View source for Messier 35

{{short description|Open cluster in the constellation Gemini}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox open cluster
 | image = [[image:M35atlas.jpg|280px]]
 | caption = Messier 35 with [[NGC 2158]] at lower right
 | credit = [[2MASS]]/[[NASA]].
 | name  = [[Messier object|Messier]] 35
 | epoch = [[J2000]]
 | ra  = {{RA|06|08|54.0}}<ref name=Wu2009a/>
 | dec = {{DEC|+24|20|00}}<ref name=Wu2009a/>
 | dist_ly   = {{Convert|912|pc|ly|lk=on|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wu2009a/>
 | appmag_v  = 5.3<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/m/m035.html |title=Messier 35 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
 | size_v    = 28<ref name=Thompson2007/> [[Minute of arc|arcmins]]
 | mass_msol = 1,600<ref name=Bouy2015>{{cite journal
 | last1=Bouy | first1=H. | last2=Bertin | first2=E.
 | last3=Barrado | first3=D. | last4=Sarro | first4=L. M.
 | last5=Olivares | first5=J. | last6=Moraux | first6=E.
 | last7=Bouvier | first7=J. | last8=Cuillandre | first8=J. -C.
 | last9=Ribas | first9=Á. | last10=Beletsky | first10=Y.
 | title=Messier 35 (NGC 2168) DANCe. I. Membership, proper motions, and multiwavelength photometry
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
 | volume=575 | id=A120 | pages=6 | date=March 2015
 | bibcode=2015A&A...575A.120B | arxiv=1501.04416
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201425505 | s2cid=73519314 }}</ref>
 | age       = 100&nbsp;Myr<ref name=Hippel2000/>
 | radius_ly = 11 ly<ref name=Stoyan/>
 | constellation = [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
 | names = M35, [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 2168,<ref name=SIMBAD/> [[Collinder catalogue|Cr]] 82, C 0605+243
}}

'''Messier 35''' or '''M35''', also known as '''NGC 2168''' or the '''Shoe-Buckle Cluster''', is a relatively close [[open cluster]] of [[star]]s in the west of [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]], at about the declination of the Sun when the latter is at [[June solstice]].{{efn|Hence M35 cannot be seen from the [[Antarctic Circle]]}} It was discovered by [[Philippe Loys de Chéseaux]] around 1745 and independently discovered by [[John Bevis]] before 1750.<ref name=Thompson2007/> It is scattered over part of the sky almost the size of the [[Full Moon|full moon]] and is {{Convert|912|pc|ly|lk=on|order=flip|abbr=off}} away.<ref name=Wu2009a/> The compact open cluster [[NGC 2158]] lies directly southwest of it.

Leonard & Merritt (1989) computed the mass of M35 using a [[Leonard-Merritt mass estimator|statistical technique]] based on [[proper motion]] velocities of its stars. The mass within the central {{convert|3.75|pc}} was found to be between 1600 and 3200 solar masses,{{efn|with 95 percent confidence}} consistent with the mass of a realistic stellar population within the same radius.<ref name=Leonard1989/> Bouy [[et al.]] in 2015 found a mass of around {{Val|1600|fmt=commas|ul=solar mass}} within the central {{nowrap|27.5' × 27.5[[arcminute|′]]}}. There are 305 stars that can be intrinsically shown to be extremely likely to be members,{{efn|have values that give a confidence of 95% or higher}} and up to 4,349 averaging the 50% membership probability, from the kinematic (such as [[parallax]] and [[proper motion]]) and spectral data published before 2015.<ref name=Bouy2015/> The cluster's [[metallicity]] is [Fe/H] = {{Val|−0.21|0.10}}, where &minus;1 would be ten times less metallic than the sun.<ref name=Bouy2015/>

Of 418 probable members, Leiner [[et al.]] in 2015 found 64 that have variable [[radial velocity|radial velocities]] thus are [[binary star]] systems.<ref name=Leiner2015/> Four probable members are [[chemically peculiar star|chemically peculiar]]s, while [[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]]&nbsp;41995, which in the (telescopic angular) cluster field, shows [[emission line]]s.<ref name=Paunzen2014/> Hu [[et al.]] in 2005 found 13 [[variable star]]s in the field; at least three are suspect as cluster members. To be a member means to have a gravitational tie or, if recently freed, having been created by the same event.<ref name=Hu2005/>

==See also==
* [[List of Messier objects]]

==References and footnotes==
<references>
<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad | title=M 35 | access-date=16 November 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name=Wu2009a>{{Cite journal | display-authors=1
 | last1=Wu | first1 = Zhen-Yu | last2=Zhou | first2 = Xu
 | last3=Ma | first3 = Jun | last4=Du | first4 = Cui-Hua
 | title=The orbits of open clusters in the Galaxy
 | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 | volume=399 | issue=4 | pages=2146–2164 | date=November 2009
 | arxiv=0909.3737 | bibcode=2009MNRAS.399.2146W
 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15416.x | doi-access=free | s2cid=6066790 }}</ref>

<ref name=Leonard1989>{{Cite journal
 | last1=Leonard  | first1=P. J. T.
 | last2=Merritt  | first2 = D. | author2-link=David Merritt
 | title=The mass of the open star cluster M35 as derived from proper motions
 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 | date=1989 | volume=339 | issue=1 | pages=195–208
 | bibcode=1989ApJ...339..195L | doi=10.1086/167287 }}</ref>

<ref name=Stoyan>{{cite book
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Stoyan | first1=Ronald
 | first2=Stefan | last2=Binnewies | first3=Susanne | last3=Friedrich
 | title=Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | isbn=9780521895545 | pages=160 | date=2008 }}</ref>

<ref name=Thompson2007>{{cite book
 | title=Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer
 | first1=Robert | last1=Thompson | first2=Barbara | last2=Thompson
 | series=DIY science | publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc
 | year=2007 | isbn=978-0596526856 | page=252
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymt9nj_uPhwC&pg=PA252 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hippel2000>{{cite journal | last=Hippel | first=T. | title=A new color-magnitude diagram for M35 - a twin of the Pleiades? | journal=Stellar Clusters and Associations: Convection, Rotation, and Dynamos | volume=198 | pages=75–82 | year=2000 | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ASPC..198...75V}}</ref>


<ref name=Leiner2015>{{cite journal
 | last1=Leiner | first1=E. M. | last2=Mathieu | first2=R. D.
 | last3=Gosnell | first3=N. M. | last4=Geller | first4=A. M.
 | title=WIYN Open Cluster Study. LXVI. Spectroscopic Binary Orbits in the Young Open Cluster M35 (NGC 2168)
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | volume=150 | issue=1 | id=10 | pages=18 | date=July 2015
 | doi=10.1088/0004-6256/150/1/10 | bibcode=2015AJ....150...10L | s2cid=123818978 }}</ref>

<ref name=Paunzen2014>{{citation
 | last1=Paunzen | first1=E. | last2=Netopil | first2=M.
 | last3=Maitzen | first3=H. M. | last4=Pavlovski | first4=K.
 | last5=Schnell | first5=A. | last6=Zejda | first6=M.
 | title=Photoelectric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. XV. Feinstein 1, NGC 2168, NGC 2323, NGC 2437, NGC 2547, NGC 4103, NGC 6025, NGC 6633, Stock 2, and Trumpler 2
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
 | volume=564 | id=A42 | pages=8 | date=April 2014
 | bibcode=2014A&A...564A..42P | arxiv=1403.3538
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201423521 | s2cid=119174151 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hu2005>{{cite journal
 | title=Discovery of 13 New Variable Stars in the Field of the Open Cluster NGC 2168 (M35)
 | last1=Hu | first1=Juei-Hwa | last2=Ip | first2=Wing-Huen
 | last3=Zhang | first3=Xiao-Bin | last4=Jiang | first4=Zhao-Ji
 | last5=Ma | first5=Jun | last6=Zhou | first6=Xu | display-authors=1
 | journal=Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=356–362 | date=August 2005
 | doi=10.1088/1009-9271/5/4/003 | bibcode=2005ChJAA...5..356H }}</ref>
</references>
{{notelist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.messier.seds.org/m/m035.html Messier 35, SEDS Messier pages]
* [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m35/ M35 – Nightskyinfo.com]
* {{cite web|title=M35 – Open Cluster|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M35_open_cluster.html|work=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author=Merrifield, Michael|author2=Rothery, Roy}}
* {{APOD |date=19 April 2006|title=Mars and the Star Clusters}} - featured M35
* {{WikiSky|NGC 2168}}

{{Sky|06|09.1|00||24|21|00|2800}}
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{{Messier objects}}
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{{Gemini (constellation)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 35}}
[[Category:Open clusters|Messier 035]]
[[Category:Gemini (constellation)|Messier 035]]
[[Category:Messier objects|035]]
[[Category:NGC objects|Messier 035]]
[[Category:Orion–Cygnus Arm]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1745|?]]