View source for Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study

{{Short description|Abandoned transport scheme for the city of Adelaide}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:MATS recommendations small2.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Transport corridors recommended by the MATS]]

The '''Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study''', or "'''MATS Plan'''" as it became known, was a comprehensive transport plan released in 1968 proposing a number of road and rail [[transport]] projects for the metropolitan area of [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]].

It recommended the construction of {{convert|98|km|mi|abbr=off}} of [[freeways]], {{convert|34|km|mi|abbr=off}} of [[Limited-access road|expressway]] and the widening of {{convert|386|km|mi|abbr=off}} of existing [[Arterial road|arterial]] roads. It also featured new arterial roads and a new bridge over the [[Port River]]. For public transport, it proposed the closure of the [[Glenelg tram line]], 20 rail [[grade separation]]s and {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=off|comma=off}} of new railway line, including a [[rapid transit|subway]] under [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]].<ref name="NorleyJournal">{{cite journal|last1=Norley|first1=Kim|title=Urban rail infrastructure – the path from comprehensive transport plans to the recent experience|journal=Australasian Transport Research Forum|date=September 2011|url=http://atrf.info/papers/2011/2011_Norley_A.pdf|accessdate=30 October 2016}}</ref>

The estimated cost of land acquisition and construction was $436.5 million in 1968, which equates to approximately $4,580 million in 2010 with [[inflation]].<ref>[http://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/calc.go Inflation calculator] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922052221/http://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/calc.go |date=22 September 2008 }} [[Reserve Bank of Australia]]</ref> Very few of the plan's recommendations were ultimately brought to fruition in their original form due to political and public opposition.<ref name="NorleyJournal" />

==History==
Like other states of [[Australia]], there was a strong movement towards private car travel following [[World War II]] in South Australia. Fuel [[rationing]] was a thing of the past and private car ownership was increasing.<ref>Radcliff p. 126</ref> The car was seen as a personal liberator, and many cities around the world were building their urban forms around the needs of private cars.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=James|last2=Trubka|first2=Roman|last3=Kenworthy|first3=Jeff|last4=Newman|first4=Newman|title=The role of urban form and transit in city car dependence: Analysis of 26 global cities from 1960 to 2000|journal=Transportation Research Part D|date=2014|volume=33|pages=95–110|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2014.08.013|bibcode=2014TRPD...33...95M }}</ref>

Adelaide continued to expand rapidly: by 1966 its population had increased by 90% on post-war levels. Experts had been warning of the consequences of unplanned urban sprawl leading to a renewed interest in [[Urban planning|planning]]. In 1955 the ''Town Planning Act'' was amended to require a coordinated plan for the city's future development.<ref name="1962MetroAdelaideReport">{{cite report|title=Report on the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide|date=1962|publisher=Government of South Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://www.thinkdesigndeliver.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/118797/Report_on_the_Metropolitan_Area_of_Adelaide_-_1962.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193352/http://www.thinkdesigndeliver.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/118797/Report_on_the_Metropolitan_Area_of_Adelaide_-_1962.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The Report of Metropolitan Adelaide was released in 1962 and featured proposals for the construction of freeways.<ref name="1962MetroAdelaideReport"/> In 1964 the state [[Liberal and Country League]] Premier [[Thomas Playford IV|Thomas Playford]] announced the commencement of a comprehensive infrastructure planning study for the future of Adelaide's transport needs. This report, titled the ''Metropolitan Adelaide Transportation Study (MATS)'', was released in August 1968 together with an announcement that six months would be allowed for public comment before commencement of work.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; could not find any source to back up the claim of public comment.|date=October 2016}}

== Recommended freeways ==
=== North–South Freeway ===
[[File:Kwinana Freeway Perth small.jpg|280px|right|thumb|The [[Kwinana Freeway]] in [[Perth]], Western Australia]]
The North–South Freeway was one of the most important parts of the plan, allowing travel north and south of Adelaide. The Report on the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide predicted that the city would eventually stretch more than 70&nbsp;km, from [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]] in the north to [[Sellicks Beach, South Australia|Sellicks Beach]] in the south by the 1980s.

Travel from [[Salisbury, South Australia|Salisbury]] to [[Noarlunga Centre, South Australia|Noarlunga]] was estimated to take approximately 30 minutes. The freeway consisted of two sections: the Noarlunga Freeway and the Salisbury Freeway. The Noarlunga freeway would serve the rapidly growing residential, industrial and recreational to the south connecting to major highways to [[Victor Harbor, South Australia|Victor Harbor]] and [[Yankalilla, South Australia|Yankalilla]].

Starting at Old Noarlunga, it was to follow a path adjacent to [[South Road|Main South Road]] (this has since been completed and is known as the [[Southern Expressway (Australia)|Southern Expressway]]), then continuing north on a path roughly parallel to South Road then land near the west parkland with off ramps to the CBD, until joining the North Adelaide Connector. An interchange north of the [[Anzac Highway]] would connect it to the proposed Glenelg Expressway that would have replaced the [[Glenelg tram line]].{{Clarify|date=March 2018|reason=Glenelg tram is south of Anzac Highway. Should this reference the [[Holdfast Bay railway line]] alignment?}}

The Salisbury Freeway was the six-lane continuation of the Noarlunga Freeway starting at the Hindmarsh Interchange then roughly followed the west of the [[Gawler railway line]] through [[Wingfield, South Australia|Wingfield]] and north to [[Edinburgh, South Australia|Edinburgh]]. The Noarlunga Freeway was proposed to be eight lanes, cost $34 million in land acquisition, $58 million in construction and carry 93,000 cars on an average weekday by 1986.

[[Main North Road]] comparably carries approximately 46,000 cars on an average weekday in 2007.<ref>[http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/facts_figures/traffic_volumes.asp Transport SA: Traffic Volumes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107033702/http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/facts_figures/traffic_volumes.asp |date=7 November 2007 }} accessed 21 November 2007</ref> The [[Mitchell Freeway|Mitchell]] and [[Kwinana Freeway|Kwinana]] Freeways in [[Perth]] forming a north–south freeway present a comparable example to the proposed North-South Freeway in Adelaide.

=== Port Freeway ===
This was to be a freeway constructed in the wide [[median strip]] of [[Port Road, Adelaide|Port Road]] that had been left in earlier years for a possible [[canal]] leading from [[Port Adelaide]] to the Adelaide city centre. It was to go from the Hindmarsh Interchange to the Old Port Road intersection. It would feature [[Pedestrian separation structure|pedestrian overpasses]] but was still criticised for blocking communications across Port Road.<ref>Thomas Wilson, p117</ref> Following Port Road, Commercial Road was to continue over a new [[bridge]] over the [[Port River]] connecting to [[Victoria Road, Adelaide|Victoria Road]] making a continuous [[arterial road]].

=== Hindmarsh Interchange ===
The largest construction project in the plan. The intersection of the Port Freeway, North-South Freeway and North Adelaide Connector would have required a four-level spaghetti interchange with many flyovers that would have almost engulfed the suburb of [[Hindmarsh, South Australia|Hindmarsh]].<ref name="NorleyJournal" /> Pictures of similar sized [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]] in [[Los Angeles]] were used to good effect by opponents of MATS. There were four different designs proposed including one that was to be sited in the [[Adelaide Parklands|parklands]], reducing the need for land acquisition.

=== North Adelaide Connector ===
This was to connect the western and eastern sides of the city starting from the Hindmarsh Interchange and connecting to the Modbury Freeway. It would have been constructed through [[Adelaide Parklands|parkland]] and travel partially underground to reduce the loss of open space.

Arterial road projects have since taken place in the area, particularly on roads lining the parklands including [[Park Terrace, Adelaide|Park Terrace]], Fitzroy Terrace and Park Road. Overpasses were constructed to carry Park Terrace over the [[Gawler railway line]] in 1990 and the [[Outer Harbor and Port Dock lines|Outer Harbor railway line]] in 2017.

The Hawker Street tram bridge over the Gawler railway line was demolished in the 1970s due to lack of maintenance and safety concerns. An overpass over the Gawler railway line at Torrens Road was proposed but a report on the Torrens Road upgrade in 2005 stated grade separation was no longer a priority.<ref>[http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/4E6AA0E3-02D1-4EE8-82F5-9E9D92068C03/2914/finalreport.pdf Torrens Road Upgrade Final Report] accessed 1 February 2008 {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A Torrens Road bridge over the Gawler railway line was constructed in 2021–2022 and allowed traffic from 18 June 2022, eliminating the level crossing.

=== Hills Freeway ===
[[File:Mountosmondinterechange sefreeway.JPG|right|280px|thumb|The [[Mount Osmond, South Australia|Mount Osmond]] Interchange on the [[South Eastern Freeway]]]]
This was proposed to be a connection between the new [[South Eastern Freeway]] (then under construction from [[Crafers, South Australia|Crafers]], leaving the winding old road down to the plains) and the CBD. It would have cut a swathe through [[College Park, South Australia|College Park]], [[St Peters, South Australia|St Peters]], [[Norwood, South Australia|Norwood]], [[Rose Park, South Australia|Rose Park]], [[Myrtle Bank, South Australia|Myrtle Bank]] and [[Urrbrae, South Australia|Urrbrae]] before leaving the city at Belair Road. Many of Adelaide's most affluent suburbs would have been broken up. This proved to be the most controversial part of the entire MATS plan. It was dropped from subsequent proposals but served to turn public opinion against the rest of the project.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; could not find any source to back up the claims about public opinion.|date=October 2016}}

=== Foothills Expressway ===
A proposed link between the North-South Freeway at [[Darlington, South Australia|Darlington]] (approximately the point where [[South Road]] meets Sturt Road) travelling in a north-east direction to meet up with the Hills Freeway at Belair Road. The expressway was scrapped from subsequent proposals with the Hills Freeway.

=== Modbury Freeway ===
Starting at the North Adelaide Connector, this would have followed the [[River Torrens]] (the [[O-Bahn Busway]] was later constructed in this corridor instead). At approximately 1&nbsp;km from the O-Bahn's current terminus in [[Modbury, South Australia|Modbury]], it would have then turned further north along what is now [[McIntyre Road, Adelaide|McIntyre Road]] through [[Golden Grove, South Australia|Golden Grove]].

An [[express bus]] service along the freeway giving a similar service to the current O-Bahn was proposed. The freeway would have required the relocation of the River Torrens in various sections.

=== Dry Creek Expressway ===
Starting at [[Port Adelaide]], this would have been an east–west connector running roughly parallel to and slightly north of [[Grand Junction Road, Adelaide|Grand Junction Road]] and terminating at the Modbury Freeway. The section west of [[Main North Road]] has been completed since as the [[Port River Expressway]]. However it has not been extended eastward, the original corridor now utilised as Montague Road.

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin: 0 auto 0 auto;"
|+ Attributes
|-
!
! Noarlunga Freeway
! Hindmarsh Interchange
! North Adelaide Connector
! Port Freeway
! Salisbury Freeway
! Hills Freeway
! Modbury Freeway
|-
! Cost, land acquisition
|34,000,000
|16,700,000
|5,700,000
|100,000
|9,800,000
|20,000,000
|7,400,000
|-
! Cost, construction
|58,000,000
|13,000,000
|11,500,000
|15,100,000
|14,000,000
|32,000,000
|42,500,000
|-
! Cost, total
|92,000,000
|29,700,000
|17,200,000
|15,200,000
|23,800,000
|52,000,000
|49,900,000
|-
! Estimated cars weekday, 1986
|93,000
|N/A
|62,000
|68,000
|62,000
|58,500
|79,000
|-
! Length, kilometres
|34.4
|2.6
|3.2
|3.3
|12.7
|2.9
|21.2
|-
! Lanes
|8
|N/A
|6
|6
|6
|6
|8
|}

==Public transport changes==
There were various changes to public transport proposed. While the report stated that it was important in directing and shaping urban growth and improving the [[Adelaide city centre]], only 14 kilometres of new railway was proposed compared to 131 kilometres of freeway.<ref name="NorleyJournal" /> The only remaining part of the [[Trams in Adelaide|Adelaide tram network]], the Glenelg tram, was also to be removed in favour of an expressway.

===Train===
The existing rail system was to be turned into a rapid rail network which would be aimed at providing efficient long distance, high speed suburban transport. Many [[train station|railway station]]s were to be rationalised and some would be relocated to link to main roads. Closure of some stations allowed higher running speeds of trains and reduced running and maintenance costs.

Locating stations closer to main roads made them more accessible and visible. Railway stations would be supported by feeder bus services thereby increasing their serviceable range. Competing bus services were to be removed. A distance of 3.2 kilometres between railway stations was said to be optimal.

The [[Willunga railway line|Noarlunga rail line]], which then only went as far as [[Hallett Cove, South Australia|Hallett Cove]], was to be extended to [[Christie Downs, South Australia|Christie Downs]].

====King William Street subway====
The most significant proposed public transport project was an underground railway beneath the city to bring rail to the core of the CBD. It was to link the main north–south [[Gawler railway line|Gawler]] and [[Seaford railway line|Noarlunga]] lines with a new arrangement of through-stations. This would have eliminated the limitations in service-frequency in railways with a central terminus. After skirting underground to the north of the [[Adelaide railway station]], the subway was to proceed under the central King William Street and serve it with three stations, before returning to the surface just south of Greenhill Road where it is crossed by the current [[Glenelg tram line]]. The envisioned closure of the latter would have allowed its corridor to be used by the new railway instead, until [[Glandore, South Australia|Glandore]], although options to accommodate four tracks and both services in this section of corridor could have existed. From Glandore, the new railway would have rejoined the existing Noarlunga Line at [[Edwardstown, South Australia|Edwardstown]] via an approximately 1,200m-long new railway corridor running parallel to South Road and about 200m to its west.

Apart from the direct public transport benefits, it was said the subway would also lead to increased land values and encourage development at the southern end of the city. The Toronto [[Yonge Street]] subway was used as an example. Furthermore, the heritage [[Adelaide railway station]] and much of the Adelaide rail yards would have become available for [[value capture]] property development.

The subway was estimated to cost $32 million. Construction costs were to be reduced by using a [[cut and cover]] construction technique involving the temporary removal of King William Street.

===Tram===
The report recommended the closure of the [[Glenelg tram line]] and its replacement with the Glenelg Expressway. The report stated that significant investment would be required to integrate the tram line with the proposed new [[Rapid transit|rapid transit rail system]] and to construct [[grade separation]]s along existing roads. Based on those assumptions, it recommended that the continued operation of the tram would not be cost-effective.

It was predicted that overall public transport usage would fall to below 5% by around the year 2000, and proceeding with the recommended changes would maintain the number at 7%.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. The report doesn't seem to mention these statistics.|date=October 2016}}

==Reaction and opposition==
The [[Report on the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide 1962]] had contained images of the city of [[Los Angeles]], and its extensive freeways, to represent a potential model for Adelaide's future transport provision. However, in concert with changing community attitudes in Australia in the late 1960s,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scrafton|first1=D|title=Managing Transport Integration in South Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration|date=1982|volume=7|issue=4|pages=339–354|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8500.1982.tb00938.x}}</ref> many South Australians were cautious about the MATS proposal for the construction of a large freeway network. Opposition was similar to the [[freeway and expressway revolts]] experienced in the [[United States]].

Large-scale property acquisition proved to be one of the most contentious issues, with the very large areas taken up by a number of the proposed freeway interchanges seemingly recommended without any expectation of opposition. The Noarlunga Freeway alone would have required the acquisition as many as 3,000 properties, including 817 residential dwellings. The Hills Freeway would have seen the demolition of significant areas in the historic suburbs of inner south-eastern Adelaide.<ref name="History">{{cite web | title = Adelaide's Freeways: A History from MATS to the Port River Expressway | work = OZROADS | url =  http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm | accessdate = 19 October 2009 }}{{Self-published source|date=January 2019}}</ref>

The impact of freeways on the urban landscape also proved to be a considerable source of concern. It was feared freeways would create social problems, with people noting the urban divisions that cities such as Los Angeles experienced after extensive freeway construction, with the separation of neighbourhoods leading to the creation of urban [[ghettos]]. It was felt that the same would happen in Adelaide if the proposed freeways were constructed.<ref name="NorleyJournal" />

==Implementation==
In 1969 the State Cabinet with the [[Liberal and Country League]] as government and [[Steele Hall (Australian politician)|Steele Hall]] as premier approved the MATS Plan excluding some proposals which were to be further reviewed including:
* Closure of the Grange Railway line
* Foothills Expressway and Hills Freeway
* Selections of the Modbury, Noarlunga Freeways and Dry Creek Expressway
* Rerouting railway from [[Edwardstown, South Australia|Edwardstown]] to [[Goodwood, South Australia|Goodwood]]

===Abandonment===
In 1970 a new [[Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch)|Labor]] government under [[Don Dunstan]] was elected and shelved MATS, but did not go as far as selling the corridors already acquired. However, the [[Adelaide Festival Centre]] was developed over the optimal portal location for the proposed King William Street subway. Dunstan resisted urban sprawl, but initiated the ill-fated concept of the [[Monarto, South Australia|Monarto]] satellite city, as well as investigating new technologies in [[public transport]].<ref>[http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2023&mode=singleImage Eric Franklin, The Advertiser: Labour Will Revise MATS Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405054836/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2023&mode=singleImage |date=5 April 2011 }}, 6 May 1970</ref> Dunstan attempted to construct a light rail line in the north-east along the Modbury corridor. That was not built, and the [[O-Bahn Busway|O-Bahn guided busway]] was constructed instead.

In 1979, the [[Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)|Liberal Party]] won government on a platform of [[fiscal conservatism]] and the premier, [[David Tonkin]], committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan, ensuring that even if needs or [[public opinion]] changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impossible. However, debate continued on a North-South Freeway to replace [[South Road, Adelaide|South Road]]. In 1982, the Minister for Transport [[Michael Wilson (Australian politician)|Michael Wilson]], abandoned the idea of a high-speed freeway and instead began widening South Road between Torrens Road and [[Daws Road, Adelaide|Daws Road]] as a short-term solution, while retaining the key central portion of the North-South Corridor between [[Dry Creek, South Australia|Dry Creek]] and [[Darlington, South Australia|Darlington]] as a concept.<ref name="History"/>

In June 1983, the North-South Corridor, the last surviving element of MATS, was abandoned in totality by [[John Bannon]]'s new Labor government, which cited land sales as the reason. The abandonment had a significant impact on the Highways Department, because it was the first time in its history that a government had rejected the recommendations of the Commissioner.<ref name="History"/>

== Post-abandonment assessment ==
Attitudes towards MATS in the present day are mixed. The then premier Steele Hall still believed abandoning the plan was a severe mistake and has continued to push for the plan to be implemented.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,21440849-5006301,00.html The Advertiser: Adelaide Nations Traffic Basket] accessed 22 February 2008</ref> Freight transport and motoring lobbies generally favoured the plan heavily and, periodically, refer to the rejection of the MATS plan as a lost opportunity. Major road lobby groups as of 2007 continue to call for a north–south freeway in particular with the State Government joining calls for funding under the Federal Government's [[AusLink]] Program.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22093238-5006301,00.html $2 billion super road link] accessed 17 July 2007</ref>

Public transport activists criticised the plan due to its limited benefits for public transport and the potential effects on [[urban sprawl]].<ref name="NorleyJournal" /> Others believe varying degrees of the plan were too ruthless towards the environment and would have ruined the character of Adelaide.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. Had trouble finding any sources to back up any claims in this section other than random news articles.|date=October 2016}}

=== Present-day ===
Some roads constructed since MATS are reminiscent of the original proposed freeways in MATS due to Adelaide's inherent transport pressures. The [[Southern Expressway (Australia)|Southern Expressway]] was constructed partly following the southern section of the proposed Noarlunga Freeway; it remained viable to construct as much land remained undeveloped. The [[South Eastern Freeway]], which had started early construction at the time of MATS, was completed in 1979 from Crafers to Murray Bridge with the final link from Crafers to Adelaide constructed from 1996 to 2000. The [[Port River Expressway]] was opened in 2005 and partially follows the original Dry Creek Expressway proposed by MATS but does not extend eastwards to Modbury.

The [[Rann government|Rann Labor government]] stated it believed [[South Road]] should be upgraded into a non stop north–south route, but declined a 2007 $1bn pre-election funding offer from the then Howard Federal Government which would have upgraded substantial sections of the road. Instead, construction of an underpass at the intersection of South Road and the Anzac Highway began in 2007 and was completed in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtei.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/south_road_upgrade/content/anzac_highway|title = Welcome}}</ref> MATS' proposed North-South Freeway began to see fruition when the South Road Superway became the first in a series of mass construction projects to build the non-stop [[North–South Motorway]] to replace South Road; as of March 2020 approximately 24.3&nbsp;km of the motorway has been completed from Hindmarsh to Virginia with a 1.8&nbsp;km link within that length due for completion in 2022. The remaining 10&nbsp;km through Adelaide's inner west and south-west is currently in the planning stages, due for completion in 2032.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Torrens to Darlington Project |url=https://dit.sa.gov.au/nsc/torrens-to-darlington/home |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=dit.sa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Transport in Adelaide]]
* [[State Transport Authority (South Australia)|State Transport Authority]]
* [[Railways in Adelaide]]
* [[Freeways in Australia]]
* [[South Eastern Freeway]]
* [[South Road]]
* [[History of Adelaide]]

'''Melbourne:'''
* [[1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan]]

'''Hobart:'''
* [[Hobart Area Transportation Study]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* De Leuw. Cather & Company. Rankine & Hill Alan M. Voorhees & Associates, 1968, ''Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study 1968'', Adelaide
* The University of Adelaide Department of Adult Education, ''the Metropolitan Adelaide Transportation Study and the Future Development of Adelaide'', 1968, Adelaide
* Thomas Wilson, ''The Relationship Between a Transport Link and Land Use Development between Adelaide and Port Adelaide South Australia'', Adelaide
* J.C. Radcliff. C.J.M. Steele, ''Adelaide Road Passenger Transport 1836–1958'', Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 1974

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819013350/http://atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/the-course-of-settlement/urban-planning Atlas of South Australia – The course of settlement]

[[Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in Australia]]
[[Category:History of Adelaide]]
[[Category:Freeways and highways in Adelaide]]
[[Category:Government reports]]
[[Category:Politics of South Australia]]
[[Category:1968 documents]]
[[Category:1968 in Australian law]]
[[Category:1968 in Australia]]