View source for Mercury-Atlas 7

{{Short description|1962 crewed spaceflight within NASA's Project Mercury}}
{{for|the group of astronauts|Mercury Seven}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Mercury-Atlas 7
| image                 = Carpenter aurora 7.jpg
| image_caption         = Carpenter entering his MA-7 capsule, ''Aurora 7''
| insignia              = Aurora 7 insignia.jpg
| insignia_caption      = Spacecraft name as painted on the capsule side

| mission_type          = Test flight
| operator              = [[NASA]]
| Harvard_designation   = 1962 Tau 1
| COSPAR_ID             = 1962-019A
| SATCAT                = 295
| mission_duration      = 4&nbsp;hours, 56&nbsp;minutes, 5&nbsp;seconds
| orbits_completed      = 3
| distance_travelled    = {{convert|122344|km|mi|sp=us}}

| spacecraft            = [[Project Mercury#Spacecraft|Mercury]] No.18
| manufacturer          = [[McDonnell Aircraft]]
| launch_mass           = {{convert|1350.0|kg|lb}}
| landing_mass          =

| launch_date           = {{start-date|May 24, 1962, 12:45:16|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC 
| launch_rocket         = [[Atlas LV-3B]] 107-D
| launch_site           = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14|LC-14]]

| landing_date          = {{end-date|May 24, 1962, 17:41:21|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC 
| landing_site          = North-east of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Caribbean Sea]]
| recovery_by           = {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11|6}}<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=458}}
| orbit_epoch           = May 24, 1962<ref name=satcat>{{cite web|last=McDowell|first=Jonathan|title=SATCAT|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|publisher=Jonathan's Space Pages|access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref>
| orbit_reference       = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis       = {{convert|154|km|nmi|sp=us}} 
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{convert|259|km|nmi|sp=us}} 
| orbit_inclination     = 32.5&nbsp;degrees
| orbit_period          = 88.63&nbsp;minutes 
| apsis                 = gee

| crew_size             = 1
| crew_members          = {{Unbulleted list|[[Scott Carpenter|M. Scott Carpenter]]}}
| crew_callsign         = Aurora 7
| crew_photo            = M. Scott Carpenter.jpg
| crew_photo_caption    = Malcolm Scott Carpenter

| previous_mission      = [[Mercury-Atlas 6]]
| next_mission          = [[Mercury-Atlas 8]]
| programme             = [[Project Mercury]]<br/><small>Crewed missions</small>
}}

'''Mercury-Atlas 7''', launched May 24, 1962, was the fourth crewed flight of [[Project Mercury]]. The spacecraft, named '''''Aurora 7''''', was piloted by astronaut [[Scott Carpenter]]. He was the sixth human to fly in space. The mission used Mercury spacecraft No. 18 and [[Atlas LV-3B|Atlas launch vehicle]] No. 107-D.

The flight was for three Earth orbits, essentially a repeat of [[John Glenn]]'s [[Mercury-Atlas 6]]. However, a targeting error during reentry took the spacecraft {{convert|250|mi|km}} off-course, delaying recovery of Carpenter and the spacecraft for an hour. Carpenter was held responsible, at least in part, for the landing error. Carpenter left NASA for the [[United States Navy|Navy]] [[SEALAB]] program in 1964.

==Pilot==
The original pilot selected for Mercury Atlas-7 was to have been [[Deke Slayton]], with [[Wally Schirra]] as his backup. However Slayton was removed from flight status after the discovery of [[cardiac dysrhythmia]] during a training run in the ''g''-loading [[centrifuge]].  Slayton had chosen the name ''Delta{{nbsp}}7'' for the spacecraft, as this would have been the fourth crewed flight and Delta (Δ) is the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaspace.com/?p=15514 |title="Change in Velocity": The Misfortune of Deke Slayton – Part 1 |last1=Evans |first1=Ben |website=americaspace.com |date=12 March 2012 |publisher=AmericaSpace |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Instead of using Schirra, who was backup, it was decided to give the mission to Carpenter, who was the backup crew for [[Mercury-Atlas 6]], had trained with John Glenn, and was considered the best-prepared astronaut. When Carpenter was given the mission, he renamed it ''Aurora 7'' for the open sky and the dawn, symbolizing the dawn of the new age. The number Seven was also chosen for the [[ Mercury 7]]  astronauts. In addition, Carpenter's home address in his childhood was the corner of Aurora Ave. and Seventh St. in Boulder, Colorado, although at a talk he gave at the [[Boulder Theater]] in 2003, Carpenter admitted that he never made the connection between the ''Aurora 7'' spacecraft and the address of his youth until friends pointed it out to him after he made the flight.<ref name="Aurora">{{Cite magazine |last1=Teitel |first1=Amy Shira |date=October 14, 2013 |title=Mercury Astronaut Scott Carpenter and the Controversy Surrounding Aurora 7 |url=https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/mercury-astronaut-scott-carpenter-and-controversy-surrounding-aurora-7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204171251/https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/mercury-astronaut-scott-carpenter-and-controversy-surrounding-aurora-7/ |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2016 |magazine=[[Popular Science]] }}</ref><ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=446}}

==Mission parameters==
*'''[[Mass]]:''' 2975&nbsp;lb (1350&nbsp;kg)
*'''[[Perigee]]:''' 96&nbsp;mi (154&nbsp;km)<ref name="NSSDCA">{{Cite web |title=Mercury Atlas 7 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-019A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927223702/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-019A |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |access-date=December 15, 2016 |publisher=[[NASA]] Space Science Data Coordinated Archive |id=1962-019A }}</ref>
*'''[[Apogee]]:''' 162&nbsp;mi (260&nbsp;km)<ref name="NSSDCA"/>
* '''[[Orbital eccentricity|Eccentricity]]:''' 0.00804<ref name="NSSDCA"/>
*'''[[Inclination]]:''' 32.5°<ref name="NSSDCA"/>
*'''[[Orbital period|Period]]:''' 88.3 min<ref name="NSSDCA"/>
* '''Fuel''':<ref name="NasaTec" />{{rp|page=108}}
** {{convert|35|lb|kg}} for the automatic system
** {{convert|24.9|lb|kg}} for the manual system

==Mission highlights==

===Preparation===
Mercury spacecraft No. 18 was delivered to [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]], Florida on November 15, 1961. While under checkout, the crew changed the periscope and also worked on the drogue parachute to prevent it from firing prematurely as had happened during the previous flight. In addition, a device known as a "low-level commutator" was added, to measure the temperature around the capsule, recording temperature data from 28 positions on the spacecraft.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|pages=445-446}}

Atlas vehicle 107D was rolled out of the Convair factory in San Diego, California on February 25, 1962. It was delivered to Cape Canaveral on March 6.<ref name="Mercurybook">{{Cite book |last=Grimwood |first=James M. |year=1963 |title=Project Mercury: A Chronology |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19630011968/downloads/19630011968.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |hdl=2060/19630011968 |hdl-access=free |lccn=63065330 |oclc=2107821 |ol=OL5902814M |id=SP-4001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105213539/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19630011968/downloads/19630011968.pdf |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 19, 2016 }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Changes made to Atlas 107D over Glenn's booster were minor. It had been agreed that the insulation blanket in the tank bulkhead was unnecessary and would be removed on subsequent Mercury-Atlas vehicles, although MA-7 would still retain it. The LOX tank skin was thickened still further due to the growing weight of the Mercury capsule as missions grew longer and more ambitious. A meeting of the Flight Safety Review Board on May 16 discussed the 12 Atlas flights since Glenn's launch and any anomalies on them that were of concern. There had been four major Atlas in-flight malfunctions during this stretch, but three were caused by random quality control defects unlikely to be a concern in the much more tightly supervised Mercury program. More concerning was Atlas 11F, which had exploded almost immediately at liftoff on April 9 and the static firing test of Atlas 1F, which exploded at Sycamore Canyon on May 13.<ref name="NasaTec" />{{rp|pages=15-16}} The cause of these two mishaps was as yet unclear, but assumed to be the result of rough combustion, an old problem that had destroyed several previous Atlas vehicles. NASA ultimately decided a rough combustion failure was unlikely to be a concern as Mercury-Atlas vehicles had a three-second hold down prior to launcher release and a different engine start sequence than the Atlas F (as it turned out, the failures on 11F and 1F had an entirely different cause). The explosion of the first Atlas-Centaur shortly after liftoff on May 8 was also a momentary source of concern until postflight analysis found that the Centaur and not the Atlas had been at fault.

The temperature sensor installation and the correction of the drogue parachute circuit delayed the launch until May.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=446}}

A network of ground stations and ships, called the "Mercury network" was arranged around the globe to provide continuous coverage of the spacecraft. On Mercury-Atlas 7, the network consisted of 15 Mercury sites supplemented by several Atlantic Missile Range (AMR) stations, and the Goddard Space Flight Center.<ref name="results" />{{rp|page=15}} [[Capsule communicator|CAPCOM]]s were operating from different stations around the world to communicate with Carpenter. [[Gus Grissom]] was the CAPCOM at Cape Canaveral.<ref name="Gus">{{cite web|url=http://www.thespacerace.com/people/grissom.php|title=Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom|publisher=The space race|access-date=19 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802085118/http://thespacerace.com/people/grissom.php|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> [[Alan Shepard]] was the CAPCOM at California.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=453}}

In selecting a wristwatch for his flight, Scott Carpenter tasked [[Breitling SA|Breitling]] with incorporating a [[24 hour watch|24-hour dial]] instead of the normal 12-hour dial, due to lack of day and night in space travel. Breitling produced the 24-hour Navitimer, which Carpenter wore on his 1962 space flight. The watch incorporated a slide rule on the bezel that Carpenter requested be made wider so that the slide rule could be used by an astronaut wearing thick gloves.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.breitling.com/us-en/watches/navitimer/| title=Breitling Navitimer| website=Breitling| access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/scott-carpenters-breitling-cosmonaute-the-first-swiss-wristwatch-worn-in-space/|title=Scott Carpenter's Breitling Cosmonaute – The First Swiss Wristwatch Worn in Space| website=Hodinkee| access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

===Scientific experiments===
The focus of Carpenter's five-hour mission was scientific. The full flight plan included the first study of liquids in weightlessness, Earth photography, and an unsuccessful attempt to observe a flare fired from the ground.

One of the experiments would include releasing a multi-colored balloon that would remain tethered to the capsule, observing the behavior of liquid in a weightless state inside a closed glass bottle, using a special light meter to determine the visibility of a ground flare, making weather photographs with hand-held cameras, and studying the airglow layer - for which Carpenter would receive special training. The tethered balloon was a {{Convert|30|in|adj=on}} mylar inflatable sphere, which was folded, packaged, and housed with its gas expansion bottle in the antenna canister. The whole balloon package weighed two pounds. Divided into five sections of different colors - uncolored aluminum, yellow, orange, white, and a phosphorescent coating that appeared white by day and blue by night - the balloon was to be cast off near perigee after the first orbital pass to float freely at the end of a {{Convert|100|foot|adj=on}} nylon line. The purposes of the balloon experiment were to study the effects of space on the reflection properties of colored surfaces through visual observation and photographic studies and to obtain aerodynamic drag measurements by use of a strain gauge.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=444}}

===During flight===
[[File:Astronaut Scott Carpenter leaving White Room for launch site to begin Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) mission.jpg|thumb|Astronaut Scott Carpenter leaving the White Room for the launch site to begin his Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) mission.]]
Carpenter was awakened at 1:15 AM on the morning of the flight and ate a breakfast of orange juice, filet mignon, eggs, toast, and coffee.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=446}} Prior to insertion in the capsule, he was administered a hydration regimen of water, juice, coffee, and sweet tea. He ascended into the gantry at 4:36 AM, and entered the spacecraft at 4:43 AM.<ref name="NasaTec" />{{rp|page=111}} Unlike [[Mercury-Atlas 6]], there was no problem with the sealing bolts.[[File:Aurora 7 launch.jpg|thumb|upright|MA-7 launch]]

Launch occurred at 7:45 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on May 24, 1962.<ref name="NasaTec">{{Cite tech report |editor-last=Boynton |editor-first=John H. |date=February 1967 |title=Second United States Manned Three-Pass Orbital Mission (Mercury-Atlas 7, Spacecraft 18) Description and Performance Analysis |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670008816/downloads/19670008816.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |hdl=2060/19670008816 |hdl-access=free |id=NASA Technical Note TN-D 3814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225215325/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670008816/downloads/19670008816.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2025 |access-date=December 20, 2016 }}</ref>{{rp|page=16}}

Launch vehicle performance was overall excellent with one small anomaly in that one of the sustainer engine's hydraulic switches registered a loss of sustainer hydraulic pressure and moved to the abort position at T+265 seconds. Normal hydraulic system performance was substantiated by other flight data and as two hydraulic switches had to be tripped to signal an abort to the ASIS system, nothing happened and the flight proceeded as planned. The malfunction of the hydraulic switch was believed to be the result of cold temperatures due to nearby LOX lines; on subsequent flights thermal insulation would be added to prevent a recurrence. BECO was effected at T+124 seconds and SECO at T+305 seconds. The Atlas's flight path was so accurate that ''Aurora 7'' reached almost the exact orbital parameters planned for the mission.
[[File:Scott Carpenter during his Mercury-Atlas 7 mission.jpg|thumb|Astronaut Scott Carpenter during Mercury-Atlas 7 mission]]
Carpenter had solid food items for the first time, in the form of freeze-dried cubes in a plastic bag, instead of paste squeezed out of a tube, which produced problems with loose crumbs floating inside the cabin. The food cubes had been coated with an anti-crumbling agent, but may have accidentally been crushed prior to launch, breaking the coating. Carpenter expressed concern about crumbs being sucked into ventilation intakes in the capsule in addition to posing a possible choking hazard if ingested. In addition, a candy bar included in the food supply melted from high cabin temperatures (up to 102&nbsp;°F). By the end of the second orbit, he informed Mercury Control that most of the food was a mess and he would avoid touching it for the rest of the flight aside from taking a [[xylose]] capsule.<ref name="NasaTec"/>
[[File:Earth horizon photo by Carpenter on-board Aurora 7.jpg|thumb|Earth horizon photo by Carpenter on-board Aurora 7]]
With each orbit sunrise, Carpenter also saw the "fireflies", though he observed them to be more like snowflakes. He also noted that the particles did not seem to be truly luminous, and varied in size, brightness, and color. Some were gray, some were white, and one in particular, said Carpenter, looked like a helical shaving from a lathe. Although they seemed to travel at different speeds, they did not move out and away from the spacecraft as the confetti had in the balloon experiment.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=452-453}}

Carpenter also took 19 photos of the flattened Sun at orbit sunset.<ref name="thisnewocean" />{{rp|page=452}}

At dawn of the third and final orbit, Carpenter inadvertently bumped his hand against the inside wall of the cabin and solved a mystery from the [[Mercury-Atlas 6|previous flight]]. The resulting bright shower of particles outside the spacecraft—what [[John Glenn]] had called "fireflies"—turned out to be ice particles shaken loose from the spacecraft's exterior. Near the end of the flight, Carpenter found that by banging his hand against the wall of the capsule, he could shake more "fireflies" loose. At first, it was thought that the particles could be marker dye or shark repellent, both green-colored, however, testing confirmed that neither of those were likely to escape from their packages in zero gravity.<ref name="results">{{Cite tech report |last1=Boynton |first1=John H. |last2=Fields |first2=E. M. |last3=Donegan |first3=James J. |last4=Jackson |first4=James C. |last5=Hodge |first5=John D. |author-link5=John Hodge (engineer) |last6=Kranz |first6=Eugene F. |author-link6=Gene Kranz |last7=Hayes |first7=William C. |last8=O'Keefe |first8=John A. |last9=Cameron |first9=Winifred Sawtell |last10=Minners |first10=Howard A. |last11=White |first11=Stanley C. |last12=Douglas |first12=William K. |last13=Knoblock |first13=Edward C. |last14=Graybiel |first14=Ashton |last15=McCutcheon |first15=Ernest P. |last16=Berry |first16=Charles A. |author-link16=Charles A. Berry |last17=Kelly |first17=G. Fred |last18=Field |first18=Cecil |last19=Rapp |first19=Rita M. |last20=Hackworth |first20=Robie |last21=Kuehnel |first21=Helmut A. |last22=Van Bockel |first22=John J. |last23=Johnson |first23=Harol I. |last24=Carpenter |first24=M. Scott |author-link24=Scott Carpenter |date=May 24, 1962 |title=Results of the Second U.S. Manned Orbital Space Flight |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19620004691/downloads/19620004691.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |hdl=2060/19620004691 |hdl-access=free |lccn=62062326 |oclc=14602088 |ol=OL5870511M |id=SP-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314090811/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19620004691/downloads/19620004691.pdf |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2016 }}</ref>{{rp|pages=37-38}}

It was then suspected that the fireflies were either steam from the life support system turning into ice crystals when exposed to open space or debris on the exterior of the spacecraft being shaken loose, however, the former was considered the more probable explanation. Steam generated by the life support system formed condensation between the spacecraft bulkhead and the heat shield which then escaped into space and froze.<ref name="results" />{{rp|page=38}}

Like Glenn, Carpenter circled the Earth three times, with the total time spent weightless at 4 hours, 39 minutes, and 32 seconds. The performance of the Mercury spacecraft and Atlas launch vehicle was excellent in nearly every respect. All primary mission objectives were achieved. The single mission-critical malfunction which occurred involved a failure in the spacecraft pitch horizon scanner, a component of the automatic control system. This anomaly was adequately compensated for by the pilot in subsequent in-flight operations so that the success of the mission was not compromised. A modification of the spacecraft control-system thrust units was effective. Cabin and pressure-suit temperatures were high but not intolerable. Some uncertainties in the data telemetered from the bioinstrumentation prevailed at times during the flight; however, associated information was available which indicated continued well-being of the astronaut.

Carpenter was unable to spot many landmarks due to heavy cloud cover across much of the orbital path. The Southwestern US and Western Africa were clear and he could not see Florida at all.

Equipment was included in the spacecraft which provided valuable scientific information—notably that regarding liquid behavior in a weightless state, identification of the airglow layer observed by Glenn, and photography of terrestrial features and meteorological phenomena. An experiment which was to provide atmospheric drag and color visibility data in space through the deployment of an inflatable sphere was partially successful. The flight further qualified the Mercury spacecraft systems for crewed orbital operations and provided evidence for progressing into missions of extended duration and consequently more demanding systems requirements.

===Landing===
[[File:Mercury-7 landing.jpg|thumb|''Aurora 7'' recovery]]
[[File:Aurora 7 patch.png|thumb|129x129px|Mission insignia]]
[[File:Carpenter on board USS Intrepid.jpg|thumb|Scott Carpenter on board USS ''Intrepid'']]
As Carpenter passed over Hawaii during the final orbit, flight director [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr.|Chris Kraft]] told him to begin his retrofire countdown and to shift from manual control to the automatic attitude control. Partly because he had been distracted watching the fireflies, Carpenter noted that he had begun his landing preparations late. As he started to align the spacecraft he found that the automatic stabilization system would not hold the required 34-degree pitch and zero-degree yaw attitude. While trying to determine the source of the trouble, he fell behind in his check of other items. When he switched to the fly-by-wire control mode, he forgot to switch off the manual system. As a result, both systems were used together for 10 minutes, and fuel was wasted.<ref name="thisnewocean">{{Cite book |last1=Swenson, Jr. |first1=Loyd S. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |last3=Alexander |first3=Charles C. |year=1966 |title=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670005605/downloads/19670005605.pdf |series=The NASA Historical Series |publisher=[[NASA]] |hdl=2060/19670005605 |hdl-access=free |lccn=66062424 |oclc=569889 |ol=6009120M |id=SP-4201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013020916/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670005605/downloads/19670005605.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2024 }} {{PD-notice}} </ref>{{rp|page=453}}

Noting a disagreement between his attitude indicators and what he could see from the window and the periscope, Carpenter established retrofire attitude visually; Aurora 7 was in fact aimed 25 degrees right of the true retrograde vector. In addition to the attitude error, Carpenter also activated the [[retrorockets]] three seconds late, adding another 15 miles (24 km) or so to the trajectory error. Following retro jettison, Aurora 7's fuel gauges indicated 20% in the automatic tank and 5% in the manual tank. Carpenter intended to use his remaining manual fuel to establish reentry attitude, but found that the gauge was inaccurate and the manual tank was actually empty. Due to compounding issues and lack of fuel, Carpenter overshot his planned reentry mark and splashed down {{convert|250|mi|km}} from the target.

After nearly an hour of searching, Carpenter was located in an area northeast of [[Puerto Rico]]. USS ''Farragut'' was the first ship to arrive at the spacecraft nearly forty minutes after [[splashdown]] had occurred. Two helicopters dispatched from the [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11|6}} reached the scene and transported Carpenter back to ''Intrepid'' and over the next several hours ''Farragut'' remained on the scene watching the spacecraft until USS ''John R. Pierce'' arrived with special equipment enabling her to tow ''Aurora 7'' to [[Roosevelt Roads]] Puerto Rico where it was then flown back to Cape Canaveral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dumoulin |first=Jim |date=August 25, 2000 |title=NASA Project Mercury Mission MA-7 |url=https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/ma-7/ma-7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815172339/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/ma-7/ma-7.html |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2020 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref>

Other than slight exhaustion, Carpenter was in good health and spirits and post-flight medical exams did not find any significant physical changes or anomalies. Kraft, however, was unhappy with the astronaut's performance due to his needlessly high expenditure of attitude control fuel, which resulted in reentry and landing taking place well off-course. As a result, Carpenter was sidelined for future missions. He left the space program in 1964 to participate in the Navy's [[SEALAB]] program.
''Aurora 7'' is displayed at the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.astronautix.com/flights/merryma7.htm
 |title       = Mercury MA-7
 |access-date  = 2008-03-13
 |publisher   = Encyclopedia Astronautica
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512005700/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/merryma7.htm
 |archive-date = 2008-05-12
}}</ref>

==Mercury-Atlas three-orbit flight events==
{| class="wikitable"
! T+ Time
! Event
! Description
|-
| T+00:00:00
| Liftoff
| Mercury-Atlas lifts off, onboard clock starts.
|-
| T+00:00:02
| Roll Program
| Mercury-Atlas rotates along its axis 2.5 deg/s from 30° to 0°.
|-
| T+00:00:16
| Pitch Program
| Mercury-Atlas begins a 0.5 deg/s pitch from 90° to 0°.
|-
| T+00:00:30
| Radio Guidance Lock
| General Electric-Burroughs guidance system locks onto radio transponder in Atlas booster to guide the vehicle until orbit insertion.
|-
| T+00:01:24
| Max Q
| Maximum dynamic pressure ~980&nbsp;lbf/ft² (47 kPa)
|-
| T+00:02:10
| BECO
| Atlas Booster Engine Cutoff. Booster engines drop away.
|-
| T+00:02:33
| Tower Jettison
| Escape Tower Jettison, no longer needed.
|-
| T+00:02:25
| Atlas Pitchover
| After tower separation, vehicle pitches over further.
|-
| T+00:05:20
| SECO
| Atlas Sustainer Engine Cutoff, spacecraft reaches orbit, velocity 17,547&nbsp;mph (7,844&nbsp;m/s).
|-
| T+00:05:24
| Spacecraft Separation
| Posigrade rockets fire for 1 second giving 15&nbsp;ft/s (5&nbsp;m/s) separation.
|-
| T+00:05:25
| 5-Second Rate Damping
| ASCS damps spacecraft rates for 5 seconds in preparation for turnaround maneuver.
|-
| T+00:05:25
| Turnaround Maneuver
| Spacecraft (ASCS) system rotates spacecraft 180 degrees, to heat shield forward attitude. Nose is pitched down 34 degrees to retro fire position.
|-
| T+00:05:30<br>T+04:30:00
| Orbital Operations
| Orbital operations and experiments for 3 orbits.
|-
| T+04:30:00
| Retro Sequence Start
| Retrofire in 30 s; (ASCS) checks for proper retro attitude &minus;34° pitch, 0° yaw, 0° roll.
|-
| T+04:30:30
| Retrofire
| Three retro rockets fire for 10 seconds each. They are started at 5 second intervals, firing overlaps for a total of 20 seconds. Delta V of 550&nbsp;ft/s (168&nbsp;m/s) is taken off forward velocity.
|-
| T+04:31:00
| Retract Periscope
| Periscope is automatically retracted in preparation for reentry.
|-
| T+04:31:50
| Retro Pack Jettison
| One minute after retrofire retro pack is jettisoned, leaving heatshield clear.
|-
| T+04:33:00
| Retro Attitude Maneuver
| (ASCS) orients spacecraft in 34° nose down pitch, 0° roll, 0° yaw.
|-
| T+04:40:30
| 0.05 G Maneuver
| (ASCS) detects beginning of reentry and rolls spacecraft at 10 degrees per second to stabilize spacecraft during reentry.
|-
| T+04:50:20
| Drogue Parachute Deploy
| Drogue parachute deployed at 22,000&nbsp;ft (6.7&nbsp;km) slowing descent to 365&nbsp;ft/s (111&nbsp;m/s) and stabilizing spacecraft.
|-
| T+04:50:25
| Snorkel Deploy
| Fresh air snorkel deploys at 20,000&nbsp;ft (6&nbsp;km). ECS switches to emergency oxygen rate to cool cabin.
|-
| T+04:51:55
| Main Parachute Deploy
| Main parachute deploys at 10,000&nbsp;ft (3&nbsp;km). Descent rate slows to 30&nbsp;ft/s (9&nbsp;m/s).
|-
| T+04:52:00
| Landing Bag Deploy
| Landing Bag Deploys, dropping heat shield down four feet (1.2 m).
|-
| T+04:52:30
| Fuel Dump
| Remaining hydrogen peroxide fuel automatically dumped.
|-
| T+04:57:10
| Splashdown
| Spacecraft lands in water.
|-
| T+04:57:10
| Rescue Aids Deploy
| Rescue aid package deployed. The package includes green dye marker, recovery radio beacon, and whip antenna.
|}
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[Splashdown (spacecraft landing)|Splashdown]]

==References==
{{Include-NASA}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mercury-Atlas 7}}
*[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19620004691/downloads/19620004691.pdf?attachment=true ''Results of the Second U.S. Manned Orbital Space Flight''], May 24, 1962 NASA report - (PDF format)
*[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990026158_1999028570.pdf ''This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury'' - NASA report (PDF format)]
*[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630011968_1963011968.pdf ''Project Mercury: A Chronology'' - NASA report (PDF format)]
*[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-019A NASA NSSDC Spacecraft Details]
*{{Internet Archive short film | aurora_7 | Aurora 7 }}

{{Project Mercury}}
{{NASA space program}}
{{Orbital launches in 1962}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1962]]
[[Category:Human spaceflights]]
[[Category:Project Mercury]]
[[Category:Scott Carpenter]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1962]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Atlas rockets]]