View source for Merseburg charms

{{Short description|Medieval spells written in Old High German}}
[[File:Merseburger Zaubersprüche.jpg|thumb|250px|Merseburg Incantations manuscript ''(Merseburger Domstiftsbibliothek, Codex 136, f. 85r, 10th Cy.)'']]
The '''Merseburg charms''', '''Merseburg spells''', or '''Merseburg incantations''' ({{langx|de|die Merseburger Zaubersprüche}}) are two [[Middle Ages|medieval]] magic spells, charms or [[incantation]]s, written in [[Old High German]]. They are the only known examples of [[Germanic paganism|Germanic pagan belief]] preserved in the language. They were discovered in 1841 by [[Georg Waitz]],{{sfn|Giangrosso|2016|p=113}} who found them in a theological manuscript from [[Fulda]], written in the 9th century,{{sfn|Steinhoff|1986|p=410}} although there remains some speculation about the date of the charms themselves. The manuscript (Cod. 136 f. 85a) is stored in the library of the [[cathedral chapter]] of [[Bishopric of Merseburg|Merseburg]], hence the name. The Merseburg charms have been the subject of notable study since their discovery.

==History==
[[File:Merseburger Zaubersprüche - Handschrift.jpg|thumb|250px|The Merseburg Charms were entered on the flyleaf (here right) of a sacramentary, which was later bound into a [[Miscellany#Medieval miscellanies|miscellany]] with other manuscripts.]]
{{further|Galdr}}
The Merseburg charms are the only known surviving relics of pre-Christian, [[Germanic paganism|pagan]] poetry in [[Old High German literature]].{{sfn|Bostock|1976|p=26}}

The charms were recorded in the 10th century by a cleric, possibly in the abbey of [[Fulda]], on a blank page of a liturgical book, which later passed to the library at [[Merseburg]]. The charms have thus been transmitted in [[Caroline minuscule]] on the flyleaf of a Latin [[sacramentary]].

The spells became famous in modern times through the appreciation of [[Jacob Grimm]], who wrote as follows:
<blockquote>
Lying between [[Leipzig]], [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] and [[Jena]], the extensive library of the Cathedral Chapter of Merseburg has often been visited and made use of by scholars. All have passed over a [[codex]] which, if they chanced to take it up, appeared to offer only well-known church items, but which now, valued according to its entire content, offers a treasure such that the most famous libraries have nothing to compare with it...{{sfn|Grimm|1865|p=2}}
</blockquote>
The spells were published later by Jacob Grimm in ''On two newly-discovered poems from the German Heathen Period'' (1842).

The manuscript of the Merseburg charms was on display until November 2004 as part of the exhibition "Between Cathedral and World - 1000 years of the Chapter of Merseburg," at Merseburg cathedral. They were previously exhibited in 1939.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

==The texts==
Each charm is divided into two parts: a preamble telling the story of a mythological event; and the actual spell in the form of a magic analogy (''just as it was before... so shall it also be now...'').
In their verse form, the spells are of a transitional type; the lines show not only traditional [[alliteration]] but also the end-rhymes introduced in the [[Christianity|Christian]] verse of the 9th century.{{sfn|Steinhoff|1986|p=415}}

===First Merseburg Charm===
[[File:Idise by Emil Doepler.jpg|thumb|300px|"Idise" (1905) by [[Emil Doepler]]]]
The first spell is a "Lösesegen" (blessing of release), describing how a number of "[[Idisen]]" freed from their shackles warriors caught during battle.{{sfn|Steinhoff|1986|p=412}} The last two lines contain the magic words "Leap forth from the fetters, escape from the foes" that are intended to release the warriors.
{{Verse translation
|lang1=goh
|Eiris sazun idisi,
sazun hera duoder;
suma hapt heptidun,
suma heri lezidun,
suma clubodun
umbi cuoniouuidi:
insprinc haptbandun,
inuar uigandun.<ref>{{Harvp|Griffiths|2003|p=173}}</ref>
|Once sat women,
They sat here, then there.
Some fastened bonds,
Some impeded an army,
Some unraveled fetters:

Escape the bonds,
flee the enemy!<ref>{{Harvp|Giangrosso|2016|p=112}}</ref>
}}

===Second Merseburg Charm===
[[File:Wodan Heilt Balders Pferd by Emil Doepler.jpg|300px|thumb|"Wodan Heals Balder's Horse" (1905) by Emil Doepler]]
Phol is with [[Woden|Wodan]] when Balder's horse dislocates its foot while he is riding through the forest (''holza''). Wodan intones the incantation: "Bone to bone, blood to blood, limb to limb, as if they were mended".

{{listen|filename=2024-04 Zweiter Merseburger Zauberspruch Ziko van Dijk.ogg|title=Second Merseburg Charm, spoken|description=<ref>Text: Heiner Eichnar, Robert Nedoma: ''Die Merseburger Zaubersprüche''. Universität Wien, last seen 2024-04-28.</ref>}}
Figures that can be clearly identified within [[Continental Germanic mythology]] are "Uuôdan" ([[Wodan]]) and "Frîia" ([[Frija]]). Depictions found on [[Migration Period]] Germanic [[bracteates]] are often viewed as Wodan (Odin) healing a horse.{{sfn|Lindow|2001|p=228}}

Comparing [[Norse mythology]], Wodan is well-attested as the cognate of [[Odin]]. Frija is the cognate of [[Frigg]].{{sfn|Lindow|2001|p=128}} ''Balder'' is Norse [[Baldr]]. ''Phol'' is possibly the masculine form of ''Uolla''. According to [[Jacob Grimm]], the context would make it clear that it is another name for Balder.{{sfn|Steinhoff|1986|p=413}} The identification with Balder is not conclusive. Modern scholarship  suggests that [[Freyr]] might be meant.<ref>Wolfgang Beck: ''Die Merseburger Zaubersprüche'', Wiesbaden 2003.</ref> ''Uolla'' is cognate with Old Norse [[Fulla]], a goddess there also associated with Frigg.{{sfn|Lindow|2001|p=132}}  Sunna (the personified sun) is in Norse mythology [[Sól (sun)|Sól]]. [[Sinthgunt]] is otherwise unattested.{{sfn|Bostock|1976|p=32}}
{{Verse translation
|lang=goh
|Phol ende uuodan
uuorun zi holza.
du uuart demo balderes uolon
sin uuoz birenkit.
thu biguol en sinthgunt,
sunna era suister;
thu biguol en friia,
uolla era suister;
thu biguol en uuodan,
so he uuola conda:
sose benrenki,
sose bluotrenki,
sose lidirenki:
ben zi bena,
bluot zi bluoda,
lid zi geliden,
sose gelimida sin<ref>{{Harvp|Griffiths|2003|p=174}}</ref>
|Phol and Wodan were riding to the woods,

and the foot of Balder's foal was sprained

So Sinthgunt, Sunna's sister, conjured it;

and Frija, Volla's sister, conjured it;

and Wodan conjured it, as well he could:

Like bone-sprain, so blood-sprain,
so joint-sprain:

Bone to bone, blood to blood,

joints to joints, so may they be glued.<ref>translation from Benjamin W. Fortson, ''Indo-European language and culture: an introduction'',  Wiley-Blackwell, 2004,{{ISBN|978-1-4051-0316-9}}, p. 325.</ref>
}}

==Parallels==
The First Merseburg Charm (loosening charm)'s similarity to the anecdote in [[Bede]]'s ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|Hist. Eccles.]]'',  IV, 22<ref>{{cite wikisource|last=Bede|plaintitle=Ecclesiastical History of the English People|plainchapter=How a certain captive's chains fell off when masses were sung for him|at=Book 4 Chapter 22|wslink=Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)/Book 4|wsat=22}}</ref> has been noted by [[Jacob Grimm]].<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38>{{harvp|Grimm|1884|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OREVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1231 1231–]}}</ref> In this Christianized example, it is the singing of the mass, rather than the chanting of the charm, that effects the release of a comrade (in this case a brother). The unshackled man is asked "whether he had any spells about him, as are spoken of in fabulous stories",<ref>translation based on L.C. Jane (1903); A. M. Sellar (1907) (wikisource version)</ref> which curiously has been translated as "loosening rune (about him)" ({{langx|ang|álýsendlícan rune}}) in the [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] translation of Bede, as has been pointed out by [[Sophus Bugge]].  Bugge makes this reference in his edition of the [[Eddaic poems|Eddaic poem]] ''[[Grógaldr]]'' (1867), in an attempt to justify his emending the phrase "Leifnir's fire (?)" ({{langx|non|leifnis elda}}) into  "loosening charm" ({{langx|non|leysigaldr}}) in the context of one of the magic charms that [[Gróa]] is teaching to her son.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bugge|first=Sophus|title=Sæmundar Edda hins Fróda: Norroen Fornkvaedi|publisher=P. T. Mallings|year=1867|page=340|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA340}}</ref> But this is an aggressive emendation of the original text, and its validity as well as any suggestion to its ties to the Merseburg charm is subject to skepticism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=Brian|title=But Did They Work? Interpreting the Old High German Merseburg Charms in their Medieval Context|journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen|volume=89|year=1988|pages=358–369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AShZAAAAMAAJ}}, p.365, footnote. Quote: "The existence of the term "leysigaldr" in Old Norse is seductive, but does not constitute proof of the existence of these outside the realm of fiction, or that it can be applied to the Merseburg charm. "</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|In the original text of ''Grógaldr'', the text that Bugge emended to ''leysigaldr'' actually reads ''leifnis eldr''". This is discussed by Rydberg as "Leifner's or Leifin's fire", and connected by him to [[Dietrich von Bern]]'s fire-breath that can release the heroes from their chains.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rydberg|first=Viktor|translator=Rasmus Björn Anderson |title=Teutonic mythology|volume=1|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Co.|year=1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqeLSMiYvD4C&pg=PA61|page=61 |isbn=9781571132406}}.</ref>}}

Many analogous magic incantations to the Second Merseburg Charm (horse-healing spell) have been noted. Some paralleling is discernible in other Old German spells, but analogues are particularly abundant in [[folklore|folkloric]] spells from Scandinavian countries (often preserved in so-called "[[Cyprianus|black books]]"). Similar charms have been noted in Gaelic, Lettish and Finnish<ref>Christiansen, Reidar. 1914. Die finnischen und nordischen Varianten des zweiten Merseburgerspruches. (Folklore Fellows’ Communications 18.)  Hamina Academia Scientiarum Fennicum.</ref> suggesting that the formula is of ancient Indo-European origin.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Parallels have also been suggested with Hungarian texts.<ref>Pócs, Éva. "A „2. merseburgi ráolvasás” magyar típusai" [Hungarian types of the 2nd Merseburg Charm]. Olvasó. Tanulmányok a 60 (2010): 272-281.</ref> Some commentators trace the connection back to writings in [[#Ancient India|ancient India]].

===Other Old High German and Old Saxon spells===
Other spells recorded in Old High German or [[Old Saxon]] noted for similarity, such as the group of {{lang|osx|wurmsegen}} spells for casting out the {{lang|osx|nesso}} (worm) causing the affliction.<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/> There are several manuscript recensions of this spell, and [[Jacob Grimm]] scrutinizes in particular the so-called {{lang|la|Contra vermes}} variant, in Old Saxon<ref name=murdoch/> from the [[codex|Cod.]] Vindob. theol. 259<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/> (now [[Österreichische Nationalbibliothek|ÖNB]] Cod. 751<ref>{{cite book|last=Fath|first=Jacob|title=Wegweiser zur deutschen Litteraturgeschichte|year=1884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL1BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7|pages=7–8}}</ref>). The title is Latin:

{{poem quote
|title={{lang|la|Contra vermes}} (against worms<ref name=murdoch/>)
|{{lang|osx|i=no|Gang ût, nesso, {{pad|1em}} mit nigun nessiklînon,
ût fana themo margę an that bên, {{pad|1em}} fan themo bêne an that flêsg,
ût fana themo flêsgke an thia hûd, {{pad|1em}} ût fan thera hûd an thesa strâla.
{{pad|5em}}Drohtin, uuerthe so!}}<ref>{{harvnb|Braune|Helm|Ebbinghaus|1994|p=90}}. For additional ms. details, see {{cite wikisource|title=Contra vermes||wslanguage=de}}</ref>
}}

As Grimm explains, the spell tells the {{lang|osx|nesso}} worm and its nine young ones to begone, away from the marrow to bone, bone to flesh, flesh to hide (skin), and into the {{lang|osx|strâla}} (arrow), which is the implement into which the pest or pathogen is to be coaxed.<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/> It closes with the invocation: "Lord ({{lang|osx|Drohtin}}), let it be".<ref name=murdoch>{{cite book|last=Murdoch|first=Brian|title=German Literature of the Early Middle Ages|publisher=Camden House|year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqeLSMiYvD4C&pg=PA61|page=61|isbn=9781571132406}}</ref> Grimm insists that this charm is "about lame horses". And the "transitions from marrow to bone (or sinews), to flesh and hide, resemble phrases in the sprain-spells", i.e. the Merseburg horse-charm types.

===Scandinavia===
[[Jacob Grimm]] in his ''Deutsche Mythologie'', chapter 38, listed examples of what he saw as survivals of the Merseburg charm in popular traditions of his time: from Norway a prayer to Jesus for a horse's leg injury, and two spells from Sweden, one invoking Odin (for a horse suffering from a fit or [[Strangles|equine distemper]]<ref name=thorpe023/>{{efn|Fortunately {{Harvp|Thorpe|1851|loc=vol.1|pp=23–4}} provides an English translation side by side with the Swedish charm, and clarifies that the condition, in Swedish ''floget'' or the 'flog' is "horse distemper". Grimm says it corresponds to German: ''anflug'' or a "fit" in English, but it is hard to find any sources precisely defining this.}}) and another invoking [[Frigg|Frygg]] for a sheep's ailment.<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/> He also quoted one Dutch charm for fixing a horse's foot, and a Scottish one for the treatment of human sprains that was still practiced in his time in the 19th century (See [[#Scotland]] below).

====Norway====
Grimm provided in his appendix another Norwegian horse spell,<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/> which has been translated and examined as a parallel by [[Benjamin Thorpe|Thorpe]].<ref name=thorpe023/> Grimm had recopied the spell from a tome by Hans Hammond, ''Nordiska Missions-historie'' (Copenhagen 1787), pp.&nbsp;119–120, the spell being transcribed by [[Thomas von Westen]] c. 1714.<ref name=bang>{{Harvp|Bang|1901–1902|loc=chapter 1, Spell #4|p=}}</ref> This appears to be the same spell in English as given as a parallel by a modern commentator, though he apparently misattributes it to the 19th century.<ref name="GRIFFITHS-174">{{Harvp|Griffiths|2003|p=174}}</ref> The texts and translations will be presented side-by-side below:

<blockquote>
{|cellpadding="2"
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
::<small>''LII. gegen knochenbruch''</small><ref name="group">Numeral and German title is Grimm's</ref>
:Jesus reed sig til Heede, 
:der reed han syndt sit Folebeen. 
:Jesus stigede af og lägte det; 
:Jesus lagde Marv i Marv, 
:Ben i Ben, Kjöd i Kjöd; 
:Jesus lagde derpaa et Blad, 
:At det skulde blive i samme stad. 
:i tre navne etc.
:<small>(Hans Hammond, "Nordiska Missions-historie",</small>
:<small>Kjøbenhavn 1787, pp.119, 120)</small><ref>{{Harvp|Grimm|1888|pp=1867–1868}}, Appendix, Spells, Spell #LVII. Title is Grimm's.</ref>
:<small>(= Bang's formula #6)</small><ref>{{Harvp|Bang|1901–1902|p=4}},</ref>
|
::<small>---</small>
:Jesus rode to the heath, 
:There he rode the leg of his colt in two. 
:Jesus dismounted and heal'd it; 
:Jesus laid marrow to marrow, 
:Bone to bone, flesh to flesh; 
:Jesus laid thereon a leaf, 
:That it might remain in the same place.
{{right|<small>(Thorpe tr.)</small>}}<ref name=thorpe023>{{Harvp|Thorpe|1851|loc=vol.1|pp=23–4}}, text and translation. Lacks the last invocational line</ref>

|
::<small>For a Broken Bone</small>
:Jesus himself rode to the heath,
:And as he rode, his horse's bone was broken.
:Jesus dismounted and healed that:
:Jesus laid marrow to marrow,
:Bone to bone, flesh to flesh.
:Jesus thereafter laid a leaf
:So that these should stay in their place.<ref name="GRIFFITHS-174"/>{{efn|name=Griffith-charm|Griffiths only vaguely identifies this as a "Norwegian charm, written down in the 19th century", citing {{Harvp|Stanley|1975|p=84}} and {{Harvp|Stone|1993}}. The century dating conflicts with Grimm and Bang's attribution.}}
:(in the Three Names, etc.)
{{right|{{small|(Stone(?) tr.)}}}}
|
|}
</blockquote>

The number of Norwegian analogues is quite large, though many are just variations on the theme. A similar spell is known to being used by [[Lisbet Nypan]], who was burned as a witch in 1670. Bishop [[Anton Christian Bang]] compiled a volume culled from Norwegian [[Cyprianus|black books]] of charms and other sources, and classified the horse-mending spells under the opening chapter "Odin og Folebenet", strongly suggesting a relationship with the second Merseburg incantation.<ref>Bang's ''Norse hexeformulaer'' collection lacks commentary, but {{Harvp|Bang|1884}} makes clear he subscribes to the parallelism view espoused by Grimm and Bugge.</ref> Bang here gives a group of 34 spells, mostly recorded in the 18th–19th century though two are assigned to the 17th (c. 1668 and 1670),<ref name=bang/> and 31 of the charms<ref name=fet/> are for treating horses with an injured leg. The name for the horse's trauma, which occurs in the titles, is {{langx|no|vred}} in most of the rhymes, with smatterings of ''raina'' and ''bridge'' (''sic.''), but they all are essentially synonymous with ''brigde,'' glossed as the "dislocation of the limb" {{efn|''brigde'' {{langx|da|Forvridning af Lemmer}} (dislocation of the limbs).}} in [[Ivar Aasen|Aasen]]'s dictionary.<ref name=fet>{{cite journal|last=Fet|first=Jostein|title=Magiske Fromlar frå Hornindalen|journal=Mal og Minne|volume=2|year=2010|pages=134–155}} ([http://web.novus.no/MOM/MOM_2010-2.pdf pdf])</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Aasen|first=Ivar Andreas|title=Ordbog over det norske folkesprog|publisher=Trykt hos C. C. Werner|year=1850|url=https://archive.org/details/ordbogoverdetno03aasegoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ordbogoverdetno03aasegoog/page/n64 47]}}</ref>

From Bishop Bang's collection, the following is a list of specific formulas discussed as parallels in scholarly literature:
* No. 2, "Jesus og St. Peter over Bjergene red.." (c. 1668. From [[Lister og Mandal Amt]], or the modern-day [[Vest-Agder]]. Ms. preserved at the Danish [[Rigsarkivet]])<ref>{{Harvp|Masser|1972|pp=19–20}}</ref>
* No. 6, Jesus red sig tile Hede.." (c. 1714. [[Veøya|Veø]], [[Romsdal]]). Same as Grimm's LII quoted above.<ref>{{Harvp|Grimm|1844}}, repr. {{Harvp|Grimm|1865|loc=vol.2|pp=1–29}}</ref><ref name="n">Grimm#LVII and Bang's no.4 have spelling differences, but both cite Hammond as source, and the identity is mentioned in {{Harvp|Bang|1884|p=170}}</ref>
* No, 20, "Jeus rei sin Faale over en Bru.." (c. 1830. [[:en:Skåbu|Skåbu]], [[Oppland]]. However Wadstein's paper does not focus the study on the base text version, but the variant Ms. B which has the "Faale" spelling)<ref>{{Harvp|Wadstein|1939}}</ref>
* No. 22, "Vor Herre rei.." (c. 1847. [[Valle Municipality|Valle]], [[Sætersdal]]. Recorded by [[Jørgen Moe]])<ref>{{Harvp|Bang|1884|p=170}}</ref>{{efn|No. 7 and a text similar to No. 21 are used as parallels in the [[Norwegian Wikipedia]] article, [[:no:Merseburgerformelen]].}}
<!--Bang's Group 3 (#24~28), and Group 4(#29~34) are apparently modified texts-->

It might be pointed out that none of the charms in Bang's chapter "Odin og Folebenet" actually invokes [[Odin]].{{efn|Although a couple of charms (No. 40, No. 127) among some 1550 in Bang's volume do name the pagan god.}} The idea that the charms have been Christianized and that the presence of [[Baldur]] has been substituted by "The Lord" or Jesus is expressed by Bang in another treatise,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bang |first=Anton Christia|author-link=Anton Christian Bang|title=Gjengangere fra hedenskabet og katholicismen blandt vort folk efter reformationen|place=Oslo|publisher=Mallingske|year=1884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec4VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167|pages=167–}}</ref> crediting communications with [[Sophus Bugge|Bugge]] and the work of Grimm in the matter. Jacob Grimm had already pointed out the Christ-Balder identification in interpreting the Merseburg charm; Grimm seized on the idea that in the Norse language, "White Christ (''hvíta Kristr'')" was a common epithet, just as Balder was known as the "white [[Æsir]]-god"<ref>{{Harvp|Stanley|1975|p=78}}, citing Grimm's ''DM'' 1st ed., Anhang, p.cxlviii and, {{Harvp|Grimm|1844|pp=21–22}}.</ref>

Another strikingly similar "horse cure" incantation is a 20th-century sample that hails the name of the ancient 11th-century Norwegian king [[Olaf II of Norway]]. The specimen was collected in [[Møre og Romsdal|Møre]], Norway, where it was presented as for use in healing a bone fracture:

{{verse translation
|lang1=no
|head1=Les denne bøna
|Sankt-Olav reid i den
grøne skog,
fekk skade på sin
eigen hestefot.
Bein i bein,
kjøt i kjøt,
hud i hud.
Alt med Guds ord og amen<ref>Collected by Martin Bjørndal in Møre (Norway); printed in {{cite book|last=Bjørndal|first=Martin|title=Segn og tru: folkeminne fra Møre|place=Oslo|publisher=[[Norsk Folkeminnelag]]|year=1949|pages=98–99}} (cited by {{Harvp|Kvideland|Sehmsdorf|2010|p=141}})</ref>
|head2=To Heal a Bone Fracture
|Saint Olav rode in
green wood;
broke his little
horse's foot.
Bone to bone,
flesh to flesh,
skin to skin.
In the name of God,
amen.{{sfnp|Kvideland|Sehmsdorf|2010|p=141}}
}}

This example too has been commented as corresponding to the second Merseburg Charm, with Othin being replaced by [[Saint Olav]]. {{sfnp|Kvideland|Sehmsdorf|2010|p=141}}

====Sweden====
Several Swedish analogues were given by [[Sophus Bugge]] and by [[Viktor Rydberg]] in writings published around the same time (1889). The following 17th-century spell was noted as a parallel to the Merseburg horse charm by both of them:<ref>{{cite book|last=Rydberg|first=Viktor|title=Undersökningar i Germanisk Mythologi|volume=2|publisher=A. Bonnier|year=1889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA238|page=238}}</ref><ref name=bugge-studier287>''Studier over de nordiske Gude- and Helte-sagns Oprindelse'' {{Harvp|Bugge|1889|loc=pp.287, 549- (addendum to p.284ff)}}; Germ. tr. by Brenner, {{Harvp|Bugge|1889b|p=306}}</ref>

{{verse translation
|lang1=sv
|head1={{lang|sv|Mot vred<br/>(Sörbygdens dombok, 1672)}}
|Vår herre Jesus Kristus och S. Peder de gingo eller rede öfver Brattebro. S. Peders häst fick vre eller skre. Vår herre steg af sin häst med, signa S. Peders häst vre eller skre: blod vid blod, led vid led. Så fick S. Peders häst bot i 3 name o.s.v.
|attr1=Bugge and Rydberg, after Arcadius (1883)<ref>Carl Ohlson Arcadius, ''Om Bohusläns införlifvande med Sverige'' (1883), p.118</ref>
|head2=Against dislocations<br/>([[court proceeding]] records for [[Sörbygden]] [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundred]], 1672)
|Our Lord Jesus Christ and St. Peter went or rode over Brattebro. St. Peter's horse got (a dislocation or sprain). Our Lord dismounted from His horse, blessed St. Peter's horse (with the dislocation or sprain): blood to blood, (joint to joint). So received St. Peter's horse healing in three names etc. etc.
|attr2=adapted from Eng. tr. in: {{Harvnb|Nicolson|1892|loc=''Myth and Religion'', p.120&ndash;}} and Brenner's German tr. of Bugge (1889){{efn|Nicolson gives "St. Peter's horse got {{lang|sv|vre eller skre|i=yes}} the italics he footnotes as meaning "mishandled or slipped". He also translated {{lang|sv|led vid led}} as "sinew to sinew", but Brenner has {{lang|sv|Glied}} (joint)}}
}}

Another example (from Kungelf's Dombok, 1629) was originally printed by Arcadius:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kock|first=Axel|title=Var Balder äfven en tysk gud ?|journal=Svenska Landsmål och Svenskt Folkliv|volume=6|year=1887|pages=cl (xlvii-cl)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Kj7UJlnbFgC&pg=PR150}}</ref><ref name=rydberg239>{{Harvnb|Rydberg|1889|loc=volume 2|p=239}}</ref>

{{verse translation
|lang1=sv
|Vår herre red ad hallen ned. Hans foles fod vrednede ved, han stig aff, lagde leed ved leed, blod ved blod, kiöd ved kiöd, ben ved ben, som vor herre signet folen sin, leedt ind igjen, i naffn, o.s.v.
|attr1=Rydberg, after Arcadius, (1883) ?<ref name=rydberg239/>
|Our Lord rode down to the hall. His foal's foot became sprained, he dismounted, laid joint with joint, blood with blood, sinew with sinew, bone with bone, as our Lord blessed his foal, led in again, in the name of, etc.
}}

A spell beginning "{{lang|sv|S(anc)te Pär och wår Herre de wandrade på en wäg}}" (from [[Sunnerbo]] hundred, [[Småland]] 1746) was given originally by [[Johan Nordlander]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nordlander|first=J.|title=Trollformler ock signerier (Smärre Meddelanden Nr. 2)|journal=Svenska Landsmål och Svenskt Folkliv|volume=2|year=1883|page= xlvii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NMsAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

A very salient example (from Jellundtofte socken, [[Västbo]] [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundred]] in [[Småland]]), though contemporary to Bugge's time, is a [[Sign of the Cross]] incantation ({{langx|da|signeformularer}}) that invokes Odin's name:<ref>{{Harvp|Ebermann|1903|p=2}}</ref>

{{verse translation
|lang1=sv
|Oden rider öfver sten och bärg
han rider sin häst ur vred och i led,
ur olag och i lag, ben till ben, led till led,
som det bäst var, när det helt var.
|attr1=Recorded by [[Artur Hazelius]], communicated to Bugge.<ref name=bugge-studier287/>
|Odin rides over rock and hill;
he rides his horse out of dislocation and into realignment
out of disorder and into order, bone to bone, joint to joint,
as it was best, when it was whole.
}}

====Denmark====
A Danish parallel noted by [[Franz Felix Adalbert Kuhn|A. Kuhn]]<ref name=kuhna052>{{cite journal|last=Kuhn|first=Adalbert|title=Indische und germanische segensprüche|journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen|volume=13|year=1864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TkQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA52|pages=49–73 [52]}}</ref> is the following:

{{verse translation
|lang1=da
|head1={{lang|da|Imod Forvridning (Jylland)}}
|Jesus op ad Bierget red; 
der vred han sin Fod af Led. 
Saa satte han sig ned at signe. 
Saa sagde han: 
Jeg signer Sener i Sener, 
Aarer i Aarer, 
Kiød i Kiød, 
Og Blod i Blod!
Saa satte han Haanden til Jorden ned, 
Saa lægedes hans Fodeled!
I Navnet o.s.v.
|attr1=Thiele's #530<ref>{{cite book|last=Thiele|first=Just Mathias|title=Den Danske almues overtroiske meninger|place=Kjöbenhavn|publisher=C. A. Reitzel|year=1860|pages=124–125|series=Danmarks folkesagn|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJwVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124}}</ref>
|head2=against dislocations (from [[Jutland]])
|Jesus up the mountain did ride; 
sprained his foot in the joint.
He sat down for a blessing,
and so said he: 
I bless tendon to tendon
vein to vein, 
flesh to flesh, 
and blood to blood!
So he set his hand down on the ground below, 
and bonded were his joints together!
In the Name, etc.{{efn|Wikiuser translated.}}
}}

===Scotland===
Grimm also exemplified a Scottish charm (for people, not horses) as a salient remnant of the Merseburg type of charm.<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/> This healing spell for humans was practiced in [[Shetland]]<ref name=chambers/><ref name=StatAccScot/> (which has strong Scandinavian ties and where the [[Norn language]] used to be spoken). The practice involved tying a "wresting thread" of black wool with nine knots around the sprained leg of a person, and in an inaudible voice pronouncing the following:

{{poemquote|The Lord rade and the foal slade; 
he lighted and he righted,
set joint to joint,
bone to bone, 
and sinew to sinew
Heal in the Holy Ghost's name!<ref name=grimm-dm-ch38/><ref name=chambers>{{cite book|last=Chambers |first=William|title=Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland|publisher=William and Robert Chambers |year=1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37|page=37}} (Grimm's cited source)</ref><ref name=StatAccScot>{{cite book|title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=15|place=Edinburgh; London |publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons for the Society for the Benefit of the Sons and Daughters of the Clergy|year=1845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83sLAAAAYAAJ&pg=141 |page=141}} (Originally issued in 52 numbers, beginning in March 1834) (Chamber's source)</ref>}}

[[Alexander Macbain]] (who also supplies a presumably reconstructed Gaelic "{{lang|gd|Chaidh Criosd a mach/Air maduinn mhoich}}" to the first couplet of "The Lord rade" charm above<ref>{{Harvp|Macbain1892b|p=230}}</ref>) also records a version of a horse spell which was chanted while "at the same time tying a worsted thread on the injured limb".<ref name=macbain-gaelsp>{{Harvnb|Macbain|1892a|p=119}}, {{Harvnb|Macbain|1892b|pp=223–4}}</ref>

{{verse translation
|lang1=gd
|Chaidh Criosda mach
Sa' mhaduinn mhoich
'S fhuair e casan nan each, 
Air am bristeadh mu seach. 
Chuir e cnaimh ri cnaimh, 
Agus feith ri feith, 
Agus feòil ri feòil,
Agus craicionn ri craicionn, 
'S mar leighis esan sin
Gu'n leighis mise so.<ref name=macbain-gaelsp/>
|attr1=(a version of the ''Eolas'' from Lochbroom)<ref>Macbain, continued serialization of the article in ''Highland Society'' IV (1892-3), p.431 and ''Transactions'' 18 (1891-2), p.181</ref>
|Christ went forth
In the early morn
And found the horses' legs
Broken across.
He put bone to bone.
Sinew to sinew,
Flesh to flesh.
And skin to skin;
And as He healed that,
May I heal this.
|attr2=(Macbain tr.)<ref>{{Harvp|Macbain1892b|pp=246–7}}</ref>
}}

Macbain goes on to quote another Gaelic horse spell, one beginning "{{lang|gd|Chaidh Brìde mach...}}" from ''[[Norman Macleod (Caraid nan Gaidheal)|Cuairtear nan Gleann]]'' (July 1842) that invokes [[Brigit of Kildare|St. Bride]] as a "he" rather than "she", plus additional examples suffering from corrupted text.

===Ancient India===
There have been repeated suggestions that healing formula of the Second Merseburg Charm may well have deep Indo-European roots. A parallel has been drawn between this charm and an example in [[Vedic literature]], an incantation from the 2nd millennium BCE found in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', hymn IV, 12:<ref name=kuhna-058>{{Harvnb|Kuhn|1864|p=58}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cebrián|first=Reyes Bertolín|title=Singing the Dead: A Model for Epic Evolution |publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|pages=17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj_phoTY8oYC&pg=PA17|isbn=9780820481654}}, quote: "The parallels of the Merserburger Charm in Vedic literature", is followed by the text of the ''Atharvaveda'' 4,12 and translation by {{Harvp|Whitney|1905}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilhelm|first=Friedrich|title=The German Response to Indian Culture|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=81|pages=395–405|number=4–2|year=1961|doi=10.2307/595685|jstor=595685}}, "one of the 'Merseburger Zauberspruche' (Merseburg Spells) which has its parallel in the Atharvaveda"</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Eichner|first=Heiner|title=Kurze indo-germanische Betrachtungen über die atharvavedische Parallele zum Zweiten Merseburger Zauberspruch (mit Neubehandlung von AVS. IV 12)|journal=Die Sprache|volume=42|number=1–2|year=2000–2001|page=214}}</ref>

{{verse translation
|lang1=sa-Latn
|1. róhaṇy asi róhany asthṇaç chinnásya róhaṇî róháye 'dám arundhati
2. yát te rishṭáṃ yát te dyuttám ásti péshṭraṃ te âtmáni dhâtấ tád bhadráyâ púnaḥ sáṃ dadhat párushâ páruḥ
3. sáṃ te majjấ majjñấ bhavatu sámu te párushâ páruḥ sáṃ te mâmsásya vísrastaṃ sáṃ ásthy ápi rohatu
4. majjấ majjñấ sáṃ dhîyatâṃ cármaṇâ cárma rohatu ásṛk te ásthi rohatu ṃâṇsáṃ mâṇséna rohatu
5. lóma lómnâ sáṃ kalpayâ tvacấ sáṃ kalpayâ tvácam ásṛk te ásthi rohatu chinnáṃ sáṃ dhehy oshadhe<ref name=kuhna-058/>
|1. Grower (Rohani){{efn|[[Sanskrit|Skr.]] Rohani ({{langx|sa|रोहणी}}) "grower", another name for the medicine plant arundhati mentioned in this strophe. {{Harvp|Lincoln|1986|p=104}}}} art thou, grower, grower of severed bone; make this grow. O {{lang|sa|arundhatī}}{{efn|Here a climbing vine; cf. [[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhati]]}}
2. What of thee is torn, what of thee is inflamed (?), what of thee is crushed (?) in thyself may {{lang|sa|Dhātar}}{{efn|The Creator.}} excellently put that together again, joint with joint.
3. Let thy marrow come together with marrow, and thy joint together with joint; together let what of your flesh has fallen apart, together let thy bone grow over.
4. Let marrow be put together with marrow; let skin grow with skin; let thy blood, bone grow; let flesh grow with flesh.
5. Fit thou together hair with hair; fit together skin with skin; let thy blood, bone grow; put together what is severed, O herb..., etc.<ref>{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Whitney|1905}}|translator-last=Whitney |translator-first=William Dwight |translator-link=William Dwight Whitney|title=Atharva-Veda saṃhitā|series=First Half (Books I to VII) |place=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=Harvard University |year=1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xM0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166 |pages=166–168}} (also {{ws |"[[s:Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book IV/Hymn XII|Hymn IV, 12]]" in [[William Dwight Whitney|Whitney]] tr., ''Atharva-Veda Samhita''}} – via [[Wikisource]].)</ref>
}}

This parallelism was first observed by [[Adalbert Kuhn]], who attributed it to a common Indo-European origin. This idea of an origin from a common prototype is accepted by most scholars,{{sfn|Lincoln|1986|p=104}} although some have argued that these similarities are accidental.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ködderitzsch |first=Rolf |year=1974 |title=Der Zweite Merseburger Zauberspruch und seine Parallelen |journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie |volume=33 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/zcph.1974.33.1.45 |pages=45–57|s2cid=162644696 }}</ref>

The Rohani ({{xlit|sa|Rōhaṇī}} {{langx|sa|रोहणी}}) here apparently does not signify a deity, but rather a healing herb;<ref>{{cite book|last=Tilak|first=Shrinivas|title=Religion and Aging in the Indian Tradition|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2zUncDwU9YC&pg=PA117\P|isbn=9780791400449}}</ref> in fact, just an alternative name for the herb arundathi mentioned in the same strain.<ref name=lincoln104>{{Harvnb|Lincoln|1986|p=104}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eggja stone]]
*''[[Lorsch Bee Blessing]]''
*''[[Nine Herbs Charm]]''
*[[Bryggen inscriptions#Other interesting inscriptions|High Medieval Norwegian Rune Charms]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

===Editions===
* {{cite book|first=Wolfgang|last=Beck| title=Die Merseburger Zaubersprüche|language=de|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Reichert|orig-year=2003|edition=2nd|year=2011|isbn=978-3-89500-300-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Althochdeutsches Lesebuch: Zusammengestellt und mit Wörterbuch versehen |editor-link=Wilhelm Braune| editor1-first=Wilhelm|editor1-last=Braune|editor2-first=Karl|editor2-last=Helm|editor3-first=Ernst A.|editor3-last=Ebbinghaus|edition=17th|location=Tübingen|publisher=M. Niemeyer|date=1994|isbn=3-484-10707-3 |pages=89, 173–4}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Wilhelm Braune|editor-last=Braune|editor-first=Wilhelm|title=Althochdeutsches Lesebuch: Zusammengestellt und mit Wörterbuch versehen| place=Halle |publisher=Niemeyer|year=1921 | edition=8th | page=[https://archive.org/details/althochdeutsch1921brauuoft/page/85 85] |url=https://archive.org/details/althochdeutsch1921brauuoft |editor-mask=3}}
*{{cite book|last1=Steinmeyer |first1=Elias von |title=Die kleineren althochdeutschen Sprachdenkmäler |date=1916 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |location=Berlin |pages= [https://archive.org/details/diekleinerenalth00stei/page/365 365]–367 | url= https://archive.org/details/diekleinerenalth00stei}}

===The Merseburg charms===
* {{cite book|first=Wolfgang|last=Beck| title=Die Merseburger Zaubersprüche: Eine Einführung|language=de|year=2021|edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book|first=J. Knight|last=Bostock| title=A Handbook on Old High German Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookonoldhig00bost|url-access=registration|edition=2nd|editor1-first=K.C.|editor1-last=King|editor2-first=D. R.|editor2-last=McLintock| editor2-link=David McLintock |location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookonoldhig00bost/page/26 26–42]| isbn=0-19-815392-9}} 
* {{cite encyclopedia| author-last=Giangrosso| author-first=Patricia |editor-last=Jeep  | editor-first=John M. |  encyclopedia=Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia | title=Charms| year=2016  | publisher=Routledge| location=Abingdon, New York |pages=111–114| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4uHav3mZLsC| isbn=9781138062658}}
*{{cite journal|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|title=Über zwei entdeckte Gedichte aus der Zeit des deutschen Heidenthums|journal=Philologische und historische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre 1842|year=1844|pages=21–2}}
* {{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|title='Kleinere Schriften|volume=2|year=1865|place=Berlin|publisher=Harrwitz und Gossman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNYNAAAAQAAJ|pages=1–29|author-mask=3}} (reprint)
*{{cite book | last1=Lindow |first1=John |author-link=John Lindow| title=Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-515382-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC}}
*{{cite journal|last=Masser|first=Achim|title=Zum Zweiten Merseburger zauberspruch|journal= Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur |volume=18|issue=94|year=1972|pages=19–25 |place=Hamnia|doi=10.1515/bgsl.1972.1972.94.19|s2cid=161280543|issn=1865-9373}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Schumacher|author-first=Meinolf|title=Geschichtenerzählzauber: Die Merseburger Zaubersprüche und die Funktion der historiola im magischen Ritual|editor-last=Zymner|editor-first=Rüdiger|encyclopedia=Erzählte Welt – Welt des Erzählens|pages=201–215|date=2000|location=Cologne|publisher=edition chōra|isbn=3-934977-01-4|url= https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/1860109/2905487}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Steinhoff| first=Hans-Hugo | veditors=Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W  | encyclopedia=Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon | title=Merseburger Zaubersprüche| year=1986 | publisher=Walter De Gruyter| location=Berlin, New York | volume=6 |pages=410–418|isbn=978-3-11-022248-7}}
*{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=Alby|title=The second Merseburg Charm|journal=Talking Stick|number=11|year=1993}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wadstein|first=Elis |title=Zum zweiten merseburger zauberspruch|journal=Studia Neophilologica |volume=12|number=2|year=1939|pages=205–209|doi=10.1080/00393273908586847}}

===General===
*{{cite book|editor-last=Bang|editor-first=Anton Christia|editor-link=Anton Christian Bang|title=Norske hexeformularer og magiske opskrifter|year=1901–1902|place=Kristiania (Oslo, Norway)|publisher=I Commission hos Jacob Dybwad |series=Videnskabsselskabets skrifter: Historisk-filosofiske klasse, No.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhrXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1}}
*{{cite book|last=Bugge|first=Sophus|title=Studier over de nordiske Gude- and Helte-sagns Oprindelse|publisher=Albert Cammermeyer|year=1889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpEvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA287}}, p.&nbsp;287, 549- (addendum to p.&nbsp;284ff)
*{{cite book|last=Bugge|first=Sophus|translator=Oscar Brenner|title=Studien uber die Entstehung der nordischen Gotter und Heldensagen |place=Berlin|publisher=C. Kaiser|year=1889b |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ufvWAAAAMAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ufvWAAAAMAAJ/page/n314 306] | author-mask=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Ebermann|first=Oskar|title=Blut- und Wundsegen in ihrer Entwicklung dargestellt|year=1903|place=Berlin|publisher=Mayer & Müller|series=Palaestra:Untersuchungen und Texte aus der deutscehen und englischen Philologie|volume=XXIV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y14LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA}} 
*{{cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Bill|title=Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Magic ''(3rd revised edition)'' |publisher=Anglo-Saxon Book|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-1-898281-33-7}}
* {{cite web|last=Griffiths|first=Bill|title=List Poems in Old English|work=Pores 3|url=http://www.pores.bbk.ac.uk/3/griffiths.html|access-date=16 March 2018 | author-mask=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|title=Deutsche Mythologie (4te Ausgabe)|volume=3|publisher=Herrwitz & Gossmann|year=1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GQJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA363|pages=363–376;492–508}} (in: "Cap. XXXVIII. Sprüche und Segen"; "Beschwörungen")
*{{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|translator-last=Stallybrass|translator-first=James Steven|year=1884 |chapter=Chapter XXXVIII, Spells and Charms|title=Teutonic mythology|volume=3|publisher=W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OREVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1223| author-mask=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|translator-last=Stallybrass|translator-first=James Steven|year=1888 |title=Teutonic mythology|volume=4|publisher=W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1868| author-mask=3}}
*Hoptman, Ari (1999). "The Second Merseburg Charm: A Bibliographic Survey." Interdisciplinary Journal for Germanic Linguistics and Semiotic Analysis 4: 83–154.
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kvideland|editor1-first=Reimund|editor2-last=Sehmsdorf|editor2-first=Henning K. |title=Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2010 |isbn=9780816619672 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wTCSv2CGqUC&pg=PA141}}
*{{cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Bruce|title=Myth, cosmos, and society: Indo-European themes of creation and destruction|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/mythcosmossociet0000linc|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythcosmossociet0000linc/page/110 110]|isbn=9780674597754}}
*{{cite journal|last=Macbain|first=Alexander|title=Incantations and Magic Rhymes|journal=The Highland Monthly|volume=3|year=1892a|place=Inverness|publisher=Northern Chronicle Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM0GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117|pages=117–125}}<br/>Cont. in: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pWAaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA431 ''The Highland Monthly'' 4 (1892-3)], pp.&nbsp;227–444 
*{{cite journal|last=Macbain|first=Alexander|title=Gaelic Incantation|journal=Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness|volume=17|year=1892b|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRMtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA224|pages=224| author-mask=3}}<br/>Cont. in:  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uxMtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA172 ''Transactions'' 18 (1891-2)], pp.&nbsp;97–182
*{{cite book|last=Nicolson|first=William|title=Myth and religion, or, An enquiry into their nature and relations|publisher=Press of the Finnish Literary Society|year=1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h0sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120|pages=120–|isbn=9780837098913}} (discusses Rydberg and Bugge's commentary)
*{{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Eric Gerald|title=The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism|url=https://archive.org/details/searchforanglosa0000stan|url-access=registration|year=1975|isbn=9780874716146 }} 
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Eric Gerald|title=Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTv9JkqpR2AC&pg=PA78|isbn=978-0859915885|author-mask=3}} (Reprint)<br/>(Revised version; containing {{Harvp|Stanley|1975|loc=''The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism''}} and his ''Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury'' (2000))
*{{cite book|last=Thorpe|first=Benjamin|title=Northern Mythology: Comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstiotions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and the Netherlands|volume=1|place=London|publisher=Edward Lumley|year=1851|isbn=9780524024379|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyR4T92oMeoC&pg=PA24}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ohrt |first=Ferdinand ||author-link=:da:Ferdinand Christian Peter Ohrt |title=De danske besværgelser mod vrid og blod,
tolkning og forhistorie |place=Copenhagen |publisher= B. Lunos bogtrykkeri |year=1922}}. {{HathiTrust|000477351|=De danske besværgelser mod vrid og blod}}
*{{cite journal|last=Christiansen|first=Reidar Thoralf|author-link=Reidar Thoralf Christiansen |title=Die finnischen und nordischen Varianten des zweiten Merseburgerspruches. Eine vergleichende Studie|journal=FF Communications |number=18|year=1914 |place=Hamnia|publisher=Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian kustantama }}
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==External links==
{{Wikisourcelang|de|Merseburger Zaubersprüche}}
* [https://www.hyldyr.com/introduction-to-the-merseburg-spells-by-john-lindow Lindow, John. 2024. "The Merseburg Spells: Introduction". Hyldyr.]

{{Old German spells}}
{{Dísir and idisi}}

[[Category:Germanic mythology]]
[[Category:Germanic paganism]]
[[Category:Merseburg]]
[[Category:Old High German literature]]
[[Category:Sources on Germanic paganism]]
[[Category:Incantation]]
[[Category:Medieval documents of Germany]]