View source for Minivan

{{short description|Type of van designed for private use}}
{{Distinguish|Minibus|Midibus}}
{{Redirect|Mini van|the van version of the Mini car|Mini#Mini Van{{!}}Mini Van}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
[[File:2019 Chrysler Pacifica Touring L, front 7.4.19.jpg|thumb|The [[Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)|Chrysler Pacifica]], the best-selling minivan in the United States as of 2020]]
[[File:Toyota Estima (third generation) (front), Serdang.jpg |thumb|The [[Toyota Previa]], 3rd generation]]

'''Minivan''' (sometimes called simply a '''van''') is a [[car classification]] for vehicles designed to transport passengers in the rear seating row(s), with reconfigurable seats in two or three rows. The equivalent classification in Europe is '''MPV''' ('''multi-purpose vehicle'''), '''people carrier''',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/minivan?a=british |title=minivan|work=Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> or '''M-segment'''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/minivan?a=british |title=minivan|work=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="EEC Merger Procedure">{{cite web |date=17 March 1999 |title=Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 - Merger Procedure |url= http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m1406_en.pdf |access-date=2019-03-03 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |page=2 |language=en |location=Luxemburg}}</ref><ref name="CP">{{cite web |date=1 January 2011 |title=Car prices within the European Union / Prix des voitures au sein de l'Union européenne / Autopreise in der europäischen Union |url= http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/motor_vehicles/prices/2011_07_full.pdf |access-date=2019-03-03 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |language=en-uk, fr, de |location=Brussels}}</ref><ref name="PF">{{cite web |title=Impact on the Competitiveness of the European Automotive Industry of Potential FTA with India and ASEAN |url= http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/projects/report_fta_india_asean_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130429040531/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/projects/report_fta_india_asean_en.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2013 |website=europa.eu |page=8}}</ref>

Compared with a [[full-size van]], most minivans are based on a passenger [[car platform]] and have a lower body. Early models such as the [[Ford Aerostar]] and [[Chevrolet Astro]] utilized a compact pickup truck platform.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Taylor |first=Rich |title=The Light Vantastics |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=February 1990 |volume=167 |issue=2 |page=64 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5eMDAAAAMBAJ&q=Aerostar+built+on+the+Ranger+pickup+chassis&pg=RA1-PA64 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Mass Transit |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=November 1987 |volume=164 |issue=11 |page=72 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=euMDAAAAMBAJ&q=Astro+derived+from+a+mini+pickup+S-10&pg=PA71 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> Minivans often have a 'one-box' or 'two-box' [[Car body configurations|body configuration]], a higher roof, a flat floor, sliding doors for rear passengers, and high [[H-point]] seating. The largest size of minivans is also referred to as 'Large MPV' and became popular following the introduction of the 1984 [[Dodge Caravan]] and [[Renault Espace]]. Typically, these have platforms derived from D-segment passenger cars or compact pickups. Since the 1990s, the smaller [[compact MPV]] and [[mini MPV]] sizes of minivans have also become popular.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our pick: Top 10 used mini-MPVs|url= http://www.autotrader.co.uk/articles/2010/08/cars/nissan/note/our-pick-top-10-mini-mpvs |work=Auto Trader |access-date=28 February 2012|date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305104605/http://www.autotrader.co.uk/articles/2010/08/cars/nissan/note/our-pick-top-10-mini-mpvs |archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

Though predecessors to the minivan date back to the 1930s, the contemporary minivan body style was developed concurrently by several companies in the early 1980s, most notably by [[Chrysler]] (producer of the [[Chrysler minivans]]) and [[Renault]] (the [[Renault Espace]]), both first sold for [[model year]] 1984. Minivans cut into and eventually overshadowed the traditional market of the [[station wagon]] and grew in global popularity and diversity throughout the 1990s. Since the 2000s, their reception has varied in different parts of the world: in North America, for example, they have been largely eclipsed by [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]s and [[SUV]]s, while in Asia they are commonly marketed as [[luxury vehicle]]s.

==Etymology==
The term ''minivan'' originated in North America and the United Kingdom in 1959. In the UK, the [[Mini#Mini Van (1960–1983)|Mini Van]] was a small van manufactured by [[Austin Motor Company]] based on the newly introduced Mini car. In the US, the term was used to differentiate the smaller passenger vehicles from [[full-size van]]s (such as the Ford E-Series, Dodge Ram Van, and Chevrolet Van), which were then called 'vans'.<ref>{{cite web|title=30 Years Ago Today, Chrysler Invented the Minivan, And Changed History |url= https://gizmodo.com/30-years-ago-today-chrylser-invented-the-minivan-and-1457451986 |date=2 November 2013 |work=Gizmodo |first=Robert |last=Sorokanich |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

The first known use of the term was in 1959,<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Minivan |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/minivan |website=merriam-webster.com |access-date=30 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> but not until the 1980s was it commonly used.

== Characteristics ==

=== Chassis ===
In contrast to larger vans, most modern minivans/MPVs use a front-engine, front-wheel drive layout, while some model lines offer all-wheel drive as an option (ie. Toyota Sienna,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Toyota Sienna Minivan {{!}} 7-8 Seater Minivan |url=https://www.toyota.ca/toyota/en/vehicles/sienna/overview |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Toyota Canada |language=en}}</ref> Toyota Previa,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/toyota-previa-1992.html#aeng_toyota-previa-1992-24i-4at-awd-132-hp | title=TOYOTA Previa Specs, Performance & Photos - 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 }}</ref> Chrysler Pacifica <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Chrysler Pacifica Minivan {{!}} Chrysler Canada |url=https://www.chrysler.ca/en/pacifica/2024 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Chrysler |language=en}}</ref>). Alongside adopting the form factor introduced by [[Chrysler minivans]], the configuration allows for less engine intrusion and a lower floor in the passenger compartment. In line with larger full-size vans, unibody construction has been commonly used (the spaceframe design of the [[Renault Espace]] and the [[Chevrolet Lumina APV|General Motors APV minivans]] being exceptions).

Minivans/MPVs are produced on distinct chassis architecture or share platforms with other vehicles such as sedans and [[crossover SUV]]s. Minivans do not have as much ground clearance, towing capacity, or off-road capability compared to SUVs.<ref name="Trompete" /> Minivans provide more space for passengers and cargo than sedans and SUVs.<ref name="Trompete">{{cite web|url= https://www.kbb.com/car-advice/suv-vs-minivan/ |title=SUV or Minivan: Which Should You Choose? |first=Tara |last=Trompete |date=13 October 2023 |work=Kelly Blue Book |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Body style ===
[[File:Honda Odyssey Touring flickr Upsilon Andromedae DEC2008.jpg|thumb|Side profile of a [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]]]]

Minivans/MPVs use either a [[Car body configurations#Two-box design|two-box]] or a [[Car body configurations#One-box design|one-box]] body design with [[Pillar (car)|A, B, C, and D pillars]]. The cabin may be fitted with two, three, or four rows of seats, with the most common configurations being 2+3+2 or 2+3+3. Compared to other types of passenger vehicles, the body shape of minivans is designed to maximize interior space for both passengers and cargo. It is achieved by lengthening the [[wheelbase]], creating a flatter floor, taller roof, and more upright side profile, but not as prominent as commercial-oriented vans that are boxier in profile. Practicality and comfort for passengers are also enhanced with a larger rear cargo space opening and larger windows.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is an MPV? |url= https://www.buyacar.co.uk/cars/family-cars/mpvs/1139/what-is-an-mpv |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=buyacar.co.uk}}</ref>

Some minivans/MPVs may use sliding doors, while others offer conventional forward-hinged doors. Initially, a feature of the 1982 [[Nissan Prairie]], the 1996 [[Chrysler minivans (NS)|Chrysler minivans]] introduced a driver-side sliding door; by 2002, all minivans were sold with doors on both sides of the body. Most minivans are configured with a rear [[lift gate]]; few minivans have used panel-style rear doors, for example, cargo versions of the [[Chevrolet Astro]], [[Ford Aerostar]], and the [[Mercedes-Benz V-Class]].

=== Interior ===
[[File:2015-03-03 Geneva Motor Show 3391.JPG|thumb|A cutaway [[Renault Espace#5|Renault Espace V]], showcasing its relatively flat floor and third-row seat space]]

Most minivans have a reconfigurable interior to carry passengers and their effects. The first examples were designed with removable rear seats unlatched from the floor for removal and storage (in line with larger vans); however, users gave poor reception to the design as many seats were heavy and hard to remove. In 1995, the [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] was introduced with a third-row seat that folded flat into the floor, which was then adopted by many competitors, including [[Chrysler]] that introduced third-row and [[Chrysler Voyager#Stow'n Go seating|fold-flat second-row seats]] in 2005.

High-end minivans may include distinguished features such as captain seats or [[Ottoman (furniture)|Ottoman seats]], as opposed to [[bench seat]]s for the second row.<ref>{{cite web |last=Max |first=Josh |title=Five Minivans You Shouldn't Be Embarrassed &#91;sic&#93; To Drive |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshmax/2020/07/28/five-minivans-you-shouldnt-be-embarassed-to-drive/ |date=28 July 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
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== Predecessors ==
Before the adoption of the ''minivan'' term, there is a long history of one-box passenger vehicles roughly approximating the body style,<ref>{{cite web
 |title        = GM's X-Cars: Anatomy of a Miserable Failure
 |publisher    = Motor Trend
 |author       = Benjamin Hunting
 |date         = January 21, 2021
 |url          = https://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/automotive-history-one-box-to-rule-them-all-an-archeology-of-the-minivan/}}</ref> with the 1936 [[Stout Scarab]] often cited as the first minivan.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Visionary's Minivan Arrived Decades Too Soon |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Phil |last=Patton |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/06/automobiles/collectibles/06SCARAB.html |date=6 January 2008 |access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cars of Futures Past – Stout Scarab |url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2013/07/11/cars-of-futures-past-stout-scarab |first=Kurt |last=Ernst |date=11 July 2013 |work=Hemmings |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Revisiting Classics: The Stout Scarab |url=https://drivezing.com/revisiting-classics-the-stout-scarab/ |website=drivezing.com |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Stout Scarab is the World's First Minivan, and the First Car with a Mustache |url= https://www.tflcar.com/2018/05/strange-car-saturday-stout-scarab/ |website=tflcar.com |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=19 May 2018}}</ref> The passenger seats in the Scarab were moveable and could be configured for the passengers to sit around a table in the rear of the cabin. Passengers entered and exited the Scarab via a centrally mounted door.

The [[DKW Schnellaster]]—manufactured from 1949 until 1962—featured [[front-wheel drive]], a [[transverse engine]], a flat floor, and multi-configurable seating, all of which would later become characteristics of minivans.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Mother Of All Modern Minivans: 1949 DKW Schnellaster |publisher=The Truth About Cars |first=Paul |last=Niedermeyer |date=29 March 2010 |url= https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/03/the-mother-of-all-modern-minivans-1949-dkw-schnellaster/ |access-date=2 December 2020 }}</ref>

In 1950, the [[Volkswagen Type 2]] adapted a bus-shaped body to the chassis of a small passenger car (the Volkswagen Beetle). When Volkswagen introduced a sliding side door to the Type 2 in 1968, it then had the prominent features that would later come to define a minivan: compact length, three rows of forward-facing seats, station wagon-style top-hinged tailgate/liftgate, sliding side door, passenger car base.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kindy |first1=David |title=How the Volkswagen Bus Became a Symbol of Counterculture |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date=6 March 2020 |url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-volkswagen-bus-became-symbol-counterculture-180974354/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>

The 1956–1969 [[Fiat 600#Multipla|Fiat Multipla]] also had many features in common with modern minivans. The Multipla was based on the chassis of the [[Fiat 600]] and had a [[Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear engine]] and [[cab forward]] layout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mattews |first1=Nigel |title=Fiat invented minivan concept with the Multipla |work=Driving |url= https://driving.ca/fiat/auto-news/news/fiat-not-chrysler-invented-minivan-concept |publisher=Driving Canada |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>

The early 1960s saw Ford and Chevrolet introduce "compact" vans for the North American market, the [[Ford econoline|Econoline Club Wagon]] and [[Chevrolet Greenbrier|Greenbrier]] respectively. The Ford version was marketed in the [[Ford Falcon (North America)|Falcon]] series, the Chevrolet in the [[Chevrolet Corvair|Corvair]] 95 series. The Econoline grew larger in the 1970s, while the Greenbrier was joined by (and later replaced by) the [[Chevy Sportvan|Chevy Van]].

<gallery widths="200" heights="145">
File:Stout Scarab.JPG|[[Stout Scarab]] <br/>(1936–1942)
File:Dkw-schnellaster-bus.jpg|[[DKW Schnellaster]] <br/>(1949–1962)
File:1966 Volkswagen Type 2 T1 Deluxe Microbus (21905686831).jpg|[[Volkswagen Type 2]] <br/>(1950–1967)
File:Fiat 600D Multipla (1965) , Dutch licence registration DM-71-06 pic1.JPG|[[Fiat 600#Fiat 600 Multipla|Fiat 600 Multipla]] <br/>(1956–1969)
</gallery>
{{clear right}}

== North America ==
Due to their larger footprint and engines, minivans developed for the North American market are distinct from most minivans/MPVs marketed in other regions, such as Europe and Asia. {{As of|2020}}, average exterior length for minivans in North America ranged around {{convert|200|inch|m|2|abbr=out}}, while many models use [[V6 engine|V6]] engines with more than {{convert|270|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=out}} mainly to fulfill towing capacity requirements which North American customers demand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Common Minivan Dimensions |url= https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/common-minivan-dimensions |access-date=2022-03-04 |work=J.D. Power |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=What's the Best Minivan or SUV for Towing a Travel Trailer? |url= https://togorv.com/rv-living/best-minivans-and-suvs-tow-vehicles/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |work=Togo RV |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, sales of the segment totalled 310,630 units in the U.S. (2.1% of the overall car market), and 33,544 in Canada (2.0% of the overall car market).<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=US car sales analysis 2021 – Minivans |url=https://carsalesbase.com/us-car-sales-analysis-2021-minivans/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=carsalesbase.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302173637/https://carsalesbase.com/us-car-sales-analysis-2021-minivans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tulumba |first=Chris |title=2021 Canada Minivan Sales Figures By Model |url=https://www.goodcarbadcar.net/2021-canada-minivan-sales-figures-by-model/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=goodcarbadcar.net}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the passenger-oriented minivan segment consists of the [[Toyota Sienna]], [[Chrysler Pacifica]], [[Chrysler Voyager]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]], and [[Kia Carnival]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Best New Minivans and Vans of 2022 |url= https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g27196547/best-vans-minivans/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |work=Car and Driver}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="120" mode="packed" caption="Top 3 best-sellers in the U.S., 2021">
File:2021 Toyota Sienna Hybrid Limited, front 1.14.21.jpg|[[Toyota Sienna]] <br />(2020–present)
File:2021 Honda Odyssey (facelift), front 12.12.20.jpg|[[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] <br />(2018–present)
File:2021 Chrysler Grand Caravan SE in Bright White, Front Left, 2021-03-25.jpg|[[Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)|Chrysler Pacifica/Voyager]] <br />(2019–present)
</gallery>

=== History ===

==== 1970s and 1980s ====
[[File:Dodge Caravan 1985 (35460915174).jpg|thumb|1985 [[Dodge Caravan]]]]

In the late 1970s, Chrysler began a development program to design "a small affordable van that looked and handled more like a car."<ref name="Smithsonian2">{{cite web|url= http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_30.html |title=America on the Move - Dodge Caravan|publisher=Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of American History |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The result of this program was the first American minivans based on the [[Chrysler minivans (S)|S platform]], the 1984 [[Plymouth Voyager]] and [[Dodge Caravan]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.allpar.com/threads/creating-the-plymouth-dodge-and-chrysler-minivan-the-caravan-voyager-development-story.228813/#post-1085222911 |title=Creating the Plymouth, Dodge, and Chrysler Minivan: The Caravan/Voyager Development Story |first=David |last=Zatz |work=Allpar |date=16 November 2020 |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref> The S minivans debuted the minivan design features of front-wheel drive, a flat floor and a sliding door for rear passengers.<ref name="Smithsonian2" /><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.businessinsider.com/minivan-history-ford-mustang-2017-8?r=AU&IR=T#by-1983-lee-iacoccas-chrysler-minivan-was-ready-8|title=The Ford Mustang and the minivan have an amazing shared history|work=Business Insider|access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coolest Minivans of All Time |url=https://www.autoblog.com/photos/coolest-minivans-history/ |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=autoblog.com |language=en}}</ref>

The term minivan came into use largely compared to size to [[full-size van]]s; at six feet tall or lower, 1980s minivans were intended to fit inside a typical garage door opening.<ref name="stepper-85-022">{{cite magazine |last=Stepler |first=Richard |date=February 1985 |title=New generation minivans |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jQAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75 |magazine=Popular Science |volume=226 |issue=2 |pages=74–75 |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> In 1984, ''The New York Times'' described minivans "the hot cars coming out of Detroit,"<ref name="memory2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/business/driving-down-memory-lane-in-the-original-minivan.html |title=Driving Down Memory Lane in the Original Minivan|last=Kurczewski|first=Nick|date=15 December 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> noting that "analysts say the mini-van has created an entirely new market, one that may well overshadow the... [[station wagon]]."<ref name="memory2" />

In response to the popularity of the Voyager/Caravan, [[General Motors]] released the 1985 [[Chevrolet Astro]] and [[GMC Safari]] badge-engineered twins, and Ford released the 1986 [[Ford Aerostar]]. These vehicles used a traditional [[rear-wheel drive]] layout, unlike the Voyager/Caravan.<ref name="stepper-85-022" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lamm |first=Michael |date=April 1985 |title=PM drives GM's new minivan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YeQDAAAAMBAJ&q=Chevrolet+Astro+rear+wheel+drive&pg=PA48 |magazine=Popular Mechanics|volume=162|issue=4|pages=48, 168 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

To match the launch of minivans by American manufacturers, Japanese manufacturers introduced the [[Toyota Van]], [[Nissan Vanette]], and [[Mitsubishi Delica]] to North America in 1984, 1986, and 1987, respectively. These vehicles were marketed with the generic "Van" and "Wagon" names (for cargo and passenger vans, respectively).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autotrader - page unavailable |url=https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/remember-the-japanese-vans-of-the-1980s |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=autotrader.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=A Van By Any Other Name: Mitsubishi "Wagon" |url=https://oldmotors.net/its-hip-to-be-square-mitsubishi-wagon/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=oldmotors.net}}</ref>

In 1989, the [[Mazda MPV]] was released as the first Japanese-brand minivan developed from the ground up specifically for the North American market. Its larger chassis allowed an optional V6 engine and four-wheel drive to fit. In contrast to the sliding doors of American minivans, a hinged passenger-side door was used. A driver-side entry was added for 1996, as Mazda gradually remarketed the model line as an early crossover SUV.

By the end of the 1980s, demand for minivans as family vehicles had largely superseded full-size station wagons in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 1990 |title=Best of the Minivans |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pgMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41 |magazine=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |volume=44 |issue=7 |page=41 |access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref>

==== 1990s ====
[[File:Toyota Sienna -- 07-09-2009.jpg|thumb|1998–2000 [[Toyota Sienna]]]]

During the 1990s, the minivan segment underwent several significant changes. Many models switched to the front-wheel drive layout used by the Voyager/Caravan minivans. For example, Ford replaced the Aerostar with the front-wheel drive [[Mercury Villager]] for 1993 and the [[Ford Windstar]] for 1995. The models also increased in size due to the extended-wheelbase ("Grand") versions of the Voyager and Caravan, launched in 1987. An increase in luxury features and interior equipment was seen in the Eddie Bauer version of the 1988 Ford Aerostar, the 1990 [[Chrysler Town & Country]], and the 1990 [[Oldsmobile Silhouette]]. The third-generation Plymouth Voyager, Dodge Caravan, and Chrysler Town & Country – released for the 1996 model year – had an additional sliding door on the driver's side.

Following the 1990 discontinuation of the Nissan Vanette in the United States, Nissan also ended the sale of the second-generation [[Nissan Axxess]]. Nissan reentered the segment by forming a joint venture with Ford to develop and assemble a minivan that became the [[Nissan Quest]] and its Mercury Villager counterpart.

Toyota also introduced the [[Toyota Previa]] in 1990 to replace the Van/Wagon in North America. It was designed solely as a passenger vehicle sized to compete with American-market minivans. For 1998, the [[Toyota Sienna]] became the first Japanese-brand minivan assembled in North America, replacing the Toyota Previa in that market. For 1999, Honda introduced a separate version of the [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Odyssey for North America]], with North America receiving a larger vehicle with sliding doors. These Japanese minivans targeted a higher price bracket as they were considerably larger and had better handling/horsepower over their domestic counterparts (i.e. Dodge Caravan).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edmunds.com/honda/odyssey/1999/review/ | title=1999 Honda Odyssey Review & Ratings &#124; Edmunds }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15140304/1999-honda-odyssey-ex-long-term-road-test/ | title=1999 Honda Odyssey EX Long-Term Road Test | date=February 2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/minivan-comparison-test/ | title=Motor Trend's Minivan Vacation - Road Test | work=MotorTrend | date=2 November 1998 }}</ref>

The highest selling year for minivans was in 2000, when 1.4 million units were sold. At that time, domestic minivans were produced in large volumes and often sold for cheaper than midsize cars, however Japanese minivans were more expensive than either.<ref>http://www.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-09-08-vw-1914-story.html&usg=AOvVaw1Eos6W5xYRLZtYUgW7_PJv&opi=89978449</ref>

==== 2000s and 2010s ====
[[File:2017 Dodge Grand Caravan GT, front 10.27.21.jpg|thumb|2017 [[Dodge Grand Caravan]]]]

In the 2000s, sales of minivans began to decrease. In 2013, the segment's sales reached approximately 500,000, one-third of its 2000 peak.<ref name="Mom_mobiles-CNBC2">{{cite web |last=Eisenstein |first=Paul A. |date=10 May 2014 |title='Mom mobiles' a shrinking category for automakers |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/05/10/mom-mobiles-a-shrinking-category-for-automakers.html |access-date=26 December 2015 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> Market share of minivans in 2019 reached around 2% after a steady decline from 2004, when the segment recorded above 6% of share.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=Minivan Market Share Is Now at 2 Percent In America, and It's Rapidly Getting Worse |url= https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2020/02/minivan-market-share-is-now-at-2-percent-in-america-and-its-rapidly-getting-worse/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |work=The Truth About Cars}}</ref>  It has been suggested that the falling popularity of minivans is due to the increasing popularity of SUVs and crossovers, as well as the minivan's increasingly undesirable image as a vehicle for older drivers or the [[soccer mom]] demographics.<ref name="Mom_mobiles-CNBC2" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Neil |first=Dan |date=17 October 2007 |title=Head of the Family |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/la-hy-neil17oct17-story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013017/http://www.latimes.com/news/la-hy-neil17oct17-story.html |archive-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cheney |first=Peter |date=2011-09-27 |title=Minivans are perfect. Why do we hate them? |language=en-CA |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/minivans-are-perfect-why-do-we-hate-them/article4256886/ |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref> Manufacturers have responded by marketing minivans as premium vehicles as well as lowering production volumes, resulting in a long waiting list for minivans such as the Toyota Sienna.<ref name="agirlsguidetocars.com">{{cite web | url=https://agirlsguidetocars.com/moms-take-toyota-sienna-minvan/ | title=Toyota Sienna Woodland Edition: Mom Approved - A Girls Guide to Cars | date=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Comparing Toyota Grand Highlander t">{{cite web | url=https://agirlsguidetocars.com/list/toyota-grand-highlander-vs-sienna/ | title=Comparing Toyota Grand Highlander to the Toyota Sienna - A Girls Guide to Cars | date=9 February 2025 }}</ref>

Despite the increasing popularity of three-row crossover SUVs, they have not completely replaced minivans in form or function. The [[Chrysler Pacifica (crossover)|Chrysler Pacifica crossover SUV]] (the nameplate which was later reused for a minivan in 2017) which was released in 2004 had less passenger room with its third-row seats being considered too small, compared to that of the [[Chrysler Town & Country]] minivan which was also less expensive and more fuel-efficient. Even twenty years later while crossover SUVs had improved, minivans still hold such advantages; compared to the similar-sized [[Toyota Grand Highlander]] crossover SUV which is considerably more expensive when comparably equipped, the Toyota Sienna minivan has easier loading thanks to sliding doors and lower ground clearance, more cargo space behind the 3rd row, and better comfort for the 3rd-row passengers.<ref name="agirlsguidetocars.com"/><ref name="Comparing Toyota Grand Highlander t"/>

From 2000 onward, several minivan manufacturers adopted boxier square-based exterior designs. Compared to the 1990s, minivans have also been positioned as more upmarket vehicles with available advanced equipment, including power doors and liftgate; seating that folded flat into the cabin floor, rear-view camera; parking sensors; DVD/VCR entertainment systems; and in-dash navigation (entertainment and navigation only offered on higher-end trims). However, the Quest and Sedona only echo these design changes in their third and second respective generations. At the same time, Chrysler introduced fold-flat seating in 2005 (under the trademark “Stow-n’-go”){{citation needed|date=November 2023}}. 
Mazda's MPV did not feature power doors and was discontinued in 2017.
[[File:Ford Freestar parked outside Woodside, Utah.jpg|thumb|2004 [[Ford Windstar|Ford Freestar]]]]
Due to the market decline, North American sales of the [[Volkswagen Eurovan]] ceased in 2003. Ford exited the segment in 2006 when the [[Ford Freestar]] was canceled, Chrysler discontinued its short-wheelbase minivans in 2007, and General Motors left the market segment in 2009 with the cancellation of the [[Chevrolet Uplander]]. However, Volkswagen marketed the [[Volkswagen Routan]] (a rebadged [[Chrysler minivans (RT)|Chrysler RT minivans]]) between 2009 and 2013. In 2010, Ford started importing the commercial-oriented [[Ford Transit Connect]] Wagon from Turkey. A similar vehicle, the [[Mercedes-Benz Metris]], entered the North American market in 2016.

The [[Kia Sedona]], which was introduced for the 2002 model year, is notable for being the first minivan from a South Korean manufacturer in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedard |first=Patrick |date=2001-10-01 |title=Kia Sedona |url= https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15137998/kia-sedona-first-drive-review |access-date=2022-03-02 |work=Car and Driver}}</ref> For 2007, [[Kia]] also introduced the three-row [[Kia Rondo]] compact MPV, where it was prominently marketed as a crossover due to its small size and the use of hinged rear doors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kia Rondo found! And reviewed |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/25/kia-rondo-found-and-reviewed/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |work=Autoblog |date=25 November 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-01 |title=2007 Kia Rondo |url= https://www.topspeed.com/cars/kia/2007-kia-rondo/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=TopSpeed.com}}</ref>

Another compact MPV released to the market was the [[Mazda5]] in 2004, a three-row vehicle with rear sliding doors. Mazda claimed the model "does not fit into any traditional (North American) segmentation."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barry |first=Keith |title=Review: Mazda 5 |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/02/mazda5/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> The [[Ford C-Max]] was released for 2013 as a [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric]] and [[Battery electric vehicle|battery electric]] compact MPV with sliding doors. However, it did not offer third-row seating in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ford cancels seven-passenger C-Max for U.S., focuses solely on Hybrid and Energi models |url= https://www.autoblog.com/2011/06/09/ford-cancels-seven-passenger-c-max-for-north-america-focuses-so/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=autoblog.com |date= 9 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Healey |first=James R. |title=Test Drive: Ford C-Max is eco-licious fun |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/healey/2012/12/08/test-drive-ford-c-max/1752359/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |work=USA Today}}</ref>

==Europe==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2022}}
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = 1989 Renault Espace TXE 2.0 Front.jpg
| caption1          = 1989 [[Renault Espace]]
| image2            = 2001 Citroen Synergie SX HDi 2.0.jpg
| caption2          = 2001 [[Citroën Evasion|Citroën Evasion/Synergie]]
| image3            = 2004 Vauxhall Zafira Life 1.8 facelift.jpg
| caption3          = 2004 [[Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Vauxhall Zafira A]]
| image4            = Mercedes-Benz V 250 d Exclusive AMG Line Lang (V 447) – Frontansicht, 29. Juni 2016, Düsseldorf.jpg
| caption4          = 2016 [[Mercedes-Benz Vito|Mercedes-Benz Metris]]
}}

In Europe, the classification is commonly known as "MPV", "people carrier",<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Top 100 Cars 2014: Top 10 MPVs (people carriers) |url= https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/top-100-cars-2014-top-10-mpvs/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Driving.co.uk from The Sunday Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> or officially M-segment,<ref name="EEC Merger Procedure" /><ref name="CP" /><ref name="PF" /> and includes [[van]]-based vehicles and smaller vehicles with two-row seating.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-04-01 |title=History of Toyota's compact MPV models |url= https://mag.toyota.co.uk/history-of-toyotas-compact-mpv-models/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=mag.toyota.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is an MPV (multi-purpose vehicle)? |url= https://www.parkers.co.uk/what-is/an-mpv-multi-purpose-vehicle/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=parkers.co.uk}}</ref>

=== History ===

==== 1980s ====
The 1984 [[Renault Espace]] was the first European-developed minivan developed primarily for passenger use (as the earlier DKW and Volkswagen used their commercial van platforms in a minibus variant). Beginning development in the 1970s under the European subsidiaries of Chrysler,<ref>{{cite book|title=How to Design Cars Like a Pro: A Complete Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals |last=Lewin |first=Tony |publisher=Motorbooks International|year=2003|isbn=0-7603-1641-4}}</ref> the Espace was intended as a successor for the [[Matra Rancho]], leading to its use of front-hinged doors. While slow-selling at the time of its release, the Espace would become the most successful European-brand minivan.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.topgear.com/car-news/renault-espace-your-life |title=Renault Espace, this is your life|date=23 April 2015 |website=topgear.com|language=en|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

Initially intending to market the Espace in North America through [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC), the 1987 sale of AMC to Chrysler canceled the plans for Renault to do so. In the late 1980s, Chrysler and Ford commenced sales of American-designed minivans in Europe (categorized as full-size in the region), selling the [[Chrysler Voyager]] and Ford Aerostar. General Motors imported the Oldsmobile Silhouette (branded as the Pontiac Trans Sport), later marketing the American-produced [[Opel Sintra|Opel/Vauxhall Sintra]].

==== 1990s ====
In the 1990s, several joint ventures produced long-running minivan designs. In 1994, [[Rebadging|badge engineered]] series of [[Eurovans]] was introduced, produced by [[Sevel Nord]] and marketed by Citroën, Fiat, Lancia, and Peugeot. The Eurovans were built with two sliding doors; the gearshift was located on the dashboard to increase interior space, and a petal-type handbrake was adopted. In 1995, Ford of Europe and Volkswagen entered a joint venture, producing the [[Ford Galaxy]], [[SEAT Alhambra]], and [[Volkswagen Sharan]] minivans, featuring front-hinged rear side doors.

In 1996, Mercedes introduced the [[Mercedes-Benz V-Class]] as a standard panel van for cargo (called Vito) or with passenger accommodations substituted for part or all of the load area (called V-Class or Viano). In 1998, the [[Fiat Multipla]] was released. A two-row, six-seater MPV with a 3+3 seat configuration borrowing its name from [[Fiat 600#Multipla|an older minivan]], it is notable for its highly controversial design.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2008 |title=The 100 ugliest cars: 20-1 |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2754226/The-100-ugliest-cars-20-1.html?image=18 |website=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

Market reaction to these new full-size MPV models was mixed. Consumers perceived MPVs as large and truck-like despite boasting similar footprints as large sedans. Arguably, cultural reasons regarding vehicle size and high fuel prices were a factor. During 1996 and 1997, the Western European MPV market expanded from around 210,000 units to 350,000 units annually. However, the growth did not continue as expected, resulting in serious plant [[overcapacity]].<ref name="SM" />

Renault set a new "compact MPV" standard with the [[Renault Scénic]] in 1996, which became popular. Based on the C-segment [[Renault Mégane|Mégane]] platform, it offered the same multi-use and flexibility aspects as the larger MPVs but with a much smaller footprint.<ref name="SM">{{cite web |title=The reasons why full-size minivans don't sell in Europe |url= https://www.just-auto.com/features/the-reasons-why-full-size-minivans-dont-sell-in-europe/ |website=just-auto.com |date=30 May 2000 |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

==== 2000s ====
After the success of the Renault Scénic, other makers have developed similar European-focused products, such as the [[Opel Zafira]] that offered three-row seating, [[Citroën Xsara Picasso]] and others.<ref name="SM" />{{clear}}

== Asia ==

=== Japan ===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2022}}
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Nissan Prairie 1982 Sawston.JPG
| caption1          = 1982 [[Nissan Prairie]]
| image2            = 1998-2000 Honda Odyssey van (2011-03-10) 01.jpg
| caption2          = 2000 [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey]]
| image3            = 2023 Toyota Alphard Hybrid (AH40) 1.jpg
| caption3          = 2023 [[Toyota Alphard]]
}}

In Japan, the classification is known as {{nihongo|"minivan"|ミニバン|Miniban|lead=yes}} and defined by its three-row seating capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=トヨタのミニバン |trans-title=Toyota minivans |url=https://toyota.jp/information/minivan/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=toyota.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=【2022年】ミニバンおすすめ人気15選｜価格・スペック比較｜Motor-Fan[モーターファン] |trans-title=[2022] 15 Recommended Popular Minivans {{!}} Price / Spec Comparison |url= https://car.motor-fan.jp/article/10016929 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=car.motor-fan.jp}}</ref>

Before the birth of minivans with modern form factors, tall wagon-type vehicles with large seating capacity in Japan were known as light vans. They commonly adopted [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]], [[cab over]] design, and rear-wheel drive layout with one-box form factor. Examples included the [[Toyota TownAce]], [[Toyota HiAce]], [[Nissan Vanette]], [[Mitsubishi Delica]] and [[Mazda Bongo]]. These vehicles were based on commercial vehicles, which created a gap compared to sedans regarding ride quality and luxury.<ref name="DM">{{cite web |date=2014-01-31 |title=ミニバン文化の発展（1994年）|trans-title=Development of minivan culture (1994) |url= https://gazoo.com/feature/gazoo-museum/car-history/14/01/31_1/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=gazoo.com |language=ja}}</ref>

The [[Nissan Prairie]], released in 1982, is considered the first Japanese compact minivan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=交通タイムス社 |title=ミニバンのルーツは乗用車の派生モデル！欧州では戦前より登場 |trans-title=The roots of the minivan are derivative models of passenger cars! Appeared in Europe before the war |url=https://www.automesseweb.jp/2019/08/19/194774 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=automesseweb.jp |date=19 August 2019 |language=ja}}</ref> Derived closely from a compact sedan, the Prairie was marketed as a "boxy sedan", configured with sliding doors, folding rear seats, and a lifting rear hatch.<ref name="DM" /> The [[Mitsubishi Chariot]] adopted nearly the same form factor, instead using wagon-style front-hinged doors.

In 1990, Toyota introduced the [[Toyota Estima]] in Japan, which carried over the mid-engine configuration of the TownAce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=日本ミニバン界の始祖 初代エスティマが起こした革命 |trans-title=The revolution caused by the first Estima, the founder of the Japanese minivan world |url=https://bestcarweb.jp/feature/245401 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=自動車情報誌「ベストカー」|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schefler |first1=Jim |date=September 1983 |title=Toyota's mini-van |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NbgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA123 |magazine=Popular Science |volume=223 |issue=3 |page=123 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Along with its highly rounded exterior, the Estima was distinguished by its nearly panoramic window glass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-21 |title=【エスティマ、オデッセイ…他】時代を変えた個性派「名」ミニバン6選 |trans-title=[Estima, Odyssey ... etc.] 6 unique minivans that changed the times |url=https://bestcarweb.jp/news/entame/136160 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=自動車情報誌「ベストカー」 |language=ja}}</ref>  The Estima was redesigned in 2000, adopting a front-wheel drive layout and offered with a [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] powertrain since 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=交通タイムス社 |date=2020-05-09 |title=数多くのモデルが誕生！ トヨタ・グランエースへ続くトヨタが生み出したミニバンの歴史を辿る |trans-title=Many models are born! Tracing the history of Toyota-created minivans following the Toyota Granace |url= https://www.webcartop.jp/2020/05/524654/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=webcartop.jp |language=ja}}</ref>  In 2002, Toyota introduced the [[Toyota Alphard]] which was developed as a luxury-oriented model.
In 2020, Lexus introduced their first [[luxury car|luxury]] minivan, the [[Lexus LM]], produced with varying degrees of relation with the Toyota Alphard/Vellfire. The LM designation stands for "Luxury Mover".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexus LM luxury MPV fully revealed ahead of UK launch |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/lexus-lm-luxury-mpv-fully-revealed-ahead-uk-launch |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarne |first=V. Vernon B. |title=The Lexus Luxury Mover makes a lot of motoring sense |url=https://visor.ph/cars/the-lexus-luxury-mover-makes-a-lot-of-motoring-sense/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=visor.ph |language=en}}</ref>

Nissan introduced the [[Nissan Serena]] in 1991 and the [[Nissan Elgrand]] in 1997.

In 1995, Honda entered the minivan segment by introducing the [[Honda Odyssey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ホンダ「オデッセイ」が27年の歴史に幕！「ミニバン」ブームの火付け役が残した功績とは |url=https://kuruma-news.jp/post/451096 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=くるまのニュース |date=4 December 2021 |language=ja}}</ref>  The Odyssey was designed with front-hinged doors and as derived from the Honda Accord. It came with advantages such as sedan-like driving dynamics and a lower floor to allow for easy access.<ref name="DM" /> In a design feature that would become widely adopted by other manufacturers, the Odyssey introduced a rear seat that folded flat into the floor (replacing a removable rear seat). The Odyssey evolved into a low-roof, estate-like minivan until 2013, when it adopted a high-roof body with rear sliding doors.<ref>{{cite web |title=消えちゃいけないオデッセイが５代目にして消滅！ ミニバン市場をけん引した偉大なる１台の歴史とは {{!}} goo - 自動車 |trans-title=The Odyssey that cannot disappear for the 5th generation! What is the history of one great car that drove the minivan market? |url=https://autos.goo.ne.jp/news/webcartop-826170/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=goo自動車&バイク |language=ja }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  Honda also produced the [[Honda Stepwgn]] mid-size MPV since 1996, which is designed with a higher cabin and narrow width, and the [[Honda Stream]] since 2000 to slot below the Odyssey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ミニバンとは？ 他にはないミニバンの良さや最新人気車種をご紹介！（WEB CARTOP） |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/8852491d96bc326df2c42b1d9c6d1e6bbe394c0c |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Yahoo!ニュース |language=ja |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302154513/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/8852491d96bc326df2c42b1d9c6d1e6bbe394c0c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=第38回：ミニバン文化の発展 広さと走りの両立に挑んだ25年 |trans-title=Development of minivan culture 25 years of striving to achieve both wideness and driving |url= https://www.webcg.net/articles/-/39948 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=webcg.net |language=ja}}</ref>

In 2020, minivans made up 20.8% of total automobile sales in Japan, behind SUVs and compact hatchbacks, making it one of the largest minivan markets in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=SUVのシェアがミニバン超えの3割に！ 勢力図が大変化した新車市場の今とは!?{{!}}コラム【MOTA】 |trans-title=The share of SUVs exceeds 30% of minivans! What is the current state of the new car market, where the power map has changed dramatically? |url= https://autoc-one.jp/honda/vezel/special-5010288/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=autoc-one.jp MOTA（旧オートックワン） |language=ja}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
In South Korea, both the terms "minivan" and "MPV" are used.<ref name="IC">{{cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=여름 휴가의 이상적인 동반자, 국내서 만날 수 있는 MPV 6종 |trans-title=The ideal companion for summer vacation, 6 MPVs that you can meet in Korea |url= https://www.motoya.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=33759 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=motoya.co.kr 모토야 |language=ko}}</ref> The [[Kia Carnival]] (also sold the Kia Sedona) was introduced in 1998 with dual sliding doors. Sharing its configuration with the Honda Odyssey, the [[Hyundai Trajet]] was sold from 1999 to 2008. Introduced in 2004, the [[SsangYong Rodius]] is the highest-capacity minivan, seating up to 11 passengers. It was discontinued in 2019.

Current minivans marketed in South Korea are the Kia Carnival and Hyundai Staria, along with imported options such as the Toyota Sienna (originally for North America) and later generations of Honda Odyssey.<ref name="IC" />

=== China ===
[[File:BUICK GL8 CENTURY (BUICK GL8 FOURTH GENENRATION) China.jpg|thumb|right|[[Buick GL8 Century]]]][[File:2024 Denza D9 (front).jpg|thumb|right|[[Denza D9]]]][[File:Zeekr 009 014.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zeekr 009]]]]
In 1999, [[Shanghai GM]] commenced production of the [[Buick GL8]] MPV, derived from a MPV platform designed by GM in the United States. After two generations of production, the GL8 is the final minivan produced by General Motors or its joint ventures today. It remained dominant in the high-end minivan segment of the market.<ref name="SC">{{cite web |title=〈威尔〉赛那"姊妹车"来了，还会继续走"加价"路线吗『皇冠』？_新能源市场_零排放智能汽车网 |url=http://www.0car.top/xnynews/xnysc/2022/0223/410341.html |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=0car.top |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227104535/http://www.0car.top/xnynews/xnysc/2022/0223/410341.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sales of MPVs in China increased rapidly in 2015 and 2016 when the Chinese government lifted the [[one-child policy]] in favor of the [[two-child policy]], which pushed customer preference toward three-row vehicles in anticipation of a larger family. In 2016, 2,497,543 minivans were sold in China, a major increase from 2012, which recorded 936,232 sales. However, sales volume has shrunk ever since, with only 1,082,028 MPVs sold in the domestic market in 2021 (4.1% of the total car market), around 720,000 of which were sold by domestic manufacturers.<ref name="SC" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese-owned MPV brands see decline in market share - China.org.cn |url= http://www.china.org.cn/business/2022-02/14/content_78046561.htm?f=pad&a=true |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=china.org.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China: passenger car sales by model 2021 |url= https://www.statista.com/statistics/281169/china-passenger-car-sales-by-model/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=statista.com}}</ref>
<!-- In August 2022, [[Zeekr]] introduced the [[Zeekr 009]] [[electric car|electric]] minivan,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://carnewschina.com/2022/08/09/zeekr-009-is-a-new-electric-mpv-for-the-chinese-car-market/|title=Zeekr 009 Is A New Electric MPV For The Chinese Car Market|website=CarNewsChina.com|first=Tycho|last=de Feijter|date=9 August 2022|accessdate=27 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220920063845/https://carnewschina.com/2022/08/09/zeekr-009-is-a-new-electric-mpv-for-the-chinese-car-market/ |url-status=live}}</ref> deliveries of the 009 began in the first quarter of 2023 in China.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=ZEEKR 001's monthly deliveries hit new high in Aug. 2022 |url= https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70021179.html#:~:text=Chinese%20power%20battery%20titan%20CATL,%2Dto%2Dpack)%20technology.&text=The%20first%20model%20with%20Qilin,the%20first%20quarter%20of%202023. |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220927220737/https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70021179.html#:~:text=Chinese%20power%20battery%20titan%20CATL,%2Dto%2Dpack)%20technology.&text=The%20first%20model%20with%20Qilin,the%20first%20quarter%20of%202023. |archive-date=27 September 2022 |accessdate=27 September 2022 |website=Gasgoo}}</ref>
The Zeekr 009 has two electric motors that produce a total output of {{cvt|400|kW|hp PS|0}} and is the first vehicle to use [[CATL]]'s Qilin cell-to-pack battery.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bobylev |first=Denis |date=5 September 2022 |title=Zeekr 009 Electric MPV Interior Spied In China |url=https://carnewschina.com/2022/09/05/zeekr-009-electric-mpv-interior-spied-in-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916210215/https://carnewschina.com/2022/09/05/zeekr-009-electric-mpv-interior-spied-in-china/ |archive-date=16 September 2022 |accessdate=27 September 2022 |website=CarNewsChina.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Doll |first=Scooter |date=29 August 2022 |title=CATL's energy dense Qilin batteries one-up the 4680 cell and will debut in the ZEEKR 009 |url=https://electrek.co/2022/08/29/catl-qilin-batteries-zeekr-009-001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924041334/https://electrek.co/2022/08/29/catl-qilin-batteries-zeekr-009-001/ |archive-date=24 September 2022 |accessdate=27 September 2022}}</ref> Zeekr claims the 009 is able to accelerate {{cvt|0-100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 4.5&nbsp;seconds, with a top speed of {{cvt|190|kph|mph}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnewschina.com/2022/08/11/zeekr-009-is-a-534-hp-electric-mpv-from-china/|title=Zeekr 009 Is A 534 HP Electric MPV From China|website=CarNewsChina.com|first=Tycho|last=de Feijter|date=11 August 2022|accessdate=17 September 2022|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818175147/https://carnewschina.com/2022/08/11/zeekr-009-is-a-534-hp-electric-mpv-from-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> -->

The [[Denza D9]] introduced in 16 May 2022 in China,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainford |first=Mark |date=2022-05-16 |title=BYD-Mercedes Backed Denza D9 Electric MPV Officially Launched in China |url=https://carnewschina.com/2022/05/16/byd-mercedes-backed-denza-d9-mpv-officially-launched-in-china/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=CarNewsChina}}</ref> Sales for the Chinese market were commenced in 23 August 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Yichao |date=2022-08-23 |title=售价32.98-45.98万元 腾势D9正式上市 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202208/1259600.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Autohome |language=zh-CN}}</ref> with the first units rolling out in 21 October 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhouyi |date=2022-10-21 |title=陆续交付 腾势D9首台量产车完成下线 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202210/1267821.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Autohome |language=zh-CN}}</ref> while deliveries began in 25 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Xing |first=Yueyang |date=2022-10-25 |title=终于等到你 腾势D9今日正式开启交付 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202210/1268336.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Autohome |language=zh-CN}}</ref> It made its global debut in Thailand on March 2023 at the [[Bangkok International Motor Show|44th Bangkok International Motor Show]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-03-23 |title=DENZA D9 EV |url=https://bims44.motorshow.in.th/byd-highlight-denza-d9-ev/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=BIMS44th - The 44th Bangkok International Motor Show |language=th }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In August 2022, [[Zeekr]] introduced the [[Zeekr 009]] [[electric car|electric]] MPV,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://carnewschina.com/2022/08/09/zeekr-009-is-a-new-electric-mpv-for-the-chinese-car-market/|title=Zeekr 009 Is A New Electric MPV For The Chinese Car Market|website=CarNewsChina.com|first=Tycho|last=de Feijter|date=9 August 2022|accessdate=27 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220920063845/https://carnewschina.com/2022/08/09/zeekr-009-is-a-new-electric-mpv-for-the-chinese-car-market/ |url-status=live}}</ref> deliveries of the 009 began in the first quarter of 2023 in China.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=ZEEKR 001's monthly deliveries hit new high in Aug. 2022 |url= https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70021179.html#:~:text=Chinese%20power%20battery%20titan%20CATL,%2Dto%2Dpack)%20technology.&text=The%20first%20model%20with%20Qilin,the%20first%20quarter%20of%202023. |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220927220737/https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70021179.html#:~:text=Chinese%20power%20battery%20titan%20CATL,%2Dto%2Dpack)%20technology.&text=The%20first%20model%20with%20Qilin,the%20first%20quarter%20of%202023. |archive-date=27 September 2022 |accessdate=27 September 2022 |website=Gasgoo}}</ref>

On November 17, 2023 , [[XPENG]] officially showcased the [[XPeng X9]], it sits on the SEPA 2.0 platform with three rows and 7 seats in a setup of 2-2-3. The drag coefficient is 0.227{{Nbsp}}C<sub>d</sub>. The XPeng X9 battery options include a 84.5 kWh [[LFP battery|lithium iron phosphate (LFP)]] battery pack supplied by [[EVE Energy|Eve Energy]] and a 101.5 kWh [[NMC battery|ternary NMC]] battery pack from [[CALB]]. The XPeng X9's SEPA 2.0 platform supports 800V charging enabling adding {{Convert|300.|km|mi|abbr=unit}} of range within 10 minutes of charging time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2024/01/04/innovative-new-xpeng-x9-huge-hit-or-trickle-sales/|title=Innovative New XPENG X9 — Huge Hit Or Trickle Sales?|language=en|newspaper=cleantechnica.com|date=2024-01-13|accessdate=2024-07-13}}</ref>

The [[Li Mega]] introduced in November 2023 at the [[Auto Guangzhou]], where pre-orders were accepted. The minivan is notable for its distinctive exterior design, which contributes in [[aerodynamics]] with a [[wind resistance]] drag coefficient of just 0.215 [[Drag coefficient|Cd]], the lowest among [[multi-purpose vehicle|MPV]]s globally currently in production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang/CnEVPost |first=Phate |date=2023-11-17 |title=Li Auto officially unveils its 1st BEV Li Mega and starts pre-sales |url=https://cnevpost.com/2023/11/17/li-auto-unveils-mega-starts-pre-sales/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=CnEVPost |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lixiang.com/mega#MEGA|date=2023-12-13 |title=理想MEGA|quote=Cd0.215来源于中国汽研空气动力学风洞测试；基于2023年11月7日前量产车公开公示信息，Cd0.215打破了量产MPV风阻系数纪录 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Li Auto |language=zh-CN}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
The MPV segment is the most popular passenger car segment in Indonesia, with a market share of 40 percent in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-04-02 |title=Automotive Manufacturing Industry Indonesia |url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/industries-sectors/automotive-industry/item6047 |website=indonesia-investments.com  |location=Netherlands |access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2018-01-21 |title=Gaikindo reveals five popular car brands in Indonesia in 2017 |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/01/20/gaikindo-reveals-five-popular-car-brands-in-indonesia-in-2017.html |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |location=Indonesia |access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Elvira |first=Vina |date=2021-11-04 |title=Pangsa pasar segmen MPV capai 40%, ini kata Gaikindo |url=https://newssetup.kontan.co.id/news/pangsa-pasar-segmen-mpv-capai-40-ini-kata-gaikindo |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=newssetup.kontan.co.id |language=id}}</ref>

=== India ===
The category is commonly known as '''multi utility vehicle (MUV)''' or MPV.<ref>{{cite web |title=MUV Cars |url= https://www.zigwheels.com/newcars/best-MUV-cars |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=zigwheels.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MPV Cars in India |url= https://www.autocarindia.com/cars/mpv-cars-in-india |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=autocarindia.com}}</ref> In [[Fiscal year#India|fiscal year]] 2020, the sales volume of the segment totaled 283,583 vehicles, or 10.3% of industry total.<ref>{{cite web |last=Punditz |first=Team Auto |date=2020-04-08 |title=MUV Sales in India for FY2020 |url= https://www.autopunditz.com/post/muv-sales-in-india-for-fy2020 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=autopunditz.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Punditz |first=Team Auto |date=2020-04-04 |title=FY2020 Car Sales in India – Snapshot |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/fy2020-car-sales-in-india-snapshot |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=autopunditz.com |language=en}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Luxury}} Luxury MPV ==
Manufacturers such as [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Toyota]], [[Lexus]], [[Buick]], [[Hongqi (marque)|Hongqi]], [[Denza]], [[Zeekr]] and [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]] have marketed upscale MPVs as [[luxury vehicles]], mainly marketed for several Asian markets.

Luxury MPVs generally have 3-rows of six or seven seats; however, range-topping flagship models may also offer a 2-rows option with four seats, which typically have more features than their cheaper counterparts. By the early 2020s, manufacturers have found additional strategies to improve technologies, such as new materials, new systems, and improving exteriors.

Examples of luxury MPV models include [[Mercedes-Benz V-Class]], [[Lexus LM]], [[Buick GL8]], [[Hongqi HQ9]], [[Denza D9]], [[Toyota Alphard]], [[Volvo EM90]] and the [[Zeekr 009]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/2024-lexus-lm-price-and-specs/|title=2024 Lexus LM price and specs: Luxury people-mover tops $220,000 |first=Alex |last=Misoyannis |date=20 September 2023 |website=drive.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Coming soon: the Volvo EM90, our first ever fully electric premium MPV |url= https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/317208/coming-soon-the-volvo-em90-our-first-ever-fully-electric-premium-mpv |work=Volvo Cars Official Website |date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="120" mode="packed" caption="Examples of luxury  MPVs">
File:2024 Mercedes-Benz EQV IAA 2023 1X7A0464.jpg|[[Mercedes-Benz V-Class|Mercedes-Benz EQV]]<br />(2020–present)
File:Lexus LM 350h (AAWH10) IMG 0035.jpg|[[Lexus LM]]<br />(2020–present)
File:2022 Hongqi HQ9 (front).jpg|[[Hongqi HQ9]]<br />(2022–present)
File:Volvo EM90 008 (cropped).jpg|[[Volvo EM90]]<br />(2023–present)
</gallery>

== Size categories ==
=== Mini MPV ===
{{main|Mini MPV}}
[[File:Opel Meriva (B) – Frontansicht, 12. Juni 2011, Ratingen.jpg|thumb|[[Opel Meriva]] {{nobr|(2003–2017)}} ]]

Mini MPV – an abbreviation for Mini Multi-Purpose Vehicle – is a vehicle size class for the smallest size of minivans (MPVs). The Mini MPV size class sits below the compact MPV size class, and the vehicles are often built on the platforms of B-segment hatchback models.

Several minivans based on B-segment platforms have been marketed as 'leisure activity vehicles' in Europe.<ref name="Patrascu">{{cite web|last=Patrascu|first=Daniel|date= 13 February 2018|title=PSA Previews New Generation Leisure Activity Vehicles (LAV)|url= https://www.autoevolution.com/news/psa-previews-new-generation-leisure-activity-vehicles-lav-123476.html |access-date=21 October 2018 |website=autoevolution.com}}</ref> These include the [[Fiat Fiorino]] and [[Ford Transit Courier]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-09-04 |title=Ford Transit Courier: Small Fiesta-based van |url= https://topgear-autoguide.com/category/tech-future/ford-transit-courier-small-fiesta-based-van1607472242 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=topgear-autoguide.com}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Examples: {{Cl|Mini MPVs|count=yes}}
{{clear right}}

=== Compact MPV ===
{{main|Compact MPV}}
[[File:2018 Volkswagen Touran 1.6.jpg|thumb|[[Volkswagen Touran]] {{nobr|(2015–present)}} ]]

Compact MPV – an abbreviation for Compact Multi-Purpose Vehicle – is a vehicle size class for the middle size of MPVs/minivans. The Compact MPV size class sits between the mini MPV and minivan size classes.

Compact MPVs remain predominantly European, although they are also built and sold in many Latin American and Asian markets. As of 2016, the only compact MPV sold widely in the United States was the Ford C-Max.

Examples: {{Cl|Compact MPVs|count= yes}}
{{clear right}}

== Related categories ==

=== Leisure activity vehicle ===
[[File:Talbot Matra Rancho.jpg|thumb|[[Matra Rancho]], one of the first LAVs]]
[[File:2020 Peugeot Rifter GT Line Long BlueHDi 1.5.jpg|thumb|Peugeot Rifter, a LAV based on the [[Peugeot Partner]] commercial van]]

A '''leisure activity vehicle''' (abbreviated '''LAV'''), also known as van-based MPV<ref>{{cite web |title=Peugeot Rifter revealed as Citroen Berlingo Multispace sibling |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-geneva-motor-show/peugeot-rifter-revealed-citroen-berlingo-multispace-sibling |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=autocar.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> and ''ludospace'' in French,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dieter |date=2018-07-16 |title=LAVs rise above their van origins and enter fleets |url=https://www.fleeteurope.com/en/connected-manufacturers/europe/features/lavs-rise-above-their-van-origins-and-enter-fleets |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=fleeteurope.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is the passenger-oriented version of small commercial vans primarily marketed in Europe.<ref name="Patrascu" /> One of the first LAVs was the 1977 [[Matra Rancho]] (among the first crossover SUVs and a precursor to the Renault Espace), with European manufacturers expanding the segment in the late 1990s, following the introduction of the [[Citroën Berlingo]] and [[Renault Kangoo]].

Leisure activity vehicles are typically derived from [[supermini car|supermini]] or [[subcompact car|subcompact]] car platforms, differing from [[mini MPV]]s in body design. To maximize interior space, LAVs feature a taller roof, more upright windshield, and longer hood/bonnet with either a [[Hatchback#Characteristics|liftgate]] or barn doors to access the boot. Marketed as an alternative to sedan-derived [[small family car]]s, LAVs have seating with a lower [[H-point]] than MPVs or minivans, offering two (or three) rows of seating.

Though sharing underpinnings with superminis, subcompacts, and mini MPVs, using an extended wheelbase can make leisure activity vehicles longer than those from which they are derived. For example, the [[Fiat Doblò]] is one of the longest LAVs with a total length of {{convert|4255|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, versus the {{convert|4050|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of the [[Opel Meriva]] (a mini MPV) and the {{convert|4030|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of the [[Peugeot 206]] SW (a supermini).

{{clear right}}

=== Asian utility vehicle ===
{{main|Basic utility vehicle}}
[[File:03 toyota revo sr (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Revo]], also known as the Kijang in Indonesia]]

An '''Asian utility vehicle''' (abbreviated '''AUV''') originates from the Philippines to describe basic and affordable vehicles with either large seating capacity or cargo designed to be sold in developing countries. These vehicles are usually available in minivan-like wagon body style with a seating capacity of 7 to 16 passengers. They are usually based on a compact pickup truck with [[body-on-frame]] chassis and [[rear-wheel drive]] to maximize its load capacity and durability while maintaining low manufacturing costs. Until the 2000s, AUVs were popular in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and some African markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=From humble beginnings: The History of the Asian Utility Vehicle |url=https://www.c-magazine.com/features/from-humble-beginnings-the-history-of-the-asian-utility-vehicle/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=c-magazine.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The first AUV is the [[Toyota Kijang|Toyota Tamaraw/Kijang]], introduced in the Philippines and Indonesia in 1975 as a pickup truck with an optional rear cabin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-12 |title=The AUV: In the service of the Filipino - Feature Stories |url= https://www.autoindustriya.com/features/the-auv-in-the-service-of-the-filipino.html |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=autoindustriya.com |language=en}}</ref> In the 1990s, other vehicles such as the [[Isuzu Panther|Isuzu Panther/Hi-Lander/Crosswind]] and [[Mitsubishi Freeca|Mitsubishi Freeca/Adventure/Kuda]] emerged in the AUV segment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adios, AUVs: The twilight of the 10-seaters is upon us |url= https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/auv-ph-isuzu-mitsubishi-a36-20170926-lfrm |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=topgear.com.ph |language=en}}</ref> Modern equivalent of AUV is the [[Toyota Innova]], an MPV that is the direct successor to the Kijang which in its first two generations were built with body-on-frame construction. The vehicle's third generation switched to [[unibody]] construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=AUV, MPV, or SUV: What are the differences? |url= https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/auv-mpv-or-suv-what-are-differences |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=autodeal.com.ph |language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Three-row SUV ===
{{See also|Sport utility vehicle|Crossover (automobile)}}

With the decline of the minivan/MPV category in many regions, such as North America and Europe, in the mid-2010s, SUVs and crossovers with three rows of seating became popular alternatives. Compared to minivans, three-row SUVs lose sliding doors and generally offer less interior space due to the higher priorities on exterior styling and higher [[ground clearance]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=3 Row SUV vs the Best Minivan: Which is Right For You? |url= https://agirlsguidetocars.com/suvs-vs-minivans-right/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=agirlsguidetocars.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Radu |first=Vlad |date=2021-04-30 |title=A Minivan or a Three-Row SUV? Which Vehicle Is Better for Your Family? |url= https://www.autoevolution.com/news/a-minivan-or-a-three-row-suv-which-vehicle-is-better-for-your-family-160328.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=autoevolution.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-04-23 |title=Minivan or SUV—Which Is Best for Big Families? |url= https://www.motortrend.com/features/minivan-vs-suv-comparison/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |work=Motor Trend}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Minivans}}
'''Videos'''
* {{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShM0dj58tI4  |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ShM0dj58tI4| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=The Fall of the Minivan |publisher=CNBC|date=18 September 2019 |via=YouTube |access-date=24 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}

{{Automobile configuration}}

[[Category:Minivans| ]]
[[Category:Compact MPVs| ]]
[[Category:Mini MPVs| ]]