regional Office of Education #47''. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</ref> Most of the settlers went to [[Peoria, Illinois|Peoria]] where they remained for the duration of the war.<ref name=leeogle/> On May 19, 1832 a small unit was detailed to carry dispatches from Colonel [[James M. Strode]] in [[Galena, Illinois|Galena]] to General [[Henry Atkinson (soldier)|Henry Atkinson]] at [[Dixon's Ferry]] (present-day [[Dixon, Illinois]]).<ref name=kett>Kett, H.F. and Co. ''The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=gWYOAAAAIAAJ&dq=Buffalo+Grove+%22William+Durley%22&pg=PA284 Google Books]), H.F. Kett & Co., Chicago: 1878, p. 284. Retrieved 13 August 2007</ref> The Buffalo Grove ambush occurred near [[Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois|Buffalo Grove]], [[Illinois]], a small, unincorporated settlement in present-day [[Ogle County, Illinois|Ogle County]].<ref name=footnote>Buffalo Grove is also the name of the geographic area surrounding the old town. See "Buffalo Grove," ''Lee/Ogle Regional Office of Education #47''.</ref> On May 20, 1832, Sergeant Fred Stahl returned to Dixon's Ferry with the other four survivors of the attack and reported that his party had been ambushed by a group of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] the evening before on the edge of the grove.<ref name=kett/><ref name=chronology>Braun, Robert A. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091022172920/http://geocities.com/old_lead/bhwchron.htm A Chronology]," Black Hawk's War April 5 - August 2, 1832, September 2001, ''Old Lead Historical Society''. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</ref> He reported that Durley was killed instantly, [[scalping|scalped]], and left on the spot.<ref name=smith>[[Smith, William Rudolph]]. ''The History of Wisconsin: In Three Parts, Historical, Documentary, and Descriptive'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YGPggXpQnGEC&dq=Buffalo+Grove+Black+Hawk+War&pg=PA267 Google Books]), B. Brown: 1854, p. 267. Retrieved 5 August 2007.</ref>

==Execution of Lucy and James Sample==
[[File:1832 execution of James and Lucy Sample.jpg|thumb|Execution of James and Lucy Sample.]]
In 1872, amateur historian Nehemiah Matson related a story about the execution of a couple, James and Lucy Sample, by Potawatomis. According to Matson, the two were bound to a tree and then burned to death. The executions, said Matson, were directed by a man named Mike Girty, who was supposedly a mixed race son of [[Simon Girty]].<ref>Nehemiah Matson, ''Reminiscences of Bureau County: In Two Parts'', (Princeton, Illinois: Republican Book and Job Office, 1872), 93–103.</ref> But a 1960 profile of Matson stated that "Because of his indiscriminate mixing of fact and legend, however, scholars generally discount his books as valid sources."<ref>Ruth Ewers Haberkorn. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40189766?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "Nehemiah Matson: Historian of Northern Illinois"]. ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 1960), 149.</ref> The story was repeated over the next few decades in other books, but modern scholarly accounts of the Black Hawk War make no mention of this event, nor do they confirm the existence of a Mike Girty.

==Holderman's Grove ==
{{see also|Adam Payne}}
Adam Payne was an itinerant preacher from [[Pennsylvania]], described as a large and imposing man.<ref name=trask2>Trask, '' Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', pp. 206</ref> Two days after the May 21 Indian Creek massacre, the Payne was traveling  by horseback on what would later become the Frank & Walker [[stagecoach]] route, from [[Chicago]] to [[Ottawa, Illinois|Ottawa]]. Payne, a minister in a denomination known as the [[Schwarzenau Brethren|Dunkers]], passed through several areas including Holderman's Grove, [[Lisbon, Illinois|Lisbon]] and [[Plainfield, Illinois]]. At Plainfield Payne was met by a friend, Johnathan Wilson, who warned him of danger to individuals traveling the Illinois frontier alone. Payne was at first persuaded and turned back toward Chicago at Wilson's urgings.<ref name=armstrong>Armstrong, Perry A. ''The Sauks and the Black Hawk War'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=XfkfC5mOPdoC&q=Adam+Payne&pg=PA403 Google Books]), H.W. Rokker: 1887, pp. 399&ndash;403. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</ref>

As he traveled toward Chicago, Payne changed his mind, ignored the warnings and turned back toward Ottawa.<ref name=trask2/><ref name=armstrong/> Payne's journey was uneventful until he approached Holderman's Grove. Payne approached the grove, about halfway between Plainfield and Ottawa, when he was ambushed by a waiting war party of Native Americans. They immediately fired their weapons and Payne was wounded through the chest. He turned his horse to flee but it was also wounded in the encounter and after a chase of 14 or 15 miles it fell dead beneath him.<ref name=armstrong/> Unarmed, Payne was overtaken by the attackers and purportedly [[decapitated]], one witness to the body's discovery indicated that he was only [[scalping|scalped]] and his head remained attached to his body.<ref name=trask2/><ref name=blanchard>Blanchard, Rufus. ''Discovery and Conquests of the North-west, with the History of Chicago'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LbIwAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Adam+Payne%22+Black+Hawk&pg=PA381 Google Books]), R. Blanchard: 1881, pp. 380&ndash;81. Retrieved 6 October 2007.</ref> In the index to his 2006 book, ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', Kerry A. Trask refers to the incident as the Holderman's Grove raid.<ref name=traskindex>Trask, ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', pp. 360&ndash;61.</ref>

==Hollenbeck's Grove==
The house of a Mr. Hollenbeck was burned in Hollenbeck's Grove (or Hollenback's) on May 22, 1832, one day after the Indian Creek massacre.<ref name=armstrong/><ref name=traskindex/> Other parts of the settlement at the grove were also burned and looted. Refugees from Hollenbeck's Grove joined the exodus from the [[Fox River (Illinois River tributary)|Fox River]] valley toward Danville, passing through Plainfield on their way. In Plainfield wildly overstated claims of Native Americans burning and looting everything were passed along, greatly disturbing the already fearful residents.<ref name=trask3>Trask, ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', p. 204.</ref> In the index to his 2006 book, ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', Kerry A. Trask refers to the incident as the Hollenback's Grove raid.<ref name=traskindex/>

==Henry Apple==
<!-- [[Henry Apple]] redirects to this section. Please do not change the section heading without changing the redirect. -->
On June 11, [[Henry Dodge]] escorted General [[Hugh Brady (general)|Hugh Brady]] to the mouth of the [[Fox River (Illinois River tributary)|Fox River]] to confer with overall commander General [[Henry Atkinson (soldier)|Henry Atkinson]].<ref name=blackhawk/> Dodge left the conference with clear authority from Atkinson to deal with the war-related violence in the mining region.<ref name=trask1>Trask, '' Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', pp. 233-237</ref> After the meeting, he first traveled to his home fort, at [[Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)|Gratiot's Grove]], which he reached on June 13.<ref name=blackhawk>Stevens, Frank. ''[http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3418:21.lincoln The Black Hawk War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610225544/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3418%3A21.lincoln |date=2011-06-10 }}'', Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University''. Originally published: 1903, Section  181-182, Chapter XXV, Battle of Pecatonica. Retrieved 14 August 2007.</ref> The [[Spafford Farm massacre]] occurred the following day, and Dodge and his command set out for [[Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)|Fort Hamilton]] as soon as he heard about it, stopping at [[Blue Mounds Fort|Fort Blue Mounds]] for supplies.<ref name=trask1/><ref name=wisc1>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002865.asp June 16: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica]," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved 14 August 2007.</ref> On the way to Hamilton, the soldiers passed a German immigrant, Henry Apple, exchanged greetings and kept traveling.<ref name=trask1/>

About {{convert|150|yd|m|-1}} from the spot they met a [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] ambush was set up in wait, probably for Dodge, who had ventured off the main road. Apple approached the ambush site and Dodge later reported hearing three guns, one of the shots killed Apple.<ref name=wisc1/> Dodge was probably saved by his last minute decision to make a detour from the main route.<ref name=wisc1/> Apple's horse galloped wildly past the men, wounded and carrying a large amount of blood in its saddle. The horse continued all the way to Fort Hamilton, where it raised a furor among the inhabitants.<ref name=trask1/>

After hearing the attack on Apple in the distance, Dodge continued on toward Fort Hamilton (present-day [[Wiota, Wisconsin]]), gathered a [[company (military unit)|company]] of 29 mounted volunteers on arrival and sped off to intercept that band.<ref name=trask1/> He led the chase through tangled underbrush until, breaking into [[prairie]], they caught sight of the raiding party.<ref name=trask1/> The Kickapoo crossed the [[Pecatonica River]] within sight of the pursuing militia, and entered into a [[swamp]]. The militia crossed the swollen river and dismounted when they reached the swamp and the [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)|Battle of Horseshoe Bend]] ensued.<ref name=trask1/>

==Ament's Cabin==
{{Main|Attack at Ament's Cabin}}
The site of Ament's cabin was settled in 1829 when John L. Ament and his brother Justin staked claim on adjacent claims [[Berlin Township, Bureau County, Illinois|Berlin]] and [[Dover Township, Bureau County, Illinois|Dover]] Townships, in present-day [[Bureau County, Illinois]]. Shortly after settling, [[Elijah Phillips]] bought Justin Ament's land and built his own cabin.<ref name=berlin>''Past and Present of Bureau County, Illinois'', "[http://www.genealogytrails.com/ill/bureau/Township/BerlinTwp.html History of Berlin]," Pioneer Publishing, Chicago: 1906, p. 118. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</ref><ref name=matson/> West of Ament's and Phillips' settlement was a large [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] sugar camp, part of this camp was included in Ament's claim. The camp was a place where Native Americans lived during the winter and spring on an annual basis.<ref name=matson/> Prior to the attack, both Ament and Phillips were warned by [[Potawatomi]] chief [[Shabbona]] of impending danger to the settlers along [[Bureau Creek]]. The men had fled, with their families, leaving their goods and livestock behind.<ref name=armstrong/><ref name=matson/> Eventually, it was decided that it was safe to return to the settlement to tend to the deserted possessions.<ref name=armstrong/>

On the morning of either June 17 or June 18, the band of about 30 Native Americans returned to their hidden positions of the day before and awaited the settlers.<ref name=armstrong/><ref name=matson/> When the settlers awoke Brigham and Phillips went onto the porch of Ament's cabin where they conversed for a few minutes, failing to notice the [[Moccasin (footwear)|moccasin]] tracks around the property. Phillips decided to go to his cabin, about a half mile (.8&nbsp;km) from Ament's property, to finish a letter to his parents.<ref name=armstrong/> Brigham, intending to accompany Phillips, entered his cabin for a moment, when he did he heard the crack of a [[rifle]] outside. Phillips dropped to the ground, struck by two [[musket]] balls, and the band of raiding Native Americans immediately descended upon him with their [[Tomahawk (axe)|tomahawks]].<ref name=matson>Matson, Nehemiah. ''Memories of Shaubena'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=oFRy1Qj8MxMC&dq=%22Elijah+Phillips%22+Black+Hawk&pg=PA223 Google Books]), D.B. Cooke & Co.: 1878, pp. 226&ndash;34. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</ref><ref name=tampico>Matson, Nehemiah. "[http://www.tampicohistoricalsociety.citymax.com/BlackHawkWar_Page2.html Killing of Phillips]," ''Map & Sketches of Bureau County, ILL'', via Tampico Historical Society, p. 22. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</ref> Phillips was the only person killed or injured in the raid.

==Other incidents==
Aside from these various attacks and murders there were a number of other small attacks and skirmishes throughout the duration of the Black Hawk War. In the one-week period following Stillman's Run and before the Indian Creek massacre, militia men were ambushed at [[Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois|Buffalo Grove]], where one militia member was killed, and there was a short, bloodless battle at present-day [[Savanna, Illinois|Savanna]] along the [[Plum River]].<ref name="kett"/><ref name=carter>Carter, Greg. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091022132510/http://geocities.com/old_lead/plumriverfight.htm Plum River Fight 1832]," ''Old Lead Regional Historical Society'', 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</ref> In June 1832 there were two [[attacks at Fort Blue Mounds]] in Michigan Territory that killed three militia men.<ref name=trask5>Trask, ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', pp. 220&ndash;23.</ref> A mid&ndash;June attack at [[Spafford Farm massacre|Spafford Farm]] killed five people total.<ref name=lafayette>Butterfield, Consul Willshire. ''History of LaFayette County, Wisconsin'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ6tMZU9nsUC&dq=Spafford+Farm+massacre&pg=RA2-PA599 Google Books]), Western Historical Co: 1881, p. 599. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</ref> At the end of June, following the attack on Ament's Cabin and important battles at [[Waddams Grove]] and [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)|Horseshoe Bend]], two militia members were [[Sinsinawa Mound raid|killed at Sinsinawa Mound]] in present-day southern [[Wisconsin]].<ref name=trask5/>

==Aftermath==
Collectively, these attacks served to spread fear throughout the region, especially in northeastern Illinois around the area of the Indian Creek massacre where a wave of terror gripped the region. Into the lead mining region around [[Galena, Illinois]] anxiety spread as attacks occurred and news of the movements of the elusive Black Hawk poured in. After the death of Adam Payne no white settlers in the area really felt safe.<ref name=trask4/>

The various attacks in May, following Stillman's Run helped contribute to the region's growing fear as well as an exodus from the area near the incidents.<ref name=trask4/> In the case of the attack that killed Henry Apple, the result was a battle which helped sway the course of the militia's [[morale]] and public confidence in the force.<ref name=parkinson/><ref name=trask1/> The attack at Ament's Cabin led to a small chase of the attackers but nothing came of it and the remains of Elijah Phillips were returned to [[Hennepin, Illinois]] for burial.<ref name=tampico/>

==References==
{{refbegin}}
;General
*[[Trask, Kerry A.]] ''Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZIXkMBBLw0C&dq=trask+black+hawk&pg=PP1 Google Books]), Henry Holt Company, New York: 2007, ({{ISBN|0-8050-7758-8}}). Retrieved 14 August 2007.
;Specific{{refend}}<!--Do NOT put {{reflist}} before {{refend}} please, it makes the text twice smaller.-->
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{{Black Hawk War (1832)}}

[[Category:Battles and skirmishes of the Black Hawk War|Minor attacks]]
[[Category:May 1832]]
[[Category:June 1832]]
[[Category:July 1832]]