View source for Metropolitan-Vickers F.2

{{Short description|Early turbojet engine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name=F.2/Beryl
 |image=Metropolitan-Vickers_Beryl.jpg 
 |caption=Beryl engine preserved at [[Solent Sky Museum]]
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
 |type=[[Turbojet]]
 |manufacturer=[[Metropolitan-Vickers]]
 |first run=1941
 |major applications=[[Saunders-Roe SR.A/1]]
}}
|}

The '''Metropolitan-Vickers F.2''' is an early [[turbojet engine]] and the first British design to be based on an [[axial compressor|axial-flow compressor]]. It was an extremely advanced design for the era,<ref name="Flight, Sapphire" /> using a nine-stage axial compressor, [[annular combustor]], and a two-stage turbine.

It first powered a [[Gloster Meteor]] in November 1943, outperforming contemporary models from [[Power Jets]]. Despite this excellent start, it was considered unreliable and did not see use during the war. In the post-war era, newer engine designs provided much higher performance, and interest in the F.2 waned.

The potential of the engine and the investment did not go to waste, however; the design was passed from [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] (Metrovick) to [[Armstrong Siddeley]] when Metrovick left the gas turbine business. Armstrong Siddeley produced a larger version as the successful [[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire|Sapphire]].

==Development==
[[Alan Arnold Griffith]] published a seminal paper in 1926, ''An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design'', that for the first time clearly demonstrated that a [[gas turbine]] could be used as a practical, and even desirable, aircraft powerplant. The paper started by demonstrating that existing axial compressor designs were "flying stalled" due to their use of flat blades, and dramatic improvements could be made by using [[aerofoil]] designs instead. It went on to outline a complete compressor and turbine design, using the extra exhaust power to drive a second turbine that would power a propeller. In today's terminology, the design was a [[turboprop]].

In order to prove the design, Griffith and several other engineers at the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] built a testbed example of the compressor in 1928 known as ''Anne'', the machinery being built for them by [[Fraser and Chalmers]]. After ''Anne's'' successful testing they planned to follow this up with a complete engine known as ''Betty'', or B.10. As Betty was designed for test purposes, it was designed to allow the compressor and turbine sections to be run separately. To do this, the exhaust from the compressor was at the "front" of the engine, where it was piped through the combustion section to the "end" of the engine where it entered the turbine. This also meant the driveshaft between the sections was very short.

In 1929 [[Frank Whittle]]'s thesis on pure jet engines was published, and after speaking to his commanding officer Whittle was taken by the Air Ministry to see Griffith. Griffith was critical of Whittle's work, identifying an error in Whittle's calculations, noting that the [[centrifugal compressor]] Whittle used would be impractical for aircraft use due to its large frontal area, and that the use of the jet exhaust directly for power would be extremely inefficient at the temperatures given.<ref>Golley ''Whittle, the true story'' 1987 pp32-33</ref> Whittle was distraught but was convinced that he should patent the idea anyway. Five years later a group of investors persuaded him to start work on what would be the first working British jet engine.

Griffith continued development of his own concepts, eventually developing an advanced compressor design using two [[contra-rotating]] stages that improved efficiency. His partner, [[Hayne Constant]], started discussions in 1937 with [[Manchester]]-based Metrovick, a maker of [[steam turbine]]s, to produce the new machinery. By 1939 this work had developed several improved versions of the Betty compressor design, which were incorporated into the new ''Freda''. Incidentally, Metrovick had recently merged with [[British Thomson-Houston]], another turbine builder who were supporting Whittle's efforts.

In April 1939, Whittle gave a startling demonstration of his experimental engine, the [[Power Jets WU|WU]], running it for 20 minutes at high power. This led to a rash of contracts to build a production quality design suitable for aircraft use. Metrovick's head of design, David Smith, decided to end development of the turboprop concepts and focus on pure-jets instead. Development had just started when Whittle started building his [[Power Jets W.1|W.1]] design, planning to install one for flight in the [[Gloster E.28/39]] the next year.

===F.1===
In July 1940 the RAE signed a contract with Metrovick to build a flight-quality pure-turbojet engine based on the Freda turbine. This emerged as the F.1 concept, which was built in several forms, with the first running engine starting on the testbed in late 1941. The design cleared its special-category flight-tests in 1942, and flew for the first time on 29 June 1943 in the open bomb bay of an [[Avro Lancaster]]. Compared to the centrifugal-flow Whittle designs, the F.1 was extremely advanced, using a nine-stage axial compressor, [[annular combustor|annular combustion chamber]], and a two-stage turbine.<ref name="Flight, Sapphire" />

===F.2===
Development of the F.2 [[turbojet]] progressed rapidly, and the engine ran for the first time in November 1941. By that time, there were a number of engines in development based on the Whittle concept, but the F.2 looked considerably more capable than any of them. A flyable version, the F.2/1, received its test rating in 1942. One was fitted to an Avro Lancaster test-bed (the first prototype Lancaster, s/n ''BT308''), mounted at the rear in place of the rear turret, with a single air intake on the top of the fuselage, in front of the twin tail plane. The aircraft first flew on 29 June 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Lancaster |url=http://tanks45.tripod.com/Jets45/Histories/Lancaster/Lancaster.htm |website=The Future of Aviation |accessdate=2019-04-15}}</ref> Production quality versions of the F.2 were tested on the F.9/40M ([[Gloster Meteor]]) s/n ''DG204/G'', which made its first flight on 13 November 1943. They were installed in underslung [[nacelles]], in a manner similar to the engines of the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]].<ref name="Flight, Sapphire" />

As expected, the F.2 engines were more powerful than the Whittle design, first delivering {{convert|1,800|lbf|N|abbr=on}}, but soon scaling up to well over {{convert|2,000|lbf|N|abbr=on}}. Around that time, the [[Power Jets W.2|Whittle W.2B]] was developing only {{convert|1,600|lbf|N|abbr=on}}. However, there were doubts about the reliability of the F.2, mainly due to problems associated with hot spots building up on the turbine bearing and combustion chamber, which caused warping and fracturing of the turbine inlet nozzles. Around seven weeks after its first flight, on 4th January 1944, ''DG204/G'' was flying high speed tests at 20,000 feet over Farnborough. The aircraft's port F.2 engine suffered a [[Turbine engine failure|rotor failure]] and disintegrated. The pilot, Squadron Leader William Davie, was killed while attempting to bail out.<ref>{{CWGC|id=2715879|name=Davie, William}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm70400425 |title=Men of power: the lives of Rolls-Royce test pilots Harvey & Jim Heyworth |date=2006 |publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation |isbn=978-1-84415-427-2 |location=Barnsley |pages=82 |oclc=ocm70400425}}</ref>

The axial compressor of the F.2 was later offered to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] and used as the initial stage of the [[Rolls-Royce Clyde]].<ref>"World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines – 5th edition" by [[Bill Gunston]], Sutton Publishing, 2006, P.195</ref>

===F.2/2===
To address these problems, in August 1942 a minor redesign delivered the F.2/2, which changed the turbine material from Rex 75 to [[Nimonic|Nimonic 75]], and lengthened the combustion chamber by {{convert|6|in|mm}}. Thrust was improved to {{convert|2400|lbf|abbr=on}} static, but the problems with overheating remained.

===F.2/3===
Another attempt to solve the overheating problems resulted in the more highly modified F.2/3 during 1943. This version replaced the original annular combustion chamber with can-type burners like those on the Whittle designs. This appears to have solved the problems, raising the thrust to {{convert|2700|lbf|abbr=on}} in the process. However, by this time it was decided to move on to a much more powerful version of the engine.

===F.2/4 Beryl===

Development of the F.2 continued on a version using a ten-stage compressor for additional airflow driven by a single stage turbine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Vickers, the Gas Turbine, and the State: A SocioTechnical History, 1935-1960 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54530197/FULL_TEXT.PDF |accessdate=2020-09-29}}</ref><ref name="Flight, Sapphire" /> The new F.2/4 - the ''Beryl'' - initially developed {{convert|3,250|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} and was test flown in Avro Lancaster Mk.II [[United Kingdom military aircraft serials|s/n]] ''LL735'' before being installed in the [[Saunders-Roe SR.A/1]] flying boat fighter. Thrust had already improved to {{convert|3,850|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} for the third prototype, and eventually settled at {{convert|4,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}}.

In comparison, the contemporary [[Rolls-Royce Derwent|Derwent]] 5 developed over 3,600 lbf (16.0 kN) of thrust in its final form. Development of the SR.A/1 ended in 1947, ending development of the Beryl along with it. Nevertheless, later on a Beryl from the SR.A/1 prototype was removed and used by [[Donald Campbell]] for early runs in his famous 1955 [[Bluebird K7]] hydroplane in which he set seven water speed records between 1955 and 1964.

===F.3===
In 1942 MV started work on thrust augmentation. The resulting Metropolitan-Vickers F.3 was the first British [[turbofan engine]] to be designed, built and tested. It could be said that the F.3 was also the first three-shaft jet engine to be built, although the configuration was completely different from that of the much later  [[Rolls-Royce RB211]] turbofan series, since the fan was located at the rear of the engine, not unlike that of the [[General Electric CJ805]]-23. Using a stock F.2/2, MV added a separate module to the rear of the engine (directly behind the HP turbine) which comprised contra-rotating LP turbines attached to two contra-rotating fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/aeroenginesjetcutaways/metrovick-f3-cutaway-5614.aspx |title=Metrovick F3 Cutaway - Pictures & Photos on FlightGlobal Airspace |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date=2007-11-07 |accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref> Apart from the first stage nozzle guide vanes, the LP turbine was completely statorless, with four consecutive rotor stages. Rotors one and three drove the front fan clockwise (viewed from the front), whereas the rear fan was driven anticlockwise by rotors two and four. Although the front fan had inlet guide vanes, there were no vanes between the contra-rotating fan rotors or, downstream, any exit guide vanes. The core and bypass streams exhausted through separate coaxial propelling nozzles.

The project was generally successful, raising static thrust from around {{convert|2400|to|4000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} ({{convert|4600|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} in 1947). Furthermore, [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|specific fuel consumption]] fell from {{convert|1.05|to|0.65|tsfc}}, which was the true aim of the project. The weight increase for all the extra turbomachinery and ducting was significant, however. A bonus was a marked decrease in noise levels which resulted from the slower, cold air from the fan mixing with the fast, hot exhaust from the gas generator.

Although the F.3 progressed nicely, development was curtailed by the pressures of war. When the war ended the F.2/2 was no longer current, so some of the ideas were applied to the more up-to-date F.2/4 to produce the Metropolitan-Vickers F.5 propfan.

===F.5===
Following on where the F.3 left off, the F.5 was a version of the F.2/4 with an [[Propfan|open rotor]] (unducted) thrust augmenter added to the end of the jet pipe, somewhat remote from the HP turbine The 5&nbsp;ft 6&nbsp;in diameter fixed pitch propellers, which contra-rotated, were driven by a four-stage statorless LP turbine unit, similar to that of the F.3. Static thrust increased from the 3,500lbf of the F.2/2 to in excess of {{convert|4710|lbf|abbr=on}}, with a corresponding reduction in specific fuel consumption. Relative to the parent turbojet, the weight increase for this prop fan configuration was about 26%, compared to 53% for the F.3 turbofan.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%200022.html "Metrovick F.5"], ''Flight'', 2 January 1947, p. 18.</ref> Development was cancelled when they sold their gas turbine business to Armstrong Siddeley in 1946.

===F.9 Sapphire===
{{Main|Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire}}

Development of the F.2 ended in 1944. Development of the basic concept continued, however, eventually leading to the considerably larger F.9 Sapphire. However, in 1947, Metrovick left jet engine production and their design team moved to [[Armstrong Siddeley]]. The Sapphire matured into a successful design, initially besting the thrust of its Rolls-Royce contemporary, the [[Rolls-Royce Avon|Avon]]. Design features of the Metrovick line were worked into Armstrong Siddeley's own line of axial compressor turboprops, although Armstrong Siddeley dropped Metrovick's use of gemstone names for their engines in favour of continuing with animal names, in particular snakes.

An example of the prototype engine can be found in the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] Flight Gallery in London.

== Engines on display ==
A Metrovick Beryl is on display at the [[Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust]] (Derby).

==Specifications (F.2/2)==
[[File:Metrovic Beryl.jpg|thumb|On display at the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust (Derby)]]
{{jetspecs
<!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
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|ref=''Wilkinson.'' <ref name=Wilkinson>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Paul H.|title=Aircraft Engines of the world 1946|year=1946|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons|location=London|pages=288–289}}</ref>
|type=axial flow [[turbojet]]
|length={{convert|159|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
|diameter={{convert|34.9|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
|weight=~{{convert|1500|lb|kg|abbr=on|0}}
|compressor=9-stage axial flow compressor
|combustion=one [[annular combustor|annular]] stainless steel combustion chamber
|turbine=two stage axial flow turbine
|fueltype=[[kerosene]] 
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= {{convert|2400|lbf|kN|abbr=on|0}} at sea level static, take-off
|compression=3.5:1
|bypass=
|aircon= ~50.23lb/s (~22.78kg/s)
|turbinetemp= {{convert|1382|°F|°C|abbr=on|0}}
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon={{convert|1.07|tsfc}}
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight= ~1.6
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
|similar engines=
*[[BMW 003]]
*[[General Electric J47]]
|lists=
*[[List of aircraft engines]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Flight, Sapphire" >{{cite magazine |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200017.html |title=Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire |magazine=Flight |date =6 January 1956|pages= 17-22}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Metrovick F.2 Beryl}}
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%200812.html "Metro-Vick Gas Turbine"] a 1946 ''Flight'' article
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%200022.html "Metrovick F.5"] a 1947 ''Flight'' article on the F.5 propfan

{{Metropolitan-Vickers aeroengines}}

[[Category:1940s turbojet engines]]
[[Category:Metropolitan-Vickers|F.2]]
[[Category:Axial-compressor gas turbine engines]]