View source for Middle Scots

{{short description|West Germanic language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|History|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Middle Scots
|nativename=Scottis
|region=[[Scottish Lowlands]], to some extent the [[Northern Isles]]
|era=Developed into [[Modern Scots]] by mid-18th century
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4=[[North Sea Germanic]]
|fam5=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam6=[[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|ancestor=[[Northumbrian Old English]]
|ancestor2=[[Early Middle English]]
|ancestor3=[[Early Scots]]
|isoexception=historical
|linglist=sco-smi
|glotto=none
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Middle Scots''' was the [[Anglic language]] of [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland Scotland]] in the period from 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 15th century, its [[phonology]], [[orthography]], [[accidence]], [[syntax]] and [[vocabulary]] had diverged markedly from [[Early Scots]], which was virtually indistinguishable from early [[Northumbrian Middle English]]. Subsequently, the orthography of Middle Scots differed from that of the emerging [[Early Modern English]] standard that was being used in [[England]]. Middle Scots was fairly uniform throughout its many texts, albeit with some variation due to the use of Romance forms in translations from Latin or French, turns of phrases and grammar in recensions of southern texts influenced by southern forms, misunderstandings and mistakes made by foreign printers.

== History ==
{{Scots language}}
The now established [[House of Stuart|Stewart]] identification with the lowland language had finally secured the division of Scotland into two parts, the [[Gaels|Gaelic]] [[Highlands of Scotland|Highlands]] and the [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowlands]]. The adherence of many Highlanders to the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith during the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]] led to the 1609 [[Statutes of Iona]] forcing [[clan]] chiefs to establish [[Protestant]] churches, send their sons to Lowland schools and withdraw their patronage from the hereditary guardians of Gaelic culture – the [[bards]].{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} This was followed in [[School Establishment Act 1616|1616 by an act]] establishing parish schools in the Highlands with the aim of extirpating the [[Middle Irish|Gaelic]] language.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

The Danish dependency of [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] had been held by Scottish [[magnate]]s from the late 14th century. These had introduced the Lowland tongue which then began to replace [[Norn language|Norn]].{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} In 1467 the islands became part of Scotland.

By the early 16th century the name ''Scottis'' (previously used to describe [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] in Ireland as well as Scotland) had been adopted for what had become the national language of the [[House of Stuart|Stewart]] kingdom.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The term ''Erse'' ([[Middle Irish|Irish]]) was used instead for Gaelic, while ''Inglis'' (which previously referred to their own language) was increasingly used to refer only to the language south of the border. The first known instance of this shift in terminology was by an unknown man in 1494. In 1559, William Nudrye was granted a monopoly by the court to produce school textbooks, with two of the titles listed as ''Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung'' and ''Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin'', but there is no evidence that the books were ever printed.<ref>James Grant, ''History of the Burgh and Parish Schools of Scotland'', vol. 1 (William Collins, 1876), pp. 56–57: ''Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland'', 5:2 (Edinburgh, 1957), no. 658.</ref>

From 1610 to the 1690s, during the [[Plantation of Ulster]], some 200,000 Scots settled in the north of Ireland, taking what were to become the [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] dialects with them.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Later in the period southern influence on the language increased, owing to the new political and social relations with England prior to and following the accession of [[James I of England|James VI]] to the English throne. By the time of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Union of Parliaments]] in 1707 southern [[Modern English]] was generally adopted as the literary language though [[Modern Scots]] remained the vernacular.<ref>Michael Montgomery (1991)[http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1268&context=ssl The Anglicization of Scots in Seventeenth-Century Ulster] Studies in Scottish Literature, Volume 26 Issue 1.</ref>

== Orthography ==

On the whole Middle Scots scribes never managed to establish a single [[Standard language|standardised]] spelling for every word, but operated a system of free variation based on a number of spelling variants. Some scribes used their own variants, but this was relatively rare. The least variation occurred in the later 16th century as printers moved towards fixed [[Orthography|spellings]]. Use of Middle Scots spelling variants ended in the 17th century when printers began to adopt imported English conventions.

Middle Scots used a number of now obsolete letters and letter
combinations:<ref name="smith-specimens">{{cite book
    |last=Smith|first=G. Gregory
    |year=1902
    |title=Specimens of Middle Scots
    |publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|location=Edinburgh
    |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpglAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2008-02-17
}}</ref>

* ''þ'' ([[Thorn (letter)|thorn]]) was equivalent to the modern ''th'' as in ''thae. þ'' was often indistinguishable from the letter ''y'' and often written so.
* ''{{lang|ang|ȝ}}'' ([[yogh]]) in ''{{lang|ang|nȝ}}'' was {{IPA|/ɲ/}} as in the French ''Bretagne''. It later changed to  {{IPA|/ŋ/}} or {{IPA|/nj/}} leading to the modern spellings with ''z'' and ''y as'' in ''[[Menzies]]'' {{IPA|/ˈmɪŋʌs/}} and ''Cunyie'' {{IPA|/ˈkʌnjiː/}}.
* ''{{lang|ang|ȝ}}'' ([[yogh]]) in initial position was {{IPA|/j/}} as in ''ȝear'' 'year'.
* ''quh'' {{IPA|[xw]}} was equivalent to the modern ''wh''.
* ''sch'' was equivalent to the modern ''sh''.
* A ligature of [[long s]] and short s (ſs, italic ''ſs''), similar to German ''[[ß]]'', is sometimes used for ''s'' (with variant readings like ''sis''). Encoded in [[Unicode]] as {{unichar|A7D6|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE SCOTS S}} and {{unichar|A7D7|LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE SCOTS S}},  because the character for German ''ß'' can also be a ligature of long s and z whereas the Middle Scots ligature cannot.
* The [[initial ff|initial ''ff'']] was a stylised single ''f''.
* The [[inflection]] -''ys'', -''is'' was realised  {{IPA|/ɪz/}} after sibilate and affricate consonants and other voiced consonants, and {{IPA|/ɪs/}} after other voiceless consonants,<ref>King A. ''The Inflectional Morphology of Older Scots'' in Jones C. (ed) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. p.161</ref> later contracted to {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} as in Modern Scots -''s''. The spelling -''ys'' or -''is'' also occurred in other words such as ''Inglis'' {{IPA|[ˈɪŋlɪs]}} and ''Scottis'' {{IPA|[ˈskotɪs]}} . The older Scots spelling surviving in place names such as ''Fowlis'' {{IPA|[fʌulz]}}, ''[[Glamis]]'' {{IPA|[ɡlɑːmz]}} and ''[[Wemyss (disambiguation)|Wemyss]]'' {{IPA|[wimz]}}.
* ''d'' after an ''n'' was often (and still is) silent i.e. ''barrand'' is {{IPA|[ˈbarən]}} = barren.
* ''i'' and ''j'' were often interchanged.
* ''h'' was often silent.
* ''l'' after ''a'' and ''o'' had become [[L-vocalization|vocalised]] and remained in use as an orthographic device to indicate [[vowel length]]. Hence the place names ''Balmalcolm'' {{IPA|/ˈbɑːməkoːm/}}, ''[[Falkirk]]'' {{IPA|/ˈfɑːkɪrk/}}, ''[[Kirkcaldy]]'' {{IPA|/kərˈkɑːdi/}}, ''[[Culross]]'' {{IPA|/ˈkuːrəs/}} and ''[[Coulter, South Lanarkshire|Culter]]'' {{IPA|/ˈkuːtər/}}.
* ''i'' after a vowel was also used to denote vowel length, e.g. ''ai'' {{IPA|/aː/}}, ''ei'' {{IPA|/eː/}} ''oi'' {{IPA|/oː/}} and ''ui'' {{IPA|/øː/}}.
* ''u'', ''v'' and ''w'' were often interchanged.
* After -''ch'' and -''th'', some scribes affixed a [[pleonastic]] final ''-t'' (''-cht, -tht''); this was unpronounced.
* The word ''ane'' represented the numeral ''ane'' as well as the indefinite [[Article (grammar)|article]] ''an'' and ''a'', and was pronounced similar to [[Scots language|Modern Scots]] usage. For example, ''[[Ane Pleasant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis|Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis]]'' was pronounced ''{{lang|sco|a sateer o the three estates}}''.
* The verbal noun ([[gerund]]) ''-yng (-ing)'' differentiated itself from the present [[participle]] ''-and'' {{IPA|/ən/}},<ref>King A. ''The Inflectional Morphology of Older Scots'' in Jones C. (ed) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. p.180</ref> in Middle Scots, for example ''{{lang|sco|techynge, cryand and bydand}}''—-the motto of the [[Gordon Highlanders]]. Both the verbal noun and present participle had generally merged to {{IPA|/ən/}} by 1700.<ref>Beal J. ''Syntax and Morphology'' in Jones C. (ed) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. p.356</ref>

== Phonology ==

The development of Middle Scots vowels:<ref>Aitken, A.J. (2002) Macafee C. (Ed) ''The Older Scots Vowels: A History of the Stressed Vowels of Older Scots From the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century''. Edinburgh, The Scottish Text Society. {{ISBN|1-897976-18-6}}</ref>

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
|-
| || || colspan="2" | Middle Scots
|-
| || [[Early Scots|Early]]<br />[[Early Scots|Scots]] || Early<br />c1575 || Late<br />c1600
|-
| colspan=4" | Long Vowels
|-
|1: || {{IPA|iː}} →  || {{IPA|ei}} →  || {{IPA|ɛ(ː)i}}
|-
|2: || {{IPA|eː}} →  || {{IPA|iː}} →  || {{IPA|i(ː)}}
|-
| ||  || style="vertical-align:bottom;"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;↗  || 
|-
|3: || {{IPA|ɛː}} →  || {{IPA|eː}} || 
|-
| ||  || valign="top" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;↘  || 
|-
|4: || {{IPA|aː}} →  || {{IPA|ɛː}} →  || {{IPA|e(ː)}}
|-
|5: || {{IPA|o̞ː}} →  || {{IPA|oː}} →  || {{IPA|oː}}
|-
|6: || {{IPA|uː}} →  || {{IPA|uː}} →  || {{IPA|u(ː)}}
|-
| || &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;↗  ||  || 
|-
|6a: || {{IPA|u̞lː}}#, {{IPA|u̞lːC}} →  || {{IPA|u̞l}} →  || {{IPA|öl}}
|-
|7: || {{IPA|øː}} →  || {{IPA|ø(ː)}} ({{IPA|iː}}) → || {{IPA|øː}}
|-
| colspan=4" | Diphthongs
|-
|8a: || {{IPA|ai}}# →  || {{IPA|ɛi}} →  || {{IPA|ɛi}}
|-
|8: || {{IPA|aiː}} →  || {{IPA|æi}} →  || {{IPA|ei}}
|-
|8b: ||?{{IPA|äː}}#, ?{{IPA|ɑː}}# →  || {{IPA|aː}} → || {{IPA|e̞ː}}
|-
|9: || {{IPA|o̞i}} →  || {{IPA|o̞i}} →  || {{IPA|oɪ}}
|-
|10: || {{IPA|ui}} →  || {{IPA|u̞i}} →  || {{IPA|öi}}
|-
|11: || {{IPA|ei}} → {{IPA|eː}} →  || {{IPA|iː}} → || {{IPA|i}}#
|-
|12: || {{IPA|au}} →  || {{IPA|ɑː(aː)}} →  || {{IPA|ɑː(aː)}}
|-
|12a: || {{IPA|al}}#, {{IPA|alC}}# ↗ →  || {{IPA|al}} →  || {{IPA|al}}
|-
|13: || {{IPA|o̞u}} →  || {{IPA|o̞u}} →  || {{IPA|o̞u}}
|-
|13a: || {{IPA|ol}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;↗ →  || {{IPA|ol}} || 
|-
|14a: || {{IPA|iu}} → {{IPA|iu}} →  || {{IPA|iu}} →  || {{IPA|iu}}, {{IPA|ju}}
|-
|14b: || {{IPA|ɛːu}} → {{IPA|ɛu}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;↗  ||  || 
|-
| colspan=4" | Short Vowels
|-
|15: || {{IPA|ɪ}} →  || {{IPA|ɪ}} ({{IPA|ɛ̽}}) →  || {{IPA|ɪ}}({{IPA|ɛ̽}})
|-
|16: || {{IPA|ɛ}} →  || {{IPA|ɛ}} →  || {{IPA|ɛ}}
|-
|17: || {{IPA|a}} →  || {{IPA|a}} →  || {{IPA|a}}
|-
|18: || {{IPA|o̞}} →  || {{IPA|o}} →  || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|19: || {{IPA|u̞}} →  || {{IPA|u̞}} →  || {{IPA|ö}}
|}

The [[Scottish Vowel Length Rule]] is assumed to have come into fruition between the early Middle Scots and late Middle Scots period. Here [[vowel length]] is conditioned by [[phonemes|phonetic]] and [[morphemes|morphemic]] environment. The affected vowels tended to be realised fully long in end-stressed [[syllables]] before voiced oral [[continuant]]s except {{IPA|/l/}}, in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]], before word or morpheme boundaries and before {{IPA|/rd/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.

The major differences to contemporary southern English were the now well established early merger of {{IPA|/ei/}} with {{IPA|/e/}} (''dey'' 'die', ''ley'' 'lie'), early 15th century [[l-vocalisation]] where {{IPA|/al/}} (except intervocalically and before {{IPA|/d/}}), {{IPA|/ol/}} and usually {{IPA|/ul/}} merged with {{IPA|/au/}}, {{IPA|/ou/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}}, medial and final {{IPA|/v/}} was lost (''deil'' 'devil', ''ser'' 'serve').
The [[Great Vowel Shift]] occurred partially, {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/øː/}} remained unaffected, {{IPA|/ɔː/}} became {{IPA|/oː/}}, {{IPA|/iː}}, {{IPA|eː}}, {{IPA|ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} became {{IPA|/ɛi}}, {{IPA|iː}}, {{IPA|eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}}.

==Literature==
{{main|Scottish literature#Early modern era}}

=== Sample text  ===
This is an excerpt from Nicol Burne's anti-reformation pamphlet ''Of the praying in Latine'' (1581):
<blockquote>{{lang|sco|italic=no|
Thair be tua kynd of prayeris in the kirk, the ane is priuat, quhilk euerie man sayis be him self, the vthir is publik, quhilk the preistis sayis in the name of the hail kirk. As to the priuate prayeris, na Catholik denyis bot it is verie expedient that euerie man pray in his auin toung, to the end he vndirstand that quhilk he sayis, and that thairbie the interior prayer of the hairt may be the mair valkinnit, and conseruit the bettir; and gif, onie man pray in ane vther toung, it is also expedient that he vnderstand the mening of the vordis at the lest. For the quhilk caus in the catholik kirk the parentis or godfatheris ar obleist to learne thame quhom thay hald in baptisme the formes of prayeris and beleif, and instruct thame sufficiently thairin, sua that thay vndirstand the same: Albeit the principal thing quhilk God requiris is the hairt, that suppois he quha prayis vndirstand nocht perfytlie the vordis quhilk he spekis, yit God quha lukis in the hairt, vill nocht lat his prayer be in vane. As to the publik prayeris of the kirk, it is not necessar that the pepill vndirstand thame, becaus it is nocht the pepill quha prayis, bot the preistis in the name of the hail kirk, and it is aneuche that thay assist be deuotione liftand vp thair myndis to God or saying thair auin priuate oraisonis, and that be thair deuotione thay may be maid participant of the kirk. As in the synagogue of the Ieuis, the peopill kneu not quhat all thay cerimonies signifeit, quhilk vas keipit be the preistis and vtheris in offering of thair sacrifices and vther vorshipping of god, and yit thay did assist vnto thame; ye, sum of the preistis thame selfis miskneu the significatione of thir cerimoneis Than gif it vas aneuche to the pepill to vndirstand that in sik ane sacrifice consisted the vorshipping of God, suppois thay had not sua cleir ane vndirstanding of euerie thing that vas done thairin, sua in the catholik kirk, quhen the people assistis to the sacrifice of the Mess, thay acknaulege that thairbie God is vorshippit, and that it is institute for the remembrance of Christis death and passione. Albeit thay vndirstand nocht the Latine toung, yit thay ar not destitut of the vtilitie and fruit thairof. And it is nocht vithout greit caus that as in the inscrptione and titil quhilk pilat fixed vpone the croce of Christ Iesus thir thre toungis var vritt in, Latine, Greik, and Hebreu, sua in the sacrifice and the publik prayeris of the kirk thay ar cheiflie retenit for the conseruatione of vnitie in the kirk and nationis amang thame selfis; for, gif al thingis var turnit in the propir langage of euerie cuntrey, na man vald studie to the Latine toung, and thairbie al communicatione amangis Christiane pepil vald schortlie be tane auay, and thairbie eftir greit barbaritie inseu. Mairatour sik publique prayeris and seruice ar keipit mair perfytlie in thair auin integritie vithout al corruptione; for gif ane natione vald eik or pair onie thing, that vald be incontinent remarkt and reprouit be vther nationis, quhilk culd not be, gif euerie natione had al thai thingis turnit in the auin propir langage; as ye may se be experience, gif ye vald confer the prayeris of your deformit kirkis, togidder vith the innumerabil translationis of the psalmes, quihlk ar chaingit according to euerie langage in the quhilk thay ar turnit. It is not than vithout greit caus, and ane special instinctione of the halie  Ghaist, that thir toungis foirspokin hes bene, as thay vil be retenit to the end of the varld. And quhen the Ieuis sall imbrace the Euangel than sall the sacrifice and other publik prayeris be in the Hebreu toung, according to that quhilk I said befoir, that on the Croce of Christ thai thrie toungis onlie var vrittin, to signifie that the kirk of Christ suld vse thay thre toungis cheiflie in his vorshipping, as the neu and auld testament ar in thir thre toungis in greitast authoritie amangis al pepill.}}<ref>{{cite book
    |last=Smith|first=G. Gregory
    |year=1902
    |title=Specimens of Middle Scots
    |publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|location=Edinburgh
    |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpglAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA218|access-date=2020-05-31
    |page=218
}}</ref></blockquote>

== See also ==

* [[History of the Scots language]]
* [[Phonological history of the Scots language]]
* [[Dictionary of the Scots Language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* ''A History of Scots to 1700'' in A Dictionary of Older Scots Vol. 12. Oxford University Press 2002.
* Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
*Jones C. (ed) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. {{ISBN|0-7486-0754-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060426065755/http://www.scottishhandwriting.com/content/ The Palaeography of Scottish Documents 1500 - 1750]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311083257/http://www.englit.ed.ac.uk/studying/undergrd/scottish_lit_1/Handouts/robinson_language.htm Reading Older Scots]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218084028/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/Stella/packs/oldscot.htm Teaching Package]
* [http://www.scottishtextsociety.org/ The Scottish Text Society]

[[Category:Languages attested from the 15th century|Scots]]
[[Category:Scots language]]
[[Category:Medieval languages|Scots, Middle]]